ReTraCE Newsletter _ Issue 2

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IN THIS ISSUE

Circular Economy vs. Covid-19

By Akis Bimpizas, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom Windmills, cups and Page 2
Straws by Sanja Arsova
The coronavirus pandemic has created an The impact of austerity policies that followed
unprecedented global crisis, widely regarded the 2008 global financial crisis, left most of What this transition towards
as the greatest economic, financial, and social health care systems underfunded and the CE will actually mean for
shock of the 21st century. Severely affecting understaffed while the strict economic rules of the people in Greece?
both supply and demand, it halted global creditors sponged off available public funds.
production, causing a domino of economic While austerity is the pinnacle of eMergy is not a typo! Page 3
and social consequences across the globe neoliberalism, the pandemic’s hit at the
leaving millions of people unemployed and a foundations of Neoliberalism, necessitated by Amos Ncube
wave of uncertainty in its wake. Despite its the increase of public spending and generous Emergy is a concise
impact on a global level, the reaction of local funding towards both businesses and workers. way of visualizing
governments has been spasmodic. Shortages If neoliberalism needs socialism to be saved systems and
in specialised medical devices and personal during a crisis, then something is terribly describing them
protective equipment triggered a cross- wrong with the current economic system. mathematical.
national bidding competition essential to
Covid-19 medical equipment, putting aside Is the concept of Circular Economy the The virtual ReTraCE Page 5
any notion of actual solidarity. The latter was answer? Roundtable for Industry and
also exemplified on a European level through Policy Makers
the difficulty to reach to a compromise Designed around the concept of industrial
agreement regarding a relief deal due to symbiosis (IS), Circular Economy (CE) could be by Sanja Arsova and Azar
certain countries insistence on ‘economic the antidote to the grim days that lie ahead. Mahmoungonbadi
surveillance’ of beneficiary nations1. Amid the Using one industry’s output (waste) as
second wave of the pandemic, scepticism on another’s input could for sure mitigate the Globalised world: Page 6
the following matters is increasing: level of dependence on vendors located what after COVID-19?
outside the national borders. Given the focus by Mécia Miguel and Tommaso
Is this the end of global sourcing? of large urban areas on services, IS could serve Calzolari
as a very effective economic development tool The current growth
Given the major disruption and the critical for rural areas, thus providing the impetus for paradigm is fueled by
shortages of different product categories due the alleviation of poverty and abandonment unsustainable use of
to the geographic dispersion of business that has been characterising them. However, natural resources and
processes around the globe, it is evident that the post-Covid era leaves no space for ecosystem degradation.
the prescription of global sourcing has serious repeating the mistakes of the past.
side-effects. The globalisation of markets and Acknowledging the existence of alternative Life Cycle Page 8
maximalist free-trade policies during times of CE narratives we should responsively respond
crisis only benefited the corporate colossus to whether we will accept the hegemonic by Felipe Alexandre De Lima
which imposed their own terms as the only discourse of CE based on technocratic
alternative. At the same time, millions of approach – for the few – or reconstruct it by
people across the globe stood in line for embedding normative and necessary political
unemployment claims2,3. The fast-changing dimensions for the many4.
and time-based competitive environment in
which organisations are operating, [1] https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/09/eu-risks-break-up-over-coronabonds-row-
emphasising on efficiency, cost-reduction and warns-italian-pm
economies of scale seems like a grant
opportunity to further reduce labour costs. [2] https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/26/us-unemployment-rate-coronavirus-business

Is the current economic system viable? [3] https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2020/aug/06/bank-of-england-unemployment-rise-
downturn-covid-19-us-jobless-business-live

[4] Genovese, A., & Pansera, M. (2020). The Circular Economy at a Crossroads: Technocratic Eco-
Modernism or Convivial Technology for Social Revolution?. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 1-19.

1
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)

ReTraCE- Newsletter | Issue August 2020  [email protected]

Windmills, cups and straws

by Sanja Arsova, ESR at SEERC, Greece

I was in one of the amazing Greek islands last summer, Samos, Furthermore, the EC is acknowledging the disruptive nature of the
when I was preparing an abstract to submit for an international transition and hence reinforcing the indispensable fairness that has
conference on circular economy (CE), and after all the readings, I to be maintained along the way1. But is the currently formulated
couldn’t help but wonder: CE discourse, theoretical conceptualisation, normative and
(a)political framing utterly sufficient to promote a profound
What this transition transition towards an environmentally sustainable and egalitarian
towards the CE will society? There are some serious doubts being expressed in this
actually mean for the regard4,6.
local people in the
island?

Coming back to my first question and extrapolating it to: What this

Replacing plastic transition towards the CE will actually mean for the people in

coffee cups and straws Greece? The EC is stating that between 2012 and 2018 the

with paper ones? number of jobs linked to the CE in the EU increased by 5%, to

A few EU projects to reach around 4 million1. But what was the net impact on the

build more windmills in number of jobs created/terminated emerging from the CE?

the island for more

resource efficient The EC claims that “circularity can be expected to have a positive

energy production? Or net effect on job creation provided that workers acquire the skills

maybe even building required by the green transition”1. But how these vital re-skilling

offshore wind farms? arrangements will be set and transpired in a timely and fair manner,

But wait, the European in order to achieve this positive net effect? According to the latest

Commission (EC) in Semester Country Report Greece remains to have the highest

the new Circular unemployment rate in the EU (16.6%), both in aggregate terms and

Economy Action Plan (CEAP) is describing the transition as among the various population groups. Greece still scores way

“systemic, deep and transformative…where alignment and beyond the EU average on youth unemployment, income

cooperation of all stakeholders at all levels is required” if it is to inequality, poverty, gender employment gap and the accelerating
work1. So, it looks like it is way more than just some additional ‘brain drain’ phenomena since the financial crisis7.

windmills, paper cups and straws. Will the CE transition and the potential of the social economy widen

these gaps and increase even further these high numbers; or be

Looking from the CE advocates perspective, the CE represents a the opportunity for catching up with the rest of the EU, in the quest

new paradigm that will move the environmental and sustainability for a just, fair and prosperous society?

borders by transforming the constructs between ecological [1] https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-
systems and economic activities2. This will allegedly eventuate economy/pdf/new_circular_economy_action_plan.pdf
through a shift in the design of socioeconomic metabolism from the
current linear model towards a circular model3. However, the [2] Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., Ulgiati, S., 2016. A review on circular

“What this transition towards the CE will economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of
actually mean for the people in Greece?” environmental and economic systems. J. Clean. Prod. 114, 11–32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2015.09.007

[3] Genovese, A., Figueroa, A.A.A.A., Koh, L.S.C., 2017. Sustainable

specifics regarding how this “Copernican revolution in the way we supply chain management and the transition towards a circular
produce and consume would happen are generally vague and, economy: Evidence and some applications. Omega 66, 344– 357.
probably intentionally, underspecified”4. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OMEGA.2015.05.015

[4] Genovese, Andrea & Pansera, Mario. 2019. The Circular

In one of the communications on The European Green Deal, the Economy at a crossroad: Technocratic Eco-Modernism or Convivial
EC is situating the citizens in the focus, stating that they “are and Technology for Social Revolution? Capitalism Nature Socialism.
should remain a driving force of the transition’’5. But is the current
debate and formulation of the CE strong enough, so the radical [5] https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-green-deal-
shift towards the CE could be embraced by the labour movement communication_en.pdf
as a social transformation programme? Two notions are suggested
to be the base for reframing the current apolitical ‘weak framing’ of [6] Ede, S., 2016. The Real Circular Economy. How Relocalising
the CE and promoting the theorisation of a ‘strong CE formulation’ Production With Not-For Profit Business Models Helps Build Resilient
for social revolution. Namely, questioning the ownership of the and Prosperous Societies.

[7] https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2020-
european_semester_country-report-greece_en_0.pdf

production units and the governance of science, technology and
innovation4.

2

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie

Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)

ReTraCE- Newsletter | Issue August 2020  [email protected]

eMergy is not a “typo”!

by Amos Ncube, ESR at Parthenope University of Naples, Italy

I recently sent a document to an industrial partner and requested users: all species on Earth, not only humans in the marketplace
for a review. It did not take too long to receive the comment “word (Ulgiati,2016). It even challenges us to deeply consider the things
Emergy is a typo”. Well, even my Microsoft office application we value in our society and how that value reflects in monetary
does the same, albeit, in a
different way by always terms, at work and in our behavior?
highlighting the word in red for Often there is a disconnect between
spell check, which is a bit monetary value and what we value in
annoying arrrgghh. It is against life and nature. Imagine what it would
this background that I decided look like if currency$/€ was valued as
to gather some few nuggets on 30% about ecological value ,20%
Emergy to share with others, social value and 50% economic
through our blog in simplified value? This is just an example to
terms by making use of the initiate debate and discussion around
available literature and work at the concept and bearing in mind that
hand. prosperity comes from resources, not
from money.
Emergy is a completely
unknown idea to most people, Emergy is not energy. It is instead the
but it has the power to change memory of past work done by nature.
our overall perception of energy So, what is to be gained by applying
and matter. Looking at products an Emergy perspective on economics and society? Emergy was
and services through the lens suggested by Howard Odum as a scientific measure of the
of Emergy provides a bigger picture of energy that goes way biosphere’s work in support of life processes on earth (Odum,
beyond the normal range of human perception (Ulgiati, 2016). If 1996). He identified natural capital and ecosystem services as the
you allow yourself to delve further into the world of Emergy you real source of wealth, as an alternative and complement to the
might start to realize that the economic value of any product does common belief that only labor and economic capital can be such a
not necessarily have anything to do with its energetic value in source. Traditional energy or economic analyses usually don’t
nature. Within the donor-side Emergy perspective, the value of a consider inputs they cannot evaluate on a monetary or energy
resource is determined by the effort that is displayed for its basis. Only monetary values are recognized by the market, but
generation by nature and processing by society over an economies rely upon very large inputs from the environment; if
evolutionary trial and error process that ensures the optimization these inputs are not considered and given an appropriate value,
of a resource cycle. Mainstream economic theories address the misuse of resources can follow, and prospects for the system
concept of value in monetary terms (i.e. willingness to pay, a cannot be inferred. While it is impossible to measure most of these
user-side value). Emergy-based value is related to the amount of human-dominated flows in a way that captures their complex value
primary resources (solar energy, geothermal heat, etc.) invested to the final users, it is much easier to generate a hierarchy of values
by nature (Ulgiati, 2016). in the biosphere processes by means of the Emergy concept.

“Emergy is a concise way of visualizing systems
and describing them mathematical.”

Of course, there are strong reasons why Emergy has remained
only an intellectual pastime (Ulgiati, 2016). Environmental

accounting based on Emergy runs contrary to the financial

accounting as we practice it these days, as it turns our usual way

of looking at value upside down. It accounts for resource trade in

Emergy advocates a different concept of value, rooted in the cost terms of their embodied environmental cost, not in terms of their
of production of resources by nature, revealing the effort displayed monetary value (which are embedded in economic terms of trade
by nature to generate resources in favor of a much larger set of and market dynamics); even when the economic balance is
approximately even, the environmental balance may not be.

3

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)

ReTraCE- Newsletter | Issue August 2020  [email protected]

According to Emergy logic, many developing countries exporting Emergy and Life cycle assessment inventory of a city
primary raw resources for money lose environmental wealth and
work potential that could have been used domestically in support Further reading material:
of their economies; such loss is not generally compensated in
terms of the Emergy value of the small amounts of manufactured Odum, H. (1996). Environmental Accounting. Emergy and
resources purchased in the international market using this money. Environmental Decision Making. New York, NY, Wiley.

Emerging accounting requires gathering data on incoming and Santagata, R. (2019). Developing a procedural method for the
outgoing flows and on the system’s internal stocks. Since these integration of Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy. 8th International
resources are measured in different units, we must put them all in Conference on Advances in Cleaner Production. Sanya, China.
terms of a common unit that expresses the work done by nature
and the social groups to produce them. This unit is Emergy which Santagata, R., Zucaro, A., & Ulgiati, S. (2019). Assessing the
is used in Emerging Accounting to make countable diagnoses of sustainability of urban eco-systems through Emergy-based
natural and anthropic systems. The starting point is the knowledge circular economy indicators. Ecological Indicators. doi:105859.
of the system: space or territory, infrastructure, socio-cultural, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
economic and market aspects. With this data, we analyse each
unit considering limits, components, interactions, upstream Sergio Ulgiati, E. P. (2016). Emergy -The concept of energy
(inputs) and downstream (outputs) and internal assets (use goods) memory. Retrieved from https://energiesunited-
relationship (Odum, 1996). thegradient.com/emergy/

Odum as the Godfather of Emergy, suggested that it should be the
basis for value and sustainability assessments. Today, through his
influence, Emergy can work in parallel with other methods such as
life cycle assessments. In fact, (Santagata, et al., 2019) through
his direct supervision by one of Odum’s protegees/student Prof
Ulgiati, are developing a procedural method for the integration of
Life Cycle Assessment and Emergy. They propose that, when we
jointly use LCA and EMA, we answer to two different sets of
questions, both very important and much needed. Thus,
differences and similarities between LCA and EMA may gain
added value by their implementation within a procedural
framework which exploits the characteristics of the two methods.
They also caution that we should be aware, however, that due to
their different definitions, integration may not always be feasible, in
that some answers require LCA and other answers require EMA.
Coupling the two approaches requires being able to understand
when they can be effectively applied and how can we integrate
their results. The integration of the two methods is also adopted
within the ReTraCe project to evaluate circular transitions in the
milk, wine and olive oil sectors.

4

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)

ReTraCE- Newsletter | Issue August 2020  [email protected]

The virtual ReTraCE Roundtable for
Industry and Policy Makers

by Sanja Arsova, ESR at SEERC, Greece, and Azar Mahmoungonbadi, ESR at The University of
Sheffield, UK

The event, delivered online due to the Dimitri Corpakis, former Head of DG
impossibility to travel, was held on 11th and Research & Innovation of the European
12th May 2020 and it reached a high Commission, Patrick Schroeder,
number of stakeholders, with the Senior Research Fellow at the
participation of over 100 attendees on each Chatham House, and Alessandro
day. Miraglia, Project Manager at UNEP-
Aimed to knowledge exchange between MAP Regional Activity Center for
the fifteen ReTraCE Early Stage Sustainable Consumption and
Researchers and industry and policy Production.
makers, experts of the sector offered
feedback on the ESRs’ projects, the Almost a year passed since the First
progress of the project Work Packages ReTraCE Network School, which
achieved so far, and valuable suggestions marked the Project kick off. A year full
for future considerations. of work, achievements, cooperation,
and public engagement, not only for the
On the first day, after opening remarks by ESRs but for all Project Partners.
the Project Coordinator, Prof Andrea During this year, the ESRs,
Genovese of The University of Sheffield, coordinated by the WP Leaders, were
ESRs working on WP1 focused on the able to deliver six Deliverables. The
evaluation of circular supply chains and main contributions of these reports
production systems, while WP2 elaborated were also presented to a panel of
on technical and methodological work to experts, Oriana Romano, Head of Unit
assess environmental efficiency towards at the Water Governance and Circular
the Circular Economy to the panel Economy of the CFE at OECD, Ivo
members - David Fitzsimons, Director of Matser, CEO of the The Academy of
the European Remanufacturing Council Business in Society, Vincenzo Pavone,
and member of the ReTraCE Advisory Permanent Research Fellow at the
Board, Jessica Peters, CSR & Spanish National Research Council,
Sustainability Solution Manager at and Alexandre Lemille, Co-Founder of
Greenfish, Louis Brimacombe, Chairman the African Circular Economy Network
of the Sustainable Development Group at and member of the ReTraCE Advisory
IOM3, and Heidi Peltola, R&D Manager at Board, and the feedback received
Sulapac confirmed the importance and the
direction of the research.
Dr Marion Pansera, ABIS, opened the
second day of the virtual Roundtable, We are very grateful to all the
when the ESRs shared their work on WP3 participants and experts, whose
on the assessment of economic efficiency precious and valuable contributions
in the context of circular economy and on have aready . Many thanks are also
WP4 on the development policy for the due to the organisers at ABIS.
circular economy to the experts Oriana
Romano, Head of Unit at the Water
Governance and Circular Economy of the
CFE at OECD, Michal Kubicki, Policy
Officer for Circular Economy at DG
GROW of the European Commission,

5

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)

ReTraCE- Newsletter | Issue August 2020  [email protected]

Globalised world: what after Covid-19?

by Mécia Miguel, ESR at Tata Steel, UK, and Tommaso Calzolari, ESR at The University of Sheffield. UK

The COVID-19 crisis is not only challenging our livelihoods, but economies (e.g. shifting productions from China to East Europe,

also our perception about the current economic development Turkey), following the example of Germany.

model. Many governments have restricted individual freedoms, Furthermore, according to mainstream economics, more barriers

such as movement of people and some goods by applying travel to international trade are not only a cost to growth (i.e. as only 20%

bans and limiting exports. The current situation is raising many of the economic production is exported), but also to sustainable

questions about the world we want to live in, once the pandemic development. For example, these could (i) stop the process of

and panic have passed. wealth redistribution – COVID-19 has already worsening hunger in

the developing world if trade routes are not kept open and supply

The world economy is undergoing the most important disruption chains alive; (ii) in a context of global production networks,

since the 1929 Great Depression, excluding the effects of World domestic rules restricting material flows across countries can

War II. Recent studies have shown Millennials (those born prevent environmentally friendly goods/services to flow in other

between 1981 and 1996) will be the firsts not to be better off than markets around the world and renewable energy to expand. This

the previous generation, in the global North. In addition, a new could stop the efforts to expand the circular economy to an

collapse of the system could mean further sacrifices for the most international dimension.

vulnerable.

However, multiple parties have

Nevertheless, COVID-19 is only criticised the assumptions behind

the latest chapter of a series of mainstream economics and have

crises – Financial crisis (2008), called for a greater consideration

Climate crisis (2019) – leading to of natural sciences to inform

an important question that still economic and political decisions.

remains unanswered: Is our While other groups condemn the

economic model a victim of all inequalities of wealth and power

these external disruptions or is one distribution, which are reflected in

of the perpetrators? the absence of an inclusive debate

of future economic and political

The current growth paradigm is agendas.

fueled by unsustainable use of

natural resources and ecosystem A lower dependence on the global

degradation. Research has shown economy for critical resources and

that the destruction of habitats energy could be a solution to

caused by economic activities (e.g. logging, mining, rapid improve the resilience of our economies in the eventuality of further

urbanisation) has created the necessary conditions for new shocks. The environment itself could also benefit from shorter and

viruses/diseases to spread between wildlife and humans. localised supply chains, as very complex, fragmented and global

Furthermore, outbreaks of animal-borne diseases (e.g. Ebola, production and distribution systems are more wasteful by nature

SARS and COVID-19) are on the rise, as 60% of diseases that and have promoted the increase of CO2 emissions associated with

emerged between 1960 and 2004 came from animals (Jones, transport activities.

2008). This represents in the current “The current growth paradigm is fueled by A more regional-oriented economy
globalised world a chronic threat to global unsustainable use of natural resources could rely less on fossil fuels, promote
health, security and economies. and ecosystem degradation.” delocalised energy production and
promote qualitative development over
COVID-19 has revealed structural

fragilities associated with global supply quantitative growth and consumption.

chains and put pressure on critical sectors. Nonetheless, few Localised supplies, production and consumption activities could

appear to be ready to renounce to their advantages, as incentivise the reuse, the refurbishment and remanufacturing of

governments seem willing to take action to mitigate globalisation end of life products, which could help us realise a more circular

only in strategic and essential sectors (e.g. Healthcare). On the economy. Most likely, this would entail less growth in some

other hand, European businesses, as risk mitigation strategy might sectors, but support the creation of networks, which could be more

simply diversify their supplier(s) or relocate production to closer resilient to a crisis.

6

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)

ReTraCE- Newsletter | Issue August 2020  [email protected]

Currently, many are asking themselves: is this the moment to REFERENCES
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[2] Mariana Mazzucato, Virus, economia reale e clima: la triplice crisi
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Socialists of America proposal Green New deal. However, these
agendas still lack a reflection on how much, how irrationally we [6] Paul Mason, Will coronavirus signal the end of capitalism?, Al
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of sustainable technologies and products, and incentivise circular globalization-nationalism-protectionism-trump/)
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[8] Grace Blakeley, We were told capitalism had won. But now workers
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(https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/29/no-
alternative-capitalism-workers-take-back-control-class-politics)

[9] Jim Edwards, An economic trend that ensured British prosperity for
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[10] Annie Lowrey, The Next Recession Will Destroy Millennials, The
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[11] Huwart, Jean-Yves and Loïc Verdier (2013), “What is the impact

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[12] World Economic Forum, How Can Trade Rules Support
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[13] World Economic Forum, Coronavirus could worsen hunger in the
developing
world, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-worsen-
hunger-developing-world/

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This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)

ReTraCE- Newsletter | Issue August 2020  [email protected]

8

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Innovative Training Networks (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018) scheme, grant agreement number 814247 (ReTraCE)