Chemistry Chapter 8 Scrapbook

CHAPTER: 8

MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN

INDUSTRY

8.1 : ALLOY AND ITS
IMPORTANCE

Definition of Alloy: A mixture of two or
more elements where the main element is

a metal.
Example of Alloy

Duralumin used to make the body of an
aeroplane

Bronze used to make medals

Steel used to make body of a car

Pewter used to make souvenirs

Brass used to make keys

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE
PROPERTIES OF AN ALLOY AND

PURE METAL

Alloy Pure metal
Shiny
Surface Dull

Resistant to Resistance Easily
corrosion Surtoface corroded

corrosion

Hard Hardness Less hard

8.2 : COMPOSITION OF GLASS
AND ITS USES

Hard but Chemically
brittle inert

Electrical Basic Transparent
insulator properties of

glass

Heat Waterproof
insulator

Types of Glass

Fused Silica Glass : Made from silica
(Silicon dioxide) without adding any

other chemicals.
Used in making : Telescope lens

Soda-lime Glass : Made from silica,
soda carbonate and limestone.

Used in making : Glass containers

Borosilicate Glass : Made from silica,
soda, limestone, boron oxide and
aluminium oxide.

Used in making : Laboratory glassware

Lead Crystal Glass : Made from silica,
soda and lead(ii) oxide
Used in making : Prism

8.3 : COMPOSITION OF CERAMIC
AND ITS USES

Definition of Ceramic: A solid made up of inorganic and
non-metallic substances.

Produced through the process of shaping and
hardening by heating technique at high temperature.

Examples of ceramic products: Aluminium oxide,
Titanium carbide and Silicon carbide.

Heat insulator High thermal
resistant

Hard and Basic Break easily
strong properties of

ceramics

Electrical Chemically
insulator inert

Types of Ceramics

Traditional ceramics : Made from clay such as
kaolin. Clay is mixed with water to produce a

soft, mouldable mixture. Which will be
heated at a very high temperature.
Used in making : Pottery, brick, bowl

Advanced ceramics : Made from inorganic
compounds such as oxides, carbides and
nitrides. Have higher resistance to heat and
abrasion, more chemically inert and have

superconductivity properties.
Used in making : Cutting disc, Brake disc,

Tungsten carbide ring

Examples of ceramic uses

Medicine:
Zirconia used in dental implants
Alumina used to make knee bone
Ceramic used in Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) because it has
superconductivity properties.

Transportation:
Engine components in jet
planes are made from
ceramics

Energy production:
Ceramic used to make
electrical insulators in high
voltage areas such as power
stations.

8.4 : COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND
ITS IMPORTANCE

Definition of Composite Material: A material made
from combining two or more non-homogenous
substances, that is matrix substance and
strengthening substance. The matrix substance

surrounds and binds the strengthening substance
together.

Composite materials and their
uses

Reinforced concrete: Produced when steel
bars or wire mesh immersed in concrete.
Used in: construction of bridges, dams and

buildings

Fibre glass: Produced when plastic is
strengthened with glass fibres.

Used in: Helmets, car bumpers and printed
boards

Optical Fibre: Consists of three layers
Innermost layer: Silica glass fibres
Second layer: Glass or plastic
Outermost layer: Plastic
Used to: Transmit information and data in

the form of light.
Used in: Optical fibre, Video Camera,

Cables in computer network.

Photochromic glass: Formed when glass is
combined with silver chloride and copper

chloride.
Used to: Protect the user from UV rays
Used in: Car windows, building windows

and camera lenses.

Superconductors: Such as yttrium barium
copper oxide, YBCO ceramic has

superconductivity properties other than
alloys.

Used to: Make electromagnets
Used in: MRI, NMR, Particle accelerator

Comparison and Difference in
Properties of Composite

Materials and Their Original
Components.

Reinforced Concrete

Steel bars or wire Concrete
mesh
High compression
High stretching strength
strength
Low stretching
Corrodes easily strength

Resistant to
corrosion

Reinforced Concrete

High stretching strength
High compression strength

Resistant to corrosion

Fibre glass

Plastic Glass Fibre

Low stretching Low heat and
strength electrical

Resistant to conductivity
corrosion High stretching

Low heat and strength
electrical

conductivity
Durable

Fibre glass

High stretching strength
Heat and electrical insulator

Resistant to corrosion
Durable

Plastic Optical fibre

High compression Glass Fibre
strength
Flexible Low compression
strength
Hard

Optical Fibre

High compression strength
Flexible

Photochromic glass

Glass Silver chloride

Transparent Transparent to
Does not absorb UV visible light

rays Absorbs UV rays
Not sensitive to Sensitive to light

light intensity

Photochromic Glass

Transparent
Absorbs UV rays
The absorption of UV rays depends
on light intensity

Superconductor

High electrical
resistance at room

temperature

Copper(ii) carbonate Yttrium(iii) carbonate

Oxygen Barium carbonate

Superconductor
(YBCO)

No electrical resistance
at very low
temperature