ANSWER BIO SCORE SCHEME F4

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MS ANSWER
193 Lymphatic Systems Of Humans

1) ……………blood capillary………………..

3) ……………tissue fluid………………

194 Lymph Formation and Components of the Lymphatic System
1. ......................hypertonic..................lower........................
2. ......................diffuses back................lymph.

Lymph Tssue Fluid

Higher.............

Low ...........

195 Lymphatic Vessel
 ………………..Lymph.
 ..................closed...............
 Thoracic duct……………..
 ......................right side of head................right subclavian vein........................

Lymph Nodes
 …………….filter ……………….
 …………….lymphocytes…………….

Note: .................. the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.

196 Relationship between Blood Circulatory System and Lymphatic System
Mind Test 12:
Vena Cava………….Tissue Fluid……….Lymph vessel

The necessity of the lymphatic system
1. ..........blood circulatory system ....................
2. .........glycerol ............ lacteal .....................
3. ....waste
4. ..........lymphocytes.....................

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197 Health Issues Related To The Human Lymphatic System

Oedema
……………….swollen……………. accumulates…………..
Prolonged Bedridden Patients
................ stroke ...........................

Parasitic Infection
...................flow................. filariasis. ......................

Mind Test 13: T

PAGE CHAPTER 11: IMMUNITY IN HUMANS
JAWAPAN

199 Definition of Immunity, Antigen and Antibody

1 ability, pathogen
2 diseases, parasites
3 proteins, immune response
4 lymphosytes, antibody
5 proteins, blood plasma
6 immune response

200 Mind Test 1

Antigen Antibodi

Similarities
 proteins

 body immunity

Comes from outside of the body Produced inside the body

Has a specific shape which compliments Has a specific binding site which

the structure of the binding site on the compliments the shape of an antigen
antibody

Found on the wall of pathogen Found in the bloodstream / produced by the
lymphocytes

Mind Test 2:

Mucus membrane 1 lysozyme 2
Physical [ ]
Physical [ ]

Chemical [ Fungsi Chemical [
] ] Fungsi

 respiratory, mucus.  antimikrobial, bacteria.

 lysozyme, bacteria.

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Skin 3 Blood clotting 4

201 Physical [ ] Physical [ ]

Chemical [ Chemical [
] ] Functions

Functions  wound.
 tough, pathogens.
 shedding, grow.
 sebum, oil
 lysozyme

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach Mind Test 3: hair
sweat pore erector muscle
Physical [ ] 5
epidermis
Chemical [
] Functions dermis
sebum gland
 Bacteria, food and drinks blood capillary

hair folicle sweat gland

202 Second Line of Defence:
2 (a) ................. (b) phagocytosis (c) inflammation
(a) (i) against (ii) phagocyte activities

(b) (i) digested, phagocyte (ii) phagocytosis, monocyte (iv) engulf, digest

Mind Test 4:

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203 (c)(i) response, toxins The wall of blood capillaries
Mind Test 5:
become more permeable to
Histamine will cause the blood
capillaries to expand for more 3 phagocytes causing the cells to
2 blood to flow to the infected area. leave the capillaries and

accumulate in the infected area.

Clotting factors too will The damaged tissue which is
4 accumulate in the affected area. 1 injured releases histamine.

6 The phagocytes carry out Blood clotting mechanism is
phagocytosis 5 triggered

204 Third Line of Defence P:Antigen
1 overcome. Q: Tapak
2 immune response, specific. pengikata
3 lymph nodes, lymphocytes. n antigen
4 macrophage, phagocytosis.
5 (ii) memory cells, antibody.
Mind Test 6:

R: Antibodi

S: Sel limfosit

ACTION OF ANTIBODIES
1. antigen

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205 2 The following table summarises each mechanism of antibodies action:-
Actions of Antibody
Agglutination
coagulate, phagocytes.

Neutralisation
toxins, neutralise.
Precipitation
precipitate
Opsonisation
combine.

206 Mind Test 7:
(a) Neutrophills / monocytes.

(b) The phagocytes attack bacteria without specific target, while the actions of antibodies against
bacteria is specific.

(c) The phagocytes can change their shape and move through narrow space between endothelial
cells of blood capillaries and penetrate the pores on the capillary wall.

Types of Immunity

1. active, passive

2. response, antigen

3. external

4. naturally

207
 naturally.

 maintained. (a) immunisation
(b) stimulating immunity,
(a) antibody
(b) recovered, permanent vaccine.
(c) same, memories, (c)
(d) antibody, specific,
memory cells, rapidly
antigen
(a) chickenpox (e) first,
(f) booster
(g) HPV (g) immediately

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208
 No.
 does not.

(a) placenta (a) serum injection, antibody
(b) temporary, baby (b) antiserum
(c) colostrum (e) temporary

209 Mind Test 8:

• Protecting the body from infection of diseases

• Involves interaction between antibodies and antigens

Artificial Active Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity

Obtained through vaccine injection. Obtained through antiserum injection

The substance injected is vaccine, which is a The substance injected is antiserum which

suspension of pathogens, that are weakened, contains specific antibodies to fight specific

dead or non-virulent. antigens.

The objective is to prevent infections. The objective is to treat infections

Does not provide immediate protection Provides immediate protection.

The immunity remains for a long period of Immunity does not persist and temporary.

time.

Vaccination is done before infection. Antiserum injection is given immediately

after infection or to provide immediate

protection from potentially infectious

diseases.

Antibody is produced by the lymphocytes Antibody is supplied from the antiserum

Second injection or booster dose is necessary Second injection or booster dose is only

to increase the level of antibody exceeding necessary if the level of antibody drops below

the immunity level to provide protection the immunity level or if the individual is still

against diseases. not recovered from the infection.

210 Mind Test 9:

Individual K obtained natural active immunity. His lymphocytes produced antibody against
virus/ pathogen which causes chickenpox.
Individual M gained artificial active immunity. His lymphocytes produced antibody against
chickenpox after being injected with vaccines of which containing the weakened or dead
pathogen that causes chickenpox.

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210 Mind Test 10:

Similarities

 Both types of immunity are natural immunities.

 Both types of immunity provide protection to the individuals.

Picture Q Picture R

Shows active immunity Shows passive immunity

The lymphocytes in the boy’s body The baby gained antibodies against diseases
produce antibody against pathogen which from his mother’s milk through breastfeeding
causes chickenpox. (the lymphocytes of the baby do not produce
antibody)

Provides a lifelong protection against Provides a temporary protection to the baby

chickenpox infection in the future. from infection of diseases in a few months

after his birth.

211 ‘Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome’ (AIDS)
1. virus, immune.

2. destroyed. lymphocytes.
3. early, actively.
4. chronic, fungal.
5. paralysed,

212 HIV Transmission

1. body fluid.

2. placenta.

4. sexual relations.

5. infected blood transfusion, sharing, syringes.

Mind Test 11:
HIV is a virus which attacks white blood cells (called CD4) in the immune system of a human.
As a result the ability of the body to fight infections decreases. However, with antiretroviral
treatment which disrupts the life cycle of HIV, the effects of HIV can still be controlled. AIDS is
the condition of human immune system due to the effects of untreated HIV infection. Therefore,
for someone to be confirmed with AIDS is definitely caused by the advance spread of HIV
transmission. On the other hand for someone to be diagnosed with HIV carrier, the immune
system can still be controlled with consistent antiretroviral treatment.

PAGE CHAPTER 12: C O O R D I N AT I O N A N D R E S P O N S E I N H U M A N S
214 ANSWER

1. Stimulus……2. Sensory receptors……3. Integration centre…..4. Effector….5. Response
2. Sensitivity
3. … changes….. stimulus.

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4. External…………… internal
5………….. detect………. nerve impulses………… receptors.
6……………….. neurones…………. Integration
7…… way………………. effector.

215 2. Internal stimulation….3. Baroreceptor….. Sensory…..4. Integration centre…Motor….5.
Response……6. Effector

Mind Test 1:
Coordination is stimuli detection process by receptors on the sensory organs and triggers

impulses. The brain integrates all impulses from the sensory organs and interprets them, and

then impulses are send to the effector (muscle or gland) to response.

1…… Photoreceptor
2……. Thermoreceptor
3……… Nociceptor
4………. Sensory receptor

216 Mind Test 2:
1…… Chemoreceptor
2……. Brain
3…….. Thermoreceptor
4…… Medulla Oblongata…………… cardiac

Mind Test 3:
External stimulus: light, sound, smell, taste, surrounding temperature, pressure and touch.

Internal stimulus: blood osmotic pressure, changes in body temperature, and changes in
blood pressure.
Types of Sensory Receptor

2….
Light……… Temperature …………..Chemical Substances………Pressure……Touch and
pressure…….. pain

3….. external

4…… internal
217 Mind Test 4:

a) …… survival
b) ……… injury
c) ……….change
d) …….. photosynthesis
e) …… optimal

………spinal cord…………………… Spinal nerve
Cerebrum…… cerebellum
medulla oblongata
218 K: Cerebrum

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L: Cereblum
M: Medulla Oblongata

Central Nervous System: Brain
a)…… area…. Number
b)……. voluntary
Cerebellum
b)………………. Balance
Medulla oblongata
b)…. involuntary actions
Hypothalamus

a) homeostasis
Pituitary gland
middle

219 Central nervous system: Spinal cord
2… spinal
3…..ventral….
…..motor

Mind Test 6:
P:Sensory neurone….Q: Motor Neurone R: Relay Neurone…. S: Ganglion
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous

220 Sensory Neurone
(b) receptors

Motor Neurone
(b) effectors…. response.

221 Mind Test 8:
Dendrite: (a)….. short……. nerve impulses
Cell body: (a) …. Nucleus…. Projections…. Dendrites
b) Integrates
Axon: (a)… body cell.
(b)….. effectors.
Node of Ranvier: (a)….not
(b) …. Accelerate…… jump
Myelin Sheath: (a) ……axon
(b)…. Insulator
©… nutrients
Synaptic Knob
a)… end
(b)… gland
Mind Test 9: Similarities : Both neurones have axons, cell bodies, terminal dendrites and
myelin sheath:

Sensory neurones Motor neurones
1. Short axon Long axon
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2. Cell body located on the side of the Cell body located at the end of the cell
cell

3. Have a receptor at the end of the No receptor at the end of the cell
cell

4. No effector at the end Have an effector at the end

222 Synapses and Transmission of Information
1. synaptic knob ………. dendritic ….

2. Electrical… emission

3. one direction.

Mind Test 10:

P: Sensory neurone // relay neurone …Q: Sensory neurone // relay neurone

b) 1: …. synaptic vesicles…. Neurotransmitter

2:…. Diffuse….. receptor

5…. energy

223 …. own will…… cerebral cortex…… skeletal
Mind Test 11:
1…….. sound…… impulses.
3…. Synapse
4… cerebrum
5…. effector

224 …. Unintentional……. automatically.
…… medulla oblongata
…….. smooth muscles

Mind Test 12: ……. automatically
receptor ,effector …..internal ……

…….will ….. autonomous ….

…… external …….

….. somatic …..

cerebral cortex medulla oblongata …..
…..skeletal …… smooth …..

Involuntary Action involves the Skeletal Muscle: Reflex Action
1…… brain.
2. …….reflex arc.
3……..three ……two …….. sensory neurone and motor neurone …… patellar reflex

5. ………injury……
225 Mind Test 13:

C) Why is the ganglion at the dorsal root swollen?

The location of cell body of the sensory neurone.

d) If the ventral root is cut off, what is the effect on the organ connected to it?

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P1: The organ cannot respond nor function
P2: Because the nerve impulses of the spinal cord/interneurone or receptor cannot be
transmitted to the muscle or effector

P1: The sensory receptors in the skin detect painful stimuli and trigger nerve impulses
and are transmitted by sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
P2: In spinal cord, nerve impulse is transferred to the relay neurone across the synapse
and then passed to the motor neurone.
P3: In synapses, impulses are transferred in the form of a chemical called
neurotransmitter.
P4: Motor neurone send impulses to skeletal muscle (biceps and triceps) or effectors
P5: Muscle (biceps) relax and pulls hands from the sharp needle.

226 Mind Test 14:
……knee jerk ……sensory neurone …… motor neurone …… grey matter ….

P:Receptor….Q: Sensory Neurone… R: Motor Neurone… S: … Quadricep Muscle…. T:
Tendon

….. tendon ……. quadriceps ……
… nerve impulses.
…… sensory neurone …. motor neurone ….
…….synapses …..
…… ventral roots.
…relax

227 Alzheimer’s Disease Effects of Abuse
(a) …..acetylcholine  Accelerates ……..
(b) Effects:  …..neurotransmitter
i. …. can be inherited.
 Delays….
228 Parkinson's Disease
……dopamine…… shaky.  ……hallucinate
.. cannot be inherited  ….. brain

229 Types of Drugs

Stimulant drugs
(stimulantts) )
Sedative drugs
(depressants)
Hallucinogenic drugs
Narcotic drugs

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Alcohol

230 Mind Test 15:
…. chemical substance …… endocrine …. ductless …… bloodstream …target

Mind Test 16:
.. complementary.. physiological
MT17: a) Pituitary gland
b) Thyroid gland
c) adrenal gland
d) Pancreas
e) ovary

231 Mind Test 18:
… stimulating…….
…thyroid…..
…directly…

232 ………..metabolism
….glycogen
… salt..
…emergency….
… heart rate…. Respiratory… blood…. glucose

233 P1: Eye receptors detect stimuli (dogs) and trigger nerve impulses carried by sensory neurone
to the hypothalamus.

P2: The hypothalamus sends impulses directly to the adrenal medulla.

P3: and stimulates adrenal medullary cells to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones
into the bloodstream and transport them to target organs such as the heart, smooth muscle
blood vessels.

P4: As a result, heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the muscle increases.

P5: Respiration rate and blood glucose level increase. Therefore, metabolic rate increases.

P6: More energy is produced for muscle contraction in stressful situations. The reaction is
either run away from the dog (run away) or kill the dog (fight).

234 .. neurones …… endocrine glands

….. sensory receptors …. gland

…. electrical impulses … chemical substance

.. fast …. … slow ..
… slow
… rapid
234 Excess… tall

low

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235
… thyroxine… metabolic… enlarged
..slow…. Goiter… iodine
…………..insulin…..high….
Deficiency………………..

CHAPTER 13: HOMEOSTASIS AND HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM

PG ANSWER
1. Regulation... Internal environment

237 2. Interstitial...lymphatic
Mind Test 1
a) Lowered
b) increased
Mind Test 2

238

239 Mind Test 3
240 Because the food consumed will be digested and oxidized in the cell to produce more heat
241 energy. This can replace heat that is easily lost to the environment at low temperatures.

242 1. 37.... metabolisme....optimum
2. denature...slow down

4 (a) (i) relax...more ...radiation
(ii) dilation...more
(i) sweat.. heat... cool
(ii) less... shivering

(b) (i) adrenal... metabolic.... thyroids....less
(ii)high...glucose....thyroid... metabolic

Mind Test 4
Thermoreceptor...low.... hypothalamus... motor neurones... reduce... contract...
erect...constricted.... less... radiation.....less stimulated,.....sweat.... more..... glycogen... heat
Regulation of blood sugar levels
Insulin... cellular respiration...glycogen... fat....glucagon.... glucose.
Mind Test 5
1) The Langerhans cell group in pancreas is responsible in regulating the blood sugar level.
2) During fasting, the blood glucose level is lower than normal.
3) α cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon hormone into the blood.
4) Glucagon stimulates the liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose.
5) Glucagon will also break down fat into fatty acids to produce energy.
6) Mr Aiman's blood sugar level will return to normal.

Regulation of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

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PG ANSWER
1. involuntary....medulla oblongata
2. partial pressure
3. central

243 Mind Test 6
1. carbón dioxide
2. carbonic acid….lowering
3. pH….. central chemoreceptors….peripheral chemoreceptors
4. respiratory centre
5. intercostal muscles…diaphragm…cardiac muscles…contract… quickly
6. increase
7. more…. Normal

Blood pressure regulation mechanism
3. baroreceptor….aortic… carotid arteries
244 Mind Test 7

1. increased
2. medulla oblongata
3. parasympathetic
4. vasodilation…reduces
5. weak…. Dilate… normal range

Mind Test 8
1. drops
2. aortic arch… carotic artery
3. medulla oblongata
4. vasoconstriction… adds
5. cardiac muscles
6. increases…. normal
1. cortex…. medulla

245 Mind Test 9

Mind Test 10

a) to excrete nitrogenous wastes product

b) to regulate the volume of water in body fluids

c) to regulate blood osmotic pressure

d) to control concentration of ions in the body fluids

e) to regulate blood pH level

Mind Test 11

P renal artery S cortex
T medulla
246 Q renal vein U Renal capsule
R ureter

2(a) Glomerulus
(b) Proximal…Henle….distal

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(c) ureter

Mind Test 12 V Bowman’s Capsule
P Renal artery W Proximal convoluted tubule
Q afferent arteriole X Loop of Henle
Y Distal convoluted tubule
R glomerulus Z collecting duct

S efferent arteriole

T blood capillary

Mind Test 13

247 ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion.

1. Afferent….larger…..effferent… smaller

2. Hydrostatic pressure

3. urea, water, glucose, salt and amino acids…glomerular filtrate.. ultrafiltration

4. red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins…large

5. reabsorption

Reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubules

Proximal convoluted tubule – reabsorbed….all…amino acid… active transport…passive…

reduces…increases….osmosis

Loop of Henle – passively

248 Distal convoluted tubule – osmosis...ADH.... aldosterone

Secretion
1. blood capillaries...distal.... collecting ducts....ultrafiltration
2. urea... distal ...active transport
3. alcohol... simple diffusion... urine
4. ion... osmotic pressure

Urine formation
1. water
2. urine
3. creatinine

Mind Test 14

249

250 Mind Test 15 : Complete the infographic

Mind Test 16
251 1. increases

2. selective permeable…same
3. opposite… higher
4. plasma protein
5. clotting
1. filter… urine… bacterial infections
2. diabetes mellitus… high blood pressure

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PG ANSWER
252 3. kidney stone… uric acid

CHAPTER 14:SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS

PG ANSWER
254 Types of Skeleton in Humans and Animals

1. ...........support. .....shape.....move.
2. (a) ....fluid. ....shape....

(b) ......chitin.....growth...
(c) .....bones........attached.......pulls......

The Necessity of Skeletons in Humans and Animals
1. (a) ....water....

(c) ...mating..
2. ......gravitational.........resistance.......

Mind Test 1: (a) heart, lungs and brain
(b) blood cells
(c) calcium and phosphorus

255 Mind Test 2: Axial skeleton: vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle, Scapula.
Forelimb, Humerus, Ulna
Pelvic girdle, Ilium, Pubis
Hindlimb, Femur, Tarsals, Phalanges

256 Mind Test 3: (a) Skull
(b) Sternum
(c) Ribs
(d) Vertebral column
(e) Clavicle
(f) Scapula
(g) Humerus
(h) Radius
(i) Pelvic girdle
(j) Ulna
(k) Femur
(l) Patella
(m) Fibula
(n) Tibia

257 Axial Skeleton

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Human Vertebral Column: ...........cartilage. .......friction......
Basic Structure of Vertebrae: .....spinal cord. .....support....

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: (a) ............centrum. ...small.....
258 (b) ….odontoid….

SACRAL VERTEBRAE: ….triangular……

259 Mind Test 4:

(a) P: thoracic vertebrae Q: lumbar vertebrae

(b) 1. Has a long and spinous process facing backwards

2. Big and thick centrum

(c) √ Big and thick centrum

(d) P1: Milk contains more calcium and vitamin D

P2: Calcium is essential for bone formation

P3: vitamin D helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus needed for strong bone
formation in the boy.

Mind Test 5: (a) Q (b) P and S

260 Mind Test 6: ……lubricant…..friction……….secretes…….

261 Mind Test 7: (a) V (b) U (c) Y (d) W (e) X

Role of Muscle, Ligament and Tendon in Movement
Skeletal Muscle: (a) ……muscle….
(b) …….tendon. ……
(c) ………antagonistically. …….relax.

Tendon: (a) …..strong….elastic…..
(b) ….bone to muscle.
(c) ……..contract.

Ligament: (a) ……tough, elastic and strong………

262 Mind Test 8:
Bone: ……cartilage…… muscle……
Muscle: ……contract …relax. ……..antagonistically…..
Tendon: …….tendon. ……..stretching……bone.
Ligament: ….bones…

Mind Test 9: …..energy……oxygen……glucose. ……carbon dioxide……
263 The Movement Mechanisms in Human Forearm and Leg

Bending Arm: ….tendon….biceps muscle….triceps muscle….ulna….humerus
Straightening Arm: biceps……triceps muscle……elbow joint.

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Mind Test 10: 1. ……contraction……
2. ……..tendon……… relaxes……..bent.
3. ……triceps…..

264 Mind Test 9: 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 6

Mind Test 11: ……energy…..glucose and oxygen. …..carbon dioxide……
265 Locomotion Mechanism in Animals

1. Fish: torpedo-like……water resistance.

Mind Test 13: P1: …..antagonistic….
P2: …..contract…..
P3: …..right……
266 2. Bird: Pectoralis minor……pectoralis major

Mind Test 14:
P1: Possibly its tendon injured.
P2: Pulling force produced from the contraction of flight muscle / pectoralis muscle
unable to be transfered by a tendon.
P3: So the wings unable to move / flip neither upwards and outwards nor downward and
inwards.
267 3. Earthworm: …..relax……stretched…[L]……thicken…. [S]

4. Grasshopper: …big…
268 Problems in Musculoskeletal System

1. ….posture….aging.
3. (a) (i) ….porous…

(ii) ……..oestrogen.
(iii) …..calcium…..
(v) …..hunched.
(vi) ……anchovies…..milk…..

3. (b) (ii) …adults….
(iii) ….rickets……

269 3. (c) (ii) Osteoarthritis: ……cartilage……glucosamine……
Rheumatoid arthritis: ………synovial membrane…..
Gout arthritis: ….uric acid……

3. (d) (ii) ...genetic…….growth…
270

Habits To Maintain The Healthy Musculoskeletal System
(2) …..loose……
(3) ……injury.

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(4) …..bones…..osteoporosis…..absorption……
(5) …….density……cartilages…..density…..cartilages……

CHAPTER 15 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND
GROWTH IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS
ANSWER

272 Male Reproductive System
P:Testis, Q:Sperm Duct, R:Seminal Vesicle S:Prostate Gland, T:Urethra
1. scrotum.. testis, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, vas deferens
... blood vessels... sperm

... testis.

....sperm....hormone....testosterone.

.... fluid.... movement .

... concentrated... nutrients... sperms.

...urethra.
Urethra

... spermatogenesis
...seminiferous.... prostate gland

273 Female Reproductive System Fungsi
Uterus, Fallopian Tube, Ovary, Cervix
1. uterus, fallopian tube, ovary, cervix

Struktur

... muscular... thick... implants..endometrium... blood vessls... nutrients...

....embryo.

...ovary ...cilium....peristalsis....uterus.

...ovum...hormone

...mucus

...sperms

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ANSWER

274 Gametogenesi 1. ..ovaries... reproductive.... sperm...ovum...meiosis.
2. ..haploid
3. .. fertilisation...fallopion tiub...zygote...diploid
4. .. maintained
5. ..variation
Mind Test 1:

46 X 46

Sperm ,23 MEIOSIS Ovum, 23

FERTILISATION

ZyGOTE,
46

275 Spermatogenesis:
1. ..spermatogenesis...seminiferous
2. ... follicle-stimulating.... luteinizing....pituitary....testosterone
3. ...nutrients
4. ...epididymis

Mind Test 2:
(a)1. ..testis

2 ... temperature is lower than body temperature 370C.
3.Low temperature guarantee healthy sperm production // high temperature affect sperm

formation
(b). …vasectomy

… may occur but cuting off sperm duct prevents sperm from being transported out of the
testis thus fertilization cannot occur even ovum is present.
276 Primordial germ cell (2n). ..diploid… mitotically …spermatogonium
… primary spermatocytes
..meiosis I… secondary spermatocytes haploid
Meiosis I
..meiosis II…spermatids..
.. differentiation… specialization…sperms

277 Mitosis, Spermatogonium, 2n, Meiosis I, Secondary spermatocyte, Spermatid, Sperm (n)
Oogenesis:
1....ovum...
2. ..foetal..
LABEL: Secondary follicle, Graafian follicle, Primary oocyte, oestrogen...progesterone,
oestrogen, Primary follicle

278 1. ...Primordial germ... mitotic...oogonium
2. ... primary oocytes... primary follicles
3. ... nutrients...oestrogen
4. ... follicle-stimulating
5. ...meiosis I... prophase I

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ANSWER

6. ... primary oocytes
7. ... secondary oocyte... secondary follicles
8. ...meiosis II... metaphase II... Graafian follicle
10. ... erupted... secondary oocyte...ovulation
11. ... fertilisation...ovum
12. ... zygote
13....corpus luteum...oestrogen...progesterone
14. ... menstruation
279 1. ... male gamete.....
2. ... head, midpiece... tail,,,
3. ...nucleus... acrosome..............
5. ... mitochondria... energy...ovum... fertilisation ....................................
6. ... follicular... Graafian follicle….

280 Mind Test 4
Similarities
Bil Penerangan

1 Primordial germ cells are found in reproductive organs

2 To produce haploid gamete

3 To produce a lot of spermatogonium and oogonium

4 Preparation for mitosis
5 To produce four haploid cells

Perbezaan ...ovary...female
...oogonium
1 ...testis...male ... secondary oocyte (haploid)...polar
2 ...spermatogonium bodies... degenerate
3 Spermatogonium (diploid) produce four
... big... sphere...cilia
4 ... small... head, midpiece... swim.
5 ... two ... one... one
6 ... complete ...sperm.... secondary oocyte.

7 ... differentiation Secondary oocyte
8 ... long ... menopause
9 ... puberty ...foetal
10 ... lifetime ... menstrual cycle

281 1(a) ... secondary oocyte...endometrium

(b) ... ovulation

(c) ... blood vessels... secondary oocyte
(d).i) ...ovary

ii) ... implantation.

iii) ... fertilization
iv) ... luteinizing

Mind Test 5:
Treatment - Given a pill containing ferum for the formation of new red blood cells to replace
blood lost during menstruation.

282 2. ... pituitary
3.
…oestrogen… follicle

… ovulation …corpus luteum…progesterone

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BIO~SCORE Form4 SCHEME 2020

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… thickening….endometrium… follicle …FSH and LH
… thick … implantation … Inhibits

Mind Test 6:
Answer:C

Mind Test 7:
(i) A: Graafian follicles B: Graafian follicle erupted C: Corpus Luteum D: Primary follicles
(ii). (a) C (b) A
283 Mind Test 8:
Pituitary Gland, LH, Ovulation, Corpus Luteum, Progesterone, Oestrogen,

… thicker for the implantation of an embryo
Mind Test 9: D
Mind Test 10: A
284 1. …gonadotrofin…pituitary… Follicle Stimulating … Luteinizing …ovary
2… follicle
3…oestrogen
5… inhibit …FSH…LH
6… hypothalamus …pituitary…FSH…LH
285 7… Graafian Follicle.
8… secondary oocyte … ovulation
9…progesterone…oestrogen
10…endometrium… thicker … blood vessel
11… inhibit
12…LH…corpus luteum
13…endometrium….
14…FSH … LH
15…corpus luteum… increase….
16. …endometrium… menstruation … pregnancy…
Mind Test 11:

Development of Primary Follicle
Recovery and Restoration endometrium

Development of Corpus Luteum
Shedding of endometrium

286
- Role of Hormon in Pregnancy and miscarriage:

287 1. Corpus luteum… three to four months…
2. …placenta
5. …progesterone… contraction
6. … miscarriage
7. … inhibit

PreMenstrual Syndrome:
1. … physical, mental …emotion
2. …o estrogen and progesterone

Menopausal Sndrome:
…46…50
… Natural …oestrogen…progesterone will decrease …follicle …ovum

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BIO~SCORE Form4 SCHEME 2020

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…osteoporosis… ….fragile

287 Mind Test 12: Answer: C

1…sperm.…ovum… diploid zygote … Fallopion tube
2. …sperm

3. … secondary oocyte … membrane

288 Mind Test 13:
(i) :Acrosome Of sperm: Release enzyme to dissolve the ovum membrane cell to allow the
sperm to penetrate the ovum for fertilization.
(ii) Cytoplasm of ovum:Provide nutrients to the ovum during fertilization and cell division of
zygote

289 Early Development of an Embryo until Implantation:
2 …..mitosis…morula… blastocyst … implantation… trophoblastic villi
…endometrium…placenta

290 Mind Test 14:
(a). 23 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes
(b). Secrete oestrogen hormone to repair the endometrium wall.
(c). Morula and blastocyst
(d) 1. Zygote divides by mitosis into 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells, 32 cells and and so on to form
morula.
2. Morula continues to divide into hollow spheres called blastocyst.
3. Blastocyst implant into the endometrium wall to develop into foetus..
Mind Test 18: X: Blastocyst Y: Foetus

290 1. … embryo…endometrial
2…oestrogen…progesterone
4… shrink …placenta

Role of Placenta and Umbilical Cord in Foetal Development :

1. … endometrial tissue …embryo
2. … absorption

3. … umbilical cord … umbilical vein… umbilical arteries

Mind Test 15:
(i). Water, glucose, amino acid, lipid, minerals,vitamin and hormone
(ii). Carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste (urea)

291 Mind Test 16:
1. … nutrients, respiratory
2. … oestrogen…. progesterone
3. … pressures
4. … mixing

Formation of Twins:
Mind Test 16: …….pregnancy.

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BIO~SCORE Form4 SCHEME 2020

292 Mind Test 17: ANSWER
Similarities :
1. … fertilization. Two ovum is fertilis by two different sperm
2. …mitosis forming two zygotes.
3. …uterus
4. … umbilical cord Both twins have placenta and umbilical
5. … separate cord respectively
6. …placenta Both have same gender or different
gender
Embryo is divided into two
Both twins contain same genetic
makeup..

Both twins share same physical
characteristic.

293 1. … identical … separated
2. … fused … share
3. … surgery

Causes of male impotency: Causes of female infertility
1. …sperm 1. … Fallopion
2. …sperm 2. … secondary oocyte
3. Erectile
4. … abnormal 6 … implant
5. … Blocked
6. …hormonal 7. … menstrual

294 1. … irreversible … cells, size … weight
2. … functions of cells
(a). 1. … size or volume, height
2. (i) Easy (ii) … kill
3. … aspect
(b) 1. … fluid … oven
2. … Accurate 3. (i). … killed
4. … plant
(c) … accurate … water … humans

295 1. … complete metamorphosis
2. … egg
3. … egg, larvae, pupa … adult.
5. … egg, nymph … adult.
6. … ecdysis
7. … larvae … egg
8. … incomplete

1. …parameter…

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BIO~SCORE Form4 SCHEME 2020

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2. …sigmoid… “S”
4. … lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, maturity phase, senescence,

… death phase
296 … slow … cell division … cell elongation

… fastest.… actively
… slow … constant …maximum… differentiation
… stops … replace impaired or dead tissue … zero
…negative
297 1. … cockroaches … chitin.
2. … ecdysis
3. (a) ..air… expand … soft … elastic

(b) … break … growth
(c) …. eating … new … mass
(d). … expand … hardens
4. … steps … Ecdysis
5. …instar… nymph
298 Mind Test 19:
(a). The hard exoskeleton prevent the inrease in the body length of grasshopper.
(b). Ecdysis occurs as a result of inhaled air by grasshoppers. New tissue is built to fill the

body space.
(c)1. … steps.

2. … hard exoskeleton … chitin.
3. … limits … Growth
4. … soft
5. … air … large
6. …size
Mind Test 20:
Answer: B

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