/ Rangaswamy, M., 153, 154 receptors, 66 Reid, M. S., 101 reinstatement experiments and drug relapse, 9 and final common pathway, 53–54 relapse prediction for drug-addicted patients, 131 electrophysical makers for, 89–90 prefrontal cortex and, 85–86 reinstatement experiments, 10 relapse prevention, 140 resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), 71 reward deficiency syndrome, 55 reward system and addiction, 10–12 and behavioral-drug treatment interventions, 137 and craving, 103–105 and incentive salience, 35 and motivation, 47–58 risk factors, 5, 149–150 risky decision making, 120–121 Robinson, T. E., 35, 50, 99 Roemer, R. A., 88 Salamone, J. D., 56, 57 Schacht, J. P., 28, 153, 155 Schedule I drugs, 2–3 Schneider, F., 99 school dropout rate and addiction, 4 Sell, L. A., 104 Seltenhammer, M., 109 serotonin, 68 sex addiction appetitiveness, 103–104 as behavioral addiction, 12–13 Shaw, P., 1, 150 shopping addiction, 13 Shufman, E., 88 single-photon emission computed spectroscopy (SPECT), 27–28, 69 Sinha, R., 86 Skinner, M. D., 135 social class and addiction, 5 and drug use, 41 Sofuoglu, M., 134, 137 Solomon, R. L., 36 stimulant use behavioral effects of, 10 demographics of, 5 stop signal reaction time (SSRT), 119, 121, 123 stress (adolescent), 150, 161 structural MRI, 24 substance use disorder (SUD) addiction as, 2 behavioral symptoms of, 12–13 classification systems of, 6–7 sugar addiction, 12–13 superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), 22 Surwillo, W. W., 88 sympathomimetic action, 86 Tanabe, J., 86, 87 tanning addiction, 12, 13 Teklezgi, B. G., 133 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 68 thalamus, 86 Tiffany, S. T., 98–99, 105 tolerance and the allostatic theory, 36–38 brain adaptation and, 11 and substance use, 4 sugar, 12–13 tractography, 25 transduction, 66 unemployment rate and addiction, 4 Vaituzis, A. C., 1, 150 van de Laar, M. C., 102 van Eimeren, T., 12 Venables, P. H., 88 Verdejo-Garcia, A., 140 Vogeler, T., 134 Volkow, N. D., 13, 38, 39, 40, 52, 53 –54, 71, 75, 85, 86, 88 Index 179
/ wait circuit, 124 waiting, 125 Wang, G. J., 71 Warren, C. A., 102 Weeks, J. R., 9 Wexler, B. E., 136 Wierenga, L. M., 150 Winterer, G., 89 withdrawal acute, 85–86 and the allostatic theory, 36 between systems adaptations, 90–91 brain adaptation and, 11 brain function during, 86 and dark side of addiction, 11 defined, 81–82 electrophysiological mechanisms of, 88–90 and incentive sensitization model, 35 and the iRISA theory, 39 protracted, 87–88 and substance use, 4 sugar, 12 symptoms and classification of, 82–84 Wong, D. F., 100 Worhunsky, P. D., 13 World Health Organization, 2, 6 Wrase, J., 99 Wray, J. M., 105 young adult. See adolescence Young, K. A., 105 Zubieta, J. K., 86 180 Index
/ 1.0 H H A A B J K I B I J K N Q M P L D G E F C C G O 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 20 Age 5 0.1 0.0 Gray matter Plate 1.1 A longitudinal study demonstrating neuromaturational processes from 5 to 20 years of age. l1 = longitudinal (axial) diffusivity (AD) (l2+ l3 )/2 = radial diffusivity (RD) (l1+ l2+ l3 )/3 = mean diffusivity (MD) Isotropic Anisotropic l3 l3 l l2 2 l1 l1 Plate 2.4 Gray matter has predominantly isotropic (soccer ball-shaped) water diffusion, while dense white matter tracks have highly anisotropic (rugby ball-shaped) diffusion of water pointing in the direction of thefiber bundle.
(b)(c)(a)0.0 Cigarette 0.1 Cigarette 0.3 Cigarette 1.0 Cigarette 3.0 Cigarette 0 9 kBq/mL MRI 2-FA PET imaging of nAChR occupancy from cigarette smoke exposure
/ (b) (c) 100 Q-1 (2.6 ng/ml) Q-3 (0.4 ng/ml) No smoking (0.0 ng/ml) MRI T1-weighted MRI Control Second-hand smoke 010 Vs/fp kBq Plate 5.3 PET studies to determine the effects of nicotine administration.
CSD/BEM topographic map of fast β power Relapse-prone group 000597[uAmm/mm2] Current density
/ Left hem. Right hem. 0.00597 0.00490 0.00398 0.00299 0.00199 0.000996 0 Abstinence-prone group Plate 6.3 Fast β power can be a predictor of relapse in polysubstance users during a 3-month abstinence.
(a) DGsp DGip (d) (e) (b) (c)
/ (f) (g) Plate S7.1 Measuring ΔFosB.
/ 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 # of overlaps 3 4 5 > 3 VMPF VMPF IN Healthy controls 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 9 to 1 8 to 2 Chance of winning % Bet 7 to 3 6 to 4 Lesion controls VMPF Insula IN Plate 8.5 Ventromedial PFC lesions lead to risky decision making.
/ -12R L -9 -6 +3 +6 +9 +12 +15 +18 +21 +24 +39 +42 +45 +48 -5.00 T value -3.20 Plate 9.3 Following methadone-assisted therapy (MAT), long-term abstinent heroin users (mean length of abstinence, 193 days) had a greater decreased response in striatal areas compared with short-term abstinent heroin users (mean length of abstinence, 23 days) during a cue-induced craving task.
/ (a) R P P R Pharmacological interventions Y=13 MFG MFG MFG MFG IFG IFG IFG Prec Prec ACC ACC Prec OFC OFC OFC VS VS MFG MFG VS Y=23 X=–3 X=8 Z =40 Cognitive-based interventions Conjunction A A L (b) L Pharmacological interventions Cognitive-based interventions Cognitive-based > pharmacological MFG MFG Prec Prec Plate 9.5 Common (a) and distinct (b) neural targets of pharmacological and cognitivebased therapeutic interventions.
/ exon exon exon exon exon 12 Controls (N=100) EROTOT 0 0 700 0 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 LOD 2 1 0 3 0 20 20 10 30 40 40 60 0 20 40 60 Power µv 2 Power µv 2 Head plot power µv2 Alcoholics (N=100) EROTOT 12 Brain oscillations Fz 0 700 0 Chromosome 7 Cz, Max LOD=3.6 at 164 cM Pz, Max LOD=2.29 at 162 cM Fz, Max LOD=3.16 at 161 cM θ θ 0D7S1790 D7S513 D7S1802 D7S629 D7S673 D7S1838 NPY2 D7S817 D7S2846 D7S521 D7S691 D7S478 D7S679 D7S665 D7S1830 D7S3046 D7S1870 D7S1797 D7S820 D7S821 D7S1796 D7S1799 D7S1817 D7S2847 D7S498 D7S1889 D7S1804 D7S509 D7S1824 D7S794 D7S1805 rs1424558 rs1424558 rs1424574 rs1424569 rs1424387 rs2350780 rs978437 cc785 cc1218 rs7782965 rs7800170 rs1455858 rs1378646 rs1824024 rs2061174 rs7799047 rs2350786 chrm2ex5 rs6948054 rs324640 rs324650 rs324651 rs8191992 rs8191993 rs1378650 rs1424548 rs324656 rs13247260 downsteam exon6 upstream exon1 intron3-4 intron4-5 intron5-6 exon5 3’UTR 1 2 SNPs 3 81.7 kb 41.1 kb 22.6 kb 4 5 6 Coding Sequence 5’ -UTR 3’ -UTR 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 CHRM2 Candidate gene Genetic linkage GRM8 CHRM2 Genetic association Chromosome position (cM) θ Fz Plate 10.4 Brain EEG oscillations may be useful endophenotypes for alcohol use disorders.