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Published by melshorbagi, 2018-02-24 17:53:21

The Intercultural Seminar Lecture No. 4

The Intercultural Seminar Lecture No. 4

Knowledge Shapes the Future Department of Humanities
Intercultural Seminar

Climate Change and Human Health

A Course offered by WHO and UNITAR

‫‪Course Roadmap‬‬‫‪Module Outline‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻲ وﺻﺣﺔ اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬

‫‪SECTION 1‬‬ ‫ھذا اﻟﻣﺣﺗوى واﻟﻣﺗﺎح ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ ،WHO‬وﻣﻌﮭد اﻷﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة ﻟﻠﺗدرﯾب واﻷﺑﺣﺎث ‪،UNITAR‬‬
‫‪• Climate Change and Human Health‬‬ ‫ﺗم ﺗﺑﺳﯾطﮫ ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذه ﻟﻠطﻼب اﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻘﯾن ﺑﻣﻘرر "ﻧدوة‬
‫ﺣوار اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎت ‪ "Intercultural Seminar‬ﻣن أﺟل ﻣﻧﺢ‬
‫‪SECTION 2‬‬ ‫اﻟطﻼب اﻟﻔرﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﮭﺎدة ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗدرﯾﺑﻲ دوﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣن ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد اﺟﺗﯾﺎز اﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎن اﻟﺧﺎص‬
‫‪• Adaptation: Building Health Systems’ Resilience to Climate Change‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻘرر ﻋﺑر اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪SECTION 3‬‬
‫‪https://unccelearn.org/‬‬
‫‪• The Mutual Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation and Health Policies‬‬

Climate Change & Human Health

«Every Century has its own public health challenges, climate change is our century’s challenge»

Dr. Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General

<5 mortality rate/ 1,000 live births, 2015

140,000 estimated 250,000 additional
excess annual deaths per year
deaths since the expected between
1970s to 2004 2030 and 2050

Direct damage cost Half of the US$5.3
to health between trillion in subsidies &
US$ 2-4 billion unpaid externalities
/year by 2030 for fuel consumption
are uncompensated
health damages By considering the under-five mortality rate as one of the key indicators of the
from air pollution health status of a country, this image illustrates that global health inequity still
looms large. The regions with the highest rate are in the developing world.

Ways by which climate
change affects health and
increases vulnerability

Focusing on the links between changes in the
climate and human health, this diagram shows
three exposure pathways by which climate change
affects health:

Pathways heavily The green box shows the local The grey box shows that the
mediated through environmental conditions that extent to which the three
influence climate change categories of exposure translate
human systems exposure. to actual health burdens is
such as under- The green arrows show that moderated by such factors as
nutrition. These are there may be feedback public health systems and socio-
tertiary pathways mechanisms, positive or economic conditions.
negative, between the pathways.
Directly through Indirectly through
extreme weather changes in natural
and climate events, systems that then affect
such as heat and disease vectors and
storms. These are disease transmission
primary pathways; pathways. These are
secondary pathways

Activity

Associate the following six phenomena to the three exposure pathways by which climate
change affects health:

Allergens Food production Diseases
Mental stress Storms
Floods

Primary pathways Secondary pathways Tertiary pathways

Primary pathways: flood, storms,
Secondary pathways: allergens, diseases,
Tertiary pathways: food production, mental stress.

The concept of risk Health risks arising from
climate change

Health risks arising from
climate change:

• Water and food
security, arising from
drought

• Vector-borne diseases
• Heat-related mortality
• Flooding
• Water-borne diseases.

Drought This map shows that the regions where hunger is the
greatest are in Africa, India, & parts of north Asia and the
Drought is a key risk – particularly the increase risk of Western Pacific. However, the world is facing dual problems:
malnutrition associated with drought-related water more people are food insecure & hence under-nourished,
and food shortages. while more and more are becoming obese or overweight.

Adaptation Options to prepare for increasing Underweight Children
periods of drought include disaster preparedness,
such as early-warning systems, and local coping
strategies.

The World Hunger Map

Prevalence of Undernourishment in the Population 2014-16

Activity

Order the figures into a logical sequence of the impacts associated with drought:

Drought Crop Food Water
failure crisis shortage

Malnutrition

Diarrhoea

The correct order is: drought, water shortage, crop
failure, food crisis, malnutrition, diarrhoea.

Vector-borne Diseases

Warmer temperatures and disturbed rain patterns are likely
to lengthen the transmission season of important vector-
borne diseases like dengue and malaria and to alter their
geographic range, potentially reaching regions that lack either
population immunity and/or a strong public health
infrastructure. Diseases such as malaria & dengue could
spread to new geographic regions.

Much of South East Asia, the Western Pacific, South America
and parts of Africa have regular dengue transmission, so are
already vulnerable to the disease.

Dengue vs. Rainfall

This graph shows the relationship between monthly
dengue reports, shown by the red line, and monthly
rainfall, indicated by blue bars, in Siem Reap and Phnom
Penh, Cambodia. The increase in dengue cases seems
closely related to an increase in rainfall.

Heath-related Mortality Heat Extremes & Population Aging

The association between hot days and increases in heat extremes will
mortality is very robust. Adaptation Options to prepare for combine with rapidly
and respond to this include heatwave early warning growing numbers of older
systems, urban planning to reduce the urban heat island people living in cities,
effect and improvement of the built environment. who are particularly
vulnerable to extreme
If climate change continues on its current trajectory, there heat.
is very high confidence of a greater risk of injury, disease,
and death due to more intense heat waves.

Flooding Cyclones and Floods

It is expected that more people will be exposed to floods in Asia,
Africa, and Central and South America. Flooding adversely affects
health through drowning, injuries, hypothermia, and infectious
diseases (e.g., diarrheal disease, leptospirosis, vector-borne
disease, cholera).

Adaptation Measures to protect health and respond to flood
include extreme weather exposure reduction via better land-use
planning, community relocation, reducing the vulnerability of
essential services such as water, energy and food, and measures
to assist vulnerable sectors and households. Early warning
systems and flood and cyclone shelters are also important
health-related adaptation measures.

Cities Vulnerable to Sea Level Rise

LECZ: Low-elevation Coastal Zones.

Water-borne Diseases Each year, diarrhoeal diseases kill 760,000 children under five

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC (WHO, 2014)
states with very high confidence that there is an
increased risk of water-borne disease if we continue Diarrhea disease is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in the world, and mostly results
along our current climate change trajectory from contaminated water and food sources. As a result, diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition, and
malnourished children are more likely to fall ill from diarrhea.
Early warning systems, water management and
sanitation programs are suggested as useful adaptation
responses that can significantly decrease future risks.

Policy responses to manage the Adaptation and Mitigation ‫اﻟﺗﻛﯾف واﻟﺗﺧﻔﯾف‬. They are also
health risks of climate change two main elements of Sustainability.

SUSTAINABILITY Adaptation is a term used in the climate change
community to describe the process of adjustment of
human and natural systems to actual or expected
climate change. This is similar to the idea of prevention
in public health.

Mitigation actions reduce greenhouse gas emissions or
enhance the sinks. ‘Win-win’ approaches reduce
greenhouse gases GHG emissions as well as improving
public health gains.

Adaptation : Building Health Systems’ Resilience to Climate

2Change
Tools & process for increasing
health system resilience

WHO guidance available for: Health-National Adaptation Plan (H-NAP)
and the WHO Operational Framework
Operational framework for building climate resilient for building climate resilient health
health systems ✓ systems (CRHS).
Conducting vulnerability and adaptation (V&A)
assessments ✓ Health component of a
Developing early warning systems ✓ National Adaptation Plan
Estimating the costs of adaptation ✓
Conducting health impact assessments (HIA)✓ Under the UNFCCC, countries are
Gender mainstreaming ✓ developing National Adaptation Plans
(NAPs) to better identify, manage, and
monitor their risks from climate
variability and change.

H-NAP – systematic process to:

Engage in the overall NAP Identify national strategic Develop a national plan
process at the national goals for building health with prioritized activities to
level resilience to climate achieve these goals, within
change over short and specific time periods and
longer-term time frames given available resources

Health Adaptation Process: 4 Elements/11 Steps

1 2 3 4

Lay the groundwork H-NAP preparation, Develop a strategy Report, monitor and
and address gaps in including conducting for implementation review the H-NAP
undertaking the H- a vulnerability and
NAP process adaptation
assessment (V&A)

Activity

Order the health adaptation process steps and then go to the previous slide and check your answer.

H-NAP preparation, Report, monitor and
including conducting a review the H-NAP
V&A assessment

Lay the goundwork and Develop a strategy for
address gaps in implementation
undertaking the H-NAP

10 components to build climate- Examples of available tools and
resilient health systems ‫ ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬١٠ approaches under the The WHO
Operational Framework
‫ﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﻧظم ﺻﺣﯾﺔ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﺎﺑﮭﺔ ﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻧﺎخ‬

Comp. 3: Vulnerability, Capacity & Adaptation Assessment / V&A

In order for the health sector to ensure effective health in a changing climate, it is key to understand how health and the system
itself are going to be affected by climate variability and change and which health adaptation options are more appropriate to
effectively protect and promote health. A key assessment is the Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment (V&A).

Comp. 3: Vulnerability, capacity & adaptation assessment / V&A

Frame and Scope Assessment Assess Manage and Monitor Risks

Defining the geographical region Vulnerability: Health harms
and health outcomes of interests; Current burden of disease and benefits in
Current health protection other sectors
Identifying the questions to be programmes
addressed and steps to be used; Communicate
Future impacts: plan and
Identifying the policy context for Changing burden without climate implement
the assessment; change
Projected health impacts of
Establishing a project team and a climate change
management plan;

Establishing a stakeholder Adaptation: Monitor and
process; Identify and prioritize evaluate
additional interventions
Developing a communications Identify resources and barriers
plan. to implementation

Comp. 4: Integrated risk monitoring and early warning/ Heat early warning system

Comp. 7: Managing the environmental determinants of health /
Health co-benefits of adaptation in other sectors

Example 1. Restoring Example 2. Water conservation
mangroves in some coastal could increase availability of
zones is an adaptation measure enough water for human
to increase resilience to coastal consumption. When promoting
storms. At the same time, water availability, water
mangroves can provide quality issues should be
livelihoods that can improve properly addressed.
human well-being, also through
the increase in food security.

Comp. 7: Managing the environmental Example: Building adaptation to climate
determinants of health / Climate change in health through resilient WASH
resilient water safety plans (Water, Sanitation & Hygiene)

Framework for Safe Drinking-Water The DFID/WHO project on “Building adaptation
to climate change in health in least develop
countries through resilient WASH” supports the
development of policies that integrate health,
water and climate change considerations (e.g.
health component of National Adaptation Plans)
and focus on implementation of health-protecting
adaptation options in the WASH sector (e.g.
Climate resilient Water Safety Plans) in
Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal and Tanzania.

Comp. 8: Climate-informed health programs Example 2: Climate Informed
Health Systems in Kenya

Climate change and Climate resilience Global Framework for
health is not an can only be built Climate Services
independent and upon existing health
provides a worldwide
parallel process or systems and mechanism for
program. programs.
coordinated actions to
enhance the quality,
quantity and application
of climate services to
improve public health.

3 Outcomes of the project:

• Development of the Kenyan Malaria Early Warning
System

• Capacity of and timely information for the health
system to develop malaria response plan

• Effective malaria epidemic prevention measures
implemented at community and health facility level.

The Mutual Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation and
Health Policies Mitigation options exist for all emission sectors:

Mitigation & Health Energy Agriculture Transport Industry Forestry Buildings Waste
supply
Mitigation for the
health sector consists

of promoting and
supporting initiatives
that protect health

by reducing GHG
emissions

Mitigation & Health Housing Energy Transport Agriculture Health

sector facilities

Evidence about health Example 1. Example 2. Example 3. Example 4.
outcomes from climate Clean Solar
change in key economic cookstoves photovoltaic 'Green' urban Climate
for the PV lights to
sectors world's replace transport can change
forgotten 3 kerosene in
Mitigation measures can also have billion that poor homes reduce mitigation in
positive health results - co-benefits or use biomass
“win-win”. The WHO series “Health in the Inexpensive chronic livestock
Green Economy" has been reviewing (lanterns are
evidence about health outcomes from recharged disease, production
climate mitigation strategies in key for small fee)
economic sectors, including: housing, injuries and The adoption of specific technologies
energy, transport, agriculture and health Help avert improve and practices can increase both
sector facilities. Some examples are injuries from
highlighted in this section. health equity productivity & efficiency gains, with
fuel emissions reduc ons up to 30% &
spills/poor
Reduce time night lighting Transport reliant on increased food availability for growing
spent fuel private vehicles – demand.
gathering Reduce risks
of increase congestion, ‘Green’
pollution, & physical Transport
respiratory inactivity.
conditions &
Promote Safe walking/cycling in Curitiba,
development & possible and rapid transit Brazil
gender equity Tuberculosis networks – can reduce
injury, cardiovascular Curitiba has the
Reduce highest rate of
pressure on public transport

forests disease & support use in Brazil, and

healthy physical activity. one of the

country’s lowest

rates of urban air

pollution.

Example 5. 'Greening' health Global Green and Healthy
facilities can expand coverage of Hospitals Network
maternal, child & emergency services
Different organisations have developed ways to improve the
Small solar panels generate basic health sector’s sustainability practices. Health Care Without
electricity for lights, cold Harm has initiated the Global Green and Healthy Hospitals
chain/vaccines, diagnostics, Network that is composed of more than 500 hospitals,
telecommunications, water pumps. health systems and health organizations, representing more
than 20,000 hospitals and health centres from six con nents
Low-carbon energy interventions can that are committed to reducing their ecological footprint
enhance access to critical health care and promoting environmental health.
services in underserviced areas.

Associate the following health co-benefits
with the sector they could be achieved in
through implementation of mitigation actions

Agriculture: better nutrition
Transport: injury reduction, mental health benefits
Energy: tuberculosis reduction
Housing: COPD reduction
Health: provision of vaccines, better maternal health

Health Impact Assessment (HIA): Role of the health sector with
main tool to integrate health respect to climate change
knowledge in decision making
Enhance Identify the
The Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a means of assessing the health resilience and benefits (and
impacts of policies, plans and projects in diverse economic sectors. It is protect health potential harms)
the main tool for integrating health knowledge in decision making. from climate associated with
There are different definitions of HIA: reducing GHG
change
WHO’s definition is "A combination of procedures, methods and tools emissions
by which a policy, programme or project may be judged as to its
potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of Support health- Lead by example
those effects within the population". promoting – e.g. greening
the health sector
Aimed at informing policies being considered/alternatives, early in climate change
their development policies

Enhance the positive impacts/reduce negative impacts of decisions,
provide scenarios/prediction estimates

Provide a mechanism for public participation and broad stakeholder
engagement – perspectives of those affected

Facilitate intersectoral cooperation

Establish a framework for monitoring and measuring the health
performance of the decision made


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