352 Appendix 2: Final Priorities 2012 Faith Community Nursing Research Conference Priority #1: Outcomes research by an FCN with a multidisciplinary team: 1. Included: Hospital readmission, ER visits, falls 2. Spirituality is key piece of research—hallmark of FCN practice 3. Cost effective is an outcome of the intervention 4. Health policy development 5. Chronic illness 6. Health promotion Priority #2: Develop a sustainable infrastructure for a faith community nursing national research program 1. Key stakeholders 2. Development of a national clearing house of foundation funding that will allow for seed grants for FCN research Priority #3: Describe best practices that address sustainability of FCN practices Process issues: • How to prepare FCNs to function in the process—skill level • How to convince our colleagues that they should be involved in the process— monthly meetings, journal clubs • Data collectors must see themselves as a part of the team • Sustainability of a program within a faith community—infrastructure—key stakeholders • FCN has to be educated to value the research process • Preparing the members of the faith community to engage in the research process Appendix 3: Research and Scholarship POSITION STATEMENT Research and scholarship are important aspects of the profession of nursing that require clarification and actualization. Since 2008, FCN through a series of dedicated workshops and pre-conferences has engaged members of the FCN community in formulating how research should be addressed within this specialty nursing practice. Since 2012, where a conference dedicated to establishing research priorities was hosted by Loyola University Chicago, the research priorities for FCN have been P. A. Solari-Twadell and D. J. Ziebarth
353 reviewed, modified and disseminated. In 2018, the research priorities for Faith Community Nursing were reviewed considering the four research priorities established for the profession of nursing by The Council for the Advancement of Science (CANS). These priorities are: Precision Science, Big Data and Data Analytics, Determinants of Health and Global Health (Eckardt et al., 2017). FCN research and scholarship encompasses global FCN discovery (new knowledge research), integration, teaching, and practice/service/ministry. The purposes of developing research priorities for FCN specialty practice are to 1.) Demonstrate the contribution of Faith Community Nurse’s (FCN’s) to healthcare outcomes; 2.) Identify cost effect strategies for prevention and ongoing care across the continuum of care; 3.) Identify the faith community as a strategic partner in fostering health and wholeness; and, 4) Advance FCN as a specialty nursing practice. In order to meet these objectives, research and scholarship are essential (Dyess, Chase, & Newlin, 2010). Faith Community Nurses Engagement in Research and scholarship Researchers and scholars are all nursing professionals who demonstrate reflection, critical thinking, continuous learning, and engage in practice based on evidence as a means to enhance patient and family outcomes (Carter, Mastro, Vose, Rivera, & Larson, 2017). Carter et al also simplify and define the terms of evidence based practice (EBP), quality improvement (QI), and research to be: “EBP as the combination of scientific evidence, patient preferences, and clinician expertise when making decisions for patient care; QI as data-driven efforts that improve processes specific to an organization; and research as activities aimed at contributing to generalizable knowledge” (p. 266). FCN as professional nurses interested in providing excellent care are required to be continuous learners through ongoing reading of literature that will enhance their nursing practice, collaborating with those that can advance FCN practice through research and challenge themselves to be engaged in the larger mission of FCN –Health Care Reform. At a recent Westberg Institute workshop, several FCN experts came together to determine the following four priorities for research and scholarship: 1. Engage in research & scholarship in accordance with skillset (from Associate Degree frontline FCN to Doctorally prepared FCN- all levels of education and practice) 2. Conduct outcomes research through intentional collaboration (of FCN’s) with institutions such as Churches, Health Care Systems and Universities. 3. Utilize and disseminate evidence–based practices that sustain practice and influence policy 4. Align global FCN research& scholarship with current national and international nursing science priorities. Importance of Research and Scholarship Standard Thirteen of the Faith Community Nursing Scope and Standards states “The faith community nurse integrates evidence and research findings into practice” (American Nurses Association & Health Ministry Association, 2017). This standard 25 Research Agenda in Faith Community Nursing
354 continues by describing eight competencies for FCN’s and an fourteen competencies for those FCN’s prepared at the graduate level. In order for the FCN to successfully address the quadruple aim mandate, and achieve cost-effective, safe, quality patient and family outcomes engagement with the latest EBP and research initiatives is important. Community health outreach initiatives from formalized health care systems, and academic settings present options for achievable collaborative research and scholarship approaches for FCNs. The FCNs collaborative options are able to address population health challenges, determinants of health, spiritual distress and other dominant chronic illnesses. Linkages to before, during and after acute care health encounters impact altruistic and economic concerns as well as long-term patient quality of life (Dyess, Opalinski, Saiswick, & Fox, 2016; Ziebarth, 2016). FCN Responsibility in Research and Scholarship? All FCN’s are responsible to engage in the continuum of clinical research and scholarship. The practice of research and scholarship is inclusive of the Scope and Standards of Practice that guide the specialty for FCN’s (American Nurses Association & Health Ministry Association, 2017). More specifically, all aspects of the nursing process need to be accounted for within any encounter. All FCN’s are responsible for assessment, nursing diagnoses, planning, implementation and evaluation with documentation capturing the encounter (Campbell, 2014; Solari-Twadell & Hackbarth, 2010).Wilkes, Mannix, and Jackson (2013), suggest that research and scholarship must be made public through dissemination networks, available for peer review, and be able to be further developed by other FCN practitioners and scholars. They offer a framework for conceptualizing research and scholarship; the image below is adapted for FCN’s. FCN's Research and Scholarship Discovery: creating and disseminating research evidence to build FCN nursing knowledge. Integration: linking FCN research evidence to practice, continuous quality enhancement Teaching: sharing FCN experiential knowledge and research evidence through education Practice/Service/Ministry: using FCN research evidence and applying to practice setting, patients and families P. A. Solari-Twadell and D. J. Ziebarth
355 What actions can be taken and what are process issues for FCN research and scholarship? Action Steps: 1. Document in a consistent format and thoroughly. 2. Develop a practice based inquiry and life-long learning. 3. Articulate common language by adopting the 4 themes from national priorities with international adaptation. 4. Identify appropriate activities associated with personal competencies and skillsets 5. Learn the trilingual nature of FCN practice, nursing, theology and healthcare systems 6. Foster universal documentation practices 7. Collaborate with others. Process Issues: 1. Preparing FCN’s, health care systems and faith communities to collaborate in the research and scholarship process. 2. Engaging all FCN’colleagues to be involved in interdisciplinary research and scholarship that includes multi-disciplinary initiatives 3. Encouraging FCN’s and system partners to value the importance of common language and documentation systems. 4. Maintain a global perspective for FCN’s research and scholarship References • American Nurses Association & Health Ministry Association (2017) Faith Community Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (3rd Ed). • Campbell, K. (2014). Documenting Practice. in Jacob, S. (Ed.) 2014 Foundations of Faith Community Nursing.(3rd Ed.). Memphis, TN: Church Health Center. • Carter, E., Mastro, K., Vose, C., Rivera, R & Larson, E. (2017). Clarifying the conundrum: Evidence-based practice, quality improvement, or research?: The clinical scholarship continuum. Journal of Nursing Administration, 47(5), 266–270. • Dyess, S., Chase, S. K., & Newlin, K. (2010). State of research for faith community nursing 2009. Journal of Religion and Health, 49 (2), 188–199. • Dyess, S., Opalinski, A., Saiswick, K., & Fox, V. (2016) Caring across the healthcare continuum: A call to nurse leaders to manifest values through action with community outreach. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 40 (2) 137-145. • Eckardt, P., Culley, J.M., Corwin, E., Richmond, T., Dougherty, C., Piokler, R., Krause-Parello, C. Reye, C., Rainbow, J.G. and DeVon, H. (2017). National nursing science priorities: Creating a shared vision, 65(6), 726-736) • Solari-Twadell, P. A., & Hackbarth, D. P. (2010). Evidence for a new paradigm of the ministry of parish nursing practice using the nursing intervention classification system. Nursing Outlook, 58(2), 69–75. 25 Research Agenda in Faith Community Nursing
356 • Westberg Institute (2018). FCN Research Forum. April 12, 2018. • Wilkes, L. Mannix, J., & Jackson, D. (2013). Practicing nurses perspectives of clinical scholarship: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 12(21), 1-7. • Ziebarth, D. (2016). Altruistic and economic measurements used for prevention health services: Faith Community Nursing Program. Journal of Evaluation and Program Planning, 57 (c), 72-79. References Atkins, F. (1997). What should the church do about health? Journal of Christian Nursing, 14, 29–31. Djupe, A. M., & Lloyd, R. C. (1992, July). Looking back: The parish nurse experience. Battle Creek, MI: National Parish Nurse Resource Center. Published with support from W.K. Kellogg Foundation. ISBN #0-9627625-2-0. Eckardt, P., Culley, J. M., Corwin, E., Richmond, T., Dougherty, C., Piokler, R. H., et al. (2017). National nursing science priorities: Creating a shared vision. Nursing Outlook, 65(6), 726–736. Kuhn, J. (1997). A profile of parish nurses. Journal of Christian Nursing, 14, 26–28. Lewis, F. (2012). Keynote address: Setting research priorities: Policy, funding & other considerations. In Faith community nursing research conference, Loyola University Chicago, 7–8 August. McDermott, M. A., & Mullins, E. E. (1989). Profile of a young movement. Journal of Christian Nursing, 6, 29–30. Miles, L. (1997). Getting started: Parish nursing in a rural community. Journal of Christian Nursing, 14, 22–24. DeFranzo, S. E. (2011). What’s the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? Retrieved December, 2018, from https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/ qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/ Schmidt, K. (1997). Answering God’s call. Journal of Christian Nursing, 14, 12–13. Solari-Twadell, P. A. (2002). The differentiation of the ministry of parish nursing practice within congregations. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(06), 569A. UMI No. 3056442. Solari-Twadell, P. A. (2006). Uncovering the intricacies of the ministry of parish nursing practice through research. In P. A. Solari-Twadell & M. A. McDermott (Eds.), Parish nursing: Development, education and administration (pp. 17–35). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Solari-Twadell, P. A., Gustafson, C., Wordsworth, H., & Dlamini, T. (2007). Differentiating the ministry of parish nursing practice: International perspectives. In 21st annual Westberg Parish nurse symposium, St Louis, MO, 29 September, 2007. Solari-Twadell, P. A., Gustafson, C., Wordsworth, H., & Dlamini, T. (2011). Global perspectives on the ministry of parish nursing practice: Frequently used interventions by Parish nurses in Swaziland Africa, United Kingdom and United States people and knowledge: Connecting for global health. In 41st Biennial convention, Grapevine Texas, 1 November, 2011. West, A., & Solari-Twadell, P. A. (2012). Current state of research in faith community nursing. In Faith community nursing research conference, Loyola University Chicago, 7–8 August. Whitney-Miller, L. (1997). Nursing through the lens of faith: A conceptual model. Journal of Christian Nursing, 14, 17–21. Wilson, R. (1997). What does a parish nurse do? Journal of Christian Nursing, 14, 13–16. Zerson, D. (1994). Parish nursing a 20th century fad? Journal of Christian Nursing, 11(2), 19–22. Zetterlund, J. (1997). Putting care back into health care. Journal of Christian Nursing, 14(2), 10–13. P. A. Solari-Twadell and D. J. Ziebarth
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 357 P. A. Solari-Twadell, D. J. Ziebarth (eds.), Faith Community Nursing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16126-2 Epilogue Envision that it is 2030. What do you think faith community nursing will look like then? Although an ideal scenario, let’s go for what could be the most hopeful scenario and consistent with Reverend Granger Westberg’s vision—a faith community nurse in each faith community! 2040 Envisioned Faith community nursing is now over 50 years old. Faith communities, no matter what denomination, are recognized as central to the health and well-being of people in all communities. Nurses are drawn to this specialty practice as this nursing role is one which is consistently recognized for patient-centered care which addresses the whole person—body, mind, and spirit. Faith community nurses are integrated into their local health-care system working in full-time roles for larger faith communities and half-time roles in smaller faith communities. The cost for nursing services in the acute care setting is now a separate charge from the cost of a bed. These faith community nurses are part of the local health system network and now are reimbursed for coded interventions, such as transitional care, in working with local medical homes. The faith community nurses meet regularly for continuing education, spiritual direction, and information sharing. Each nurse has a contract with the faith community served and the health-care system. Each faith community has a contract with the nurse and health-care system. Each nurse has the latest digital documentation app that allows voice recognition of the nurse and simultaneously summarizes all nursing diagnosis made, interventions employed, and lifestyle changes sustained by the client. The client is recognized through the relationship with the nurse for sustaining any lifestyle changes or healthy decisions. This recognition is noted by the health-care system and payer. The results of the faith community nurses’ visits are programmed into the data systems of the health-care system, and there are logarithms that have been established that give the faith community nurse feedback as to which clients will benefit from return phone calls and visits by the nurse and/or other volunteers in the faith community. In addition, interventions that are employed by faith community nurses and most significant to the reduction of active symptoms are noted as creating patterns
358 of wellness at all stages of chronic illness. With data being automatically generated, nursing research is focused on “big data” to report on outcomes. These outcomes are utilized along with other health system data regionally to allocate health-care resources. In addition, certain clients are contacted to tell their health story in order to grapple more deeply with some phenomena. Faith community nursing as a specialty practice is understood throughout health care internationally as significant to sustaining care that has made a significant change in the understanding of health and the delivery of health care. Through persistent listening to a greater “call,” faith community nurses see nursing as a “calling” that is intended to counter the culture of the medical model of care. Each faith community nurse has a focus on nurturing their inner strength that is bolstered by an active spiritual life. The faith community nurse believes and lives out that the client is best cared for through the community in which they live and participate in a faith community. The fostering of health is seen as significant to being able to live out “the call” to serve others in the community with each person’s unique gifts being used for the betterment of the whole. The option remains for some individuals to choose a health insurance package that excludes participation in a faith community. For these individuals, prevention may not be the focus of their care. They will run the risk of paying for a more expensive health-care package as data will now reflect faith community nursing as a “best practice” for quality of life. The reality is that without the faith community nurses and pastors who work tirelessly with their teams and volunteers in their faith communities, sustaining their effort to support their members in their episodes of wellness along with their episodes of illness the reality of the faith community nurse, the faith community as a whole-person health place in the community and health being more than the absence of disease falls flat. So for us who are dreamers, let us continue to pray that there will be recognition, change, and better care of God’s people over time through faith community nursing. Epilogue
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 359 P. A. Solari-Twadell, D. J. Ziebarth (eds.), Faith Community Nursing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16126-2 A Accessing health care, 69, 70 Active listening, 10, 19, 20, 307 Active participation, 125 Activity and Exercise Management, 308 Adaptation Theory, 53 Administration on Aging (AoA), 201 Administrative Guidelines, 284 Adult Health Fair, 151 Adult learning principles, 128 Advance care planning, 185, 315 Advanced Directive, 221 Advance faith community nursing, 247 Advanced Graduate Level Preparation, 119–121 Advanced practice education, 123 Advanced practice nursing preparation, 128 Advanced spiritual care, 87 Affordable Care Act (ACA), 194, 215, 320 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 99 AlAnon, 25 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 25 Alegent Creighton Health Network, 319 Alternative Medical Systems, 39 Ambulatory Services, 112 American Association of Holistic Nurses, 42 American Diabetes Association prediabetes survey, 316 American Dietetic Association, 318 American Holistic Health Association, 42 American Holistic Medical Association, 42 American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA), 42, 43, 93 American Nurses Association (ANA), 78, 215, 255, 293 American Nurses Association Credentialing Center (ANCC), 240 American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation, 190 American Public Health Association, 196 Anguish and Searching sub scale, 290 Anticipatory Guidance, 307 Approved CE sponsors, 91 Approved nursing education programs, 91 Association of Clinical Pastoral Education, 92 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO), 194–196 ASTHO Million Hearts State Learning Collaborative, 201 Athletic groups, 337 Audiometry testing, 185 Australian Faith Community Nurses Association, 244 B Baptist Missionary Society, 133 BeFriender Ministry programs, 24 Behavioral domain, 308 Best practice alerts (BPAs), 113 Better Choices, Better Health® chronic disease self-management program, 189 “Bridging the Gap” pilot project, 187 Budget development, 122 Bylaws Committee, 245 C Caregiver support, 10 Catholic Health Association of the United States (CHA), 93 Center for Disease Control (CDC), 195, 201, 316 Center for Disease Control for Diabetes Prevention Recognized Program (DPRP), 112, 317 Index
360 Center for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, 93 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), 201 Central Texas Health Ministry Coalition, 203 Change implementation, 329, 330 Chaos Theory, 39 Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), 201 Christian Medical Commission, 134 Chronic disease self-management (CDSM) programs, 185 Church Health, 169, 170, 172, 177, 306 Church Health Center, 230, 231 Church Health Congregational Care Transitions Project Grant, 309 Church Health Priorities, 232–234 Church Missionary Society, 133 CIRCLE model of spiritual care, 60, 61 Circle of Christian Caring Theory, 65 Clark County Public Health Department, 204 Classroom teaching techniques, 79 Clinical pastoral education (CPE) programs, 90, 190 Cognitive therapy, 308 Collaborating faith communities, 187 Collegiality, 285 Commission on Certification, 240 Communal advocacy, health care, 139 Communicating Value of Faith Community Nursing, 294 Communication enhancement, 308 Communication plan, 281, 282 Community, 82, 333 Community-based institutionally supported network model, 105–107 Community-based nursing role, 292 Community benefit programing, 179, 180 Community Chief Health Strategist, 194 Community electronic health record, 317 Community health needs assessment (CHNA), 107, 184 Community health promotion, 308, 332–333 Community outreach, 315 Complementary & Integrative Health Approaches (CIHA), 43 Complexity science, 39 Conceptual theory matrix, 54, 55, 57, 59, 70 Congestive heart failure (CHF), 153 Congregation, 326 Congregational Health Assessment (CHA) survey, 324 Congregations, caring social systems, 174 Conjunctive development, faith, 19 Connectedness concept of inner strength, 292 Constructive conflict, 285 Continuing education and formation academic credits, 91 attainment of goals/objectives/outcomes, 95 audience preference/availability, 95 education and formation support services, 93 knowledge enhancement and skill development, 92 learning gap, 94 nursing literature, 98, 99 program goal/outcomes, 95 specialized knowledge and competence, 90 spiritual formation, 90 virtual knowledge platform, 96 Westberg Institute’s Position Statements, 96–98 Continuing education units (CEUs), 111 Continuing medical education (CME), 91 Continuous visibility and communication, 28 Convents, 133 Cooking classes, 186 Coordination, 69, 70 Coping assistance, 308 Coping enhancement, 10, 307 Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science (CANS), 348 Creative strategies, education, 112 Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), 99 D Daily attention and energy to self-care interventions, 292 Daily personal devotions, 31 Daughters of Charity, 214 Deaconess Foundation, 228–230 Decision Making Support, 11, 20, 21, 294, 307 Dementia, 25 Department of State Health Services (DSHS), 203 Diabetes education program, 121 Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), 113, 189, 316–319, 334 Diabetes transitional care program, 320, 321 Dietary and lifestyle, 327 Differentiated parish nurse orientation, 78 Disability Awareness Committee, 22 Discharge education, 300 Disease management, 68, 70, 300, 302 Disease screening and health education activities, 324 Diving into Good Blood Pressure (DIG), 189 Index
361 Division of Children and Family Services (DCFS), 203 Doc Talks sessions, 186 Documentation and storage, health records, 265 altruistic/economic evidence, 269 contractual partnership with health care organization, 267 culture differences, 264, 265 economic measurements, 271 enhanced independent living, 271 enhanced quality of life, 271 faith communities and health care organizations, 269 Henry Ford Macomb’s electronic tool, 268 hospital/emergency room avoidance, 271 injury prevention, 271 legal malpractice risks, 266 medication/medical device, 271 policy/procedure, 267 political representatives, 266 spiritual care interventions, 266 standards of care, 269 storytelling, patients, 269–271 Documentation system, 278 Drug management, 308 Dying care, 11 E EBSCOhost, 99 Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society, 133 Educational model and curriculum development, 87 Educational partners, 83, 86 Educational preparation competencies and skills, 83 integrity of curriculum, 85, 86 standardization, 80 Educational program/programming, 22, 112, 248, 328, 329 Educational workshops, 336 Education and integration of faith community nursing, 112, 113 Education and resource allocation, 28 Education of partners, 110, 111 Emotional and spiritual distress, 161 Emotional and spiritual support for anxious and isolated elders, 302 Emotional support, 10, 20, 307 Empowering, 69, 70 End of life care planning, 159–161 End-of-life coalition, 27 Energy Field Theory, 39 Environmental management, 307 Environment for health promotion, 335 Epic Electronic Medical Record, 320 EPIC system, 206 Establishment Clause, 198 European Conference on Parish Nursing, 99, 100 Evaluation strategies, education, 127 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), 257 Evangelical Lutheran Parish Nurse Association, 243 Evidence-based advice, 136 Evidence based approaches, community needs, 184, 185 Evidence-based education program, 316–319, 321 Evidence-based practice, 174 Evidenced–based resources and tools, 282, 284 F Faith and health, 167–169, 239 Faith Communities Alive!, 185 Faith community advanced practice nurse, 128 Faith community-based health promotion and prevention programs, 332, 333 Faith community health and wellness activities, 120 Faith community health ministry programs, 153 Faith community leadership, 282 and staff education, 111, 112 Faith community life prevention seasons, 331 Faith community network, 107, 109, 110 Faith Community Nurse Coordinator Curriculum, 229 Faith Community Nurse Coordinator Manual, 229 Faith Community Nurse Course for Coordinators, 86 Faith Community Nurse Foundation’s Course, 300, 305 Faith community nurse ministry, 280 Faith community nurse movement, 279, 280 Faith community nurse network (FCNN), 202, 245, 315, 319 Faith community nurse program (FCNP), 205, 266 Faith Community Nurse Role Differentiation by Education, 129, 130 Faith Community Nurse Transitional Care Course, 302, 304, 305 Faith Community Nurse Transitional Care Model, 302–305 Faith Community Nurses Association of Oklahoma (FCNA-OK), 243, 334 Index
362 Faith Community Nurses International (FCNI), 219, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251, 314 Faith community nursing curriculum conceptual model, 81 Faith community nursing documentation, 305 Faith community nursing perspectives beliefs of, 146 blood pressure and spiritual care, 156 Calling into Ministry, 145, 146 end of life care planning, 159–161 faith leader and staff collaboration, 146–149 financial health, 156 health and wellness programs, 154 health cabinet, 150, 151, 163 health fairs, 151, 152 intentional integration of spiritual dimension, 155 learning from elders, 162 nursing cabinet, 163 preparation of, 146 Reverend Granger Westberg’s Vision for Whole Person Health, 145 scale buddies, 153, 154 self introduction, 149, 150 size and demographics, 161, 162 spiritual gift of presence, 157, 158 spiritual strength programs, 158, 159 whole person care, 149 Faith community nursing programs, 86, 103, 110, 147, 182, 183, 188, 190, 234, 253, 266, 269, 285, 314 Faith community nursing regional network, 315 Faith community nursing termination, 280, 281 Faith community nursing theory, 67, 68 Faith community nursing transformation through technology, 189, 190 Faith community nursing scope and standards of practice, 246, 300, 353 Faith integration, 70, 302 Faith leader health, 187 Faith leaders role, 330, 331 Faith Life, 171 Faith-based coffee (FBC), 203, 204 Faith-based cultural practices, 127 Faithfully fit forever (FFF) sessions, 189 Fall prevention, 307 Fecal occult blood testing, 319, 320 Federally qualified health centers (FQHC), 201 Financial support for continuing education, 90 Financial sustainability, specialty practice, 247, 248 Five Wishes Form for End of Life Planning, 160 Flatulence Reduction, 11 Flexner Report, 3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 201 Food recycling, 138 Foundational public health services (FPHS), 194 Foundations for Faith Community Nursing, 80, 83, 146, 182, 183, 229 Free Exercise Clause, 198 Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, 215 G General Board of Higher Education and Ministry (GBHEM), 258 Global Health Division of the General Board of Global Ministries (GBGM), 258 Grant application process, 121–124 Grant coordinator, 129 Grant programming implementation, 124, 125 Grant writing, 127 Green County Health Department, 205 Grief support, 25 Grief Work Facilitation, 10, 11 Group learning activities, 80 Gunderson Lutheran Medical Foundation, 159 H Healing, 323 Health, definition, 13 Health advocacy, 18, 26, 27 Health and medical care, 184 Health and Wellness Committee, 23, 24 Health as Expanding Consciousness, 53 Health cabinet, 23, 29, 149–151, 155, 159 Health care agencies, 106 Healthcare and nursing sensitive outcomes, 291 Health care coordination, empowerment and access, 301 Health care delivery system, 300, 309 Health care institution in partnership, 109 Health care institution’s perception, 106 Health care reform, 313, 314 ambulatory services, 318 balance enhancement and falls reduction, 320, 321 communicating value, 315 community-based partnerships, 316 cost avoidance, 319 cost effective, 315 Index
363 cost language, 315 hospital readmission, 315 moral development, 326, 327 process evaluation, 321 standardized documentation, 315 sustainability of faith community nursing programs, 314 Health care system, 105, 112, 264 admission assessment, 182 documentation, 187, 188 faith community nurse in life transitions, 186 local, state and national initiatives, 188, 189 midwestern experience, 180, 181 nurse, benefits, 190, 191 Health care tools, 170, 171 Health diplomacy and health initiatives, 313 Health education, 10, 307 educator’s role, 18, 22, 23 programs, 7 Health fairs, 201 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 147, 187, 306 Health Ministries Association (HMA), 80, 85, 94, 218, 219, 224, 237–240, 243, 314 Health programs, types of, 154 Health promotion and prevention program, 68, 70, 285, 300, 302, 324, 336 Health-related issues, 325 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 201 Health System Faith Community Nurse Networks, 256 Health system mediation, 308 Health system offerings, 92 Health system’s community assessment, 184 Healthy cooking club group, 337 Healthy nutrition and weight, 22 Healthy People 2020, 7 Healthy People 2030, 7 Henry Ford Health System (HFHS), 268, 316 Henry Ford Macomb Hospital (HFMH), 316 HFHS Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program, 318 Holism, 39 vs. wholism, 45–47 Holistic caring process, 39, 40 Holistic education and guidance, 40 Holistic health, 34 Holistic Nurse Self-Reflection and Self-Care, 41 Holistic nursing care delivery, 41, 42 cultural diversity, 40 nursing theories, 39 patient centered care, 41 practice of, 41 scope and standards of practice, 34 specialty practice of, 39 therapeutic healing environment, 40 wholeness and healing, 39 Homeless Shelters, 186 Hope instillation, 10, 20, 307 Hospital and faith community collaborations, 302 Hospital leadership and administrators, 111 Hospital systems, 175 Human trafficking, 334 Humanistic Model, 53 I IJFCN International Readership Map, 250 Immunization guidelines, 336 Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB), 297 Individuative-reflective faith development, 19 Infertility, 25 Information management, 308 Information technology (IT) staff, 128 Initial Health Planning Conference (IHPC), 36 Inner strength phenomenon anguish and searching, 289 connectedness, 289 definition, 289 dysfunction, 290 engagement, 289 enhancement of, 288 health problems, 290 health vulnerabilities, 294 human response, 288 investment in enjoyment, 293 in men, 288 movement, 289 negative outcomes, 291 nonlinear movement, 293 patterns of exhaustion and burnout, 292 physical exercise and sleep, 292 positive outcomes, 290 quality of life, 288, 292 realistic plan and intentional, 293 self-care interventions, 294 special attention, 292 strengths-based perspective, 290 Inner Strength Questionnaire (ISQ), 288 Innovative community-based approaches, 181 Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS), 297 Index
364 Institutional health care system benefits, 107–108 Integration of faith and health, 18–20, 68 Integrity and sustainability of the parish nurse network, 254 Intentional implementation strategy, 179 Interdisciplinary professional membership organization, 237–240 Internal Revenue Service, 179 International and national annual gatherings of faith community nurses, 253 International Council of Nursing, 215, 247 International faith community nurses, 229 International Journal of Faith Community Nursing (IJFCN), 246, 249 International Parish Nurse Resource Center (IPNRC), 78, 89, 217, 218, 228–230, 234, 346 Inter-professional education, faith and health, 182, 183 Intuitive-projective stage, faith, 19 Iowa Intervention Project Research Team, 307 J Jim Foyer’s faith development theory, 18 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 307 Journal Club, 110 K Know your Numbers program, 205 Knowledge Ministry, 230 K. Weber’s Integral Theory of consciousness, 39 L Ladies of charity, 213 Large metropolitan congregation, 162, 163 Large regional health systems, 256 Learning facilitation, 307 Learning outcomes-based content outlines, 80 Lifespan care, behavioral therapy, 308 Listening visits, 307 Logistical planning, 95 London Missionary Society, 133 Long term participation in faith community, 325 LOSS Program, 159 Lutheran Church Missouri Synod (LCMS) Health Ministries, 93 Lutheran Deaconess movement, 214 Lutheran General Health System, 228 M Matrix Planning Tool, Parish Nurse Programs, 104 Medicaid, 201, 207, 240, 297, 298, 320 Medical Care, 171 Medical information and systems, 174 Medical Mission at Home program, 205 Medicare, 240, 270, 272, 201, 297, 298, 318, 320 Medicare Diabetes Prevention Programs (MDPP), 318 Medication management, 307 Medication reconciliation and management, 299 Medline plus, 201 Membership benefits, health ministries association, 240, 241 Mental health prevention, 334 Method of wholistic health care delivery, 301 Middle range theory, 66, 67, 288, 290 Mid-range nursing theory, 53 Midwestern program, 152 Miller Model of Parish Nursing, 64, 65 Million Hearts® initiative, 196 Ministerial staff, 137, 138 Mishel’s Theory of Uncertainty, 53 Mission Statement, and Goals, 246 Mobile heart and vascular screening, 185 Model for Healthy Living, 171, 172 Modeling wellness, 29 Modern medicine, 181 Modern missionary movement, 133 Monasteries, 133 Monroe Clinic, 205 Montana Faith-Health Cooperative, 199 Motivation for Change, 13 Motivational interviewing, 183 Mythical-literal stage development, 19 N National Alliance on Mentally Illness (NAMI), 25 National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), 195, 204 National denominational organizations, 243 National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), 185 National faith-based organizations, 92 National Health System (NHS), 206 National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), 201 National Institutes for Health (NIH), 201 National League for Nursing (NLN), 78, 93 National Parish Nurse Resource Center, 228 Index
365 National secular interdisciplinary organization, 243 Networking models of faith community nursing, 253 Networks of faith community, 176 New Testament, 141 North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), 188, 315 Northwest Parish Nurse Network, 254 Nurse Christian Fellowship (NCF), 93 Nurse Practice Acts, 266 Nurse/Client Relationship, 68 Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, 215 Nurses’ personal beliefs and values, 44 Nursing conceptual frameworks, 51 Nursing education programs, 79 Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC), 18, 188, 268, 305–308, 315, 346 Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC), 188, 268, 269, 315 Nursing role, 10, 11, 17, 18, 21–23, 63, 77, 92, 180, 237, 265–266, 290, 345 Nursing Social Policy Statement, 9, 84 Nursing Theory Guided Model of Health Ministry, 62 Nursing theory-based practice models development, 51, 53 forms, 52 wholistic care, 69 Nutrition, 171 session, 125 support, 308 O Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, 198 Old Testament, 141 Open Systems Theory, 53 Operational guidelines, 283 Organizational development advocacy, 221 interdisciplinary collaboration, 218, 219 international expansion, 219, 220 membership organizations for faith community nurses, 221, 223, 224 Organizational frameworks for parish nursing, 345 Organizational history early roots of nursing, 213, 214 faith community nursing, 215, 216, 218 professional nursing organizations, 214, 215 Organizational models, 103–106 Organizational strength, 294 Organizational structure, 30, 282 clear reporting relationships, 283 implementation, 277 P Paid faith community nurse, 200, 205, 207 Pain management, 307 Paramedics, 163 Parish nurse coordinator role, 254 Parish nurse programs, matrix planning tool, 104 Parish nurse project, 180 Parish Nurse Resource Center, 8, 9, 217, 218, 228, 231–232, 237, 238 Parish nursing, 60–62, 78, 277, 333, 334, 345 Parish Nursing Continuity of Care Model, 55, 60, 62, 63 Parish nursing practice in Swaziland, 11 Participation in faith community, 328 Partnering/establishing faith community network benefits, 107–110 Partnerships, health care system, 336, 337 Pastor and faith community assisting people, values and beliefs, 138 caring for one’s nighbor, 142 collaboration and communication, 139 faith community, preparation of, 142–143 health care, 134 health ministry, nurse role, 134 health promotion/ disease prevention, 136 health provision, 138 health resources, 142 history, 133 importance of faith community nursing, 134, 135 leadership, 141 ministerial staff, 137 multiplication of ministers, 137 partnerships, 140 purpose of health ministry, 135, 136 respect, 139, 140 spiritual care, 136, 137 stewardship of health, 141 Patient education, 308–309 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), 297 Personal behaviour change, 328 Personal health advisor, 18, 20–22 Personal health habits, 325 Personal health resources, 323–324, 326 Personal spiritual formation, 90 Personal values, 12, 13 Index
366 Physical activity programs, 186 Physical comfort promotion, 308 Physical health and well-being, 61, 323 Physician’s role, faith and health, 167–170 Planned change process, 329 Planning for health prevention programming, 335 Policies and procedures, 282–284 Population health, 153 Population-health management model, 179 Practice guidelines, 283 Prayer, 285 Prayer-walks, 333 Presbyterian Church United States of America, 257 Prevention programming, 335 Preventive home-visits, older adults, 335 Primal/undifferentiated faith, 18 Process dynamics, 79 Professional associations, 91 Professional certification, 278 Professional healthcare services, 333 Professional nursing organizations, 18, 214, 215 Professional practice and ministry of faith community nursing, 77 Professionalism, 82 Program support, 126 Promising practice award, 204 Propensity score matching analysis, 309 Proposed program development, 123 Protected health information, 306 Psychological care, 290 Psychoneuroimmunology, 39 Public Health 2.0, 194 Public Health 3.0, 194 Public health department community outreach in Wisconsin, 205, 206 faith community nurse, 197, 198 FBC in Washington state, 203, 204 future challenges, 207 improving hypertension in Maryland, 201–203 infrastructure, 194–196 international faith community nurse programs, 206 leadership strategies, 207 separation of church and state, 198, 199 serving the underserved in Connecticut, 205 successful collaborations, 200 health fairs, 201 health information, 201 key elements, 199 paid faith community nurse, 200 unpaid faith community nurse, 200 websites, 201 in Texas, 203 transitional care in United Kingdom, 206, 207 Q Quality of Life (QOL) and self-management, 288 Quantitative research, 127 R Record keeping, 264 Referral Agent and Liaison with Faith Community and Community Resources, 25, 26 Registered professional nurses, 89 Relational and financial health, whole person health support, 155 Religion and health, 323 Religious denominational networks, 257, 258 Research agenda discussion, 343 educational program, 342 implications, 344 qualitative research design, 343 quantitative research design, 342, 343 reading and reflection, 342 results/findings, 343 significance, 344 specialty practice, 347 Research and scholarship, 352–356 actions, 355 FCN responsibility, 354 process issues, 355 Research conference, 352 Research development and reporting, 250 Research in Nursing Practice using NIC, 10–12 Respecting Choices program, 160, 185 1992 Rio Declaration, 224 Royal British Nurses Association, 214 Rules for the Sisters of the Parish, 214 Rural faith community nurse, 278 S Safety domain, 309 Scholarship and research position statement, 347, 348 The Science of Human Becoming, 53 Science of Unitary Human Beings, 53 Scope and standards of nursing practice, 42, 43 Index
367 Self-care, 30, 31, 327 activities, 293 facilitation, 308 and service delivery, 134 for spiritual growth and support, 31 Self-care deficit theory, 53 Semi-structured interviews, 325 Sexual counseling, 11 Simple massage, 11 Si Se Puede program, 128 Size and demographics of faith community, 161, 162 Sleep enhancement, 11 Smoking cessation programs, 198 Social and mental health issues, 287 Social cohesion, 290, 294 Social determinants, health outcomes, 181 Social networking, 96 Specialization in nursing, 4–6 Specialized practice of profession of nursing, 6, 7 Specialty knowledge, 7–9 Specialty nursing organization, 42, 43 Specialty nursing practice, 7–9, 17, 53, 173 Spiritual and moral development, 17, 18 Spiritual care, 6, 7, 290, 341 Spiritual formation, 18, 90 Spiritual growth facilitation, 10, 20, 294 Spiritual healing, 290 Spiritual health and well-being, 82 Spiritual reflection and support, 253 Spiritual strength programs, 158, 159 Spiritual support, 10, 20, 25, 307 Spiritual well-being, 65, 66, 81 Spirituality, 39, 70, 71 Standardization of educational preparation, 80 Standardized curriculum benefits, 83 State Nurse Practice Acts, 94 State or regional secular organizations, 243 Stephen Ministry programs, 24 Stepping on or a matter of balance, 185 Stepping on program, 189 Strength-based care model, 290 Strength-based interventions, 292 Strength-based self-care interventions by faith community nurses, 294 Stress prevention, 327, 328 Stressful life events and positive social support, 66 Substance abuse and mental health services administration (SAMHSA), 201 Substance use prevention, 11 Support and collaborative working relationships, 28 Support groups developer, 18, 24, 25, 336 Supporting Wellness at Pantries (SWAP), 205 Supportive services for self-management, 299 Sustainability, faith community nurse, 287 Sustainable development goals, 222, 223 Swaziland parish nurses, 11 Synthetic-conventional stage, faith, 19 Systems theory, 39, 53 T Tai Chi, 320 Technology and virtual knowledge platforms, 95 Telephone follow-up, 307 Texas Department of Health (TDH), 203 Texas Health Ministries Network (THMN), 203 Theological foundation, 134 Theoretically Based Strength Needs and FCN Practice Interventions, 290 Theory of care/caring science, 53 Theory of consciousness, 39 Time sensitive interventions, 299 Tissue perfusion management, 308 Training and utilizing volunteers, 23, 24 Transitional care, 87 adverse events after discharge, 298 community-based, 300 definition, 299 duration of, 304 experimental design with randomized assignment, 305 extra hospital visit, 303 home visits with the patient and caregiver, 304 hospital characteristics, 298 hospital readmissions emergency department visits, 305 and interventions, 298 predictive factors, 298, 299 intervention classification, 308 nominal categorical analysis, 306 nurses, role, 299 nursing interventions, 303 optimal wholistic health functioning, 300 post discharge, 304 pre-discharge phase, 303 provision of, 297 qualitative descriptive design, 305 readmissions decrease, interventions post discharge/after hospitalization, 299 prior to hospital discharge, 299 religious/spiritual beliefs, 300 scheduled medications, 298 sociodemographic factors, 299 time sensitive interventions, 299 Index
368 Transitional Care Research using Faith Community Nurses, 305 12-step program, 197 U U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 195 United Methodist Association of Health and Welfare Ministries (UMA), 93 University offerings, 92 Unpaid faith community nurse, 200, 203 V Visibility and communication, 28, 29 Vision and mission statement, 246, 275–277 Volunteering, faith community nurse program, 285 W Weight gain assistance, 11 Wellness, 23 Westberg Institute, 218–221, 224, 232–234 Westberg’s Verbatim, 216 Westberg Symposium, 229, 232, 246 White House Faith and Opportunity Initiative, 198 Whole person health, 141, 145, 154 Wholism, 82 vs. Holism, 45–47 Wholistic healing, 38 Wholistic health, 33–35, 38 consequences of, 39 delivery of care, 36, 37 exploration of, 37, 39 theological assumptions, 35, 36 Wholistic Health Care Centers, 36, 38 Wholistic illness, 38 Windshield survey, 333 Wisconsin Faith Community Nurse Coalition, 255, 256 Wisconsin Nurses Association, 255 WKU TopSCHOLAR® , 250 World Forum, 229 Written policies and procedures, 278 Y Yammer, 96, 97 Yoga class, 197 Index