Science Process Skills

oleh: NI - Cikgu @!n

• Define Variables
• Aim of investigation (what to find out)
• Trend or pattern

What is variables?

• Variables are the things you select in a fair test / experiment that can affect the
results of test/experiment.

• Variables also known as gathered information in the investigation.

: Parameter + object Size of the ice-cube
Amount of water

Presence of sunlight
Type of plant

horizontal table data or ertical table data.

MV

Mass of object (g) Length of stretched spring (cm) Shorea fruit ABC
Jisim objek (g) Panjang spring meregang (cm) Buah meranti

10 2 MV Number of wing 234
20 4 Bilangan sayap

30 6 Distance seedling dispersed/meter 10 20 30
Jarak buah disebarkan/meter

ertical table data horizontal table data
MV - Number of wing
MV - Mass of object

• MV is the information that write or recorded in form of grap or bar
chart on (x)axis or vertical axis.

Area of splashing water / cm2 MV MV - Height of the balloon / meter
Luas kawasan percikan air/ cm2
Height of the balloon / meter
(y)
(x) Ketinggian belon / meter
75
60
45
30
15

5 10 15 30

horizontal table data or ertical table data.

RV

Mass of object (g) Length of stretched spring (cm) Shorea fruit ABC
Jisim objek (g) Panjang spring meregang (cm) Buah meranti

10 2 Number of wing 234
20 4 Bilangan sayap

30 6 RV Distance seedling dispersed/meter 10 20 30
Jarak buah disebarkan/meter

ertical table data horizontal table data

RV - Length of stretched spring (cm) RV - Distance seedling dispersed/meter

• RV is the information that write or recorded in form of graph or bar
chart on (y) axis or horizontal axis).

Area of splashing water / cm2 RV - Area of splashing water / cm2
Luas kawasan percikan air/ cm2
Height of the balloon / meter
(y)
(x) Ketinggian belon / meter
PUB
75
60
45
30

15

5 10 15 30

write or recorded

in the table.

Mass of object (g) Length of stretched spring (cm) Shorea fruit ABC
Jisim objek (g) Panjang spring meregang (cm) Buah meranti

10 2 Number of wing 234
20 4 Bilangan sayap

30 6 Distance seedling dispersed/meter 10 20 30
Jarak buah disebarkan/meter

• aim of experiment/ investigation is state the relationship between

m and .

• generally, the way to answer the question of aim/ purpose of
investigation:

i. To investigate the relationship between manipulated variable (MV) and responding variable
(RV) .

Usually used to answer

i. ii. To find out the relationship between manipulated variable (MV) and responding variable
(RV) .

Aim of investigation:

Mass of object (g) Length of stretched spring (cm)
Jisim objek (g) Panjang spring meregang (cm)

10 2
20 4
30 6

i. To investigate the relationship between mass of object and length of stretched spring .
or

ii. To find out the relationship between mass of object and length of stretched spring .

Shorea fruit ABC
Buah meranti 234
10 20 30
Number of wing
Bilangan sayap

Distance seedling dispersed/meter
Jarak buah disebarkan/meter

i. To investigate the relationship between number of wing and distance seedling dispersed/metre.
or

ii. To find out the relationship between number of wing and distance seedling dispersed/metre.

• state the trend or pattern changed in responding variable(RV).
• Generally, the way to answer the question: write one word based on

the table/ graph or bar chart.

examples:
i. Increase - From small getting bigger or larger

From lower became higher
ii. Decrease - From bigger/larger getting smaller

From higher getting lower
iii. Constant
iv. Increase and decrease
v. Decrease and increase

Trend or pattern

Mass of object (g) Length of stretched spring (cm) trend = increase
Jisim objek (g) Panjang spring meregang (cm) trend = increase

10 2
20 4
30 6

Shorea fruit ABC
Buah meranti 234
10 20 30
Number of wing
Bilangan sayap

Distance seedling dispersed/meter
Jarak buah disebarkan/meter

trend = increase

Trend or pattern

Number of fruits produced per tree
Bilangan buah yang dihasilkan pokok

310 trend = increase and decrease
240
180 Earth surface temperarture / 0C
130 Suhu pemukaan Bumi / 0C

90

15 20 25 30 35 40

Pendulum Length of string / cm Number of swings in 30 seconds trend = decrease
Bandul Panjang tali / cm Bilangan ayunan dalam tempoh 30 saat

P 10 50
Q 15 45
R 20 39
S 25 32