CHAPTER-9: ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-1

CHAPTER-9: ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.0 INTRODUCTION

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) reviews the adequacy of various
pollution control measures envisaged for the project mitigating various
environmental impacts identified and assessed. Additional mitigatory
measures, if required to ensure sustainable power development are also
suggested. EMP has been prepared separately for construction and operation
phases. It describes administrative aspects of ensuring that mitigatory
measures are implemented and their effectiveness is monitored. It also
includes green belt development plan. Environmental monitoring programme
has already been included in the report.

Each of the mitigatory measure has been assessed with respect to:

• Adoption of state of art technological measures

• Identification of human resources for its effective implementation

• Allocation of financial resources for its effective implementation and

• Effectiveness of mitigatory measure in mitigation of impacts

EMP specifies various technological measures for pollution prevention, waste
minimization, end-of-pipe treatment, attenuation etc. proposed to be
undertaken to mitigate the environmental impacts on each sector of
environment during each phase of the project, i.e. construction phase and
operation phase. The responsibility for implementation for all mitigatory
measures rests with NTPC. Most of the mitigatory measures are integral part
of the main plant package and are commissioned simultaneously with the
commissioning of the main plant packages.

9.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The Environmental Management Plan for the construction phase is described
below:

• During construction phase, water would be sprinkled in the vulnerable
areas to suppress the dust generated during excavation, leveling and
other operations.

• The run off water from construction area should be channeled through
sedimentation tanks to remove suspended solids.

• Suitable water supply and sanitation facilities should be provided to the
labor colonies housing the construction work force. The sanitary waste
from these areas should be accorded suitable treatment such as septic
tanks.

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-2

• Safety equipment such as earplugs and earmuffs, helmets, face shields,
safety goggles etc. should be provided to workers engaged in high risk
areas.

• A first aid center should be established to provide immediate medical aid
to the workers and their family members. An ambulance should also be
made available at site to transport injured workers to nearby hospitals.

Various mitigation measures proposed to be implemented during construction
phase are described in Table-9.1.

Table 9.1: Mitigation Measures Proposed to be implemented
During Construction

Mitigation Measures Regulation Targets to Achieve Risks and
Proposed & Responsibility - Consequence of

for Implementation Failure, if any
AIR ENVIRONMENT
Control of fugitive Increase in SPM
Water sprinkling in vulnerable dust from emissions
areas (NTPC + Contractor) construction areas
Nil
Proper maintenance of vehicles - Control of NOx
and construction equipment - Emissions
(NTPC + Contractor)
Transportation of construction - Control of fugitive Increase in SPM
material in covered trucks, - dust from emissions
wherever possible (NTPC + construction areas
Contractor)
NOISE ENVIRONMENT Control of ambient Increase in noise
and in-plant noise levels
Proper maintenance of vehicles, levels
equipment and machinery Increase in noise
(Contractor) Control of ambient levels
and in-plant noise
Provision of enclosures on levels
equipment and machinery,
wherever possible (Contractor)

Provision of earmuffs/ earplugs Protection of workers Health effects on
to the workers in high noise individual workers.
areas and enforcement of its
use (Contractor). MOEF Control of Increase in total
WATER ENVIRONMENT Notification suspended solids in suspended solids
Channelisation of effluents from dated effluents from in effluents
construction area through 19.05.1993 construction area
network of drains (NTPC) Increase in total
MOEF Control of suspended solids
Construction of temporary Notification suspended solids in in effluents
sedimentation tanks for the dated effluents from
effluents from construction area 19.05.1993 construction area
(NTPC + Contractor)

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Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-3

Mitigation Measures Regulation Targets to Achieve Risks and
Consequence of
Proposed & Responsibility
Failure, if any
for Implementation

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Rehabilitation of Project - To restore livelihood Degradation of
Affected Persons (NTPC + living condition of
State Govt.) and alleviate PAPs and local
resentment
economic condition
Unhealthy living
of project affected conditions, spread
of diseases
persons (PAPs)
Stress on existing
Provision of environmentally - To provide clean & utilities, conflicts
safe camping area for the with local people
migrant laborers (NTPC / healthy living
Contractor)
environment to work
Arrangements for water supply
and sanitation (NTPC / force
Contractor)
To reduce stress on

surrounding

population

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - Control of pollution Air/ Water Pollution
-
Disposal of surplus earth and Create a good visual Unpleasant
construction debris
Reclaiming of inbuilt area with environment surroundings
appropriate vegetation/ land
scaping

9.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE

The Environmental Management Plan during operational phase of the plant
shall be directed to the following:

• It should be ensured that all the pollution control/ environment
management systems are commissioned as a part of main plant
equipment, before the commencement of operation of the project.

• Regular monitoring for various components of environment, as described
in chapter 5.0 should be undertaken to ensure effective functioning of
pollution control measures as well as to safeguard against any
unforeseen changes in environment.

• The recommendations for Disaster Management Plan and Occupational
Health and Safety Plan should also be implemented along with the
commissioning of the project.

• The effluents from the project should be utilized for the green belt
development and afforestation purposes and only effluents conforming to
the regulatory standards should be discharged out of the plant premises.

• The project should obtain certification under Environment Management
Systems (ISO: 14000) for effective environmental management and
continual improvement. The efforts towards 100% ash utilization should
be made.

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-4

Table 9.2 describes various mitigation measures proposed to be implemented
during operation of the project, and Table 9.3 describes the mode of
implementation and allocation of human and financial resources for the same.
A cost provision of Rs.15159.64 Million has been kept towards environmental
measures.

Table 9.2: Mitigation Measures Proposed to be implemented
During Operation

Mitigation Regulation Targets to Achieve Risks and
Measures Proposed Consequence of

Failure, if any

AIR ENVIRONMENT

High Efficiency ESPs MOEF To reduce the emission Increase in SPM
Notification levels of SPM to 100 emissions
dated mg/Nm3
03.01.1989

275 m High Stack MOEF wider dispersion of SPM, Nil
Notification SO2 and NOx
dated
30.08.1990

Coal Dust Extraction - Control of fugitive dust Increase in fugitive
and Suppression from coal handling plant emissions
Systems

Stabilization/ water - Control of fugitive dust Increase in fugitive
sprinklers in dry emissions
areas of ash
deposition.

WATER ENVIRONMENT

Cooling Towers MOEF Cooling of hot water Increase in temp. of
Notification coming out of condenser water coming out of
dated and auxiliary cooling cooling systems
02.01.1999 systems for recycle

Main Effluent MOEF Removal of suspended Increase in parameters.
Treatment Plant Notification solids, oil and grease and
dated neutralisation of pH, to
19.05.1993 conform to regulatory
standards

Sewage Treatment MOEF Removal of suspended Increase in parameters,
Plant. Notification solids and organic matter specially BOD
dated to conform to regulatory
19.05.1993 standards for discharge
of effluents into inland
surface waters

NOISE ENVIRONMENT To control noise levels to Increase in in-plant and
Design of equipment 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-5

Mitigation Regulation Targets to Achieve Risks and
Measures Proposed Consequence of

Failure, if any

90 dB (A) at 1 m distance ambient noise levels

Provision of acoustic Attenuation of noise in Increase in in-plant and
enclosures/ barriers/ source receptor pathway ambient noise levels
shields to reduce
noise

Provision of personal - Protection of hearing Health impact on
protective senses of workers workers in high noise
equipments like ear areas
plugs and ear muffs

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Dry collection of fly MOEF Facilitate supply of dry Increase in quantity of
ash and supply of Notification ash to entrepreneurs ash for disposal
ash to entrepreneurs 14.09.1999 and
06.11.08

Ash Utilisation MOEF Reduce land requirement Increased land
Notification for ash disposal and requirement
14.09.1999 and pollution from ash
06.11.08 disposal site.

Disposal of Unused _ Environmentally safe _
Ash disposal of unused ash

Mill Rejects _ Reuse within plant/ sale _
to smaller industries for
reuse

Township Solid _ Environmentally safe Air and water pollution,
Waste
disposal of municipal spread of disease

waste from township vectors

OTHERS

Afforestation and - Ecological improvement
Green Belt
Development Attenuation of air
pollutants (SPM, SO2
and NOx) and noise in
source receptor pathway

Control of Fire and - Safety Increased risk of fire
Explosion Hazards and explosion

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-6

Table 9.3: Mode of implementation of Mitigation Measures
During Operation

Mitigation Measures Mode of Identification of Human
Implementation Resources
AIR ENVIRONMENT
High Efficiency ESPs Integral Part of Main ESP maintenance group at
Plant Package site
275 m High Stack
Civil Construction Operation and maintenance
Coal Dust Extraction and
Suppression Systems Package group
Ash handling
Integral Part of Main Coal handling group at site
Plant Package

Part of Operation and Ash handling group at site
Maintenance System

WATER ENVIRONMENT Part of Main Plant O&M Group at Site
Cooling Towers Package

Ash water recirculation Part of Main Plant O&M (Water Treatment
including ETP
Package Plant) Group at Site

Sewage Treatment Plant Part of Main Plant Township Administration

Package Group at Site

DM plant waste treatment
system

NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Design of equipment/ Included in Technical Chemistry Dept.
Provision of acoustic Specification Head of the Group at site.
enclosures/ barriers/ shields
to reduce noise

Provision of personal To be provided to

protective equipments like ear workers in high noise

plugs and ear muffs area.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Dry fly ash collection and Part of main plant Ash handling group at site
loading system package

Ash dyke first 9 years - Ash handling group at site

Township Solid Waste Through Contractor Township Administration
Group

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Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-7

OTHERS State Forest Horticulture group at site
Department/ other
Afforestation and Green Belt agency
Development
Part of Main Plant Safety Group at Site
Control of Fire and Explosion Package
Hazard
Environmental Lab. In-house/ out-sourcing Chemistry Group at Site
equipment

9.3 INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP FOR ENV. MANAGEMENT

As per the present set-up the environmental groups in NTPC have a three-tier
organization structure, as shown in Table 9.4.

Table 9.4: Organization Structure of NTPC for
Environmental Management

Corporate Center Engineering Environmental Engineering
Operations Environmental Management
Regional Headquarters Human Resources Rehabilitation & Resettlement
Projects Horticulture
Environmental Management Medical & Public Health
Coordinator Safety
Operation & Maintenance As Coordinator
Environmental Management
Human Resources Chemistry
ESP Maintenance
Ash Handling & Disposal
Safety
Community Development
Group
Horticulture
Medical & Public Health

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-8

The responsibility of environmental management of an operating station lies
mainly with Environmental Management Groups at site, which acts as
coordinator for environmental matters. This group acts as a nodal agency for
various groups at project, regional headquarters and corporate level as well
as outside agencies like Karnataka State Pollution Control Board. However,
this group draws support from Environmental Engineering Group,
Environmental Management Group and Rehabilitation & Resettlement Groups
at Corporate Centre. The functions of main groups are summarized in
following sections.

9.3.1 Functions of Environmental Group at Corporate Center
9.3.1.1 Environmental Engineering Group (EEG)

Associating in site selection for new projects with engineering services.
EIA studies for new project sites and obtaining clearances.
Finalization of specification of equipment for pollution monitoring.
Special studies relating to environmental problems.
Interaction with MoEF, Pollution Control Boards and funding agencies for
new projects.
Provide assistance to sites in overcoming specific technical problems
related to environment.

9.3.1.2 Environment Management Group (EMG)
Coordination and monitoring with stations, regions, Engg. Division and
other concerned agencies on all environmental matters concerning
operating stations.
Maintenance of an environment data base, trend analysis of pollution
monitoring data and prepare exception reports.
Environmental Audit of Power Stations.
Providing operational feedback to Engineering for carrying out necessary
modifications in existing / future systems, overseeing implementation of
modification / improvement programmes.
Providing corporate support to stations through organization of meetings
on Environment Management, obtaining management approvals.
Organizing Training workshops, Seminars etc.

9.3.1.3 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Group

Socio-economic studies
R&R aspects of EIA, finalization of R&R plans for new projects.
Policy review and ensuring implementation.
Collection and collation of various statistics on R&R measures.
Providing these statistics to various agencies.
Finalization of the training programme in R&R.
9.3.2 Functions of Environmental Groups at site
9.3.2.1 Environment Management Group
Obtaining Consent order from SPCBs.
Environmental monitoring.

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Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-9

Analysis of environment data, reports, preparations and transmission of
report to statutory authorities, Corporate Center etc.
Compliance with guidelines and statutory requirements.
Coordination with statutory bodies, functional groups of the station,
regional head quarters, Corporate EMG / Engg etc.
Interaction for evolving and implementation of modification programmes
to improve the availability / efficiency of pollution control devices /
systems.
Environmental Appraisal (Internal) and Environmental Audit.

9.3.1.2 Rehabilitation and Resettlement Group
Preparation, implementation and follow-up of Rehabilitation Action Plan
and Remedial Action Plan.
To strengthen the public image of the company in respect of social
aspects and maintain good relationship with the community in the
vicinity.

9.3.2 Institutional Set-up at Kudgi STPP

The Environmental Management Group in Kudgi STPP will be headed by Dy.
General Manager and consists of executives and supporting staff and reports
to General Manager of the Project. During the construction of the project,
Project Review Team (PRT) meetings will be held every month wherein
officials from the project and corporate centre will participate and discuss the
progress and problems related to implementation of schedules of activities for
construction, completion and commissioning. It will be ensured that all
pollution control measures identified are implemented in a coordinated
manner, linking the overall project implementation plans. Once the
construction is completed, the monthly Operation Review Team (ORT)
meetings for the project will be held. In these meetings in addition to routine
operation and maintenance (O&M) problems issues related to environment
will also be discussed.

Dedicated groups for operation & maintenance of major systems like
Electrostatic Precipitators, Ash Handling Plant, Coal Handling Plant, Water
and Waste Water Treatment Plants etc. are formed during operation phase.
These groups will ensure effective functioning of the system and the same will
be monitored during Operation Review Meetings held at project. The
exception related to the compliance of environmental norms including
problems associated with the mitigation measures identified will be included in
the agenda for quarterly review meetings, wherein action plan for remedial
measures will be drawn and monitored.

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Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-10

9.4 MEASURES FOR SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The project should contribute towards improvements in the quality of life of
the people in the area. With this in view, following measures are
recommended:

1. Scheme to increase employment opportunities for the local people should
be implemented, as a part of Rehabilitation and Resettlement measures,
such as vocational training for skilled and semi-skilled jobs for youth and
women, providing opportunities for setting up ancillary industries/ service
industries etc.

2. Adequate infrastructure facilities, viz., housing, medical, education,
transportation, communication, playground, library, canteen, market for
the township should be developed within the project, so as to avoid strain
on the existing infrastructure resource base.

3. Social forestry should be encouraged as an income avenue for the local
people and helpful in maintaining the ecological balance.

4. Awareness programmes for likely hazards viz., fire, explosion and gas
leakage etc. and protection measures of these hazards should be
conducted.

5. Regular safety and environmental awareness programmes should be
conducted in the nearby villages to promote awareness. Periodic health
check programmes for the nearby villages should also be taken up.

9.5 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT AND AFFORESTATION PLAN

Implementation of afforestation program is of paramount importance for any
industrial development. In addition to augmenting green cover, it also checks
soil erosion, makes the climate more conducive, restores water balance and
makes the ecosystem more complex and functionally more stable. The green
belt helps to capture the fugitive emissions and to attenuate the noise
generated in the plant, apart from improving the aesthetics of the plant site.
The main objective of the green belt is to provide a barrier between the plant
and the surrounding areas.

The main objectives of the proposed green belt development program are as
follows:

1. Reduce air pollution.
2. Attenuate noise generated by various machines.
3. Attenuate the effect of accidental release of toxic gases
4. Reduce the effect of fire and explosion
5. Improve the general environment and aesthetics of the area

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-11

6. Provide suitable habitat for fauna
7. Control soil erosion
8. Obscure the proposed facilities from general view.

The proposed greenbelt development plan is based on the publication of
Central Pollution Control Board entitled "Guidelines for Developing
Greenbelts".

9.5.1 Plantation Work Plan

An area of 180 acres has been envisaged for the development of green belt.
In addition, extensive afforestation and plantation activities shall be
undertaken in all available spaces within the main plant and township areas.
Further, avenue plantation will be undertaken along roadside in plant and
township areas.

The area shall have not less than 1500 trees per hectare. Extensive
afforestation at plant, township and ash disposal area will be undertaken
which would not only act as lung space in the area but would also improve
aesthetics.

Multi-layered plantation comprising of medium height trees (7 m to 10 m) and
shrubs (5 m height) are proposed for the green belt. In addition creepers will
be planted along the boundary wall to enhance its insulation capacity.

a) The work plan for the first year, after the start of the projects:

1. Preparation of a detailed plan in consultation with State Forest
Deptt./ Research Institute and consultants.

2. Identification of locations for plantation of saplings of different
species

3. Digging of pits and soil conditioning.
4. Planting of saplings (during monsoon season)
5. Surveillance maintenance and irrigation of the saplings to achieve

a maximum survival.

b) The work plan for the second year

1. Maintenance and irrigation of species planted earlier
2. Survey of the area to identify the locations for causality

replacement
3. Plantation of saplings at the identified locations
4. Plantation of saplings within the premises-around the raw water

reservoir, effluent treatment plant and along the roads
5. Development of lawns and gardens in vacant areas within the

premises

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-12

6. Maintenance and irrigation to achieve a targeted survival rate of
85%.

c) The work plan for the third Year

1. Maintenance and irrigation of species planted earlier
2. Survey of the area to identify the locations for re-plantation of

saplings
3. Plantation of saplings at the identified locations
4. Identification of any remaining area within premises for

afforestation and plantation of saplings at identified locations
5. Development of lawns and gardens in vacant areas within the

premises
6. Maintenance and irrigation to achieve the targeted rate at 100%.

d) The work plan for subsequent years comprises

1. Maintenance of plantation.
2. Clearing of afforested areas to remove undesirable species
3. Replacement of dead and diseased/malformed species with new

ones

One such measure to keep air clean is by using the plants for absorbing and
trapping the air pollutants. The hypothesis that trees are important particulate
sinks is supported by evidence obtained from studies dealing with diverse
particulate including pollen, salt, precipitation, dust and other unspecified
particles. So far as gaseous pollutants are concerned, substantial evidence is
available to support the fact that plants in general and trees in particular,
function as sinks for gaseous pollutants and this is achieved through various
physiological processes occurring within the plant system.

The gaseous pollutants are transferred from the atmosphere to vegetation by
the combined forces of diffusion and flowing air movement. Once the gaseous
pollutants come in contact with the plants, they may be bound or dissolved on
exterior surface or taken up by the plants via stomata. If the surface of the
plant is wet and if the gas is water soluble, the former process can be very
important. As a matter of fact, plants act as bio filters for the air pollutants and
play a major role in safeguarding the environment and controlling the
increasing level of air and noise pollution.

MANTEC CONSULTANTS (P) LTD., NEW DELHI 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Final Comprehensive Environmental Impact Doc. No.: 9573-999-GEG-S-001
Assessment Report for Kudgi Super Thermal Rev. No.: 1
Rev. Date: 01-09-2011
Power Project, Stage-I (3x800 MW) Page No.: 9-13

Table 9.5: List of Tree Species for Green Belt Plantation

Sl. No. Botanical Name Common Name

1 Alstonia scholaris Chattiyan
2 Mimusops elengi Bakul
3 Cassia fistula Amaltas
4 Bauhinia purpurea Khairwal
5 Zizyphus mauaritiana Ber
6 Cassia siamea Senna
7 Ficus sp. Peepal
8 Albizia lebbeck Siris
9 Pongamia pinnata Karanj
10 Polyalthia longifolia Ashok
11 Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu
12 Ailanthus excelsa Mar Maharakha
13 Melia azedarach Bakain
14 Tamarindus indica Imli
15 Terminalia arjuna Arjuna
16 Azadirachta Indica Neem
17 Grevillea robusta Savukkamaram

Shrubs & Grasses

1 Calotropis gigantea Akand
2 Nyctanthus arboriristis Harsighar
3 Nerium indicum Kaner

• The species should be permeable to help create air turbulence and
mixing within the belt

• There should be no large gaps for the air to spill through
• Trees with high foliage density, leaves with larger leaf area and hairy on

both the surfaces
• Ability to withstand conditions like inundation and drought
• Soil improving plants (Nitrogen fixing rapidly decomposable leaf litter)
• Attractive appearance with good flowering and fruit bearing
• Bird and insect attracting tree species
• Sustainable green cover with minimal maintenance

Plants possess a large surface area and their leaves exhibit an efficient
pollutant trapping mechanism. The effectiveness of plants to control pollution
depends upon the physiological, morphological traits such as leaf epidermis,
size, leaf orientation, internal enzyme system, etc.

9.6 ENVIRONMENTAL COST

The details of cost provision for the environmental measures have been
attached as Annexure-9.1.

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