Biotic Ligand Model
Introduction
Standards Framework Work Group
October 15, 2008
National 304a WQ Critera
• CWA section 304a provides that EPA shall
develop (and revise) WQ criteria based on the
latest scientific knowledge regarding the
relationship between the pollutant
concentration and environmental/human
health effects.
Limitations of 1986 copper WQC
• Hardness alone is not adequate to explain variation
in copper toxicity
• The 1986 hardness‐based WQC is potentially
underprotective at low pH and overprotective at
higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
• Does not reflect the effects of other water
chemistry factors that are also known to effect
metal toxicity (such as pH, and organic matter)
New Copper Criteria
• In 2007, EPA published revised national
recommended 304(a) freshwater criterion for
copper.
• Based on the Biotic Ligand Model
Biotic Ligand Model
• A model that calculates an instantaneous
water quality criteria that takes into account
the actual bioavailability of the toxicant.
• (The “biotic ligand” is the site on the gill where the
metal ion attaches and enters the organism’s sytem.)
Biotic Ligand Model
• Takes into account:
– Concentration (how much there is)
– Complexation (what else is happening to the metal ion)
– Competition (what else is trying to bind to the gill site)
• Recognizes far more complexity than the
hardness‐based equations
Why is the BLM an improvement to the
hardness‐based WQC?
• Using the BLM allows regulators and dischargers
to account for the effect of water chemistry
parameters (e.g., DOC, pH, major ions, and
alkalinity) on metal toxicity to aquatic organisms
• Using the BLM provides more accurate WQC
without the expense or time required for deriving
a water effect ratio (WER)
Generalized BLM framework
BLM input parameters
• The BLM requires a description of water chemical
parameters that can influence metal toxicity. These
parameters include:
– pH
– DOC (a convenient measure of NOM)
– Major ions (necessary to calculate ionic strength) Some major ions
also have specific effects on copper toxicity including:
• Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium (which can all reduce copper
toxicity)
• Either alkalinity or dissolved inorganic carbon (used by the BLM to
estimate copper‐bicarbonate complexation)
BLM sensitivities
• DOC and pH are frequently the most
important input variables to the BLM
• (hardness is not a good surrogate measure of
the complexing and competing processes)
Model Sensitivity
History of use in Colorado
• 2004 – Denver Metro area dischargers developed
BLM‐based copper site‐specific standards as water‐
effects ratios (WER)
• WER are a multiplier to the hardness‐based
equation.
• 2004 standards based on early version of BLM
(required “lifting the hood”)
History ‐ Continued
• Tri‐lakes, Security, Boulder and Fort Collins
embarked on a similar path in 2006
• Newer version of BLM
• Better understanding of issues
• Resulted in Temp Mods, rather than site‐specific
standards.
If a WER worked…
What the data really showed…
Results of the 2007 work
• A straight ratio with TVS is inappropriate
• There were instances where the BLM resulted in
instantaneous WQC that were MORE stringent than
TVS. (Boulder = about 20%)
• How to pick a single value that will be protective and
can be used in a predictive sense