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Setelah Charles Darwin mengajukan evolusi melalui seleksi sebagai
penjelasan keragaman kehidupan, dalam The Selfish Gene Richard
Dawkins memperluasnya dengan memperkenalkan konsep “gen egois”
yang menyatakan evolusi makhluk hidup dapat dijelaskan sebagai
upaya gen membela kepentingan pribadi, yaitu bertahan hidup selama
mungkin dan menyebar seluas-luasnya, dalam bentuk salinan, melalui
bergenerasi-generasi makhluk hidup.

Mengapa di antara hewan ditemukan kerja sama, pengasuhan,
bahkan pengorbanan diri? Sepintas itu semua sulit diselaraskan
dengan gagasan evolusi sebagai “pertarungan untuk hidup”. Konsep gen
egois hadir untuk menjelaskannya, juga kasus lain seperti keberadaan
serangga sosial dan efek gen yang bisa melampaui tubuh pemiliknya.

Namun gen cuma satu contoh replikator, sesuatu yang bisa
membuat salinan dirinya sendiri. Dawkins mengajukan gagasan
replikator lain, yang bukan berada di sel kita melainkan menghuni
akalbudi manusia: meme. Meme adalah aneka unit gagasan dan
budaya manusia yang bisa menular, berlipat ganda, mempengaruhi
perilaku manusia, serta berperilaku evolusioner seperti gen yang
saling bersaing untuk bisa bertahan hidup dan berbiak. Gen dan meme
membentuk serta mengendalikan tubuh dan perilaku dan dunia kita,
dan buku ini memudahkan kita memahami keduanya.

Foto sampul depan

Atas: “DNA”. Sumber foto: PublicDomainPictures, pixabay.com
Bawah: “Bee Hive”. Sumber foto: PollyDot, pixabay.com

www.facebook.com/indonesiapustaka Richard Dawkins ialah penulis sains populer dan ahli biologi evolusi asal

Inggris, Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science di Oxford
University (1995–2008). The Selish Gene adalah buku pertamanya, yang
juga dipandang sebagai salah satu buku sains populer paling berpengaruh

sepanjang masa. Matt Ridley, ahli biologi yang pernah menjadi murid

Dawkins, berkomentar, “Dawkins sesudahnya menulis buku-buku lain yang

lebih bagus ... namun semuanya hanya perluasan tema-tema yang dia telah
kemukakan dengan jernih dan berani di The Selish Gene.”

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