CH-1-(sample)

BASICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (UNIT-I)



1. Internet Basics 01



2. Services on the Internet 11



INFORMATION PROCESSING TOOLS (UNIT-II)



3. Introduction to MS Access 26



4. HTML Basics 51

Internet
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Basics










INTERNET: A BRIEF HISTORY

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to service billions of users worldwide by allowing continuous
communication between computers across the world.

Internet has become an integral part of our lives. Today it is being regarded as an indispensable tool in
areas of education, business, entertainment and even in field of governance. How did the Internet came
into existence? Let us have a brief look at history of the development of Internet.











APRAnet (initial First e-mail sent in TCP/IP was developed Domain Name
Internet) was brought 1971. E-mail adapted for in the late 1970s for Servers (DNS) were
online in 1969. ARPAnet in 1972. the ARPAnet. introduced in 1982.












ARPAnet, NSFnet, and First graphical browser Tim Berners Lee develops In late 1980s, NSFnet
private networks Mosaic developed; web HTML which led the was developed as the
merged to create the surfing began in 1994. development of World Internet backbone.
Internet in 1995. Wide Web (www).
Since 1995 Internet has seen tremendous growth and today it has become part and parcel of our
everyday living.

WAYS TO CONNECT TO THE INTERNET
There are many different ways to connect to the Internet. Let us learn about some of them.

Connection Type Description
1. Dial up connection The Dial-up connection uses a modem that is hooked up to the computer and
dials in using a phone line.

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Connection Type Description
DSL stands for Digital Subscribers’ Line and is always connected to the
2. DSL (Digital
Internet, so you do not have to dial up to connect. It is considered to be
Subscribers’ Line)
broadband Internet, which means that it has a high speed.
3. Cable Internet Cable Internet connections are possible through Cable TV lines. The Cable
Connection Internet connection uses TV channels for data transmission.
Wireless Internet is one of the newest types of Internet connections. It uses
4. Wireless Internet
radio frequencies to connect to the Internet. Examples of wireless Internet
Connection
connection are WiFi and WiMax.
5. Satellite Internet Internet over Satellite (IoS) uses the communication satellites stationed in
Service space to connect to the Internet.


Do You Know
ISDN which stands for Integrated Services Digital Network, is also a type of Internet connection
which could not become popular among users due to certain limitations.

THINGS REQUIRED TO CONNECT TO THE INTERNET
To connect to the Internet, your computer requires a modem, a Web browser and a connection to an
ISP. Let us first learn more about these basic requirements of connecting to the Internet.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

An Internet Service Provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as Internet Access Provider (IAP),
is a company that provides its customers access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers using any
one of a data transmission technology such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed
connections. Some of the Internet Service Providers of India are:





Remember

ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) is a type of DSL that provides high speed downloaded speeds up as
significantly lower speed to upload data on the Internet. This type of service is most suitable for
houses and places where most of the times information is download.

Modem
A modem is a device that converts a computer’s outgoing data into a format that can be
transferred via the telephone lines. Modems can also convert the incoming data into a format that
the computer can read. Some of the different types of modems are: internal modems, external
modems, voice/data, and fax modems.

digital analogue analogue digital
signal signal signal signal
011010010 011010010

Modem Modem
Computer telephone line Computer
Working of MODEM

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Internet Basics


Web Browser
Along with the modem, your computer needs a software called a
Web browser to navigate the Web. A browser is a software that
Internet Explorer The World Opera
provides access to all the information on the World Wide Web.
Technically, a Web browser uses the HTTP to make requests to Web
servers throughout the Internet on behalf of its user. Different Web
browsers are available today and they all come with a variety of Safari Mozilla Firefox Netscape
features. Some of the common Web browsers are the Internet
Explorer, Mozilla, Opera Amaya, AOL Explorer, Apache, Arlington Kiosk,
Avant, Camino, Dillo, Elinks, Epiphany, Flock, Galeon, iCab, etc. Tencent Traveler Maxthon Chrome
WORLD WIDE WEB Web Browsers
The World Wide Web, often abbreviated as the Web or WWW is the most widely used service of the
Internet using which you can access the digital content with innumerable articles, journals, e-books,
news, views and tutorials stored in the form of Web pages on many computers around the world, called
Web servers. Thousands of new Web pages/Websites are added to the WWW every hour. Web pages
can have a mix of text, graphics and multimedia.

Websites and Web Pages
The term Web page refers to an electronic page of
information designed to be distributed over the world
wide web.
A Website comprises one or more inter-linked Web
pages. The relationship between a Website and a Web page
is akin to that of a book and a page of the book. A Website
is a collection of Web pages that are under one domain.
Websites are classified on the basis of the type of content
or services provided by them. The main categories are –
Blog websites, corporate websites, e-commerce sites, game The home page (first page) of the website
websites, download websites, employment websites, etc. www.easports.com

Web Server
A Web server is a computer with a server software installed in it. The web server has a
number of web pages stored in it. These web pages are put up by various people and organisations
for various purposes, ranging from selling commercial products and services to sharing thoughts
and ideas with others. Once a web page is put on a web server it becomes part of the WWW, and
becomes available for everyone to see. The server software delivers (serves) the web pages to the client
(commonly a Web browser) using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over the World Wide Web.

SURFING THE WEB
We have learnt that to access the World Wide Web you need a computer, a modem (or some other
connection device), a phone line, a Web browser software and an account with an Internet Service Provider
(ISP). You also need a Search engine like Google, Yahoo, Altavista, etc., to find the information you want.

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Web pages on the WWW are connected by links called hypertext links. Each hypertext link leads to
another Web page / Website. So, unlike reading a book where one page follows another in sequence, on
the World Wide Web you follow the web of links to visit the information you are interested in. This is
called Surfing.

THE WEB ADDRESSING SYSTEM
Each Web page (.html document) has its own address on the Internet, which is called a URL
or a Uniform Resource Locator through which it is identified and accessed on the Web server and
Web browser.
To recognize a web page, computers convert a URL like www.cbse.nic.in to numerical IP addresses
(like 200.200.200.165).
A URL is made up of the following parts:


http://www. organization name. top level domain suffix. Country name suffix

http - the communication protocol Top-level domain suffix
used to receive the document

Example: http://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm

The orgainzation name The country name suffix Name of the .html document
Several top-level domains (TLDs) are common:

com Commercial enterprise mil U.S. Military entry
edu Educational institution net Network access provider

gov U.S. Government entity org Usually non-profit organizations

In addition, dozens of domain names have been assigned to identify and locate files stored on servers in
countries around the world. These are referred to as country codes.
Ch Switzerland Jp Japan

De Germany Uk United Kingdom

HOW DOES THE WWW WORK?
Have you ever wondered how exactly a Web page that you requested for finds its way into your
browser and onto your computer screen? The process is largely dependent on Web servers. Let us
understand how it works. Observe how a web page WWW reaches your computer
1. To access a website, you first enter its address, called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator), In the Address box of your
browser.
The http:// indicates that the browser and web server will communicate using Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

The www indicates a resource on the World Wide
Web.

The cpsglobal.org is a domain name. It identifies
which computer (called a web server), hosts the site.


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Internet Basics


2. Your web browser sends the The server sends back
the requested page.
request to the appropriate
web server on the Internet.


3. The web server locates the
files, then downloads them to
your computer.
Your browser
4. Your Web browser displays Server machine
connects to a server
the page. and requests a page.
Your machine running Web browser
WHAT IS TCP/IP?
Communication of information over the Internet is made possible by a group of protocols (protocol
means a set of rules) known as the TCP/IP protocols.
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. It defines how electronic devices
(like computers) should be connected over the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between
them. TCP is responsible for breaking down data into small packets before they can be sent over a
network, and for assembling the packets again when they arrive at the destination computer. IP takes
care of the communication between computers. It is responsible for addressing, sending and receiving
the data packets over the Internet.
PROTOCOLS FOR THE WEB
Web browsers and servers use protocols to connect to the Internet. Common protocols are:

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
HTTP takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser. HTTP is used for
sending requests from a web client (a browser) to a web server, returning web content (web pages)
from the server back to the client.
Do You Know
Secure HTTP (HTTPS) takes care of secure communication between a web server and a web
browser. HTTPS typically handles credit card transactions and other sensitive data.
Summing Up

The
lInternet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.
lWorld Wide Web, often abbreviated as the Web or WWW is a system of Internet servers that
The
supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface.
To access the World Wide Web you need a computer, a modem (or some other connection device),
l
a phone line, a Web browser software and an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
The
lInternet Service Provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as Internet Access Provider (IAP),
is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet.
leb browser is an application that enables us to look at and interact with all the information on
A W
the World Wide Web. Some of the common Web browsers include the Internet Explorer, Mozilla,
Opera etc.
leb page refers to an .html document. It is the basic unit of the WWW. A Web page may contain
A W
different types of components like text, graphics, audio, video, animations, hyperlinks, buttons,
forms and frames, etc.

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A W
lebsite comprises one or more inter-linked Web pages
Each Web page (.html document) has its own address on the Internet, which is called a URL
l
(Uniform Resource Locator).
To recognize one another over the Internet, computers convert a URL like www.cbse.nic.in to
l
numerical IP addresses (like 200.200.200.165).
l/IP are a group of protocols which govern the transfer of information between two computers
TCP
over the Internet or (network).


SOLVED MCQ

1. World Wide Web is
a. another name for the Internet
b. world wide connection for computers
c. a collection of linked information residing on computers connected by the Internet
d. a collection of world wide information
2. A Web page is located using an address known as a
a. Universal Record Linking b. Uniform Resource Locator
c. Universal Record Locator d. Uniformly Reachable Links
3. A URL specifies the following:
i. protocol used
ii. domain name of the server hosting the Web page
iii. name of the folder with the required information
iv. name of the document formatted using HTML
v. the name of the ISP
a. i, ii, iii, iv b. ii, iii, iv, v
c. i, iii, iv d. i, ii, iii, v
4. A search engine is a program to search for
a. Synonyms b. Antonyms
c. e-commerce websites
d. Web pages for information using specified search terms
5. HTML stands for
a. Hyper Text Making Links b. Hypertext Markup Language
c. Higher Textual Marking of Links d. Hyper Text Mixer of Links

Answers: 1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) b



Solved Questions from Board Papers

Q.1. Read the following paragraph. Find six network and communication related abbreviations and give
their expanded form along with a single line definition of each of them.
RBI is planning to expand its connectivity with all major banks of India. The plan includes providing
TCP connectivity through HTTP for easy access points and seeks help from some ISPs to join hands
in this venture. Also, there is a plan to set up IIS and SMTP servers. Some banks will go for ADSL
line while others will use Leased Line connectivity to access these services. RBI is also taking help of
NT professors in this venture.

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Internet Basics


Ans. The six network and communication related abbreviations are:
1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): TCP is a protocol developed for the Internet to transfer data
from one network device to another.
2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): HTTP is a protocol (utilizing TCP) to transfer hypertext requests
and information between servers and browsers
3. ISP (Internet Service Provider): An ISP is also sometimes referred to as Internet Access Provider
(IAP). It is an organization that provides access to the Internet through various connectivity
mechanisms (dial up, modem, cable services, etc.)
4. IIS (Internet Information Server): IIS is Microsoft's proprietary Web server software, and is included with
their Windows NT-based operating systems. It is free, and is required for the use of ASP code in a
Website. It also provides FTP functionality, and an easy-to-use management console for administrators.
5. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): It is an Internet standard for electronic mail (E-mail)
transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
6. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line): It is one form of the Digital Subscriber Line technology,
a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone
lines than a conventional voice band modem can provide.

Q.2. Laleema Chakradhar wants a broadband connection for accessing her mails and staying
informed about the latest happenings in the field of Biotechnology. Can you suggest two
Internet Service Providers in India who can be approached for the same?
Ans. VSNL, Airtel
Q.3. Identify the domain name(s) and URL(s) from the following list:
a. [email protected] b. doYogaEveryday.com
c. www.doYogaEveryday.com/old/index.html

d. www.PerformingArts_schools.org/backlink.htm
e. 192.168.0.1 f. http://cbse.nic.in
Ans. b and f are domain names
c and d are URLs
Q.4. Anila works in a Multinational Company and needs to work online from home as well. She
therefore requires a fast Internet connection. What type of Internet connection in your opinion

would be best suited to her needs. Apart from browsing on the Internet she will be required to
upload/ download files to/from remote sites. Which protocol will help her to perform this activity?
Ans. For a faster Internet connection, the Broadband or Cable connections are preferred. So Anila should
go in for either the Cable Connection or the ADSL connection.
The FTP will help her with the uploading and downloading of files.
Q.5. List the different ways to connect to the Internet.
Ans. Generally, there are two ways to connect to the Internet:
1. Wired Broadband connection like Dial-Up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Cable Internet.
2. Wireless Broadband connection like Wi-Fi , Satellite connection and Wi-Max.



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EXERCISE TIME



I Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). Tick (ü) the correct answer.
1. Internet was originally a
a. LAN at MIT
b. Code-cracking network set up during World War II by the U.S. Defense
Department
c. A network cooperatively created by several large hardware and software
companies
d. A small experimental research network called ARPANET.
2. Internet is
a. a local computer network b. a world wide network of computers
c. an inter-connected network of computers
d. a world wide inter-connected network of computers that use a common protocol to
communicate with one another.
. 3 The World Wide Web contains Web pages
a. linked together using hyperlinks b. linked together through superlinks
c. linked together through vapoarlinks d. None of these
4. What are the three parts of a Website's address?
a. host name, folder name, subfolder name
b. domain name, subdomain name, machine address
c. host name, domain name, top-level domain name
5. Digital information is converted into analog information by the modem at the
a. destination computer b. source computer
c. both the source and destination computer
d. neither the source nor the destination computer

II Objective Type Questions
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. The Internet is a _____________ of networks.
b. The address or location of a document on the WWW is known as its ________.
c. Web pages on a site are linked through a system of ____________.
d. ________ is a software used to view Web pages.
e. A _________is a device that converts a computer's outgoing data into a format that can be
transferred via the telephone lines.
2. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False.

a. Web browser helps in converting the digital signals into analog signals.

b. The connection to the Internet is provide by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) company.
c. Google Chrome is a web browsing software.

d. A website is comprised of more than one interlinked web pages.


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3. Expand the following terms:
i. URL ii. ADSL
iii. ISP iv. WWW
4. Give two examples for each of the following:
i. Web Browsers ii. ISPs
iii. URL
5. Amit is surfing the Net. When he moves the pointer over some special underlined blue-colored
words, the pointer changes into a hand sign. He clicks and finds a new Web page containing the
related information. What exactly did Amit just click?
6. Gautam, a student of Biotechnology, has to do a project on a topic. He wants to search for
information related to this topic on the Internet. He also wants to visit different Websites,
Newsgroups, On-line Forums, etc., in this connection. What kind of a site should he visit in order
to get links to the type of sites stated above?
7. Mr. Das has an Internet connection on his computer from the Airtel. company. The company has
attached a special device to the telephone line so that the computer signals can be transmitted to
the Web server via the telephone line.
a. What technical name is given to a company that provides an Internet connection?
b. Name the device that is attached to the telephone line for data transmission.
8. Bipin Dey is a stock broker. He always wants to stay connected to the Internet for his work. He
does not want to use a phone line. What type of Internet connection should he opt for?
9. Identify the invalid IP address or URL from the following:
a. www.getsetgo.com b. www.ugcchennaiuni
c. 200.200.67 d. http/indraprastha.in
e. www.niitindia.org f. 122.173.197.91
10. Idenfity the kind of Websites that would use the following domain names:
a. .edu b. .net c. .com

III Short answer type questions
1. What is the Internet?
2. What is a Web page?
3. Define the following terms:
a. WWW b. Web Server
c. Web browser
4. What is a website? How is it different from a web page?
5. Differentiate between a Website and Web page.
. 6 What is the role of a Web server in the working of the Internet?
7. What is an ISP? Give examples of some ISPs.

8. What is a MODEM?
9. Name the different types of Modems.
10. What is a Web browser?


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11. What is meant by DSL?
12. What is the difference between a Wi-Fi and a DSL Internet connection?
13. What is a URL?
14. What is TCP/IP?
15. Explain the addressing system used for Websites.



Projects


1. Find detailed information on the history of the evolution of the Internet and present it in a creative
manner.
2. Make a chart on different types of Websites.
3. Find information about the latest technologies used for the creation and maintenance of Websites.


Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)


1. Are Internet and WWW same (Yes/No)? Justify your answer.
2. How is URL address different from the IP address?
3. ABC corporation is planning to provide Web services to its clients. It has opened a new office where
they want 24 hrs Internet connection and for which they don’t have to dial up to connect. It should
also not use a phone line. Suggest the type of Internet connection they should take for their new
office?
4. What is the role of HTTP and TCP/IP in the functioning of the WWW?

5. Rony is a pop star. He wants to reach out to his fans through Internet so that they can post their
comments and share views. Suggest the type of site he should make to get connected to his fans
online.
6. WiMax and WiFi are two popular wireless networking technologies being used these days. Find out
more about them and list any two advantages of WiMax connection over WiFi connection.



























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