ENGF103 MODULE

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

ENGF103
MODULE

ALICIA PHILIP
COLLEGE OF ENERGY
ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL

SCIENCES

COURSE OUTLINE FOR STUDENTS

WEEK COURSE CONTENT TYPE OF NAME OF DUE
ASSIGNMENT ASSIGNMENT

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 1: LISTENING WEEK 4
INTRODUCTION TO SYLLABUS (TED TALK)-5%

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2: PERSOANL WEEK 7
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION STORY : 10%
THE PROCESS OF

2 COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
FAILURE IN COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION TO LISTENING
·HEARING VS LISTENING

3 ·ACTIVE LISTENING
·STEPS TO EFFECTIVELY LISTEN
·PROCESS OF LISTENING
EFFECTIVE BODY LANGUAGE
WHILE LISTENING

PUBLIC SPEAKING
·WHAT IS PUBLIC SPEAKING
·ELEMENTS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

4 ·SPEAKING CONTEXT
·SPEECH PLANNING
·SPEECH PRESENTATION
·SPEECH EFFECTIVENESS
·ANXIETY IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
OVERCOMING ANXIETY IN PUBLIC
SPEAKING

5 SPEECH PLANNING
ORGANIZING & OUTLINING
SPEECH BODY

SPEECH PLANNING

6 ·DEVELOPING THE
INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPING THE CONCLUSION

7 SPEECH PRESENTATION
PRESENTATIONAL AIDS

8 SPEECH PRESENTATION
PRACTICING DELIVERY

9 GROUP PRESENTATION: GROUP ASSIGNMENT 3: INFORMAIVE WEEK 11
DEVELOPING AND DELIVERING SPEECH :25%
GROUP PRESENTATIONS

TYPE OF SPEECH: INFORMATIVE PRESENTATION
SPEECH INFORMATIVE SPEECH

GATHERING & EVALUATING GROUP ASSIGNMENT 4: PERSUASIVE WEEK 13
INDIVIDUAL
10 INFORMATION SPEECH :25%
INFORMATIVE SPEECH -
OBJECTIVES AND PRESENTATION
CHARACTERISTICS PERSUASIVE SPEECH

TYPE OF SPEECH: PERSUASIVE TED TALK : 30%

11 SPEECH
UNDERSTANDING PERSUASIVE
SPEECH

TYPE OF SPEECH: PERSUASIVE

12 SPEECH
PERSUASIVE SPEECH

13 REVISION

14 FINAL EXAMINATION

HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

COMMUNICATION

WORDS 7%
PARALINGUISTIC CUES 34%
BODY LANGUAGE 55%

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
EXAMPLE: PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

TYPES OF NOISES (BARRIERS)

PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAL

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION)

self talk Mom,
I have something

to share

INTRAPERSONAL Yes my dear,
I am here listening

Hi INTERPERSONAL
Hi
Let's start
our discussion

IMPERSONAL

Good day everyone, today, I
will be talking about....

small group

public
communication

NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION

The transmission of messages or signals through a
nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial
expressions, gestures, posture with your audience

Good osture & gesture

Maintain eye contact with
Effective audience

rentation/
movement

Effective resentation delivery

Appropriate ooks/ appearance

Good xpression of emotions

WHY DO WE FAIL TO COMMUNICATE
EFFECTIVELY?

poor word choice poor choice of
noise channel of

STATUS communication
STEREOTYPING
PHYSICAL
DISTRACTION

NO
FEEDBACK

LISTENING

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
HEARING AND LISTENING?

HEAR: LISTEN:

one of the five sense concentrating on a sound
the action of sound to paying attention to the
our ears sound
inactive process active process

ACTIVE LISTENING:

One of the most critical skills in effective communication
is active listening
Active listening is the ability to focus completely on a
speaker, understand their message, comprehend the
information and respond thoughtfully

HOW TO ACTIVELY LISTEN?:

ook interested
nvolve by responding
tay in the communication
est your understanding

valuate the message
eautrilise your feelings

10 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING

Face the speaker and Focus on Keep an
maintain eye contact. the mesage open mind

Try to picture Wait for the speaker Do not interrupt
the message to pause when asking &

for clarification do not impose

Ask question on to Pay attention to
ensure understanding Give Feedback non-verbal cues

Try to feel what the
speaker is feeling

PROCESS OF LISTENING

EFFECTIVE BODY LANGUAGE
WHILE LISTENING

POSTURE FACIAL
EXPRESSION

The way your posture is The way your facial expression can
while listening sends a send a message if you are interested
message to your speaker or not interested. Always maintain
positive facial expression
GESTURE
EYE
CONTACT

Have positive gestures Focus on the speech by
such as nodding looking at the speaker

ORGANIZING & OUTLINING

THE SPEECH BODY

A well-organized speech has three identifiable parts:

INTRODUCTION
BODY
CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVE FOR ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING

THE SPEECH BODY:

Identify main points
Organize the body of your speech with
supporting material that is appropriate to the
audience.
Create transitions - ensure smooth flow of your
speech

steps to outline speech

STEP 1: IDENTIFY THE OBJECTIVE/ GOAL OF YOUR SPEECH

General goal: I want to inform
Specific goal: I want my audience to understand
how to improve their grades in college

STEP 2: IDENTIFY THE MAIN POINT

Definition of the main point?
A complete statement of 2-4 central ideas
How to identify/ gather main ideas:

List ideas your found related to your speech goal.
Eliminate ideas known to your audience.
Group your ideas into a broader theme.
Eliminate ideas that are too complicated for your
audience to understand.

STEP 3: CONSTRUCT THESIS STATEMENT

What is a thesis statement?
one or two sentences that summarize your speech
(incorporates general & specific goals & previews the
main point of the speech.)
A blueprint to organize the body of your speech.

Example: Three proven techniques for improving test
scores in college are to attend class regularly, develop a
positive attitude and study efficiently.

STEP 4: SELECTING AN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN

Fundamental pattern.

Time order (sequential order/ chronological order).

Appropriate when you are explaining processes.

Narrative order

Convey your ideas through stories.
Telling through descriptions.

Topic order.

Organizes the main points of the speech by categories or division
of the subject.
The order of topic goes from general to specific, least important
to most important.

Logical reason order.

Organizes main points by the reasons that support the specific goals.
Emphasizes why the audience should believe in a particular way.
Most appropriate for persuasive speech

STEP 5: OUTLINE THE BODY OF YOUR SPEECH

Speech outline:
The hierarchical & sequential relationship among the ideas
presented in the speech.

Preparation of the speech outline:
Provide a starting point for the main point.
Show relationship between points/ ideas
Use test questions to achieve the best speech outline
illustrating the ideas:

Is the relationship between each main point statement & the goal statement
clearly specified?
Are the main points parallel in structure?
Can the audience understand the ideas in this speech?

Identifying & outline subpoints:

What is a sub-point?

Listener relevance link- a statement alerting listeners how this
sub-point relates to them or why they should care about this
point.

How to identify sub-points?

Look for relationships between or among ideas.
Connect information that fits together logically.
Cross out irrelevant information.
Combine similar ideas.
·Sort research cards prepared into piles that correspond to each of your
main points.

STEP 6: CREATE TRANSITIONS

What are transitions?
Words, phrases, or sentences to show the relationship
between or bridge two ideas.
·
Two types of transitions
Section transitions:

Complete sentences that show a relationship between or bridge
major parts of the speech.
Signaling that you are moving to the next point.
Like a glue that holds the macrostructure of your speech.
Section transitions are important because:

Signpost:

Words or phrases that connect pieces of supporting material to the
main point or sub-point they address.
One word reference: Numerical: first, second, third.

THE INTRODUCTION
&

CONCLUSION

CREATING THE INTRODUCTION

motivate your audience to want to listen to what you
have to say.
10% in length of the entire speech.

GOALS OF THE INTRODUCTION

4 primary goals

Get audience attention

Create an opening that will win your listeners’
attention by arousing their curiosity & motivatethem
to want to know moreabout what you have to say
about your topic.

How?

Make a startling statement:
A sentence that grabs your listeners’ attention.

Ask a question:
Request for information that involves your audience
Rhetorical: seeks a mental response
Direct: demand an overt response from the audience

Tell story/Supply personal reference:
A brief story about something that happens so you or
hypothetical situation listeners can imagine themselves.

Tell a joke:
add humor to the speech

Recite a quotation:
A vivid or thought-provoking quotation

Perform or motivate an action:
Introduce your topic and perform an action
You can perform an action yourself or you can ask
volunteers from the audience

Establish listener relevance

Motivate them to listen to the speech.
How and why your speech relates to or might affect
your audience.
Provide a personal connection between your topic &
your audience.

Establish credibility and goodwill

Build your credibility so that your listener would be
motivated.
Listener listen and believe a speaker based on:

Their perception of his competencies, good
character & goodwill (ethos).
The speakers appeal to emotions (pathos).
The listeners’ perceptions of truth (logos).

State your thesis

Inform your audience what your speech is going to
be about.

CREATING CONCLUSION

OBJECTIVES

Review the goal and main points.
Summarize the objective of your speech and
your main points.

Provide a sense of closurethat leaves your
audience with a vivid impression of your message.

Clinch: one or two sentences that provide a
sense of closure.
Two effective strategies:

Vivid imaginary.
Appeal to action.

WRITING THE TITLE

3 kinds of title:
A simple statement of the subject:

A straightforward title that captures the subject
of the speech.

Eg: Courage to grow.
Selling safety.

Questions:
To spark great interest & motivates them to
attend the speech to find out answers.
Eg: Do we need a department of play?
Are we living in the moral stone age?

Creative title:
Combine a familiar saying orthe metaphor with a
simple statement subject
Eg: Teaching old dogs new tricks: the need
for adult computer literacy.
Freeze or Freedom: on the limits of morals &
worth of politics.

PRESENTATION
AIDS

WHAT IS PRESENTATION AIDS
Any visual, audio, audio visual, or other sensory material used by
the speaker in a speech.

TYPES OF PRESENTATION AIDS

A visual aid allows the audience to see as well as hear the speaker present the information.
Examples: actual objects, models, photographs, drawings and diagrams, maps,
charts, and graphs.

An audio aid: enhances the speaker’s verbal message with additional sound.
Examples: musical clips, recorded clips

Audiovisual aids: enhance the speech using a combination of sight and sound.
Examples: clips from movies and television, YouTube videos, podcasts, as well as other
events or observations captured on video.

Other sensory aids: materials that enhance the ideas offered verbally by appealing to smell,
taste, or touch.

Example: a verbal description of perfume’s fragrance can be clarified by allowing
audience members to smell it, and the flavor of a particular entrée can be clarified by
allowing audience members to taste.

Benefits to using
presentational aids.

1. They enable you to adapt to an audience’s level of knowledge by clarifying and
dramatizing your verbal message.

2. Presentational aids help audiences retain the information they hear.
3. Presentational aids allow you to address the diverse learning styles of your audience.
4. They can increase the persuasive appeal of your speech. In fact, some research

suggests that speakers who use presentational aids are almost twice as likely to
persuade listeners as those who do not.
5. Using presentational aids may help you to feel more competent. Speakers report
that, when they use presentational aids, they tend to be less anxious and have more
confidence

CRITERIA FOR

PRESENTATIONAL AIDS

1. Presentation aids should reinforce important ideas.
2. You may want to use presentational aids to help your audience understand what

you are saying. For example, it’s sometimes hard for the audience to pay attention
to statistics, but a colorful graph can help audience members to concentrate on what
you’re saying.
3. Presentational aids should supplement the oral message of your speech, not replace,
overshadow, or distract from it.
4. Presentational aids should be large enough to be seen and loud enough to be heard
by those in the back and corners of the room.
5. Remember that presentational aids are meant to supplement and enhance your
speech, not replace it. If sharing the aid will take too much time, consider a different
sort of aid

PREPARING EFFECTIVE
PRESENTATION AIDS.

1. Limit the reading required of the audience.
2. Use a photo, print, or type size that can be seen easily and a volume and sound

quality that can be heard easily by your entire audience.
3. Use a consistent print style that is easy to read.
4. Make sure information is laid out in a way that is aesthetically pleasing- leave

enough white space.
5. Add pictures or other visual symbols to add interest.
6. Use colour strategically and standard colour selection
7. Customize presentational aids from other sources.

GUIDELINE FOR USING
PRESENTATIONAL AIDS

DURING THE SPEECH

1.Plan carefully when to use presentational aids.
2.Position presentational aids and equipment before beginning

your speech.
3. Show or play presentational aids only when talking about

them.
4.Talk about the visual aid while showing it.
5.Talk to your audience, not to the presentational aid.
6.Display visual aids so that everyone in the audience can see

them
7.Avoid passing objects around the audience.

Conversational Animated.

Allows each member of your Create excitement about what
audience to feel as if you are you are saying so it is easier
talking with him or her for your audience to pay
You sound spontaneous and attention.
relaxed, which helps your The secret is to focus on
audience feel you are talking conveying the passion you feel
with them, not at them. about your topic.
Spontaneity is the ability to
sound natural as you speak
Speakers who try to memorize
their speeches often have to
struggle so hard to remember
the words that their delivery
becomes laborious.
The secret to developing a
conversational style is to learn
the ideas of your speech

Your voice is the sound you produce using your vocal
organs. How you use your voice affects how successful
you are in getting your ideas across.

Pitch is the highness or lowness of the sounds produced
in your larynx.
Volume is how loudly or softly you speak.
Rate is the speed at which you talk. In normal
conversations, most people speak between 130 and 180
words per minute
Quality is the tone or timbre of your voice; “how you
sound” to others.

To be intelligible means to be understandable
By practicing using appropriate vocal pitch, volume,
rate, and vocal quality: you will be intelligible to your
audience.
Use of appropriate paralinguistic cues

Help animate your delivery.
A total lack of vocal expressiveness produces a
monotone
Use stress in your speech: emphasis placed on certain
words
Use of pauses in your speech: enhance meaning, can
also mark important ideas

Eye Contact

Looking directly at the people to whom you are
speaking.
Maintaining eye contact is important for several
reasons:

Helps audiences concentrate on the speech.
Helps you gauge audience reaction to your ideas.

Facial Expression

Convey your personableness and good character
Help you animate your speech.
Speakers who do not vary their facial expressions will
be perceived as boring, insincere, or stern.

Gesture

Helps intelligibility and expressiveness.
You can use gestures to describe or emphasize what
you are saying, refer to presentational aids, or
clarify structure.
Effective gestures must appear spontaneous and
natural even though they are carefully planned and
practiced.

Movement

It is important to engage only in motivated
movement
Avoid unmotivated movement such as bobbing,
weaving, shifting from foot to foot, or pacing from
one side of the room to the other : distract your
audience

Posture

Open posture: Confidence
Close posture: Limited self-confidence and an
uncaring attitude.

Appearance

Neatly groomed and professional appearance sends
important messages about a speaker’s commitment to
the topic and occasion
Three guidelines can help you decide how to dress for
your speech:

·Consider the rhetorical situation.
·Consider your topic and purpose
·Avoid extremes.

Impromptu Speech: delivered with only seconds or
minutes of advance notice for preparation
Scripted Speech: A pre-planned speech.
Extemporaneous Speech: researched and planned
ahead of time.

Effective speech delivery requires practice, and the
more you practice, the better your speech will be.
Three goals:

practice language choices so they are appropriate,
accurate, clear, and vivid.
practice your speech aloud until your voice and
body convey your ideas conversationally,
intelligibly, and expressively
practice using presentational aids

Be aware of and respond to audience feedback.
Be prepared to use alternative developmental
material.
Correct yourself when you misspeak.
Adapt to unexpected events.
Adapt to unexpected audience reactions.
Handle questions respectfully.

GROUP People that are formed to carry out a specific task or
solve a particular problem. Usually at the end of their
deliberations, they present their findings and analysis,
and recommend solutions to others in the organization
Synergy: ability to function well in a group.
Goal : when working in a small group: achieve synergy.

RESPONSIBILITY OF GROUP MEMBERS

Be committed to the group goal.
Finding a way to align your expertise with the agreed-upon goal of
the group

Keep discussions on track.
Offering only comments that are relevant
Remind everyone to stay on track

Complete individual assignments on time.
Each member is responsible for completing his or her tasks
thoroughly and on time.

Encourage input from all members.
All members have valuable perspectives.
If you are an extrovert, you have a special responsibility to refrain
from dominating the discussion and to ask others for their opinions.
Likewise, if you tend to be an introvert, make a conscious effort to
express yourself.

Manage conflict among members.
If managed appropriately, conflict can actually be beneficial to the
group goal by stimulating thinking, fostering open communication,
encouraging diverse opinions, and enlarging members’ understanding
of the issues.

CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN GROUP SETTING.

All small groups experience some conflict but if managed effectively
enhance synergy.
In fact, groups that don’t experience some conflict risk the problem of
groupthink—when group members accept information and ideas
without subjecting them to critical analysis.
Behaviors that signal groupthink include:

Avoiding conflict to prevent hurting someone’s feelings.
Pressuring members who do not agree with the majority of the
group to conform.
Reaching “consensus” without the support of all members.
Discouraging or ignoring disagreements.
Rationalizing a decision without testing it.

5 common conflict management style.

Withdrawing
physically or psychologically removing yourself from the conflict.
everyone is not committed to the group goal
all members’ input is not being considered.

Accommodating
accepting others’ ideas while neglecting your own, even when you
disagree with their views.
the whole group suffers because not all potential ideas are being
weighed in the discussion.

Forcing
satisfying your own needs with no concern for the needs of the
others and no concern for the harm it does to the group dynamics.
one member dominates the group discussion by forcing his or her
opinions without considering other views or even allowing them to
be expressed.
a win-lose solution

Compromising
individuals give up part of what they want in order to provide at
least some satisfaction to other opinions.
quality of the decision affected - trades away better solution to
reach a compromise.

Collaborating
discuss the issues, describe feelings, and identify the characteristics
of an effective solution before deciding what the ultimate solution.
A win-win solution : input from all members is heard, valued, and
evaluated honestly and fairly until the group reaches consensus

PERSONALITY CONFLICTS

Sometimes we disagree with a certain group member due to a
personality conflict.
We will all find ourselves working in groups where we don’t necessarily
see eye-to-eye with everyone even if we want to be friends with
everyone.
Manage disagreements by separating the issues from the people
involved, keeping your emotions in check, and phrasing your comments
descriptively, not judgmentally.
To help you put aside your personal feelings and manage conflicts
effectively, employ perception checking or paraphrasing, using “I
language” that phrases your interpretations and opinions as your own
rather than defense-arousing “you language.

“I language”

Perception checking

A verbal statement that reflects your understanding of another’s
behavior.
It is a two-step process:

a.In a non-evaluative way, describe what you observed or sensed from
someone’s behavior.

b.Add to your statement your interpretations of the behavior.
Example:
Situation:
As you are offering your idea about who the group might interview to get
more information on your topic, you notice that Thasha, who you see as
uncommitted to the group, says,“Whatever…” and begins reading a message
on her cell phone.

Perception checking:
Thasha, when you give a dismissive response to my ideas and then start
checking your messages, I sense that you don’t like my suggestion. Is that
an accurate read, or are you just expecting an important message, or is it
something else?

Paraphrasing

A verbal statement that conveys your understanding of another
person’s verbal message.
It is a four step process:

a.Listen carefully to the message.
b.notice what images, ideas, and feelings you experience from the

message.
c.determine what the message means to you.
d.create your own a message that conveys these images or feelings

and asks the other person to confirm what you have understood or
correct it.
Example:
Situation:
As you are offering your idea about who the group might interview to get
more information on your topic, you notice that Thasha, who you see as
uncommitted to the group, says, “Whatever…” and begins reading a message
on her cell phone.

Paraphrase:
From your “whatever” response, I sense that either you don’t really agree
with my suggestion, you aren’t really committed to the project, or you just
don’t respect me. Or is it something else?

SYSTEMATIC GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

METHOD

Identify and define the problem.
Define and identify the problems in a way all group members
understand and agree with.

Analyze the problem.
Find out as much as possible about the problem.

Determine criteria for judging solutions.
Use standard criteria for judging the merits of proposed solution

Generate a host of solutions.
Brainstorm for possible solutions

Evaluate the solutions and select the best one based on the criteria.
Evaluate the merits of each potential solution

Implement the agreed-upon solution.
implements the agreed-upon solution.
if the group is presenting the solution to others for implementation,
makes recommendations for how the solution should be
implemented.

GROUP DYNAMICS DURING THE

PREPARATION PROCESS

The notion of how individuals work together as a team toward a
common goal is known as group dynamics.
You can evaluate group dynamics by judging the merit of each
member’s efforts in terms of group members' responsibilities.

EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP PRESENTATION.

Effective group presentations depend on quality individual
presentations as well as quality overall group performance
Consist of individual and group performance

PUBLIC GROUP PRESENTATION FORMAT

Symposium:
a discussion in which a limited number of participants (usually three
to five) present individual speeches of approximately the same
length dealing with the same subject.

Panel discussion:
problem-solving discussion in front of an audience.

Town hall meeting
an event in which a large number of people who are interested in a
topic convene to discuss, and at times to decide, one or more issues.

Electronic conferencing
Individuals engage in live exchange in real time without being in the
same room.
Common forms: are teleconferencing and videoconferencing.

Streaming video:
Pre-recording that is sent in compressed form over the Internet such
as YouTube.
Streaming videos are a great way to distribute oral reports,
symposiums, or panel presentations.

Streaming slide show
Series of fifteen to twenty slides posted on the Internet, often
including voice-over narration

GATHERING & EVALUATING
INFORMATION

LOCATE & EVALUATE INFORMATION SOURCE

Personal Knowledge & Use personal examples and experiences in your speech.
Experience Eg:
Musician: special knowledge about music and instrument.
Entrepreneurs: business knowledge and startups.
Sharing personal knowledge, mention credential: increase
credibility.

Secondary Locating information about your topic that had been discovered and
Research discussed by other people
Use different types of sources such as The internet: Google search,
books, articles, newspapers, statistical sources, government documents.
Skim to determine the source value: identify information needed for
your speech.
Evaluate your source:
Authority: the reputation of the author and the publisher.
Objectivity: information is not bias.
Currency: accurate and current.
Relevance: choose only information that is relevant to your topic.

Primary Research ·Conducting the research to find information.
Fieldwork
Survey
Interview

HOW TO CONDUCT INTERVIEWS

Select the best Prepare Interview: Conduct interview.
person. Primary questions.
Follow-up questions.
Open questions.
·Closed questions.
·Neutral questions
·Leading questions

Get permission to quote. Monitor your non-verbal Keep the interview moving.
reactions.

End on time. Thank the interviewee.

IDENTIFY & SELECT RELEVANT INFORMATION.

Factual Statement: Statements that can be verified.

Factual statements may come in the form of
statistics or real examples.

STATISTICS EXAMPLES DEFINITION

Numerical facts Specific instances that A statement that clarifies the
illustrate/ explain a general meaning of a word or phrase
How to use statistic factual statement.. Definition serve to clarify in
effectively? 3 principle to guide you to three ways:
i.Use only statistic that you use examples: i.Clarify the meaning of
can verify reliable and valid. i.clear & specific- to create a terminology.
ii.Use only recent statistics. picture the audience ii. Clarify words/terms that have
iii.Use statistics understands. more than one meaning and
comparatively. ii.representative. might be misconstrued.
iv.Use statistic sparingly. iii. use at least one example iii. Clarifies your stance on a
Examples to support your point. subject in an effort to draw
Remember that statistics are listener to interpret it as you do.
biased- evaluate and use
carefully

Expert Opinion Interpretation and judgement made by authorities in the particular
subject area.
An expert is someone who had mastered the subject and being
recognized by other people in the field as being knowledgeable and
trustworthy.
When using expert opinion- cite the credential of the experts.

Elaboration Both factual information & expert opinion can be elaborated on
through anecdotes & narratives, comparison, and contrast or
quotable explanation and opinions.

Anecdotes & Narratives Comparison & Contrast Quotations

Anecdotes: brief, often amusing Make ideas clearer and vivid. When you find an explanation,
stories. The best way to give meaning to an opinion or brief anecdote that
Narratives: personal experiences, new ideas is through comparison seem to be exactly what you are
tales, or lengthier stories. and contrast. looking for, you may quote it
Your speeches should relate to the Comparison: show similarity. directly to your speech.
stories that you are telling. Contrast: difference. Can explain and enliven.
It should directly states or Make a point clear and vivid.
reinforce that point you are
making in your speech.

DRAWING INFORMATION FROM MULTIPLE CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

How we perceive facts and opinion are often influenced by our cultural
background.
It is important to draw your information from a culturally diverse perspective by
seeking sources that have different cultural orientations and by interviewing
experts with diverse cultural backgrounds.
Provides confidence for your speech-more accurately reflect all sides of the debate.

RECORD INFORMATION

After finding your information for your speech- you need to record the information
accurately and keep a careful account of your sources so that they can be cited
appropriately during your speech.

RESEARCH CARDS

Record each piece of information on its own research cards
Allows to easily find, arrange and rearrange each item of information as you
prepare your speeches:

Have heading and subheading.
Specific facts opinion/ elaboration/ quotes.
Bibliography: publication data related to the source.

CITING SOURCES IN THE SPEECH

Acknowledge ideas that are not from you.
Citing sources- help your audience to evaluate the content & adds your credibility.
Failure to cite sources- unethical, plagiarism

INFORMATIVE SPEAKING

OBJECTIVES

To explain or describe facts, truth & principles in a way that stimulates interest,
facilitates understanding, and increases the likelihood of remembering.
Design to educate the audience.

CHARACTERISTICS Listener relevance link: show how
your points are important to the
Intellectually stimulating listener; throughout your speech.
Compare an unfamiliar topic with
New information that piques their something the audience is familiar
curiosity & excites their interest. with and relevant to their lives.
If your audiences are familiar with Eg: The relational effects of living
your topic- identify new insights with diabetes on other chronic
What your audience does not know. diseases such as heart disease.
Consider:
i. depth: going beyond people’s Memorable
general knowledge
Eg: people know basic recipes, show ·Emphasize specific goals, main
new ways to cook it. ideas & key facts.
ii. breadth: how your topic relates to
associated topics
Eg: type 1 diabetes – physical effect,
emotional effects,relational effects

Creative

Innovative ideas
Comes from good research, time
& productive thinking

Diverse Learning Style

Develop your speeches in ways
that address diverse learning.

METHOD OF INFORMING

COMMON INFORMATIVE FRAMEWORK

Process speeches Expository speech

Demonstrates how something is Provide carefully researched, in-depth
done. knowledge about a complex topic.
The steps: the main point Requires speakers to use an extensive
Concrete explanation: sub-point research base

PERSUASIVE: process of influencing people's belief, attitude, values or behavior

THE NATURE OF PERSUASION

Greek & Romans define as logical & well-supported argument developed through
rhetorical appeal to logos, ethos, and pathos

The logical Use your Appeal to emotion of
argument to competence, others as they
support your points credibility & good accept your point of
character to view
persuade others to
accept your points