Digital Electronics by Anil K. Maini

Arithmetic Circuits 261

Binary multipliers are also available in IC form. Some of the popular type numbers in the TTL
family include 74261 which is a 2 × 4 bit multiplier (a four-bit multiplicand designated as B0,B1,B2,
B3 and B4, and a two-bit multiplier designated as M0, M1 and M2 .

The MSBs B4 and M2 are used to represent signs. 74284 and 74285 are 4 × 4 bit multipliers. They
can be used together to perform high-speed multiplication of two four-bit numbers. Figure 7.35 shows
the arrangement. The result of multiplication is often required to be stored in a register. The size of
this register (accumulator) depends upon the number of bits in the result, which at the most can be
equal to the sum of the number of bits in the multiplier and multiplicand. Some multiplier ICs have
an in-built register.

Many microprocessors do not have in their ALU the hardware that can perform multiplication
or other complex arithmetic operations such as division, determining the square root, trigonometric
functions, etc. These operations in these microprocessors are executed through software. For
example, a multiplication operation may be accomplished by using a software program that does
multiplication through repeated execution of addition and shift instructions. Other complex operations
mentioned above can also be executed with similar programs. Although the use of software reduces
the hardware needed in the microprocessor, the computation time in general is higher in the
case of software-executed operations when compared with the use of hardware to perform those
operations.

7.9 Magnitude Comparator

A magnitude comparator is a combinational circuit that compares two given numbers and determines
whether one is equal to, less than or greater than the other. The output is in the form of three binary
variables representing the conditions A = B A > B and A < B, if A and B are the two numbers being
compared. Depending upon the relative magnitude of the two numbers, the relevant output changes
state. If the two numbers, let us say, are four-bit binary numbers and are designated as (A3 A2 A1 A0
and (B3 B2 B1 B0 , the two numbers will be equal if all pairs of significant digits are equal, that is,
A3 = B3, A2 = B2 A1 = B1 and A0 = B0. In order to determine whether A is greater than or less than
B we inspect the relative magnitude of pairs of significant digits, starting from the most significant
position. The comparison is done by successively comparing the next adjacent lower pair of digits if
the digits of the pair under examination are equal. The comparison continues until a pair of unequal
digits is reached. In the pair of unequal digits, if Ai = 1 and Bi = 0, then A > B, and if Ai = 0,
Bi = 1 then A < B. If X, Y and Z are three variables respectively representing the A = B, A > B
and A < B conditions, then the Boolean expression representing these conditions are given by the
equations

X = x3 x2 x1 x0 where xi = Ai Bi + Ai Bi (7.25)
Y = A3 B3 + x3 A2 B2 + x3 x2 A1 B1 + x3 x2 x1 A0 B0 (7.26)
Z = A3 B3 + x3 A2 B2 + x3 x2 A1 B1 + x3 x2 x1 A0 B0 (7.27)

Let us examine equation (7.25). x3 will be ‘1’ only when both A3 and B3 are equal. Similarly, conditions
for x2, x1 and x0 to be ‘1’ respectively are equal A2 and B2, equal A1 and B1 and equal A0 and B0.
ANDing of x3, x2, x1 and x0 ensures that X will be ‘1’ when x3, x2, x1 and x0 are in the logic ‘1’
state. Thus, X = 1 means that A = B. On similar lines, it can be visualized that equations (7.26) and

262 Digital Electronics

Figure 7.36 Four-bit magnitude comparator.

(7.27) respectively represent A > B and A < B conditions. Figure 7.36 shows the logic diagram of a
four-bit magnitude comparator.

Magnitude comparators are available in IC form. For example, 7485 is a four-bit magnitude
comparator of the TTL logic family. IC 4585 is a similar device in the CMOS family. 7485 and 4585
have the same pin connection diagram and functional table. The logic circuit inside these devices
determines whether one four-bit number, binary or BCD, is less than, equal to or greater than a
second four-bit number. It can perform comparison of straight binary and straight BCD (8-4-2-1)
codes. These devices can be cascaded together to perform operations on larger bit numbers without the
help of any external gates. This is facilitated by three additional inputs called cascading or expansion
inputs available on the IC. These cascading inputs are also designated as A = B, A > B and A < B
inputs. Cascading of individual magnitude comparators of the type 7485 or 4585 is discussed in the
following paragraphs. IC 74AS885 is another common magnitude comparator. The device is an eight-
bit magnitude comparator belonging to the advanced Schottky TTL family. It can perform high-speed
arithmetic or logic comparisons on two eight-bit binary or 2’s complement numbers and produces two
fully decoded decisions at the output about one number being either greater than or less than the other.
More than one of these devices can also be connected in a cascade arrangement to perform comparison
of numbers of longer lengths.

Arithmetic Circuits 263

7.9.1 Cascading Magnitude Comparators

As outlined earlier, magnitude comparators available in IC form are designed in such a way that
they can be connected in a cascade arrangement to perform comparison operations on numbers of
longer lengths. In cascade arrangement, the A = B, A > B and A < B outputs of a stage handling
less significant bits are connected to corresponding inputs of the next adjacent stage handling more
significant bits. Also, the stage handling least significant bits must have a HIGH level at the A = B
input. The other two cascading inputs (A > B and A < B may be connected to a LOW level. We
will illustrate the concept by showing the arrangement of an eight-bit magnitude comparator using two
four-bit magnitude comparators of the type 7485 or 4585. Figure 7.37 shows the cascaded arrangement
of the two comparators. We can see the three comparison outputs of the comparator handling less
significant four bits of the two numbers being connected to the corresponding cascading inputs of the
comparator handling more significant four bits of the two numbers. Also, cascading inputs of the less
significant comparator have been connected to a HIGH or LOW level as per the guidelines mentioned
in the previous paragraph.

Operation of this circuit can be explained by considering the functional table of IC 7485 or IC 4585
as shown in Table 7.2. The two numbers being compared here are (A7 A0) and (B7 B0 . The
less significant comparator handles (A3, A2, A1, A0 and (B3, B2, B1, B0 , and the more significant
comparator handles (A7, A6, A5, A4 and (B7, B6, B5, B4 . Let us take the example of the two numbers
being such that A7 > B7. From the first-row entry of the function table it is clear that, irrespective
of the status of other bits of the more significant comparator, and also regardless of the status of its
cascading inputs, the final output produces a HIGH at the A > B output and a LOW at the A < B and
A = B outputs. Since the status of cascading inputs of the more significant comparator depends upon
the status of comparison bits of the less significant comparator, the cascade arrangement produces the
correct output for A7 > B7 regardless of the status of all other comparison bits. On similar lines, the
circuit produces a valid output for any given status of comparison bits.

Example 7.8
Design a two-bit magnitude comparator. Also, write relevant Boolean expressions.

Figure 7.37 Cascading of individual magnitude comparators.

264 Digital Electronics

Table 7.2 Functional table of IC 7485 or IC 4585.

Comparison inputs Cascading inputs Outputs

A3 ,B3 A2 ,B2 A1 ,B1 A0 ,B0 A>B A<B A=B A>B A<B A=B

A3 > B3 X X X X X X HIGH LOW LOW
A3 < B3 X X X X LOW HIGH LOW
A3 = B3 X X X X X X HIGH LOW LOW
A3 = B3 X X X X LOW HIGH LOW
A3 = B3 A2 > B2 X X X X X HIGH LOW LOW
A3 = B3 A2 < B2 X X X X LOW HIGH LOW
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 X A0 > B0 X X X HIGH LOW LOW
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 A0 < B0 X X X LOW HIGH LOW
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 A1 > B1 A0 = B0 HIGH LOW LOW HIGH LOW LOW
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 A1 < B1 A0 = B0 LOW HIGH LOW LOW HIGH LOW
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 A1 = B1 A0 = B0 LOW LOW HIGH LOW LOW HIGH
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 A1 = B1 A0 = B0 X X HIGH LOW LOW HIGH
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 A1 = B1 A0 = B0 HIGH HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW
A3 = B3 A2 = B2 A1 = B1 A0 = B0 LOW LOW LOW HIGH HIGH LOW
A2 = B2 A1 = B1
A2 = B2 A1 = B1
A1 = B1
A1 = B1

Solution
Let A A1A0 and B B1B0 be the two numbers. If X, Y and Z represent the conditions A = B A > B
and A < B respectively (that is, X = 1, Y = 0 and Z = 0 for A =B; X= 0, Y = 1 and Z = 0 for
A > B; and X = 0, Y = 0 and Z = 1 for A < B), then expressions for X, Y and Z can be written as
follows:

X = x1.x0 where x1 = A1 B1 + A1 B1 and x0 = A0 B0 + A0 B0
Y = A1 B1 + x1 A0 B0
Z = A1 B1 + x1 A0 B0

Figure 7.38 shows the logic diagram of the two-bit comparator.

Example 7.9
Hardware-implement a three-bit magnitude comparator having one output that goes HIGH when the
two three-bit numbers are equal. Use only NAND gates.

Solution
The equivalence condition of the two three-bit numbers is given by the equation X = x2.x1.x0, where
x2 = A2 B2 + A2 B2, x1 = A1 B1 + A1 B1 and x0 = A0 B0 + A0 B0.

Figure 7.39 shows the logic diagram. x2, x1 and x0 are respectively given by EX-NOR operation of
(A2, B2 , (A1, B1 and (A0, B0 . These are then ANDed to get X.

Arithmetic Circuits X1 265
X(A=B)
A1 Y(A>B)
B1
A0
B0

Z(A<B)
Figure 7.38 Solution to example 7.8.

Figure 7.39 Solution to example 7.9.

266 Digital Electronics

Table 7.3 Commonly used IC type numbers used for arithmetic operations.

IC type Function Logic
number family

7483 Four-bit full adder TTL
7485 Four-bit magnitude comparator TTL
74181 Four-Bit ALU and function generator TTL
74182 Look-ahead carry generator TTL
74183 Dual carry save full adder TTL
74283 Four-bit full binary adder TTL
74885 Eight-bit magnitude comparator TTL
4008 Four-bit binary full adder CMOS
4527 BCD rate multiplier CMOS
4585 Four-bit magnitude comparator CMOS
40181 Four-bit arithmetic logic unit CMOS
40182 Look-ahead carry generator CMOS
10179 Look-ahead carry block ECL
10180 Dual high-speed two-bit adder/subtractor ECL
10181 Four-bit arithmetic logic unit/function generator ECL
10182 Four-bit arithmetic logic unit/function generator ECL
10183 4 × 2 multiplier ECL

7.10 Application-Relevant Information

Table 7.3 lists commonly used IC type numbers used for arithmetic operations. Application-relevant
information such as pin connection diagrams, truth tables, etc., in respect of the more popular of these
type numbers is given on the companion website.

Review Questions

1. How do you characterize or define a combinational circuit? How does it differ from a sequential
circuit? Give two examples each of combinational and sequential logic devices.

2. Beginning with the statement of the problem, outline different steps involved in the design of a
suitable combinational logic circuit to implement the hardware required to solve the given problem.

3. Write down Boolean expressions representing the SUM and CARRY outputs in terms of three input
binary variables to be added. Design a suitable combinational circuit to hardware-implement the
design using NAND gates only.

4. Draw the truth table of a full subtractor circuit. Write a minterm Boolean expression for
DIFFERENCE and BORROW outputs in terms of minuend variable, subtrahend variable and
BORROW-IN. Minimize the expressions and implement them in hardware.

5. Draw the logic diagram of a three-digit BCD adder and briefly describe its functional principle.
6. Briefly describe the concept of look-ahead carry generation with respect to its use in adder circuits.

What is its significance while implementing hardware for addition of binary numbers of longer
lengths?
7. With the help of a block schematic of the logic circuit, briefly describe how individual four-bit
magnitude comparators can be used in a cascade arrangement to perform magnitude comparison of
binary numbers of longer lengths.

Arithmetic Circuits 267

Problems

1. A, B, Bin, D and Bout are respectively the minuend, the subtrahend, the BORROW-IN, the
DIFFERENCE output and the BORROW-OUT in the case of a full subtractor. Determine the bit
status of D and Bout for the following values of A, B and Bin:

(a) A = 0, B = 1, Bin = 1
(b) A = 1, B = 1, Bin = 0
(c) A = 1, B = 1, Bin = 1
(d) A = 0, B = 0, Bin = 1

(a) D = 0, Bout = 1; (b) D = 0, Bout = 0; (c) D = 1, Bout = 1; (d) D = 1, Bout = 1

2. Determine the number of half and full adder circuit blocks required to construct a 64-bit binary
parallel adder. Also, determine the number and type of additional logic gates needed to transform
this 64-bit adder into a 64-bit adder–subtractor.

For a 64-bit adder: HA=1, FA=63
For a 64-bit adder–subtractor: HA = 1, FA = 63, EX-OR gates = 64

3. If the minuend, subtrahend and BORROW-IN bits are respectively applied to the Augend, Addend
and the CARRY-IN inputs of a full adder, prove that the SUM output of the full adder will produce
the correct DIFFERENCE output.

4. Prove that the logic diagram of Fig. 7.40 performs the function of a half-subtractor provided that Y
represents the DIFFERENCE output and X represents the BORROW output.

5. Determine the number of 7483s (four-bit binary adders) and 7486s (quad two-input EX-OR gates)
required to design a 16-bit adder–subtractor circuit.
Number of 7483 = 4; number of 7486 = 4

A
BY

X

Figure 7.40 Problem 4.

6. The objective is to design a BCD adder circuit using four-bit binary adders and additional
combinational logic. If the decimal numbers to be added can be anywhere in the range from 0 to
9999, determine the number of four-bit binary adder circuit blocks of type IC 7483 required to do
the job.

Number of four-bit adders = 8

268 Digital Electronics

Further Reading

1. Koren, I. (2001) Computer Arithmetic Algorithms, A. K. Peters Ltd, Natick, MA, USA.
2. Ercegovac, M. D. and Lang, T. (2003) Digital Arithmetic, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, CA, USA.
3. Rafiquzzaman, M. (2005) Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcomputer Design, Wiley-Interscience, New

York, USA.
4. Morris Mano, M. and Kime, C. R. (2003) Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, Prentice-Hall, USA.
5. Tokheim, R. L. (1994) Schaum’s Outline Series of Digital Principles, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., USA.
6. Tocci, R. J. (2006) Digital Systems – Principles and Applications, Prentice-Hall Inc., NJ, USA.
7. Malvino, A. P. and Leach, D. P. (1994) Digital Principles and Applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company,

USA.

8

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

In the previous chapter, we described at length those combinational logic circuits that can be used
to perform arithmetic and related operations. This chapter takes a comprehensive look at yet another
class of building blocks used to design more complex combinational circuits, and covers building
blocks such as multiplexers and demultiplexers and other derived devices such as encoders and
decoders. Particular emphasis is given to the operational basics and use of these devices to design more
complex combinational circuits. Application-relevant information in terms of the list of commonly used
integrated circuits available in this category, along with their functional description is given towards
the end of the chapter. The text has been adequately illustrated with the help of a large number of
solved examples.

8.1 Multiplexer

A multiplexer or MUX, also called a data selector, is a combinational circuit with more than one
input line, one output line and more than one selection line. There are some multiplexer ICs that
provide complementary outputs. Also, multiplexers in IC form almost invariably have an ENABLE
or STROBE input, which needs to be active for the multiplexer to be able to perform its intended
function. A multiplexer selects binary information present on any one of the input lines, depending
upon the logic status of the selection inputs, and routes it to the output line. If there are n selection lines,
then the number of maximum possible input lines is 2n and the multiplexer is referred to as a 2n-to-1
multiplexer or 2n × 1 multiplexer. Figures 8.1(a) and (b) respectively show the circuit representation
and truth table of a basic 4-to-1 multiplexer.

To familiarize readers with the practical multiplexer devices available in IC form, Figs 8.2 and 8.3
respectively show the circuit representation and function table of 8-to-1 and 16-to-1 multiplexers. The
8-to-1 multiplexer of Fig. 8.2 is IC type number 74151 of the TTL family. It has an active LOW
ENABLE input and provides complementary outputs. Figure 8.3 refers to IC type number 74150 of
the TTL family. It is a 16-to-1 multiplexer with active LOW ENABLE input and active LOW output.

Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications Anil K. Maini
© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-03214-5

270 Digital Electronics

I0 0

I1 1 4-to-1
I2 MUX
O/P Y

2

I3 3 X1 X0

(a)

X1 X0 Y
0 0 I0
0 1 I1
1 0 I2
1 1 I3

(b)

Figure 8.1 (a) 4-to-1 multiplexer circuit representation and (b) 4-to-1 multiplexer truth table.

G Inputs Output

A Select Enable

B CBA G Y W

C X XX H L H
L D0 D0
Y L LL

D0 L LH L D1 D1
D1
D2 8-to-1 L HL L D2 D2
MUX
L HH L D3 D3

W H L L L D4 D4
L D5 D5
D3 H LH L D6 D6
D4 H HL L D7 D7
H HH
D5
G : ENABLE input
D6 A, B, C : Select inputs

D7 D0-D7 : Data inputs

Y,W : outputs

(a) (b)

Figure 8.2 (a) 8-to-1 multiplexer circuit representation and (b) 8-to-1 multiplexer truth table.

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 271

Inputs

G Select Enable Output

A W

B D C BA G

C X XXX H H

D L LLL L D0

D0 L L LH L D1

D1 L LHL L D2

D2 L L HH L D3

D3 L HLL L D4

D4 16-to-1 L HLH L D5
D5 MUX W L HHL L D6

D6 L HHH L D7

D7 HLLL L D8

D8 H L LH L D9
D9 H LHL L D10
D10 H L HH L D11
D11
HHLL L D12
D12
D13
D13 HHLH L

D14 H HHL L D14

D15 H HHH L D15

(a) (b)

Figure 8.3 (a) 16-to-1 multiplexer circuit representation and (b) 16-to-1 multiplexer truth table.

8.1.1 Inside the Multiplexer

We will briefly describe the type of combinational logic circuit found inside a multiplexer by
considering the 2-to-1 multiplexer in Fig. 8.4(a), the functional table of which is shown in Fig.
8.4(b). Figure 8.4(c) shows the possible logic diagram of this multiplexer. The circuit functions as
follows:

• For S = 0, the Boolean expression for the output becomes Y = I0.
• For S = 1, the Boolean expression for the output becomes Y = I1.

Thus, inputs I0 and I1 are respectively switched to the output for S = 0 and S = 1. Extending the
concept further, Fig. 8.5 shows the logic diagram of a 4-to-1 multiplexer. The input combinations 00,
01, 10 and 11 on the select lines respectively switch I0, I1, I2 and I3 to the output.The operation of the
circuit is governed by the Boolean function (8.1). Similarly, an 8-to-1 multiplexer can be represented
by the Boolean function (8.2):

Y = I0 S1 S0 + I1 S1 S0 + I2 S1 S0 + I3 S1 S0 (8.1)
Y = I0 S2 S1 S0 + I1 S2 S1 S0 + I2 S2 S1 S0 + I3 S2 S1 S0 + I4 S2 S1 S0 (8.2)

+I5 S2 S1 S0 + I6 S2 S1 S0 + I7 S2 S1 S0

272 Digital Electronics

I0 Y
2-to-1
MUX

I1
S

(a)

SY Y
0 I0
1 I1

(b)

I1

I0

S

(c)

Figure 8.4 (a) 2-to-1 multiplexer circuit representation, (b) 2-to-1 multiplexer truth table and (c) 2-to-1 multiplexer
logic diagram.

As outlined earlier, multiplexers usually have an ENABLE input that can be used to control the
multiplexing function. When this input is enabled, that is, when it is in logic ‘1’ or logic ‘0’ state,
depending upon whether the ENABLE input is active HIGH or active LOW respectively, the output
is enabled. The multiplexer functions normally. When the ENABLE input is inactive, the output is
disabled and permanently goes to either logic ‘0’ or logic ‘1’ state, depending upon whether the output
is uncomplemented or complemented. Figure 8.6 shows how the 2-to-1 multiplexer of Fig. 8.4 can
be modified to include an ENABLE input. The functional table of this modified multiplexer is also
shown in Fig. 8.6. The ENABLE input here is active when HIGH. Some IC packages have more than
one multiplexer. In that case, the ENABLE input and selection inputs are common to all multiplexers
within the same IC package. Figure 8.7 shows a 4-to-1 multiplexer with an active LOW ENABLE
input.

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 273

I0

I1

Y
I2

I3

S1 S0 Y

0 0 I0

S1 0 1 I1
1 0 I2

1 1 I3
S0

Figure 8.5 Logic diagram of a 4-to-1 multiplexer.

I1

I0 Y EN Y
S EN
S 00
X 1 I0
0 1 I1
1

Figure 8.6 2-to-1 multiplexer with an ENABLE input.

8.1.2 Implementing Boolean Functions with Multiplexers

One of the most common applications of a multiplexer is its use for implementation of combinational
logic Boolean functions. The simplest technique for doing so is to employ a 2n-to-1 MUX to implement
an n-variable Boolean function. The input lines corresponding to each of the minterms present in the
Boolean function are made equal to logic ‘1’ state. The remaining minterms that are absent in the
Boolean function are disabled by making their corresponding input lines equal to logic ‘0’. As an
example, Fig. 8.8(a) shows the use of an 8-to-1 MUX for implementing the Boolean function given
by the equation

fABC = 2 4 7 (8.3)

274 Digital Electronics

I0

I1

I2 Y Y
I3
S1 S0 EN 0
S1 S0 EN X X1 I0
0 00 I1
0 10 I2
1 00 I3
1 10

Figure 8.7 4-to-1 multiplexer with an ENABLE input.

In terms of variables A, B and C, equation (8.3) can be written as follows:

f A B C =A B C+A B C+A B C (8.4)

As shown in Fig. 8.8, the input lines corresponding to the three minterms present in the given Boolean
function are tied to logic ‘1’. The remaining five possible minterms absent in the Boolean function are
tied to logic ‘0’.

However, there is a better technique available for doing the same. In this, a 2n-to-1 MUX can be
used to implement a Boolean function with n + 1 variables. The procedure is as follows. Out of n +
1 variables, n are connected to the n selection lines of the 2n-to-1 multiplexer. The left-over variable
is used with the input lines. Various input lines are tied to one of the following: ‘0’, ‘1’, the left-over
variable and the complement of the left-over variable. Which line is given what logic status can be
easily determined with the help of a simple procedure. The complete procedure is illustrated for the
Boolean function given by equation (8.3).

It is a three-variable Boolean function. Conventionally, we will need to use an 8-to-1 multiplexer
to implement this function. We will now see how this can be implemented with a 4-to-1 multiplexer.
The chosen multiplexer has two selection lines. The first step here is to determine the truth table of
the given Boolean function, which is shown in Table 8.1.

In the next step, two of the three variables are connected to the two selection lines, with the higher-
order variable connected to the higher-order selection line. For instance, in the present case, variables
B and C are the chosen variables for the selection lines and are respectively connected to selection
lines S1 and S0. In the third step, a table of the type shown in Table 8.2 is constructed. Under the inputs
to the multiplexer, minterms are listed in two rows, as shown. The first row lists those terms where
remaining variable A is complemented, and second row lists those terms where A is uncomplemented.
This is easily done with the help of the truth table.

The required minterms are identified or marked in some manner in this table. In the given
table, these entries have been highlighted. Each column is inspected individually. If neither minterm
of a certain column is highlighted, a ‘0’ is written below that. If both are highlighted, a ‘1’ is

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 275

'1' 8-to-1 F
MUX
I0
I1 ABC
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7

(a)

I0 F
'0’ I1 4-to-1
A I2 MUX

I3

S1 S0

BC
(b)

Figure 8.8 Hardware implementation of the Boolean function given by equation (8.3).

Table 8.1 Truth table.

Minterm A B C f(A,B,C)

0 000 0

1 001 0

2 010 1

3 011 0

4 100 1

5 101 0

6 110 0

7 111 1

written. If only one is highlighted, the corresponding variable (complemented or uncomplemented)

is written. The input lines are then given appropriate logic status. In the present case, I0, I1,
I2 and I3 would be connected to A, 0, A and A respectively. Figure 8.8(b) shows the logic
implementation.

276 Digital Electronics

Table 8.2 Implementation table for
multiplexers.

I0 I1 I2 I3
A0 1 2 3
A4 5 6 7

A0 AA

Table 8.3 Implementation table for multiplexers. I3

I0 I1 I2 6
7
C0 2 4 C
C1 3 5

0 CC

It is not necessary to choose only the leftmost variable in the sequence to be used as input to
the multiplexer. Any of the variables can be used provided the implementation table is constructed
accordingly. In the problem illustrated above, A was chosen as the variable for the input lines,
and accordingly the first row of the implementation table contained those entries where ‘A’ was
complemented and the second row contained those entries where A was uncomplemented. If we
consider C as the left-out variable, the implementation table will be as shown in Table 8.3.

Figure 8.9 shows the hardware implementation. For the case of B being the left-out variable, the
implementation table is shown in Table 8.4 and the hardware implementation is shown in Fig. 8.10.

'0’ I0 F
C I1 4-to-1
I2 MUX
I3

S1 S0

AB

Figure 8.9 Hardware implementation using a 4-to-1 multiplexer.

Table 8.4 Implementation table for multiplexers.

I0 I1 I2 I3

B0 1 4 5
B2 3 6 7

B0 BB

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 277

B

I0 F
'0’ I1 4-to-1

I2 MUX
I3

S1 S0

AC

Figure 8.10 Hardware implementation using a 4-to-1 multiplexer.

Figure 8.11 Multiplexer for parallel-to-serial conversion.

8.1.3 Multiplexers for Parallel-to-Serial Data Conversion

Although data are processed in parallel in many digital systems to achieve faster processing speeds,
when it comes to transmitting these data relatively large distances, this is done serially. The parallel
arrangement in this case is highly undesirable as it would require a large number of transmission
lines. Multiplexers can possibly be used for parallel-to-serial conversion. Figure 8.11 shows one such
arrangement where an 8-to-1 multiplexer is used to convert eight-bit parallel binary data to serial
form. A three-bit counter controls the selection inputs. As the counter goes through 000 to 111, the
multiplexer output goes through I0 to I7. The conversion process takes a total of eight clock cycles. In
the figure shown, the three-bit counter has been constructed with the help of three toggle flip-flops.
A variety of counter circuits of various types and complexities are, however, available in IC form.
Flip-flops and counters are discussed in detail in Chapters 10 and 11 respectively.

Example 8.1

Implement the product-of-sums Boolean function expressed by 1,2,5 by a suitable multiplexer.

278 Digital Electronics

Solution
• Let the Boolean function be f A B C = 1 2 5.
• The equivalent sum-of-products expression can be written as f A B C = 0 3 4 6 7.

The truth table for the given Boolean function is given in Table 8.5. The given function can be
implemented with a 4-to-1 multiplexer with two selection lines. Variables A and B are chosen for the
selection lines. The implementation table as drawn with the help of the truth table is given in Table 8.6.
Figure 8.12 shows the hardware implementation.

Table 8.5 Truth table. f(A,B,C)

CBA 1
0
000 0
001 1
010 1
011 0
100 1
101 1
110
111

Table 8.6 Implementation table. I3

I0 I1 I2 3
7
C0 1 2 1
C4 5 6

10C

'1’ I0 Y F
I1 4-to-1
'0’ I2 MUX
C I3

B S1 S0
A

Figure 8.12 Example 8.1.