Design Elements, Typography Fundamentals - A Graphic Style Manual for Understanding How Typography Affects Design

Type and Image: The Typographic Desk Reference Typography Workbook
The Language of Graphic Design Theodore Rosendorf Tim Samara
Philip B. Meggs Oak Knoll Press Rockport Publishers
John Wiley and Sons
Typographic Specimens: U U&lc:
Type and Typography The Great Typefaces Influencing Design and Typography
Phil Baines Rob Carter John D. Berry
Andrew Halsam Philip Meggs Mark Batty Publisher
Watson-Guptill John Wiley and Sons
The Univers
Type and Typography: Typographic Systems of Design Adrian Frutiger
The Designer’s Type Book Kimberly Elam Verlag
Ben Rosen Princeton Architectural Press
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Unjustified Texts:
Typography: A Manual of Design Perspectives on Typography
Typeface: Classic Typography Emil Ruder Robin Kinross
for Contemporary Design Arthur Niggli Hyphen Press
Tamye Riggs
James Grieshaber Typography: V The Visible Word:
Princeton Architectural Press An Encyclopedic Survey of Experimental Typography and Modern Art,
Type Design and Techniques 1909–1923
Typeforms: A History Throughout History Johanna Drucker
Alan Bartram Fiedrich Friedl University of Chicago Press
Oak Knoll Press Nicolaus Ott
Bernard Stein W While You’re Reading
Typographers on Type: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Gerard Unger
An Illustrated Anthology from Mark Batty Publisher
William Morris to the Present Day Typography:
Ruari McLean, ed. Formation + Transformation Wolfgang Weingart: Typography
W. W. Norton Willi Kunz Wolfgang Weingart
Arthur Niggli Lars Müller Publishers
Typographic Design:
Form and Communication Typography:
Rob Carter Macro + Microaesthetics
Ben Day Willi Kunz
Philip Meggs Arthur Niggli
John Wiley and Sons

Typography Referenced
Allan Haley, Richard Poulin,
Jason Tselentis, Gerry Leonidas,
Tony Seddon, Ina Saltz, and
Kathyrn Henderson
Rockport Publishers

A P P E N D I C E S Readings 151

APPENDICES
Contributors

A Addis Creson Bløk Design Collective Approach
2515 Ninth St. 287 MacPherson Ave., Suite 201 [email protected]
Berkeley, C A 94710 Toronto, Ontario M 4 V 1 A 4 collectiveapproach.com
USA Canada
[email protected] [email protected] Patrick L Crawford
addiscreson.com blokdesign.com 1044 Valencia St., #1
San Francisco, C A 94110
Despina Aeraki David Březina USA
Giota Kokkosi Potocká 42 [email protected]
47 Troias str. Brno 623 00 patricklcrawford.com
11251 Athens Czech Republic
Greece [email protected] D Design Sense
[email protected] davi.cz Patteelstraat 24
aeraki.gr 8900 Ieper (Ypres)
Tyler Brooks Belgium
Kristín Agnarsdóttir 612 Broderick St. [email protected]
2155 Ashby Ave. San Francisco, C A 94117 designsense.be
Berkeley, C A 94705 USA
USA [email protected] E El Studio
[email protected] 5 New St., Largs, Ayrshire
dottirdesign.com C Antonio Carusone Scotland K A 3 0 9 L L
[email protected] UK
Alphabetical [email protected]
6 Printing House Yard Paula Chang el-studio.co.uk
Shoreditch, London E 2 7 P R 1124 Palm Dr.
UK Burlingame, C A 94010 Euro R S C G C & O
[email protected] USA 2 Allée de Longchamp
alphabeticalstudio.com [email protected] Suresnes, 92150
quitecurious.com France
August Bureau
[email protected] Karen Cheng F FBA.
augustbureau.com Kristine Matthews Av. Emidio Navarro 91
University of Washington 3000–151 Coimbra
B Dan Becker Design Division, Box 353440 Portugal
33 Pearl St., #14 Seattle, WA 98112 [email protected]
San Francisco, C A 94103 USA fba.pt
USA [email protected]
[email protected] design.washington.edu Face.
dan-becker.com Vasconcelos 204–B
Cheng Design San Pedro, Nuevo León, 66250
2433 East Aloha St. Mexico
Seattle, WA 98112 [email protected]
USA designbyface.com
[email protected]
cheng-design.com

152 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals

Foxtrot Bravo Alpha (F B A) Kendra Inman The Luxury of Protest
638 Tillery 1520 Andalusia Ave., #5 2 Queensdown Rd., Unit 10
Austin, T X 78702 Venice, C A 90291 London E 5 8 N N
USA USA UK
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
foxtrotbravoalpha.com oneloveorganics.com theluxuryofprotest.com

G G2K Inventaire M MINE™
[email protected] Av. de la Gare 8 190 Putnam St.
g2k.nl 1630 Bulle San Francisco, C A 94110
Switzerland USA
Galison [email protected] [email protected]
28 West 44th St. inventaire.ch minesf.com
New York, N Y 10036
USA K Tomato Košir Mirko Ilić Corp.
galison.com Britof 141 207 East 32nd St.
Kranj, 4000 New York, N Y 10016
Charles Gibbons Slovenia USA
11004 Avalon Dr. [email protected] [email protected]
Northborough, M A 01532 tomatokosir.com mirkoilic.com
USA
[email protected] L L S D space Monderer Design
gibbonstype.net San Andrés 36, 2º Puerta 6 2067 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 21
28004 Madrid Cambridge, M A 02140
Grip Limited Spain USA
179 John St., 6th Floor [email protected] [email protected]
Toronto, Ontario M 6 G 1 T 8 lsdspace.com monderer.com
Canada
griplimited.com Luke Langhus Mucca Design
407 West 3rd St. 568 Broadway, Room 504
I idApostle Monona, I A 52159 New York, N Y 10012
336 Liard St. USA USA
Stittsville, Ontario [email protected] [email protected]
Canada mucca.com
[email protected] Luxecetera
idapostle.com 3433 Lithia Pinecrest Rd., #285 N Naden/ Mesker Design Co.
Valrico, F L 33596 2105 Edina Blvd.
Imagine-cga USA Zion, I L 60099
The Stables, Ducie St. luxecetera.com USA
Manchester M 1 2 J N [email protected]
UK namedesignco.com
[email protected]
imagine-cga.co.uk

A P P E N D I C E S Contributors 153

Nelson Associates Pete Rossi Aggie Toppins
Town Hall Buildings, Castle St. [email protected] 6 East Read St. #500
Farnham, Surrey G U 9 7 N D pgerossi.co.uk Baltimore, M D 21202
UK USA
[email protected] Rule29 [email protected]
nelsonassociates.co.uk 501 Hamilton St. aggietoppins.com
Geneva, I L 60134
Niedermeier Design USA V Matthijs van Leeuwen
5943 44th Ave. S W rule29.com 746 Ridge St.
Seattle, WA 98136 Newark, N J 01704
USA S Sensus Design Factory USA
[email protected] Sijecanjska 9 [email protected]
kngraphicdesign.com Zagreb, H R – 10000 matthijsvanleeuwen.com
Croatia
O Falko Ohlmer [email protected] Karin von Ompteda
Waterloostrasse 3 sensusdesignfactory.com 2 Queensdown Rd., Unit 10
22769 Hamburg London E 5 8 N N
Germany Sergey Shapiro UK
[email protected] Akademika Piljugina str. 14–2–595 [email protected]
falko-ohlmer.com Moscow 117393 karinvonompteda.com
Russia [email protected]
P Project Projects [email protected] quantitativetype.com
161 Bowery, 2nd Floor fromtheska.ru
New York, N Y 10002 W Akshata Wadekar
USA Strom Strandell 12030 Norwell Ct.
[email protected] 1444 West Erie, 2 D Cincinnati, O H 45240
projectprojects.com Chicago, I L 60642 USA
USA [email protected]
R Jesse Reed [email protected]
1148 Academy Dr. Walk Up Press
Youngstown, O H 44505 T take off – media services 194 Court St. #11
USA Pestalozzistr. 19 Brooklyn, N Y 11201
[email protected] 34119 Kassel USA
jessereedfromohio.com Germany [email protected]
[email protected] walkuppress.com
Rui Ribeiro takeoff-ks.de
34 Lottie Rd., Selly Oak Lance Wilson
Birmingham B 2 9 6 J Z Tore Terrasi [email protected]
UK 5416 Independence Ave. elancewilson.com
[email protected] Arlington, T X 76017
cofseeing.com USA
[email protected]
toreterrasi.com

154 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals

APPENDICES
Image Credits

A Addis Creson 63 F F B A . 14, 48, 79, 98, 139 O Falko Ohlmer 67, 104
Despina Aeraki Face. 51 P Project Projects 131
Giota Kokkosi Foxtrot Bravo Alpha (F B A) 29 R Jesse Reed 51, 69, 78, 92
91
Kristín Agnarsdóttir 75 G G 2 K 22 Rui Ribeiro 56
Alphabetical 72 Galison 13 Pete Rossi 21, 49
August Bureau 85, 124, 125 Charles Gibbons 66, 79 Rule29 127
Grip Limited 99 S Sensus Design Factory 16, 36
B Dan Becker 21, 112, 113 Sergey Shapiro 13
Bløk Design 37, 49, 91, 134, 135 I idApostle 51 Strom Strandell 15
David Březina 70, 105 Imagine-cga 97 T take off – media services 19, 67, 85
Tyler Brooks 106, 107, 108, 109 Kendra Inman 77 Tore Terrasi 56
Inventaire 18 Aggie Toppins 71
C Antonio Carusone 123 V Matthijs van Leeuwen 22
Paula Chang 28 K Tomato Košir 140 Karin von Ompteda &
Karen Cheng & L L S D space 37, 136 Peter Crnokrak
Kristine Matthews 144
17 Luke Langhus 24, 25 W Akshata Wadekar 87
Cheng Design 110 Luxecetera 111 Walk Up Press 23
Collective Approach 27 The Luxury of Protest 145 Lance Wilson 112, 113
Patrick L Crawford 26, 62, 142 M M I N E ™ 20, 96, 111
Mirko Ilić Corp. 25, 143
D Design Sense 88 Monderer Design 138
E El Studio 21 Mucca Design 71
N Naden/ Mesker Design Co. 27
Euro R S C G C & O 21 Nelson Associates 65, 68, 97
Niedermeier Design 64

A P P E N D I C E S Image Credits 155

APPENDICES
Index

A abrupt serifs 43 B Balius, Andreu 59 C Caecilia 55, 59
Addis Creson 63 Banque Gothique 111 Calligraphic 55
adnate serifs 36, 43 baselines 39, 114, 122–125 Calvert 59
Adobe Wood Type Ornaments 55 Basic Commercial 60 Calvert, Margaret 59
Aeraki, Despina 91 Baskerville 59 Campanile 97
aesthetic tailoring 114–117 Baskerville, John 59, 73 cap height 39
Agenda 61 Bau 60, 111 cap lines 39
Agnarsdóttir, Kristín 75 Bauer Bodoni 64 Carmen 59
Aicher, Otl 81 Bauer, Konrad F. 60 Carnase, Tom 61
Aktiv Grotesk 61 Baum, Walter 60 Carolingian minuscule 11
Akzidenz-Grotesk 16, 60, 67, 138 Becker, Dan 21, 112 Carpenter, Ron 61
Alana 55 Bell Gothic 60 Carta 55
Albers, Josef 138 Bembo 43, 55 Carter, Matthew 58
Albertus 55 Benton, Morris Fuller 60 Carusone, Antonio 123
Aldus Nova 58 Benton Sans 63 Cassandre, A . M . 55
alignment 92, 94–98, 108 Berling 58 Cavanaugh, Jackson 76
Alphabetical Design Studio 72 Berlow, David 59 Centaur 26, 43, 58, 62, 77
Alright Sans 76 Besley, Robert 60, 73 Centennial 24
Ambroise 59 bilateral serifs 43 centered alignments 95, 97
American Typewriter 55 Bi Sheng 11 Century Gothic 37
ampersands 50 Blackletter 11, 55 Century Schoolbook 49, 51, 64, 79, 109
analphabetics 46 Blackoak 97 Chalet 111
Anna McGregor logotype 64 Bløk Design 36, 49, 91, 135 Chalet Comprimé 27
Antitled 49 Bodoni 77, 78 Chang, Paula 28
aperture 35 body sizes 40 Chansler, Kim Buker 55
apex 35 Bonesana 59 characters, definition of 33
apostrophes 116 Bordeaux 142 Cheng Design 111
appearing sizes 40 bowl 35 Cheng, Karen 16, 69
Archer 59, 99 Brandon Grotesque 61 chins 35
arc of stem 35 Brauhaus Alternate 29 Chromatic 55
A R G N 55 Březina, David 70, 105 Citizen 49
arithmetical signs 46 Bringhurst, Robert 57, 84 Clarendon 60, 73, 97
arm 35 Brodovitch, Alexey 64 Collective Approach 27
Arnhem 59 Brooks, Tyler 106 columns 129, 130–135
A R S Maquette 61 Brush Lettering 55 Conduit 104
ascent 35, 39, 90 Bryant 61 Constructivism 49
August Bureau 85, 124 Bureau Grot 60 contrast 41
Austin 97 Burian, Veronika 58 Corporate S 61
Avant Garde 21, 61, 145 Burtin, Will 56 Cortat, Matthieu 59
Avenir 127 counters 35
axis 35, 140–143 Crnokrak, Peter 144
crossbars 35
Crossgrove, Carl 55
crotches 35
cupped serifs 43

156 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals

D Dagny 61 flowlines 129 H Haag, Fabio 61
Darden Studio 71 flush-left alignments Hagmann, Sibylle 61
dashes 115 hairline serifs 43
Democratica 55 94, 96, 98, 108 half-line returns 100
descent 35, 39, 90 flush-right alignments Halja 55
Design Sense 88 Hattenbach, Stefan 60
Desmond, Matthew Aaron 55 94, 96, 108 Haus, Reinhard 58
diacritics 46 fonts, definition of 55 Helvetica 21, 27, 49, 61, 75, 76, 123, 127
Didot 59 Forsberg, Karl-Erik 58 Heroic 55
Didot, Firmin 59 Fournier 59 hierarchy 104–113, 140
digital media 72 Fournier, Pierre Simon 59 Highsmith, Cyrus 59
Dilworth, Silas 55 Foxtrot Bravo Alpha ( F B A ) 29 Hische, Jessica 12
D I N 135 F B A . 14, 49, 79, 98, 139 Historical Fell 79
dipthongs. See lexical ligatures. Fraktur 11 Hoefler & Frere-Jones 59, 76
discretionary ligatures 50 Franklin Gothic 23, 60 Hoffmann, Edüard 61
Dispatch 59 Freebooter Script 97 hooks 35
Distressed 55 Freight 112 Humanist Sans Serif 61
Dixon, Catherine 57 Frutiger 77 Humanist Serif 58
Dot Matrix 21 Frutiger, Adrian 61, 73, 76 Hunter 55
dots 35 full-line returns 100 hyphenation 102–103, 115
double stories 35 Futura 61, 67
Downer, John 58 I idApostle 51
G G 2 K  23 Imagine-cga 97
E ears 35 Galison 12 incised 55
Egizio 60 Galliard 58 indents 100
Egyptian Slab Serif 59 Garamond 63 inferiors 45
Eidenbenz, Hermann 73 Garell, Lynne 55 Interstate 25
Elido 61 Geometric 61, 67 intervals. See gutters.
Eloquent 59 geometric shapes 144–145 Inventaire 18
El Studio 21 Gibbons, Charles 55, 66, 79 Ironmonger 79
em measurements 40, 100, 115 Gill, Eric 61
en measurements 40, 115 Gill Sans 61 J Jenson 58, 77
Epic 76 Gingko Fraktur 26 Jenson, Nicolas 58
Etica 105 Giza 66, 79 JFFerrule 97
Euro R S C G C & O 21 Glypha 76 Jones, George William 58
Experimental 55 glyphs 33 justified alignment 95, 99
eyes 35 Gotham 24, 71, 72, 77, 124
Granjon 58 K Kaden, Joel 55
F Face. 51 graphic elements 101 kerning 86, 88, 117
Filmotype Atlas 55 Gravur Condensed 36 Klavika 71
Filosofia 77 grid systems 127–137 Knockout 85, 99, 124
finials 35 Griffith, Chauncey H. 60 Kobayashi, Akira 58
flags 35 Griffo, Francesco 58 Kokkosi, Giota 91
Flama 29 Grip Limited 99 Korolkova, Alexandra 61
Grotesque Sans Serif 60 Košir, Tomato 140
Guardi 58
Gutenberg, Johannes 11 A P P E N D I C E S Index
gutters 129, 132, 137

157

L Lange, Günter Gerhard 60 minuscules 11 P paragraphs
Langhus, Luke 24 Mirko Ilić Corp. 25, 143 centered alignments 95, 97
Lawson, Alexander 57 Moderno F B  59 flush-left alignments 94, 96, 98
leading 39, 86, 90–91, 93 Modern Serif 59 flush-right alignments 94, 96, 108
legs 35 modular grids 136–137 full-line returns 100
Leonardt, André 61 modules 129 graphic elements 100, 105
Leska 61 Monderer Design 138 half-line returns 100
Lew, Kent 59 Monospaced 55 hierarchy 104–113
lexical ligatures 50 Monotype 60, 73, 97 hyphenation 102–103
Licko, Zuzana 61, 73 Mostra Nuova 61 indents 100, 108
ligatures 50, 115 Mr Eaves 61 indicators 100
Lind, Barbara 55 Mrs Eaves 73 justified alignment 95, 99
line length 93 Mucca Design 71 kerning 117
lining figures 45 multiple-column grids 132–135 leading 93
links 35 Myriad 77 line length 93
Linotype Design Studio 55, 60 orphans 117
Lipton, Richard 59 N Naden/Mesker Design Co. 27 outdents 100, 101
logotypes 139 Neder, Rafael 55 ragging 102–103, 116
loops 35 Nelson Associates 64, 69, 97 rivers 117
lowercase 44 Neue Sans 61 spatial factors 105
L S D space 37, 136 Neutraface 61 symbols 100
Lubalin, Herb 61 Newlyn, Miles 55 tracking 117
Luxecetera 111 Newzald 55, 92 type size 93
The Luxury of Protest 145 Nexus 81, 96 widows 117
Lynton 58 Niedermeier Design 64
non-lining figures 45 Parson, Michael 55
M macrotypography 14, 121, 144 Noordzij, Peter Matthias 55, 59 Patrick L Crawford Design 26, 62, 142
Maiola 58 Nordling, Örjan 61 Peignot 55
Majoor, Martin 81 Novarese, Aldo 60 Period/Retro 55
margins 129 Numbers Depot 111 Photina 59
Mathematical 55 picas 40
Matthews, Kristine 16 O Ohlmer, Falko 67, 104 Pierpont, Frank Hinman 59, 60
mean lines 39 Old Style Serif 58 Pixeleite 55
Memphis 59, 135 Olson, Eric 61 Pixellated 55
Mendoza y Almeida José 59 One Love Organics 77 Plantagenet Cherokee 36
Mercury 85, 124 Orator 55 Plantin 27
Mesquite 142 Ornamental 55 points 40, 74
Metallophile 131 orphans 117 Ponchak, Greg 55
microtypography 14, 114, 144 outdents 100, 101 Porchez, Jean François 59
Miedinger, Max 61, 76 overshoot 35 posture 47
Miller 27 Oxtail 60 proportional aesthetics 114
M I N E ™ 21, 96, 111 proportional figures 45
Minion 74 punctuation 46, 115, 116

158 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals

Q Quentin 55 Slimbach, Robert 74 U Underground 28
quotation marks 116
small caps 44 Unicase 55
R ragging 102–103, 116
Rand, Paul 126, 127 Smeijers, Fred 59 Univers 61, 73, 76, 78, 87, 140
Redick, Joy 55
Reed, Jesse 51, 69, 78, 92 Söderström, Göran 61 Universal Mathematical Pi 55
reflexive serifs 43
Refrigerator Deluxe 111 Sowersby, Kris 55 uppercase 44
Renner, Paul 61
Ribeiro, Rui 56 spatial factors 105 U R W Studio 55
rivers 117
Rockwell 59 spines 35 Usherwood, Leslie 58
Rogers, Bruce 58
Rooney Web 28 spurs 35 Utopia 98
Rosewood 55
Ross, David Jonathan 60 Stag 60
Rossi, Pete 21, 49
Rotis 81 Stan, Tony 55 V van Leeuwen, Matthijs 23
Rotunda 11
rounded serifs 43 stems 35 Vendetta 58
Ruder, Emil 86
Stencil 55 Vitesse 96
S Sabon 58
sans serifs, definition of 42, 55 Stomper 55 Volta 60
Scala Sans 79
Schelter & Giesecke Foundry 60 Strandell, Strom 15 von Döhren, Hannes 61
Scheltersche Grotesk 60
Scheppler, John 55 stress 41 von Ompteda, Karin 144
Schwabacher 11
Schwartz, Christian 60, 61 strokes 35 Vox, Maximilien 57
Scott, Si 55
Sensus Design Factory 16, 36 stylistic ligatures 50
Sentinel 66, 76
serifs, definition of 35, 42, 43 Stymie 97 W Wadekar, Akshata 87
Shamal, Angus R. 61
Shape Font 56 Summerour, Neil 76 Walbaum 59, 77
Shapiro, Sergey 12
shoulders 35 superfamilies 81 Walbaum, Justus Erich 59
sidebearings 40
Simonson, Mark 61 superiors 45 Walcott, Jason 59
single-column grids 130–131
Skolar 70 swashes 35 Walk Up Press 23
slab serifs 43, 55, 59, 60, 99
symbols 46, 55, 101 Warde, Beatrice 70

W B (Werner Bischof) 16

T tabular figures 45 wedge 43

tails 35 weight 47

take off – media services 19, 67, 85 Whitman 59

terminals 35 Whitney 76

Terrasi, Tore 56 widows 117

Textura 11 width 47

Thesis TheSans 19, 85, 109 Wilson, Lance 112

Thibaudeau, Francis 57 Wolf, Rudolf 59

Thompson, Greg 61 Wolpe, Berthold 55

Times 127 Wood Type 55

Topaz 69 Worthington, Laura 55

Toppins, Aggie 71

tracking 86, 88, 117 X x-height 39

Trade Gothic 16, 21, 49, 97

Transitional Sans Serif 61 Z Zapata 79

Transitional Serif 59 Zapf, Hermann 58

transitive serifs 43

Trilby 60

Tschichold, Jan 10, 58

Twombly, Carol 55

typefaces, definition of 55–56

Typewriter 55

A P P E N D I C E S Index 159

APPENDICES Don’t miss the other
Acknowledgments & About the Author books in the series!

THANK YOU Design Elements
Tim Samara
Rockport Publishers, for the opportunity to work together again 978–1–59253–261–2
All contributors, for making the effort to share your work
Edward and Pamela Cullen, for your steadfast support and love Design Elements: Form & Space
David Thomas, for your patience and trust Dennis M. Puhalla, Ph.D.
Dennis Puhalla, for your guidance and friendship 978–1–59253–700–6
Renate Gokl, for your instruction and example
My Students, for your attention and dedication Design Elements: Color Fundamentals
Family and friends, for your understanding Aaris Sherin
With sincere gratitude, 978–1–59253–719–8
Joe Bottoni, Stan Brod, Maren Carpenter Fearing,
Yoshiko Burke, Maureen France, The Grillo Group,
Jonathan Hayes, Sandy McGlasson, Laura Morriss,
Gordon Salchow, Heinz Schenker

Kristin Cullen is a graphic designer, author, and educator
based in Chicago, Illinois. Her work has appeared in national
and international exhibits, as well as publications that include

American Corporate Identity, Graphic Design U S A , Graphis
Poster Annual, H O W, and Print. Kristin also wrote Layout

Workbook: A Real-World Guide to Building Pages in Graphic
Design. She holds a master’s of fine arts from the Rhode
Island School of Design and a bachelor’s of fine arts from
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

160 D E S I G N E L E M E N T S Typography Fundamentals

© 2012 Rockport Publishers 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

First published I S B N 978–1–59253–767–9
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by Rockport Publishers, Digital edition published in 2012
a member of Quayside Publishing Group e I S B N 978–1–61058–400–5
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(978) 282–9590 Telephone
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Kristin Cullen
www.rockpub.com
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