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Published by syarulliau321, 2022-06-06 21:07:35

SSF1033 E-Booklet Group3

SSF1033 E-Booklet Group3

SSF1033
Introduction to
Malaysian Social
History

Group 3

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK
Faculty of Social Science & Humanity

Developement Planning & Management (UW6345001)
SSF1033 Introduction to Malaysian Social History
Group Assignment-Digital E-Booklet

NAME NO. MATRIC
Shameera Binti Kamarudin 82134
79890
Lina Ting Ke Jiun 79828
Law Ngee Poh 82178
82019
Syarul Nizam Liau Sui Lung 81490
Nur Saswan Bin Roslie 79037
Wendy Chang Hui San
Chang Li Choon

1

Content

LU Title Pages

1 History and Social History 3

2 The Uses of History 6

3 Official VS Missing History 9

4 Prehistory 13

5 Ancient History 25

6 Trade and Its Consequences 29

7 Creation of Modern SE Asian 34

8 Population, Immigrants and Identity 38

9 Orang Asli 42

10 Malaysian Womens Movement 45

11 Politics of The Left/Labour Movement 50

12 Secret Societies 54

13 Malaysia Students Movement 58

2

Learning unit 1: History and Social
History

What is History

3

4

5

Learning Unit 2: The Uses of History

6

7

8

Learning Unit 3:
Official VS Missing History

IMPORTANT KEY CONCEPTS
 Natural Geological Discoveries
 Formation of Malaysia in 1963
 Malaysian Agreement in 1963
 Malaysian Union

9

10

11

Malaysian Union

12

Learning unit 4: Pre-History

13

Archeology Prehistory

the scientific the period of
study of the human history prior
physical traces of to the creation of
previous human written writings
behaviour and archives
(Fagan, 1983). (Fagan, 1983).

14

-what is Pre-History

Prehistory is the time period that begins with the
appearance of the human being approximately
five million years ago and ends approximately
6,000 years ago with the creation of writing.

-Prehistory & Prehistoric

Prehistory and prehistoric are scientific
terminology that has long been used and have no
negative connotations. Although it is true that
many experts categorized human societies in
racist terms a century ago, those days are long
gone.

-Prehistoric archaeology

Prehistoric archeology is the study of nonliterate
ancient societies. The term period anti-Histories
was coined in 1833 by French archaeologist Paul
Tourna to describe the period of human history
prior to the invention of written writing (Grayson,
1983). With the passage of time, this word
decreased to prehistory, and it currently spans the
vast range of human cultural evolution dating
back at least 2.6 million years.

15

-Three Stages of Pre-History

# Palaeolithic Age
The Palaeolithic Age began with our forefathers and lasted
approximately 10,000 years. Humans used stone tools and
subsisted on hunting and gathering throughout this time period.

#Neolithic Age
During the Neolithic Age, which began around 10,000 years
ago, humans lived in villages. Human communities farmed the
land and kept livestock. Agriculture and livestock raising gave
rise to a strong economy.

#Metal Age
The Metal Age refers to the time period beginning around 7000
years ago when humans first began to construct artifacts out of
metals.

16

-Pre-History of Malaysia

=Malaysia is located in an area that produces some of the oldest
pre-human and human fossils are known to man. Excavations in
Sarawak’s Niah Caves indicate the presence of very active Stone
Age peoples. The Malay Peninsula was one of the southern
routes taken by prehistoric peoples who eventually settled in
Indonesia, Melanesia, and Australia.

=The most well-known archeological find in Lenggong is Perak
Man, 11,000-years-old human skeletal remains discovered. He
lived between the ages of 40 and 45, and archaeological
discovered that he had a bone cyst on the right side of his
mandible, which caused the infection to spread throughout his
body.

= (Un-burying the past (video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiqR_q805Ew

17

-Prehistory of Indo-Malayan Archipelago Indo-
Malaysians of the Last 40,000 Years

=The debate concerning modern human origins and
differentiation is currently raging. The Indo-Malaysian region’s
current populations are, of course, diverse. The variety is
displayed at several levels, beginning with individuals and
progressing to ethnolinguistic groupings and geographical zones,
the concept of race is required for an understandable narrative of
prehistory. The concept is definitely significant when analyzing
prehistoric connections, but it also elicits a lot of debate and
concern about the dangers of political misuse.

=Starting at the top of the hierarchy, it is usual to say that the
populations of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago belong to two of
mankind’s primary geographical races; the Australo-
Melanesians (or Australoids) and the Mongoloids (or, more
specifically, Southern Mongoloids).

18

-THE MODERN POPULATIONS OF
THE INDO-MALAYSIAN REGION

The majority of the 250 million people are Malaysians,
Javanese, Balinese, and Filipinos. The Negritos of
Malaysia and the Philippines are two other populations,
Melanesians extend westward from their core territory in
New Guinea towards Indonesia’s Eastern Islands.

-Austronesian languages

Austronesian languages are a group of languages spoken
throughout the Indonesian archipelago, the Philippines,
Madagascar, and the island groups of the Central and
South Pacific. Austronesian language family is one of the
world’s largest in terms of the number of languages and
geographic dispersion.

19

-Archaeology & Nationalism

According to Trigger (1984:358), “most archaeological
traditions are undoubtedly nationalistic in character,” and
“nationalist archaeology is probably strongest among
peoples that feel politically threatened, insecure, or robbed
of their collective rights.”

-What is Nationalism?

Nationalism is an ideology and social practice that “nation”
to the status of the primary political agent and prioritizes
national interests over all others.

20

-Why do we need a national
history?

=To devise a national ideology of unity
=Malaysian history is based on colonial foundations-
colonial boundaries, colonial administration, and colonial
ethnic communities=to justify the current independence of
a post-colonial sovereign Malaysia.
=Awareness of our heritages
=Develop a sense of national identity-a common history for
shared national memory.
=To demonstrate that we (as a nation) have always been
special, exceptional, developed even in prehistoric timers
=To show that we have a special place/an important role in
world history.

21

-Out-of-Malaysia Theory

“The discovery of evidence (stone hand-ax) dated at more
than 1.83 million years at Bukit Bunuh could propose a
new theory to substitute the present theory (the Out-of-
Africa theory)” (Mokhtar Saidin, 2012: 13)

-Out-of-Africa Theory

=Homo Erectus is thought to have travelled from
Southeast Asia as far as Java 1.8 million years ago
through land bridges. There is additional evidence that
Homo erectus lived in Southeast Asia until about 25,000
years ago.

=The structure of Homo sapiens’ skull and the postcranial
skeleton is extremely autapomorphic (distinctly derived)
among hominids. It also stands apart from other
organisms due to its distinct symbolic form of cognition.

=Homo erectus possessed a far larger brain than Homo
habilis, made more advanced tools (double-edged,
teardrop-shaped “hand axes” and “cleavers”), and
controlled fire (based on the discovery of charcoal with
Erectus fossils). Its superior foraging and hunting abilities
enable it to better exploit its surroundings than Homo
habilis. Peking Man and Java Man are two nicknames for
the same people.

22

-Stephen Oppenheimer

=modern humans migrated from Africa to SE Asia between
85,000-55,000 years ago. SE Asia (including the Malays) shares
some Orang Asli genetic lineages. SE Asians would disperse to
China and later to the Americas. From SE Asia to China, south
to north migration, rather than north to south.
=Stephen Oppenheimer of Oxford University uses mitochondrial
DNA to track ancient human migrations out of Africa, leading
him to believe that Australian melanocytes are descendants from
Africa, and that they are still present in Peninsular Malaysia
today. One of the tribes, the Samang, resembled Africans.

23

LEARNING UNIT 5: Ancient
History

24

Hindu-Buddhist has been identified as an early kingdom in SE
Asia/Malay Archipelago. As proof, Sailendra (e.g. Borobodur
temple), Mataram (e.g. Prambanan temple, and Khmer (Angkor
Wat).

I. Borobodur
750-850 AD under Sailendra dynasty @ peak of
Strivijaya influence Buddhist.

II. A Hindu Neighbour: Prambanan Temple
=Constructed c.AD 850 by either Rakai Pikatan (king of
the 2nd Mataram dynasty) or Balitung Maha Sambu
(during the Sanjaya dynasty)
=Para Brahman
=Prambanan bas-reliefs tell Hindu tales
=Episodes from Vishnu’s incarnation as Rama encircle
the main shrines at Prambanan that are dedicated to
Shiva and Brahma.

III. Angkor Wat
=built by Suryavarman II (Khmer empire): 12th century
AD

25

-Malay Peninsula: From pre- to proto-
history

=Peninsular Malaysia regularly conducted intra- and extra-
regional trade (forest goods and luxury items.)

=Several kingdoms and entrepots appeared on the Malay
Peninsular and other parts of Southeast Asia.

=The majority of these were situated on the coast (e.g-Kuala
Selinsing, Bujang Valley, Santubong), although there were some
inland kingdoms (e.g. Chih Tu Jin Kelantan?)

1. Kuala Selinsing
-Human burials and artifacts, including pottery, beads,
shells and glassware (3nd century BC to 11th century
AD)
-Carnelian seal inscribed in South Indian Grantha script.

2. Cherok Tok Kun
-Early Indian presence and influence is also suggested by
a site called Cherok Tok Kun in Bukit Mertajam, Penang.

3. Santubong
-Maritime trade: gold objects, glass beads, Chinese
ceramics, gold, local iron, production, Hindu-Buddhist
objects.

4. Bujang Valley
-Important trade center
-Status as the ‘rice bowl’ of Malaysia relatively recent
phenomenon.

26

-The ‘Indianization’; of Southeast
Asia Mandi Safar

=The festival of Mandi Safar is known to have been celebrated
by the Malays in Peninsular Malaysia annually on the last
Wednesday of the Muslim month of Safar.
=Ceremonial bathing in the river or sea. The purpose is to clean
oneself of spiritual impurity and to protect oneself from
misfortune.
=Celebrated in many places, but especially elaborate in Tanjong
Keling, Melaka (Keling is a synonym for people of South Indian
origin)

Mandi Safar; Parallels with
Indian bathing festivities.

=journey to the river on bullock carts
=Participants include maidens and young men
=Young girls chaperoned by grey-haired elderly women
=Young men and women look forward to meet future life
partners.
=Merry-making, songs, dances

27

-Historical interpretations

=Originated as a secular festivity to enable young men and
women to meet or to look for future life partners.
=Might have been the result of Malay-Tamil interaction in the
past
=The addition of the term Safar to Mandi might have occurred
after the adoption of Islam, especially during the time of the
Melaka Sultanate to make the practice more acceptable to the
Islamic society.
=In the same way, the added explanation of the purpose to
achieve spiritual purity.

28

Learning Unit 6: Trade and its
Consequences

29

 capitalism=Brought about divergence in
understanding over rights and obligations over
how business is conducted

 western powers=belief in the value of signed
contracts

 local Malay/Bugis=belief in the value of solemn
oaths (just like the agreement of the Sultan and his
subjects in the Malay Annals).

 Often, divergence in understanding brought about
conflict.

Key point:

 History is made AND changes with trade
 Entry of Capitalism in SE Asia brought about

major political, economic and social changes
 How? Via:

 Contracts
 Shifting Alliances
 Conflicts

30

Contract, in the simplest concept, is
known as a promise enforceable by law.
The promise may be to do something or to
refrain from doing something. The
making of a contract requires the mutual
assent of two or more persons, one of them
ordinarily making an offer and another
accepting. If one of the parties fails to
keep the promise, the other is entitled to
legal redress.

 A period of dynamic change-
politically (new administrations),
economically (contracts &trade),
culturally (lifestyle changes)

 By the end 18th Century-British in
the North/Bay of Bengal and Dutch
in the South/Indonesian Islands and
the Indian Ocean.

 New power configurations
developed over 200 years.
=Consequence of trade rivalry.
contract &alliances.

31

Shifting Alliances

 The 1580s-1630s Resurgence: international
trade between Europe and India. China & Japan.

 The Netherlands and British get involved in
global maritime trade to circumvent Venice and
Genoa to overthrow Portuguese and Dutch
control over trade and resources.

 In 1640, Dutch-Portuguese rivalry erupts into
war. Johor assists the Dutch in exchange for
development support-build and arm forts.

 Very profitable activity.

 Portuguese/Dutch/British/US/French entry into
the region built on struggle and conquests
rooted-in constantly shifting alliances with
local chiefs.

32

Conflict

A serious disagreement or argument,

typically a protracted one.
For example, Portuguese economic and

political power in the region was not complete

and was constantly challenged by Aceh,

Spanish, Dutch, Brunei, Sulu, Johor, Kedah,

and the Bugis mini-kingdoms.
However, Aceh conducts direct trade with the

Red Sea &India which by-passes

Malacca and other Portuguese ports in
India.

Portuguese wealth and trade were threatened

by Acehnese cause Aceh's control of trade also

threatened trading networks of ex- Malacca

elite in Johor.
Trade led to huge movements/migration of

peoples - whether for trade or due to slavery

(e.g. the Bugis, the Acehnese, the Portuguese,
Dutch, British, Tausug Spanish, Illanuns).

The entry of Europeans and Capitalism formed and re-
formed the region into what it is todaypolitically;
economically,

33

LEARNING UNIT 7:
Creation of Modern
SE Asia

Key Concept: 34
-Continuity and Change

-Cause and Effect
-Significance

Continuity and change:

1) European presence led to destruction of old
Malay world and creation of the new
- Europeans migrated to Asia is to trade

2) not only due to the arrival of Europe but also
due to local politics and world changes
- the Malays made the deal because they
wanted the help of a strong power in the
local conflict

3) it involves an agreement
- the world is rapidly changing due to the
industrial revolution of new markets of new
resources and new scientific discoveries

35

Cause and effect:
1- political divisions affect
everything’s:

- trade, exploitation and economy are under
control

- the Riau-Johor temenggung family became
Sultan Johor

- movements of people
- Academic study

2- Economy

- Introduce liberal policies and ethical policies
- Change to the trade and export sectors with

the introduction of new crops such as tea
and coffee

3- Social

- Western education is introducing but limited
to urbans only

- Kristian’s school is saved for spreading the
religion Christian

- Allowing vernacular type schools to flourish

36

Significance:

-

- The Siamese agreed not to invade Perak or
Selangor in 1826

- in 1874 the arrival of the west had abolished
the system of slavery in thailand

37

LEARNING UNIT8:
POPULATION,

IMMIGRANTS AND
IDENTITY

Key Concept:
- Cause and
Effect
- Empathy
- Significance

38

CAUSE AND EFFECTS:

1- a peaceful state and free from outside
influences and elements, especially
communists, was formed.

2- uniting all nations and races so that a
very unique culture is formed under one
umbrella.

3- the people benefit from each other and
there is no longer the notion that rich
countries get richer and poor countries
get poorer.

4- liberation from British colony.

39

EMPHATHY

every human being dreams of peace therefore
the welfare of the people must be taken care of :

- foster a caring society
- Encourage community activities
- help and solve problems faced by the

person.
- impartial and fair

40

SIGNIFICANCE

- community unity is also likened to
a pillar of prosperity and peace of
the country as well as contributing
to peace and stability

- Malaysians of various races must
be united in various matters to
solve problems, agree on all
matters, cooperate with each other
and negotiate to unite to become
one strong nation

41

LEARNING UNIT 9: Orang Asli

42

1. Orang Asli is a heterogeneous group, they are widely
dispersed in all states in Peninsular Malaysia. The
term “Orang Asli” is a collective term for the 19
sub- ethnic groups officially classified for
administrative purposes under three main
categories: Senoi, Negrito, and Aboriginal Malay.

2. The Orang Asli, or literally known as “Original
Peoples”, are the descendants of the earliest known
inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula, arriving in the
peninsula as early as 25,000 years ago.

43

3. Before War World 2, many modern Malays have
some Proto-Malay blood and have been assimilated
into the Malay communities. Then many have
converted to Islam. The Senoi and the Negrito
(jungle-dwelling) were more isolated from the
outside world before War World 2.

4. After centuries of relative isolation, they experienced
considerable and often brutal contact with warring
factions of outsiders. Despite unfortunate episodes
and bitter experiences, the armed struggle of the
Emergency brought many benefits to the jungle
communities. The Government, which formerly
ignored and neglected them, now took an active
and extensive interest in Orang Asli’s welfare and
development.

5. Post-Emergency period, Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang
Asli was formed, as far as Orang Asli affairs are
concerned the sum of M$1,500,000 was allocated
under the Second Five Year Plan, this document
reaffirms the new government’s intention to
continue to protect and recognize Orang Asli rights.

44

LEARNING UNIT 10:
Malaysian Women’s
Movement

Key Concept
- Women as leaders
- Women labor rights
- Violence against women
- Women’s Suffrage
- Womens as consumers

45

Women as leaders

 Early 20th century Arab reform movements also
influenced local education that promotes women’s
education, legal reforms, rights of women to work
and end to veiling of women.

 Malay women became teachers and many got
involved in women’s organizations.

 Chinese women involved in political movements
reflecting situation in China, joined nationalist
(KMT) and communist movements (CPM).

 Indian women joined Indian Independence
Movement led by Chandra Subha Bose (Rani of
Jhansi Regiment), Indian National Amy.

46

Women’s labor rights

 Women active in labour strikes throughout Malaya before
and after WWII.

 In 1962-1965, labour party celebrated International
Women’s Day on March 8.

 Produced special booklets, passed resolutions demanding
pay for women.

 In 1960, setup National Council of Women’s Organizations
(NCW) initially multi-racial and urban based women
professionals.

47

Violence against women

 Malaysia increasing awareness of
feminism, sexual oppression and VAW

 In 1982, Women's Aid Organization
(WAO) deal with problems of battered women and
domestic violence.

 In 1985, 5 women's group came together
to highlight and campaign on stopping VAW, formed
the Joint Action Group Against Violence Women
(JAG)

Women's issues seen not as women's issues but
fundamentally, discrimination and social injustice

48

Women's suffrage

 AWAS (PUTERA) and Women's
Federation (AMCJA) pushed for women's
representation and Suffrage for women.

 The women fought for the right for women
by law to vote national or local elections

 In 1976, Consumers Association of Penang (CAP)
consumer education, the consumer clubs of secondary
school children to teach them about basic needs, safety
and protection of the environment.

 Especially breast-feeding campaign and the Nestle
boycott

49


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