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Three Southernllllll’;’;m
Border Provinces in Thailand

History of the Three Southern Border Provinces in
Thailand

This area that is the three southern border provinces of
Thailand used to be a land of Brahmanism, Hinduism and
Buddhism. (This is evidenced by many archaeological
excavations in that region.) Since this region is a seaside town,
it was influenced by Hindu-Buddhist culture from India before.
Later, when the collapse of the Majapahit Kingdom in 1478s, it
was an important opportunity for the Islamic religious in Pattani
to spread the idea of Islam to the Pattani people more
conveniently. Later, when an Islamic cleric from Pasai, the
Czech Saeed, was able to convince the king of the Sri Wangsa
dynasty. (who governs the area that is presently Pattani
Province) is Phaya Tu Indira of Kota Mahlikha (understanding
that he was in the area of Ban Ja Le, Parawe Subdistrict,
Yarang District, Pattani Province) to accept Islam in the year
1500s and change his name to "Sultan Ismail Zah Zillullah Phil
Alam" Since then, Pattani has been known and accepted
as "Pattani Darussalam" means Pattani, the city of peace.
Pattani Darussalam was ruled by many successive kings. "Sri
Wangsa Dynasty" ruled from 1500s – 1243s, with 9 monarchs
(the last 4 being women, known as the Golden Age of Pattani)
and "Kelantan Dynasty", ruled from 1245 - 1243, with a king
rule 9 reigns. War between "Ayutthaya" and Pattani started
because of the need for economic power in the region. Which
Pattani is an important port city for dealing with foreigners it is
an area that can be contacted by both the South China Sea and
the Andaman Sea. In addition, Burma and Ayutthaya both
wanted to occupy Pattani. In addition to the economic issues
mentioned above it also comes from the prestige of both Burma
and Ayutthaya. There was also a war between the sultan's
brothers for power. Weakening the governance of Pattani.
Pattani was completely occupied by Siam when entering the
Rattanakosin period during the reign of King Buddha
Yodfa. When the Bangkok government able to defeat Pattani in

the reign of Sultan Muhammad successfully The Sultan died in
1243 with bullets (it is said of the atrocities of Siam at that time
that have continued to this day. But no one can confirm whether
this is true or not. But there are records of foreigners confirming
as evidence). Two more battles were fought to restore Pattani's
independence during the first phase (1248 and 1265). Pattani
was defeated each time. The leader was later captured and
died.

1265s His Majesty King Buddha Yodfa Chulalok has
been graciously pleased to divide the city of Pattani into seven
districts (Pattani, Yala, Yaring, Rangae, Rahman, Saiburi, Nong
Chik), each city is ranked as the third city. And must depend on
the city of Songkhla These governors must be appointed by the
Bangkok government. In the reign of King Rama V, the seven-
city regime was changed to "Thesaphiban Province", but still
appointed a king or the sultan continues to rule by giving up to
the High Commissioner of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province.
After that, there were attempts to rebel for a number of
reasons. But was defeated every time Phraya Wichit Phakdi or
Tungku Abdul Qader, the last Malay Muslim lord to rule Pattani,
was arrested for treason and imprisoned in a well in a temple in
Phitsanulok province. The incident led Muslims in the three
southernmost provinces to flee to Malaysia. In the reign of King
Rama VII, 1363, there was a royal decree dividing new
territories by adjusting 7 cities to 4 cities (Pattani, Yala, Saiburi,
Ra-ngae). Subsequently, the Act on the Administrative
Regulations of the Kingdom of Siam, B.E. central
administration provincial administration and local
administration Therefore, it can be considered that the
provinces throughout the kingdom have been dissolved since
1390 onwards. "Pattani Province" is therefore divided into 3
provinces, namely Pattani Province, Yala Province and
Narathiwat Province. Directly to the Ministry of Interior until
today

The "cause" of the "conflict" in the southern border
provinces of Thailand

It may be described from a broader perspective,
including: Traditional conflicts, religious factors, and militant
organisations, the first description focuses on the protracted
conflicts of the past. Malay Muslims feel that they are second-
class citizens. Along with the disorder in the Thai-Malaysian
border area, where crime has been committed. and the
struggles of local influence groups causing the violence to
persist for a long time Supporters of this explanation stated
that The impact of the policies in the southern region of the

former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's government
(during 2001s-2006s) contributed to the intensification of the
conflict. A number of analysts which emphasizes a religious
perspective Emphasis was placed on Islamic schools,
particularly pondok schools, or Islamic revival in the 1970s,
which involved the reform movement. Some analysts focus on
foreign factors, such as the idea of al-Qaida and Jemaah
Islamiah (JI), or Islamophobia. Islamophobia after the 9/11
attacks in 2001s, which became the war on terror. An
outstanding analyst describes the role of Sufiism. (Mysticism
and Mysticism) and personal cults, especially the Krue Se
Mosque incident (28 April 2004s). Analysts with a background
in the study of terrorism say the violence in the southern border
provinces was caused by Islamic fighters. Members of the
Barisan Revolusi Nasional - Coordinate (BRN-C) movement,
which plotted violence. Since the 1990s, in line with Thai
security officials and some independent analysts believe that
the core of the insurgency movement is the BRN-C, which
operates as an independent unit. The lower-level members
were unaware of the larger organizations that were above the
group they were working with. This movement has relatively
high operational autonomy, members in each area can choose
targets. And carry out political activities on their own this
structure allows the movement to continue. Despite efforts by
the police to destroy these networks. For Israeli
counterterrorism experts see the root of the problem comes
from two interrelated factors: nationalism-ethnicism. And
religious differences such peculiarities still exist today. Even
Pattani was annexed to Siam since 1902, as evidenced by the
fact that local residents still speak the Yawi language. Including
considering themselves to be Malay and adhere to Islam The
insurgency only emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as local
residents felt they were not treated equally as Thai Buddhists. It
wasn't until the 1990s that the situation began to unravel when
General Prem Tinsulanonda ended his plot to assimilate the

nation. Turned to the policy to promote religious and cultural
freedoms of Muslims amnesty for insurgents and economic
development in the area. And other factors

Violence in the 3 southern provinces is similar to the
Global Guerrilla Warfare or the Fourth Generation Warfare -
4GW, because even though there are soldiers and police
stationed in the 3 provinces under but the insurgents were able
to escape most of the time after the attack. This is similar to the
situation in Iraq after the US occupation. Evidence to believe
that guerrilla warfare is being waged in Thailand is that 1) the
perpetrators were those beyond the control of the leader. Local
and religious leaders and has established a network of sub-
groups (cells) scattered in the area this combination of forces
makes it possible to find a good hiding place. 3) The inspiration
of these people comes from the al-Qaida ideology. Or Islamic
State (IS) 4) development of attacks that use mobile phones as
remote detonators. And the target of the attack changed from
security personnel Become a target that is careful not to be
strict (soft target) Using a cell phone to detonate may not be
new. Terrorists in Northern Ireland, Israel, Palestine, Colombia
and many others have been using the device for years. The use
of mobile phones by insurgents in the southern border
provinces it was a weakness that made it difficult for officers to
expand their investigations into the network of sub units. Both
checking the address and contact person. Even prepaid cell
phones still have clues for officers to trace. Collecting
intelligence from a mobile phone is even easier. But there is a
concern that Investigating nets from telephone contact
information this could lead to a much larger list of terrorist
suspects than intended. This would put even more innocent
people on the blacklist.

Summary of the causes of problems in the 3 southern
border provinces (Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat). Through almost all
types of media such as personal media, transcribing Malay

lullabies into Thai language (content to fight to regain the
Pattani state from the Siamese enemies) with the hope of
causing an extreme nationalist sentiment among the
Malays. Those who are interested in solving the problems in the
3 southern border provinces have to change their assumptions
and analyze new problems. It views the center of gravity as a
historical and religion reproduction as an abstract struggle
rather than a physical takeover. Which is still necessary but it
was not the decisive factor of victory.

The impact of the unrest on Muslim entrepreneurs in the
three southern border provinces

With the situation of unrest in the area for more than 17
years, at first the operators in the area were greatly
affected. Especially concern about the safety of life and
property, but nowadays it is found that Muslim entrepreneurs in
the area were able to adjust to a certain extent, considering that
the unrest in the area did not affect their business sales
much. But what affects the business is the country's big
economy. Especially about rubber the price has dropped
dramatically in many years. The problem of low rubber prices
has a huge impact on operators in the area.
Entrepreneur's interview
“The unrest does not affect sales at all. But rubber prices will
affect sales more”
(Interview with entrepreneurs in Narathiwat area; 6 December
2017)

“The unrest problem rarely affects business. Because we
opened the shop during the unrest but the country's economic
problems are the main problems affecting businesses”
(Interview with entrepreneurs in Yala area; 6 December 2017)

“The situation in the south doesn't affect it at all. But the
economic downturn is more causing fewer customers in our
shop”
(Interview with entrepreneurs in Pattani area; 6 December
2017)

“People are starting to adapt. Begin to understand the
situation learn to live with it do everything possible One day
things will be better”
(Interviews with entrepreneurs in Narathiwat area; 6 December
2017)

"The unrest problem does not affect business operations but
the main problem is the rubber price problem. Will make
customers less”
(Interview with entrepreneurs in Pattani area; December 15,
2017)

“The main problem of doing business is not the problem of
unrest, but the problem of the overall economy of the country. If
the price of rubber falls Parents give little children
money. Which will affect our sales more”
(Interview with entrepreneurs in Narathiwat area; 6 December
2017)

From crisis to opportunity

It can be seen that entrepreneurs in the southern border
provinces are more worried about the overall economy of the
country. The problem of falling rubber prices affects more than
the unrest problem. In addition, some operators have reflected

more. Situation in the area it is an opportunity for local people to
do business. Because large operators outside the area do not
dare to invest in such areas as it appears

“Sometimes there is frequent unrest. Our shop will have a lot of
people. Because government agencies such as the NCPO,
BAAC will come to the meeting or government agencies come
to the meeting at My Garden Hotel. The hotel will order food
from our restaurant. Because there is no Muslim kitchen”

(Interview with entrepreneurs in Pattani area; December 15,
2017)

“It would be beneficial to the Muslim entrepreneurs in the area
because the situation made the big businessmen. From outside
the area, do not dare to invest As a result, small operators in
the area have the opportunity to receive large projects that
government agencies employ in various operations in the area.”

With the unrest situation in the area that occurred for a
long time this allows entrepreneurs in the southern border
provinces to adjust to a certain extent. Although there was
some impact, but it was for a short time. After that, it will come
back as before.

Compiled by
Miss Sasikan Sermsai Number19 Class 6/1
Miss Panumat Kankeaw Number29 Class 6/1