The Frontace piece from Diderot’s 17511772 publication of the “Enclyclopedia”
Notice that he references the “Sciences, arts and crafts”. Does this interest you given what we
learned about how science developed early on in the Islamic empires?
The Following prints are from the Encylopedia. The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the
quintiessential thinking of the Enlightenment. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie",
theEncyclopédie's aim was "to change the way people think". He and the other contributors advocated for
the secularization of learning away from the Jesuits. Enclyclopediasts wanted to incorporate all of the
world's knowledge into the Encyclopédie and hoped that the text could disseminate reason and
enlightened thinking to all of Eurpopean soceity usehring in a golden age where society and it’s
institutions could be perfected. It was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many
named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the mechanical arts. As you
analyze the prints, pay attention to what you are seeing and think about how 18th century scientific
thinking was impacted by philosophical thinking and a mechanical understanding of the world.
The Encyclopédie attempted to collect and summarize human knowledge in a variety of fields and topics,
ranging from philosophy to theology to science and the arts. The introduction shown above is considered an
important exposition of Enlightenment ideals. Among other things, it presents a taxonomy of human
knowledge which was inspired by Francis Bacon's The Advancement of Learning. This tree of knowledge was
created to help readers evaluate the usefulness of the content within the Encyclopédie, and to organize its
content notable is the fact that theology is ordered under "Philosophy" and that "Knowledge of God" is only a
few nodes away from "Divination" and "Black Magic".
"Reason is to the philosopher what grace is to the
Christian... Other men walk in darkness; the philosopher,
who has the same passions, acts only after reflection; he
walks through the night, but it is preceded by a torch. The
philosopher forms his principles on an infinity of particular
observations. He does not confuse truth with plausibility;
he takes for truth what is true, for forgery what is false, for
doubtful what is doubtful, and probable what is probable.
The philosophical spirit is thus a spirit of observation and
accuracy." (Dumarsais)
The goal of an encyclopedia is to assemble all the knowledge scattered on the surface of the earth, to
demonstrate the general system to the people with whom we live, & to transmit it to the people who will come
after us, so that the works of centuries past is not useless to the centuries which follow, that our descendants,
by becoming more learned, may become more virtuous & happier, & that we do not die without having
merited being part of the human race. (Diderot)
Like Wikipedia, the Encyclopédie was a collaborative effort involving numerous writers and technicians. As
do Wikipedianstoday, Diderot and his colleagues needed to engage with the latest technology in dealing with
the problems of designing an uptodate encyclopedia. These included what kind of information to include,
how to set up links between various articles, and how to achieve the maximum readership.
A block print of a Fashion Shop from the Encyclopedia
Copperplate press from Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie; ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et
des Métiers..., Vol. VIII.
"If exclusive privileges were not granted, and if the
financial system would not tend to concentrate
wealth, there would be few great fortunes and no
quick wealth. When the means of growing rich is
divided between a greater number of citizens,
wealth will also be more evenly distributed;
extreme poverty and extreme wealth would be
also rare." (Wealth, Diderot)
The encyclopedians successfully argued and marketed their belief in the potential of reason and unified
knowledge to empower human will and thus helped to shape the social issues that the French Revolution
would address. Although it is doubtful whether the many artisans, technicians, or laborers whose work
and presence and interspersed throughout theEncyclopédie actually read it, the recognition of their work
as equal to that of intellectuals, clerics, and rulers prepared the terrain for demands for increased
representation. Thus the Encyclopédie served to recognize and galvanize a new power base, ultimately
contributing to the destruction of old values and the creation of new ones (M. Desfontaines. Jugemens
sur quelques ouvrages nouveaux. Vol 8. (1745). p. 72)
1. How did this flip through some iconic images from the Encyclopedia
help you to better understand the Enlightenment and the development
of scientific secularism occuring in the middle of the 18th century in
France?