349 Solon 18, 19, 36 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 240 Sophism 18 Sorel, Georges 169, 200–01 Soto, Hernando de 183 South Africa 223–24, 269, 294–95, 304, 313 South America 84, 275, 312 sovereign 24, 26, 28, 30, 45–46, 88–89, 92, 101, 122, 255–56 sovereignty 92, 98, 100, 222, 254, 310 of people 93, 123–24, 138–39, 249 Soviet Union, see Russia Spain 184, 250 Spanish America 162–63, 204, 304 Spanish Civil War 218, 219, 250 SPD, Germany 168, 194, 202–03 Spengler, Oswald 336 Spring and Autumn period 18, 22, 28 Sri Lanka 329 Stalin, Joseph 218, 232, 240–41, 264, 322, 338–39 Trotsky and 242, 243, 244 state 92, 310 minimal 272, 326–27 state socialism 240–41 statecraft 45, 76–81 Steel, David 275 Strauss, Leo 257 strikes 201, 234–35, 250 structuralism 310–11 Suárez, Francisco 54, 70, 84, 87, 90–91, 94 suffrage 117, 136–39, 148, 154, 186, 207 Suffragettes 186, 207 Sui dynasty 48 Sukhanov, Nikolay 233 Sun Tzu 18, 27, 28–31, 44, 56, 160 Sun Yat-Sen 32, 33, 212–13, 218, 263 syndicalism 200–01 T Tacitus 142 Takshashila 44–45, 47 Taliban 313 Tawney, Richard 336 taxation 72, 73, 140, 327 Tea Party movement 280 terrorism 268, 269, 329 Thatcher, Margaret 236, 272, 275, 280 Theodosius I, Emperor 52 reason 67, 68, 85, 107, 116, 280–81 redistribution 274, 302, 303, 327 Reformation 71, 84, 90 regicide 109 religion 25, 27, 146, 184–85, 198, 199, 209, 215, 224, 281 Renaissance 39, 76, 80 Renan, Ernst 282 republic 53, 68, 76, 94, 106, 116, 136, 163, 170, 218 republicanism 49, 80, 112, 141, Bolívar 162–63 Paine 136–39 Rousseau 120–25 revisionism 202–03 revolution 14–15, 116–17, 190, 192, 194, 218 mass 228–33, 234–35 permanent 242–45, 253 violent 169 revolutionary socialism 234–35, 253, 312–13 Ricoeur, Paul 196 rights 100, 106, 117, 182 Bill of Rights 85, 98, 106, 108, 109, 136, 138, 150–53, 276 and duties 85, 172–73 individual 94, 132, 172–73, 326 libertarian 326–27 natural 131–33, 148, 151 property rights 134–39, 183 state’s 161 universal 86–87, 140–41, 172 ritual 25, 32 Robespierre, Maximilien 335 Rome 18, 19, 39, 49, 52, 54, 60,64, 110, 111, 238 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 219, 242, 247, 337 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 110, 118–25, 139, 146, 154–55, 162, 300, 335 social contract 89, 92, 116, 120, 122–25, 206, 326 state of nature 100, 102, 103, 121 Rouzade, Léonie 286 Roy, Manabendra Nath 253 Ruskin, John 290 Russia 194, 246, 322 Lenin 226–33 Revolution 169, 190, 194, 202, 218, 280, 312 Stalin 240–41 Trotsky 242–45 USSR 170, 218, 219, 234, 322 S Saint-Simon, Henri de 165, 170, 190 Salamanca, School of 54, 84–87, 91, 94, 324 Sarkozy, Nicolas 129 Sartre, Jean-Paul 288, 289, 306 Schmitt, Carl 88, 254–57, 296 Schopenhauer, Arthur 196, 198 Schumpeter, Joseph 113 science 165, 200 secularism 71 self-determination 13, 308–09 self-interest 33, 43, 98–99, 280 Sen, Amartya 300, 303 Senghor, Léopold Sédar 338 separation of powers 49, 84, 85,107, 110–11, 146 separatism 296 Shang Yang 19, 32, 48 Shariati, Ali 323 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 186 Shen Buhai 48 Shen Dao 48 slavery 14, 156, 161, 168, 252, 27 abolitionism 182 Master–Slave 157–59 slave morality 198–99 Thoreau on 186–87 Smith, Adam 72, 147 Smuts, Jan Chrisiaan 224 social activism 252 Social Choice theory 126 social contract 13, 40, 70, 84, 88, 91, 92, 93, 116, 127, 128, 254 Hobbes 98–103, 120 Locke 106–08, 326 Rawls 300, 302, 303 Rousseau 120–25 social democracy 218, 327 social groups 92–93 social insurance 210, 211 social justice 274, 298–303, 318–21 social reform 211, 335 socialism 14, 169, 170–71, 183, 190, 194, 210, 228, 322 libertarian 314–15, 336 revisionism 202–03 revolutionary 234–35, 253, 312–13 state 240–41 sociology 214–15 Socrates 18, 36–37, 38, 39, 186 INDEX
350 Thoreau, Henry David 186–87, 222 Tocqueville, Alexis de 110, 170–71 Tokugawa Ieyasu 333 Tolstoy, Leo 223 totalitarianism 13, 39, 125, 219, 242, 245, 265, 282–83 trade unions 201, 234 Trotsky, Leon 242–45 Turkey 218, 248–49 tyranny 15, 39, 43, 49, 70, 168 of majority 125, 176–77 U United Nations 60, 64, 69, 140 United States 84, 106, 112–13, 169, 171, 181, 186–87, 219, 225, 282 Bill of Rights 109, 150–53 civil rights 187, 268, 269, 308 Civil War 168–69, 182, 205, 318 conservatism 280 Constitution 90, 91, 93, 109, 111, 112, 150–52, 161, 182, 252 Declaration of Independence 60, 85, 140–41, 176, 182, 253 foreign wars 269, 324 Founding Fathers 112–13, 139, 150–53, 334 Great Depression 218, 219 gun ownership 150–53 interventionism 204–05, 247 New Deal 219, 242, 337 Patriot Act 254, 257 Revolutionary War 116, 137,152, 205, 334 slavery 161, 168 utilitarianism 44, 146–49, 179–80, 198 utility 76, 78, 80 Utopianism 13, 15, 59, 335, 336 V Venezuela 162–63, 204, 205, 242 Vietnam 268, 269, 300, 318, 319, 320, 324, 337 violence 169, 200, 201, 251, 253,257, 306, 308, 309 virtue 32, 33, 36, 113 cardinal and theological 53, 58 Confucian 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 39 good life 37, 38, 42, 70 political 40, 58–59 Virtuous City 52, 59 Vitoria, Francisco de 84–85, 86–87, 90, 94 Voltaire 85, 110, 116, 117, 146, 185 W Wagner, Richard 197 Walesa, Lech 234, 235 Walzer, Michael 268, 324–25, 326, 327 war 13, 28–31, 48, 76, 78, 107, 123, 160, 168, 244, 268, 329 ethics of 268 guerrilla warfare 312–13, 324 of independence 116–17, 164 just war 52, 55, 56–57, 62–69, 87, 247, 324–25 profiteering 247 revolutionary war 162–63 as state of nature 99–101 Warring States 18, 22, 27, 33, 48, 332 Washington, George 334 wealth 300–01 Webb, Beatrice 169, 210, 336 Weber, Max 169, 214–15, 296, 314 welfare state 169, 176, 202, 210, 268, 269, 274–75 Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 89 will, general 120–25 William III of England 108 Wilson, Woodrow 162 Wollstonecraft, Mary 117, 130, 154–55, 207 women 14, 112, 117, 154–55, 207, 284–89, 328, 334, 336 working class 14, 168, 190–91, 200–01, 228–31, 243, 250–51, 259 World War I 218, 231, 232, 238, 250, 255, 263 World War II 219, 244, 268, 337, 339 XY Yeltsin, Boris 322 Yugoslavia 338 Z Zapata, Emiliano 218, 246 Zhou dynasty 22, 23 Zia ul-Haq, General 278 Zionism 169, 208–09 Zizek, Slavoj 233 Zola, Émile 208 INDEX
351 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dorling Kindersley and Tall Tree Ltd would like to thank Sarah Tomley for book planning, Alison Sturgeon and Gaurav Joshi for editorial assistance, Debra Wolter for proofreading, and Chris Bernstein for the index. PICTURE CREDITS The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) 23 Dreamstime.com: Rene Drouyer (tr). 25 Getty Images: Yann Layma / The Image Bank (br). 26 Wikimedia Commons: http://de.wikipedia.org/w/ index.php?title=Datei:PalastexamenSongDynastie.jpg&filetimesta mp=20061104233014 (bl). 27 Getty Images: Peter Gridley / Photographer’s Choice RF (tr). 29 Corbis: Danny Lehman (cra). 31 Dreamstime.com: Ron Sumners (tl). Getty Images: Chinese School / The Bridgeman Art Library (bl). 33 Getty Images: Lintao Zhang / Getty Images News (cla). 37 Getty Images: G. DAGLI ORTI / De Agostini (br). 39 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 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