MAGAZINE MUZIUM SAMUDERA

FLOR DE LA MAR

MUZIUM SAMUDERA,MELAKA

"It's better to see
something once
THAN TO HEAR IT ABOUT
THOUSAND TIMES"

a holiday magazine that contains dozens of very interesting tourist destinations
for you to visit on holidays or weekends with your family

Muzium Samudera is a living museum that showcases the local history of ethnic
Chinese-Malays called Baba-Nyonya or Peranakan in Melaka

SITI NUR IZZAH BINTI ABDUL EDITOR TEAM
RAZAK
2021110277 AZRINATUL NAJIHAH BINTI
YA'AKUB AZHARI
2021172869

MUHD HAZIQ DZAKIRIN BIN PUTRA AIMAN NAIM BIN
HUZAIRUL AZRIN KHAIZAL OZLEN
2021339023 201982168

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01. BACKGROUND OF MUZIUM
SAMUDERA

Travel is the movement of people
between relatively distant geographical locations

03. MAP OF MUZIUM
SAMUDERA

Where does Muzium Samudera exactly
located?

06. HOW TO GET THERE?

The terms location and place in geography are used
to identify a point or an area

07. PLACE OF INTEREST
NEAR & INSIDE MUZIUM

SAMUDERA

A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical
publication, which is printed or electronically published

09. THE DEVELOPMENT
STAGE OF THE MUZIUM

SAMUDERA

A city is a large and permanent human settlement.
Although there is no agreement on how a city is
distinguished from a town in general

11. DESIGN STANDARD OF
MUZIUM SAMUDERA

Travel is the movement of people
between relatively distant geographical locations

12. IMPLEMENTATION OF
TOURISM POLICY

Policy that was being apply on Muzium
Samudera

13. IMPACT OF MUZIUM
SAMUDERA

There are 3 impacts of Muzium Samudera
including economy, social and environmental

impact with their control measure

19. CONTROL MEASURE

Action taken by Muzium Samudera to reduce
the potential of exposure to the hazard

21. ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF
MUZIUM SAMUDERA

The analyze impacts that go into much deeper

27. FUTURE PLANNING

Where does Muzium Samudera view itself in a
certain period of time

28. REFERENCE

Page that was dedicated to the resources
that was being used in completing this magazine

30. APPENDICES

A memory that are not being able to be
put in any category

In all Portuguese histories from the
16th century, Flor do Mar or Flor de la
Mar (Flower of the Sea) or (Si Kuntum
Bunga) in Malay written as Frol de la
Mar, was a 400-ton Portuguese nau
(carrack) that took part in pivotal
events in the Indian Ocean for nine
years until sinking in November 1511.
In 1502, the ship was built in Lisbon.
The Estavao de Gama was in charge of
its initial journey (brother of Vasco da
Gama ).

However, in 1505, the Portuguese took BACKGROUND
the ship to India on the second
journey. It cruised around the The Flor de la Mar was deployed as one of the
coastline on the way back. Before ships to take Melaka, which was at the time a
returning to Mozambique for repairs, major port and commerce hub in the world
visit the Cape of Good Hope. It rejoined near to the archipelago, despite being deemed
the Ormuz colonial expedition in 1507 hazardous. Afonso de Albuquerque wished to
after being restored. Additionally, the present the loot from Malacca to the then-
Goa was effectively taken in 1510 after Portuguese King, King Manuel I, due to the
the combat expedition of Diu in 1509. significant obligation of transporting the
capacity of goods beyond the cargo limit.
When Afonso de Albuquerque

returned from his successful conquest

of Malacca in 1511, the ship Flor de la

Mar also witnessed his journey. The

ship was loaded with numerous

valuables and abundant treasures,

including a number of gold, pottery,

and manuscript treasures that were

estimated to be worth billions of

pounds to the Portuguese King.

Page 01

Ships were described as being badly
damaged, causing many loot to be
destroyed, and many casualties. The
Flor de la Mar was unable to endure
due to nature's greed and sank forever
in the ocean close to the coast. The
incident happened late on November
20, 1511, at night.

Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque,

however, had managed to live, albeit

under trying conditions. Relying solely

on a specially adapted raft, he made an

effort to save himself, but the ship's

entire cargo—worth billions of dollars

—was lost in the space of a single

second. The ship continued to sink in

the Straits of Melaka on the final

OF THE PLACE voyage.

Because of this, the whereabouts of his

body are still unknown, and there is

By the end of 1511, ships were also employed debate about who should be given
to transport significant treasures acquired credit for the yet-to-be-discovered
during the conquest of Malacca as well as a carcass.

present from the Kingdom of Siam (Thailand) To this day, the Melaka Ocean
Museum in Malaysia has a copy of this
to the King of Portugal on return voyages.
ship that serves as an exhibition space.

Unexpectedly, there was a terrible storm, with
strong lightning that caused the sea to be
turbulent in the Straits of Malacca when "Flor
de la mar" sailed out of Melaka and wanted to
head to Goa, on the coast of east Sumatra in
the Straits of Melaka near the state of Pasé

(Pasai).

Page 02

MAP TO MUZI

Page 03

UM SAMUDERA

Page 04

"One a year, go some place
you've never been before"

Page 05

HOW TO GET THERE

There are many ways to go to To go there, tourists can ride the
Muzium Samudera Melaka by any cruiser from Melaka River Cruise
means of transportation. One of Boarding Port to Melaka River Park
them is driving there. It only takes and Cruise for RM25 (adult),
around 15 minutes to arrive at the RM15(kids) and RM20 (student). It
destination from Melaka only took around 5 minutes to arrive
International Airport and only 10 at the destination. Once arriving at
minutes if taking a bus to the the last stop, tourists can walk to the
destination. At the Museum museum as it is just beside the place.
Samudera Melaka, there is a cruiser
nearby, Melaka River Park and
Cruise and it is located beside the
museum.

Page 06

PLACE OF INTEREST
NEAR & INSIDE MUZIUM

SAMUDERA

Around the area of Museum Within the central area of the Malacca
Samudera Melaka, there is a famous UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is
night market place, which called situated. Due to its rich history and
Jonker Street Night Market. These culture, Jonker Street in Malacca is
names really refer to the same short one of the top places for travellers to
street that runs through Malacca's visit. Tourists can find a wide range of
Chinatown; Jonker Street is situated cultural attractions and distinctive
in Jalan Hang Jebat. Some of buildings with interesting histories
Malacca's oldest homes can be here. Jonker Street is packed with a
found on Jonker Street; they date variety of stores and vendors,
back to the 17th century and come including food stalls, art and craft
from the Portuguese, Dutch, and stalls, souvenir stalls, and apparel
British empires, respectively. stalls, both during the day and at
night. Each person is distinct and well-
Page 07 prepared for their culture.

“The journey of a thousand
miles begins with a single

step.”

Page 08

THE DEVELOPMENT STAG

The Maritime Museum was constructed as a replica of the
Portuguese ship which sank in the coast of Malacca while on its
way to Portugal. The museum main exhibits the replica of Flor
do Mar with 34 metres high, 36 metres long and 8 metres wide.
The museum also houses exhibits, artefacts and documents from
the golden era of Malacca and shows how political control of
Malacca was essential to the establishment of maritime
dominance in the region. It also displays the trading link of
Malacca from the early time through the colonial era until
independence.

Page 09

E OF MUZIUM SAMUDERA

Divided into two phases, the first phase houses a replica of the

Portuguese ship Flor de la Mar during the Exploration Period, It

was built in the early 1990s and was inaugurated by the Prime

Minister of Malaysia, Y.A.B Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad on 13

June 1994. In addition, the second phase was opened from 23

May 1998 by YB Datuk Poh Ah Tiam, Chairman of the State

Committee for Tourism, Culture and Environment. The museum

is located in the old Guthrie warehouse building restored by the

Public Works Department next to a replica of Flor de La Mar, it

is an adjoining structure from the earlier construction of the

Ocean Museum. The museum covers several themes such as

ocean exploration, life at sea, treasures from the sea and most

recently the WWF exhibition. Page 10

DESIGN STANDARD

The main focus of the museum is the
maritime history of Malacca and the golden
ages of Malacca's Sultanate as the Emporium
of the East. There are also paintings that
display how the Straits of Malacca was a
strategic location for traders from both the
east and the west to stop by at Malacca and
conduct their businesses while waiting for the
monsoon winds to change direction. The main
attraction is a full-size replica of Flor De La
Mar*, a 16th-century Portuguese galleon laden
with treasures that sank during a storm in
1511 somewhere in the Straits of Malacca. The
carcass and his missing treasure are believed
to be located off the coast of Sumatra. A well -
made and constructed replica is made an
authentic copy of the original. The exterior is
made of concrete and while the interior is
made of wooden decks to add a level of
realism. It is specially designed to make a
museum rather than a functional carrack, as
this type of ship is called.

The exhibition includes information on Portuguese exploration and conquest in the Indian
Ocean and has the background of Panglima Awang (‘Malay Magellan’). After seeing Flor De
La Mar, visitors will enter the Ocean Museum (phase 2) which is housed in a former
derivative belonging to Guthrie, The concept of this two -storey museum building is ‘Oceans
and Humans’. The exhibits include models of fishing boats, fishing villages, displays of sea
creatures and birds. Finally, visitors can cross the road to the Royal Malaysian Navy
Museum. Indoor exhibits include WASP MK1 helicopters, several naval weapons and
equipment, and information on the history of the RMN and modern Navy activities. Outside
there are more naval weapons and patrol boats that have been terminated on display on
poles.

Page 11

IMPLEMENTATION OF
TOURISM POLICY

Most industries, especially the tourism
industry, was severely affected and lost billions
in revenue due to the virus outbreak and the
Movement Control Order (PKP) implemented
by the government to curb the virus from
further spreading (Arsat, 2020). During this
period, the government has announced the
economic stimulus package of the National
Economic Regeneration Plan or GENERATOR to
help rebuild the national economy. Under the
PENJANA plan, the government has allocated
RM1 billion through the PENJANA Tourism
Financing Scheme to help small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) generate income after PKP
prevented them from opening tourist
attractions. The plan will benefit the tourist
spot business to offset losses from three months
of inactivity.

The museum has various exhibits of items The Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Culture,
such as porcelain, silk, textiles, and spices MOTAC also announces that tourism industry
used by ancient sailors. For ship fanatics, businesses including travel agencies, hotels, and
there is also a collection of different ship airlines are entitled to tax postponement for
models on display at the museum. You will three months from October 1st until December
be able to find out more about the types of 31st, 2020. It is also announced that the Tourist
ships and their functions from the Tax, which charges foreign tourists RM10 per
collection. As of June 2018, Malaysia is night spent in accommodation, will also be
currently in a period of recovery from the lifted from September 1st, 2020, until June 30th,
global Covid-19 pandemic outbreak. 2020. These incentives are announced to attract
more tourists to travel, as efforts to rebuild the
tourism industry after the global pandemic left
the industry in shambles (Malaysia launches
policies to boost tourism, 2020).

Page 12

ECONOMY IMPACTS

POSITIVE IMPACT

Job Oppurtunities

Foreign currency exchange is one way
tourists might make some extra money.
When tourists visit a foreign country, they
contribute to its economy by spending
money there. Depending on how the
destination handles its finances, tourist
revenues may be returned back into the
local economy. As a result of this money,
some locations may use it to grow their
tourist business while others may use it to
pay public services like education or
healthcare.

Foreign Exchange Earnings

According to Fleming and Toepper (1990),
tourists spend money, creating jobs, and
contributing to the local economy. The
Museum Samudera (Flor de La Mar) has
had a good effect on the local economy by
increasing employment and income,
especially in the tourism and retail sectors.
The Samudera Museum (Flor de La Mar)
contributes to the local economy by
bringing in revenue and opening up new
job possibilities. On a worldwide scale,
tourism is one of the biggest and fastest-
growing industries.

Page 13

ECONOMY IMPACTS

NEGATIVE IMPACT The cost of living in the surrounding area
Cost of Developments rises as a direct result of increased tourism.
In response to the increasing number of
visitors, the Museum Samudera (Flor de La
Mar) has seen an increase in its prices,
which has had a detrimental impact on the
income of the local population.

Rise in Price

Another component of tourism's negative
economic effect is the high cost of building
new infrastructure. Both the local
government and the residents of the region
may bear a heavy financial burden from the
growth of tourism in the area. Government
investment in infrastructure, such as
airports, roads, and other amenities, may be
required if tourism is to prosper. This
investment is costly. Investment in these
sectors may reduce government
expenditures in other critical areas, such as
education and health, in the long run.

Page 14

SOCIAL IMPACTS

Create Experiential Learning POSITIVE IMPACT
Oppurtunities
Connecting Generations and
Cultures

The Museum Samudera (Flor de La Mar) The Museum Samudera (Flor de La Mar)
collects information and tales to interest collections reflect generations, cultures,
people. Interactive displays at Museum religions, sciences, and views, offering a
Samudera (Flor de La Mar) stimulate more picture of past, present, and future
than academic knowledge. The museum civilization. This promotes curiosity and
includes exhibits, artefacts, and documents open-mindedness. This helped develop a
from Malacca's golden period and highlights common identity, history, and future. By
how governmental authority was important to bringing culture closer, population
maritime power in the area. It shows Malacca's distinctions shrink.
early, colonial, and independence-era
commercial links. This will let us realise how
much they influence the world and enable us to
conceive various ways of being, deepening
Museum Samudera's empathy teachings (Flor
de La Mar).

Page 15

SOCIAL IMPACTS

NEGATIVE IMPACT Standardisation and
Commercialisation
Conflict Between Social Changes
and Culture

Increased international tourists have Standardization and commercialization have
caused societal change or cultural influenced Museum Samudera's society (Flor
conflict. Culture may be harmful. These de La Mar). As destinations try to meet
behaviours will expose us, harming our visitors' expectations for comparable services
civilization. Inequality in cultures, ethnic and experiences, they risk becoming
and religious groupings, beliefs and homogenised. Landscapes, housing, and food
lifestyles, languages, and wealth may and beverage choices must satisfy visitors'
lead to cultural clashes (Samson, 2015). demand for the novel and unfamiliar, but they
Anti-tourist feelings may change local shouldn't be too innovative or unusual, as few
inhabitants' opinions regarding tourism tourists are searching for completely new
growth from exhilaration to indifference, experiences (Stainton, 2021). The Museum
discontent, or animosity (Stainton, 2021). Samudera (Flor de La Marinfrastructure )'s
and amenities do not guarantee client
satisfaction. This pushes them to improve
their management processes annually, which
requires them to understand visitor needs.
This new development will benefit the
foreigner and the host community.

Page 16

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

POSITIVE IMPACT

The tourists and visitors that
come to the Museum
Samudera (Flor de La Mar)
are able to contribute to the
generation funds for the
preservation of the natural
environment and scenery that
surrounds the location
(BBC,n.d.).

Not to mention that through
this tourism, it promotes
sustainable growth while
having the least amount of
negative influence on the
environment possible (Y,
2021).

Page 17

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

NEGATIVE IMPACT

The region and surroundings of
the Museum Samudera (Flor de
La Mar) have become a heavy,
crowded and scammed part of
the urban area, which has
eventually resulted in the first
negative repercussions on the
environment.

Congestion and overcrowding
are caused by the presence of
the Museum Samudera (Flor
de La Mar), which is located
near a shopping mall and
other important landmarks.

Page 18

CONTROL

From the aspect of economic

impact, the management of

the Museum Samudera (Flor

de La Mar) should increase the

numbers of cultural

employment that include

creative and performing

artists, music, arts and

linguists such as translators or

interpreters within the

museum. They must develop

more creative educational From the perspective of social

resources such as leisure impact, the Museum Samudera

software (video games) and (Flor de La Mar) should make

performing arts, where visitors certain that locals and foreigners

could be educated and inspire do not have conflicting

themselves in participating in relationships and they must

the beauty of history while treat them fairly in all aspects.

they are enjoying the museum. The management must also

construct the carrying capacity

of visitor arrivals each day to

ensure that no visitors will

become

Page 19

MEASURE

From the aspect of environmental impact, overpopulation
will worsen traffic congestion and may prevent necessary road
and transportation infrastructure from being built or
maintained. Consequently, there would be less congestion on
the roads, less need for fuel and reduced overall pollution levels.
To encourage visitors to travel by public transportation, the
Museum Samudera (Flor de La Mar) can also arrange their own
bus service that would pick them up at any bus station and
transport them to their location. On a daily basis, they must also
monitor the flow of visitors and the activities of those guests. As
a result, the negative environmental impact will decrease.

Page 20

ANALYSIS O

ECONOMY

As we are reaching the Endemic
stage of COVID-19, Jobs and
employment problems persist due to
the fact that the growth of the
economy doesn’t necessarily mean
the employment rate grows with it.
This is known as ‘Jobless growth’
and Economic Growth is not a goal
in and of itself (R. Srivastava, n.d.).
Its purpose is to help people,
promote development, and alleviate
poverty.

Job Oppurtunities

As we are reaching the Endemic stage of Foreign Exchange Earnings
COVID-19, Jobs and employment
problems persist due to the fact that the Modern tourism will maintain an
growth of the economy doesn’t equitable distribution of earnings
necessarily mean the employment rate between emerging countries and
grows with it. This is known as ‘Jobless backward areas. Museum Samudera
growth’ and Economic Growth is not a (Flor de La Mar) has the potential to
goal in and of itself (R. Srivastava, n.d.). generate foreign currency and jobs.
Its purpose is to help people, promote Tourism generates foreign currency.
development, and alleviate poverty.

Page 21

F IMPACT

IMPACT

Cost of Developments

Tourism guarantees infrastructural
development. Tourism infrastructure
improvements like airports and roads
may be expensive for local governments.
This might induce property value
inflation and price increases for products
and services. Not always. In certain
nations, outside interests own tourism. If
so, most economic advantages will leave
the town. Museum Samudera is different
(Flor de La Mar). Tourism-related
imports are distinct since foreign
currency might be lost.

Rise in Price

Increased foreign currency boosts Tourist numbers have risen during COVID-19's
tourists' willingness to travel, Endemic stage. This comeback raised prices.
expenditure, and duration of stay, and Business travels have turned into vacations,
vice versa. This cycle is economically driving up rates. Airplanes, buses, and taxis all
significant. Museum Samudera (Flor had higher costs than last year. Hotel and
de La Mar) might boost Malacca's vacation house prices near Museum Samudera
economy and create jobs. (Flor de La Mar) have also risen. Tourists often
prefer solitude and social distance, which
vacation houses provide better than hotels.
Tickets at Museum Samudera (Flor de La Mar)
have also risen. Gas costs rise for locals.

Page 22

ANALYSIS O

SOCIAL

Tourism is expanding rapidly,
catalysing social change and
cultural revival while generating
money and employment. Tourism
has become a strategy for reducing
poverty and long-term development
worldwide. Poor tourism,
volunteerism, indigenous tourism,
and other neo-age forms have
changed tourism's sociocultural
undercurrents.

Create Experiential Learning Connecting Generations and
Oppurtunities Cultures

Tourism is non-classroom education. Sociologists agree that when travelers
Visitors and the host community both see numerous countries and regions,
benefit from interpersonal learning. The they come to appreciate their own.
new viewpoint obtained via tourism as a Travelers see their native countries
tourist, local community member, employer, differently and value the nuances of
or employee will benefit society. Social and their social customs and practices.
lifestyle processes will improve. Modern
thoughts and acts are replacing traditional,
obsolete tendencies. Tourism is believed to
have embraced technology and created a
"global community." Societal uplift occurs
when civilizations acquire knowledge and
eschew destructive practises.

Page 23

F IMPACT

IMPACT

Standardisation and Conflict Between Social Changes
Commercialisation and Culture

Tourists enjoy cultural objects and Locals often resent tourists. Many variables
events. Destination marketers generate host quest disagreements. Sharing
occasionally ignore the profundity of local resources is one motivation. Conflict
cultural classics as goods or tourism increases when visitors utilise resources the
tools. Even classic creative forms do host community feels are for them. When
this. Tourist-friendly art and objects resources are few, this becomes troublesome.
need several compromises. This is Locals blame visitors. Loudness, congestion,
related harm. Diverse cultural forms drunkenness, voyeurism, gambling, and
are orchestrated to amuse tourists. rowdiness make hosts unpleasant in tourist
zones. Antagonism refers to the hosts'
animosity towards guests. When a place
receives more tourists, its social fabric weakens
and loses its uniqueness. Tourists must obey
local customs, traditions, and manners.
Conflicts arise when individuals violate their
principles and values by behaviour or neglect.
Tourists' reckless behaviour, such as garbage,
drug trafficking, irritated behaviour,
hooliganism, and hostility towards hosts, may
harm the hosts and visitors' relationship.
Respect the destination's ethics and standards.

Indigenous cultural treasures are being
mutilated. Losing authenticity. Fake
cultural artefacts are made and
packaged. Tricking tourists may
undermine a destination's reputation
via negative word of mouth. Staging art
for visitors doesn't always work.

Page 24

ANALYSIS O

ENVIRONMENTAL

Tourism is one of the largest and As a result of overdevelopment of
fastest expanding industries in the tourist sites, environmental problems
global economy, and it has a have grown. Furthermore, it is
substantial environmental, socio- commonly acknowledged that there is
cultural, and economic influence no such thing as "zero-impact" tourism
on a destination. Understanding and that, as an alternate type of
the environmental consequences development, it has its own set of
of tourism is critical for the future environmental consequences. Natural
of tourism in any area of the resources and the environment have
world. Because of the movement long been key components of
of visitors, both man-made and successful tourism.
natural resources are used by
tourists as well as industrial
stakeholders, resulting in negative
repercussions. It has been
discovered that affluent countries
have the resources to minimise
negative consequences, whereas
developing countries continue to
confront difficulty in controlling
negative impacts.

Page 25

F IMPACT

IMPACT

Tourists seek out appealing natural While there are differences in the
resources, tourism activities, and other
such attractions. Because the degree of intensity that causes
environmental consequences are clear,
numerous procedures have been environmental problems, it is generally
implemented to lessen the influence on
the destination. However, it is also true agreed that unregulated tourism would
that tourism has the ability to have a
positive impact on the environment result in forest destruction, pollution,
through contributing to environmental
preservation and conservation. overcrowding, ecological balance,

endangered diversity of nature, flora

and fauna, spillover of garbage trails,

overburdening of the environment

with tourist structures and roads, and

natural hazards. Page 26

REFER

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Museum Flor de la Mar. Retrieved July 13, 2022, from https://www.malaysia-
traveller.com/melaka-maritime-museum.html
Amir, S., Hakim, L., & Jaafar, S. (2018). THE SHOPPING ACTIVITIES IN MELAKA UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE SITE: IS THE LOCAL COMMUNITY BENEFITED?.
BBC.(n.d). Positive and negative impacts of tourism - Tourism - KS3 Geography Revision. BBC
Bitesize. Retrieved July 1, 2022, from
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zqk7hyc/revision/3
Fleming, D. (2016). Do museums change lives?: Ninth Stephen Weil memorial lecture. Curator:
The Museum Journal, 59(2), 73-79.
Wikipedia contributors. (2022, July 6). Flor de la Mar. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor_de_la_Mar
Frey, B. S., & Meier, S. (2006). The economics of museums. Handbook of the Economics of Art
and Culture, 1, 1017-1047.
Page 28

RENCE

International Labour Organization. (2012). Global Employment Trends 2012: World faces a 600
million jobs challenge, warns ILO

Melaka Popular Places. Jonker Street in Malacca.
https://melakapopularplaces.wordpress.com/2014/05/26/jonker-street-in-malacca/

Online, T. S. (2022, January 1). Framework of strategies to boost Melaka's tourist arrivals, says
CM. Retrieved July 13, 2022, from
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/01/01/framework-of-strategies-to-boost-
melaka039s-tourist-arrivals-says-cm

Postma, A., & Schmuecker, D. (2017). Understanding and overcoming negative impacts of
tourism in city destinations: conceptual model and strategic framework. Journal of Tourism
Futures.

Samson, E. (2015). SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM. Slideshare.
https://www.slideshare.net/ejaysamson/sociocultural-impacts-of-tourism

Srivastava, R. (n.d.) Impact of economic growth on employment. Retrieved June 29, 2022, from

https://www.peoplematters.in/article/recruitment/impact-of-economic-growth-on-

employment-14744 Page 29

APPEN

Page 30

DICES

Page 31

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