Significance level
choice of, 245
descriptive, 238
P value, 238
Significance test; see Test of significance
Silverman, L., 48
Simulations, 184
Slam-bang effect, 502
Slonim, M. J., 165
Smith, H., 380, 402
Snedecor, G. W., 454, 471
Spare-tire principle, 319
Spock, B., 260
Spread; see Interquartile range; Range; Variance
Standard deviation, 144, 170, 226
Standard error; see Standard deviation
Standard normal distribution; see Normal distribution
Standard score, 173
Statistic, 150
Stem-and-leaf display, 29-31, 90, 94, 106
cycles, 35
lack of symmetry, 30
logarithms in, 49
outliers in, 31
for several groups, 438
spike, 36
Stoetzel, J., 114
Stoto, M. A., 135
Straight line
equation of, 60
intercept of, 60
predictions from, 298
relating variables, 60
slope of, 61
straightening, 62
see also Black-thread method; Fitting linear relations; Least-squares Stratification in experiments, 507
Stuart, A., 165
Student, 278
Studentized residuals; see Multiple regression analysis
Student’s distribution; see t distribution
Sum of squares; see Analysis of variance; Least squares; Residuals
Summary statistics; see Interquartile range; Mean; Median; Quartiles; Range; Standard deviation; Variance
Summation notation, 529
Symmetry, 9, 11
lack of, 452
t distribution, 278
degrees of freedom for, 278, 287
limiting normal distribution, 279
for regression coefficients, 337
tables for, 279, 540
Table of counts; see Contingency table
Tables for probability distributions; see Binomial distribution; Chi-square distribution; F distribution;
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon two-sample test; Normal distribution; t distribution Tables of random
numbers, 179, 556
Table of measurements
one-way, 90-93, 436
two-way, 90, 97-108, 439
Tally, 28-31
Tanur, J. M., 4, 76, 87, 165, 497
Target population, 122
Test of hypothesis; see Test of significance
Test of significance, 235, 245
see also Analysis of variance;
Comparisons; Kruskal-Wallis test;
Linear regression model;
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test; Multiple regression analysis; Sign test; Tests for measurements Tests for
measurements
differences, 276
independent samples
known variances, 284
unknown equal variances, 286
unknown unequal variances, 289
matched pairs, 276
Theory of measurement, 266
Thomas, G. B., Jr., 74, 165, 187, 232, 264, 295, 325, 373
Transformations of data, 51-53, 62, 69-70, 93, 307, 330, 336
see also Logarithms
Travers, J., 21, 22
True value, 138
Tufte, E. R., 76, 427, 433
Tukey, J. W., 57, 87, 102, 108, 115, 402, 433
Turner, A., 135, 165
Two-sided tests, 281
Unbiasedness, 141, 149, 268, 270
U.S. Department of Commerce, 12, 33, 43
U.S. News and World Report, 33
Variability, sources of, 436, 440
Variance, 143
of binomial observation, 152
of difference, 243, 285
of mean, 267
of sample proportion, 143
sample size and, 154
of sum, 275
Velleman, P. F., 57
Vowles, N.J., 524
Waksberg, J., 135, 165
Wallace, D., 289, 290
Watson, B. F., 305, 345
Weil, A. T., 277
Weinfeld, F. D., 409
Weisberg, S., 373, 431, 433
White, H. C., 24
Who’s Who in America, 182, 185
Womack, A. W., 322
Wynder, L., 98
York, R. L.
z score, 173
Zelinka, M., 114, 253
Zinberg, N. E., 277
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