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Glossary 134 A admire /әdmaər/ - (admires, admiring, admired) If you admire someone or something, you like and respect them. advisor /ædvazər/ - (advisors) An advisor is an expert whose job is to give advice to another person or to a group of people. affect /əfεkt/ - (affects, affecting, affected) If something affects a person or thing, it influences them or causes them to change in some way. amen /αmεn/ - People say “amen” to show that they agree with or approve of what has been said. applause /əplɔz/ - Applause is the noise made by a group of people clapping their hands to show approval. B barren /bærən/ - Barren land consists of soil that is so poor that plants cannot grow in it. beast /bist/ - (beasts) A beast is an animal, especially a large and dangerous one. bless /blεs/ - (blesses, blessing, blessed) When someone, such as a priest, blesses people or things, he or she asks for God’s favor and protection for them. bruise /bruz/ - (bruises) A bruise is an injury that appears as a purple mark on your body. burden /bзrdən/ - (burdens) If you describe a problem or a responsibility as a burden, you mean that it causes someone a lot of difficulty, worry, or hard work. butler /bʌtlər/ - (butlers) A butler is the most important male servant in a wealthy house. C cave /kev/ - (caves) A cave is a large hole in the side of a cliff or hill, or under the ground. challenge /tʃælndʒ/ - (challenges) A challenge is something new and difficult that requires great effort and determination. chorus /kɔrəs/ - (choruses) A chorus is a part of a song that is repeated after each verse. companion /kəmpænyən/ - (companions) A companion is someone who you spend time with or who you are traveling with. courage /kзrdʒ/ - Courage is the quality shown by someone who does something difficult or dangerous, even though they may be afraid. cove /koʊv/ - (coves) A cove is a small bay on the coast. coward /kaʊərd/ - (cowards) A coward is someone who is easily frightened and avoids dangerous or difficult situations. creature /kritʃər/ - (creatures) You can refer to any living thing that is not a plant as a creature. cruel /kruəl/ - Someone who is cruel deliberately causes pain or distress to people or animals. curse /kзrs/ - (curses, cursing, cursed) If you curse someone or something, you say impolite or insulting things about them because you are angry. D deaf /dεf/ - Someone who is deaf is unable to hear anything or is unable to hear very well. decent /disənt/ - Decent is used to describe something that is considered to be of an acceptable standard or quality. deck /dεk/ - (decks) The deck of a ship is the top part of it that forms a floor in the open air which you can walk on. devil /dεvəl/ - (devils) A devil is an evil spirit. Dido /ddo/ - Dido is the legendary queen of Carthage. In Virgil’s Aeneid, she kills herself when her love, Aeneas, leaves her. drawn /dron/ - A drawn sword is a sword that has been removed from its sheath and is ready to be used. drown /draʊn/ - (drowns, drowning, drowned) When someone drowns or is drowned, they die because they have gone underwater and cannot breathe. drunk /drʌŋk/ - Someone who is drunk has had so much alcohol that they cannot speak clearly or behave sensibly. drunken /drʌŋkən/ - A drunken person is drunk or is frequently drunk. E enemy /ɛnəmi/ - (enemies) If someone is your enemy, they hate you or want to harm you. eventually /vɛntʃuəli/ - Eventually means in the end, especially after a lot of delays, problems, or arguments. evil /ivəl/ - If you describe something or someone as evil, you mean that you think they are morally very bad and cause harm to people. exhausted /gzɔstd/ - If something has exhausted you, it has made you very tired. expertise /ɛkspзrtiz/ - Expertise is a special skill or knowledge. GLOSSARY
135 F foolish /fulʃ/ - If your behavior or action is foolish, it is not sensible and shows a lack of good judgment. free /fri/ - (adj) If something is free, you can have it or use it without paying for it. Someone or something that is free is not restricted, controlled, or limited by rules, customs, or other people. free /fri/ - (frees, freeing, freed) (v) If you free someone of something that is unpleasant or restricting, you remove them from it. freedom /fridəm/ - (freedoms) Freedom is the state of being able to do what you want to do. G get rid of /ɡɛt rd əv/ - If you get rid of someone who is causing problems for you or who you do not like, you make them leave. gloomy /ɡlumi/ - If people are gloomy, they are unhappy and have no hope. goblin /gɔblən/ - (goblins) Goblins are ugly creatures that are usually mischievous, and sometimes evil and malicious. goddess /ɡɒds/ - (goddesses) A goddess is a female spirit, or being, that is believed to have power over a particular part of the world or nature. governor /ɡʌvərnər/ - (governors) In some systems of government, a governor is a person who is in charge of the political administration of a state, colony, or region. guilt /ɡlt/ - Guilt is an unhappy feeling that you have because you have done something wrong or think that you have done something wrong. H hazy /hezi/ - If you are hazy about ideas or details, or if they are hazy, you are uncertain or confused about them. heaven /hεvən/ - In some religions, heaven is said to be the place where God lives and where good people go when they die. heir /εər/ - (heirs) An heir is someone who has the right to inherit a person’s money, property, or title when that person dies. hell /hεl/ - In some religions, hell is the place where the Devil lives and where bad people are sent when they die. humble /hʌmbəl/ - A humble person is not proud and does not believe that they are better than other people. I insult /nsʌlt/ - (insults) An insult is a rude remark or something a person says or does that makes you feel bad. invisible /nvzbəl/ - If something is invisible, you cannot see it because it is transparent, hidden, or very small. K kidnap /kdnæp/ - (kidnaps, kidnapping, kidnapped) To kidnap someone is to take them away illegally and by force and usually to hold them prisoner in order to demand something from their family, employer, or government. kingdom /kŋdəm/ - (kingdoms) A kingdom is a country or region that is ruled by a king or queen. kneel /nil/ - (kneels, kneeling, knelt) When you kneel, you bend your legs so that your knees are touching the ground. L lord /lɔrd/ - (lords) A lord is a man who has a high rank in the nobility, such as an earl, a viscount, or a marquis. loss /lɔs/ - (losses) Loss is the fact of no longer having something or having less of it than before. loudmouth /laudmauθ/ - (loudmouths) Someone who is a loudmouth often speaks loudly and offensively. loyal /lɔəl/ - Someone who is loyal remains firm in their friendship or support for a person or thing. M magic /mæʤk/ - Magic is the power to use supernatural forces to make impossible things happen, such as making people disappear or controlling events in nature. magician /məʤʃən/ - (magicians) A magician is a person who is skilled in magic. maiden /medən/ - (maidens) A maiden is a young girl or woman. manners /mænərs/ - If someone has good manners, they are polite and observe social customs. If someone has bad manners, they are impolite and do not observe social customs. miracle /mrəkəl/ - (miracles) If you say that something is a miracle, you mean that it is very surprising and fortunate. monster /mɒnstər/ - (monsters) A monster is a large creature that looks very ugly and frightening. monument /mɒnyəmənt/ - (monuments) A monument is a large structure, usually made of stone, that is built to remind people of an event in history or of a famous person. mortal /mɔrtəl/ - If you refer to the fact that people are mortal, you mean that they have to die and cannot life forever. GLOSSARY
136 N native /netv/ - (natives) A native of a particular country, region, or town is someone who was born in that country, region, or town. never mind /nεvər/ /mand/ - You use never mind to tell someone that they do not have to do something or worry about something because it is not important or because you will do it yourself. noble /noʊbəl/ - If you say that someone is a noble person, you admire and respect them because they are unselfish and morally good. nymph /nmf/ - (nymphs) A nymph is a spirit from mythology that is represented as a beautiful maiden living in the mountains, forests, trees, or waters. P pathetic /pəθεtk/ - If you describe a person or animal as pathetic, you mean that they are sad, weak, or helpless, and they make you feel very sorry for them. pearl /pзrl/ - (pearls) A pearl is a hard, white, shiny, round object that grows inside the shell of an oyster and is used for making jewelry. pity /pti/ - If you say that it is a pity that something is true, you mean that you feel disappointment or regret about it. prosperity /prɒspεrti/ - Prosperity is a condition in which a person or community is very successful and doing well financially. R regret /rɡrεt/ - (regrets, regretting, regretted) If you regret something that you have done, you wish that you had not done it. revenge /rvεnʤ/ - Revenge involves hurting or punishing someone who has hurt or harmed you. reward /rwɔrd/ - (rewards, rewarding, rewarded) If you do something and are rewarded with a particular benefit, you receive that benefit as a result of doing that thing. rightful /ratfəl/ - If you say that someone or something has returned to its rightful place or position, they have returned to the place or position that you think they should have. rule /rul/ - (rules, ruling, ruled) The person or group that rules a country controls its affairs. S sail /sel/ - (n) (sails) Sails are large pieces of material attached to the mast of a ship. sail /sel/ - (v) (sails, sailing, sailed) If you sail a boat or if a boat sails, it moves across the water using its sails. scatter /skætər/ - (scatters, scattering, scattered) If you scatter things over an area, you throw or drop them so that they spread all over the area. seabed /sibed/ - (seabeds) The seabed is the floor of the sea or ocean. servant /sзrvənt/ - (servants) A servant is someone who is employed to work at another person’s home, for example, as a cleaner or gardener. shelter /ʃεltər/ - (shelters) A shelter is a small building or covered place that is made to protect people from bad weather or danger. shore /ʃɔr/ - (shores) The shores or the shore of an ocean, lake, or wide river is the land along the edge of it. Someone who is on shore is on the land rather than on a ship. sincerely /snsərli/ - If you feel or say something sincerely, you really mean or feel it and are not pretending. slave /slev/ - (slaves) A slave is someone who is the property of another person and has to work for that person. sober /soʊbər/ - When you are sober, you are not drunk. sore /sɔr/ - If part of your body is sore, it causes you pain and discomfort. spell /spεl/ - A spell is a situation in which events are controlled by a magical power. spirit /sprt/ - (spirits) A spirit is a ghost or super natural being. spy /spa/ - (spies) A spy is a person whose job it is to find out secret information about another country or organization. swamp /swɒmp/ - (swamps) A swamp is an area of very wet land with wild plants growing in it. swear /swεər/ - (swears, swearing, swore) If you say that you swear that something is true or that you can swear to it, you are saying very firmly that it is true. T tailor /telər/ - (tailors) A tailor is a person whose job it is to make and repair clothes. tame /tem/ - A tame animal or bird is not afraid of humans and behaves well. thorn /θɔrn/ - (thorns) Thorns are the sharp points on some plants and trees. threat /θrεt/ - (threats) A threat is a statement by someone that they will hurt you in some way, especially if you do not do what they want. throne /θroʊn/ - (thrones) A throne is a decorative chair used by a king, queen, or emperor on important official occasions. title /tatəl/ - (titles) Someone’s title is a word, such as “Doctor,” “Mr.,” or “Mrs.,” that is used before their name in order to show their status or profession. traitor /tretər/ - (traitors) A traitor is someone who betrays their country, friends, or a group of which they are a member by helping its enemies. GLOSSARY
137 trance /træns/ - If someone is in a trance, they seem to be asleep, but they still have their eyes open and can see and hear things. trick /trk/ - (n) (tricks) A trick is a clever or skillful action that someone does in order to entertain people. trick /trk/ - (v) (tricks, tricking, tricked) If someone tricks you, they deceive you, often in order to make you do something. U uninhabited /ʌnnhbtd/ - If a place is uninhabited, no one lives there. W wicked /wkd/ - You use wicked to describe someone or something that is very bad and deliberately harmful to people. worthless /wзrθls/ - Something that is worthless has no real value or use. your highness /yɔr hans/ - (your highnesses) Expressions such as “Your Highness” or “His Highness” are used to address or refer to a member of a royal family. GLOSSARY
138 (c. 1564 – 1616 AD) William Shakespeare is the world’s most famous playwright.Yet not much is known about his early life. In fact, even the exact date of his birth is not known for certain. However, based on the records that do exist, April 23, 1564, is generally believed to be the date of his birth. Records also tell us that he died on this same date in 1616 at the age of 52. Shakespeare grew up in the small English village of Stratford-uponAvon. He was the oldest son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, and the third of eight children. The Shakespeares were a well respected family. John Shakespeare, a tradesman who made gloves and traded leather, became the mayor of the town a few years after Shakespeare was born. Shakespeare was lucky to survive childhood. Sixteenth-century England was filled with diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, and dysentery. Most people did not live more than 35 years. Three of Shakespeare’s seven siblings died from what was probably the Bubonic Plague, a contagious disease that was very common at the time. As a child, Shakespeare went to the local schools where he learned to read and write. Eventually, he also studied Latin and English literature. In 1582, when William was 18, he married Anne Hathaway. Hathaway, who was eight years older than Shakespeare, was a local farmer’s daughter. During their marriage they had three children: Susanna, born on May 26, 1583, and twins, Hamnet and Judith, born on February 2, 1585. Hamnet, Shakespeare‘s only son, died in 1596 from Bubonic Plague. William Shakespeare © National Portrait Gallery, London Shakespeare’s childhood home in Stratford-upon-Avon.
139 In 1587, Shakespeare moved to London to be an actor and playwright. His wife and children stayed in Stratford-upon-Avon. Although Shakespeare performed in many plays, it was his playwriting that got the most attention. He soon became famous throughout England. When Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, her cousin James became king. Shakespeare’s acting company often performed for the new king, James I. In return, the king allowed Shakespeare’s acting company to be called The King’s Men. Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnets, and a variety of poems in the 23 years between 1590 and 1613. No one has ever found any of the original scripts that Shakespeare wrote. This makes it difficult to know exactly when each play was written. It was common for plays to change constantly as they were performed. Shakespeare would write the script and then continue to make changes with each performance. The plays we know today are from written copies taken from different stages of each play. Because of this, there are different versions of many of his plays. In 1599, Shakespeare’s acting company built the Globe Theatre, one of the largest theaters in England. The Globe was the theater where all Shakespeare’s plays were introduced and performed. Thousands of people crammed into the theater for each performance. There were 3,000 people in the building in 1613 when a cannon was shot during a performance of Henry VIII.The cannon set fire to the roof and the entire theater burned down. The Globe was rebuilt a year later. Soon after the fire at the Globe Theatre, Shakespeare returned to Stratford-upon-Avon to live with his family. Shakespeare enjoyed wealth and fame as a result of his successful years in London. He died just three years later on April 23, 1616. The cause of Shakespeare’s death is not known. He was buried at the Church of the Holy Trinity in Stratford-upon-Avon. The words written on his gravestone are believed to have been written by Shakespeare himself: Good friend for Jesus’ sake forbear To dig the dust enclosed here! Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones. In his will, Shakespeare left most of his possessions to his oldest daughter, Susanna. The only thing he left to his wife was his “second best bed.” Nobody knows what this means. However, his wife continued to live in the family home after Shakespeare’s death. Shakespeare’s last direct descendant, a granddaughter named Elizabeth, died in 1670.
140 T he Tempest stands apart from Shakespeare’s other plays in many ways. For example, The Tempest is believed to be the last play Shakespeare wrote alone. He wrote only two more plays after The Tempest: Henry VIII and Two Noble Kinsmen. These plays were written with John Fletcher. The Tempest is also the only Shakespeare play that is a completely original story. All of his other plays are based on stories from earlier sources. Perhaps for these reasons, many believe that The Tempest is Shakespeare’s best play. Like all of Shakespeare’s plays, it is not known exactly when The Tempest was written. However, we do know that it was performed for King James I in November 1611. This makes it likely that The Tempest was written earlier that year. (The play was so successful that it was performed again the next year to celebrate the engagement of King James’ daughter, Elizabeth). Shakespeare retired from full-time writing after The Tempest, returning to Stratford-upon-Avon to live his final few years close to his family. Many believe that Prospero’s closing speech in The Tempest is really Shakespeare saying good-bye to his career in the theater and as a writer. Shakespeare seems to have sensed that he did not have many years left. Soon after The Tempest was finished and he returned to Stratford-uponAvon, he wrote his will. Sources Before the late 1400s, Europeans thought the world was made up of only Europe, Asia, and Africa. But after Columbus discovered the Americas, the view of the world changed. Exploration of the New World and colonization (the governing of a nation by another nation) became popular subjects. Only 24 years before The Tempest was written, Sir Walter Raleigh had returned from his attempt to start a colony in North America. However, when ships came to the colony with supplies four years later, all of the people who had lived there had disappeared. The colony became known as the “Lost Colony.” Still, British colonization continued, and so did British citizens’ fasci - nation with faraway lands that were being colonized. Travelers brought back many strange stories. Some of these stories gave Shakespeare the inspiration for The Tempest. Some involved simple, “uncivilized” people who had strange rituals, or ceremonies. According to the stories, these people were only partly human. Stories of such people were probably the inspiration for the character of Caliban. The inspiration for the storm in The Tempest came from a pamphlet printed in 1610 called “A Discovery of the Bermudas, other wise called the Ile of Divels.” It told the story of a group of ships that got caught in a storm while traveling from London to Virginia. The storm separated the lead ship from the other ships. The lead ship was blown towards Bermuda. Although the ship got lost, no one drowned. The travelers lived on the island until they could build boats and sail on to Virginia.The story fascinated the citizens of England and gave Shakespeare an interesting idea for how to start The Tempest. Prospero In many ways the play reflects the interests and habits of King James I and his court. It is clear that the character of Prospero was written with King James in mind. For example, the King had an interest in magic and The History of The Tempest
witchcraft, which play an important part in the play. Also, the play’s central character is a wise father who sees and knows everything, and who protects and looks after his daughter. This was probably meant to flatter the King. Also like the King, Prospero’s power is represented by his books, staff, and robe. The play also features a “masque” (the dance performed by the goddesses Iris, Ceres, and Juno). Masques were very popular in the royal court of King James I. It is believed that another inspiration for Prospero was Queen Elizabeth’s advisor, Dr. John Dee (1527–1608). Dee studied math, science, and magic. He had a reputation for performing magic and for having an extremely large library of books. At one time, it was the largest library in England. In Shakespeare’s time, books were seen as a source of magical power, especially by the uneducated public. Some people feared Dee and his books so much that his house was attacked and his library was set on fire. After Queen Elizabeth died and King James I came into power, Dee’s royal influence ended completely. King James provided no financial support to Dee. Dee was forced to sell his possessions. He died in poverty three years before The Tempest was written. Theater Use Starting in 1608, Shakespeare’s acting company started performing his plays at Blackfriars Theatre on the north bank of the River Thames in London. The Globe Theatre was an open-air theater. This meant that when it rained, much of the audience would get wet. Blackfriars Theatre, on the other hand, was a completely enclosed theater that included stage lighting and a large organ. The Tempest seems to have been developed with this theater in mind. The play includes more music than any of Shakespeare’s other plays. Also, the banquet scene includes the sudden appearance and disappearance of the table and the food. This was possible because there was a trap door on the Blackfriars stage. The area below the door was large enough for moving large objects around. This was something that the Globe Theatre didn’t have. Shakespeare always tried to come up with new and exciting sights and stories to thrill and excite his audiences. With The Tempest, he certainly succeeded. Shakespeare must have been pleased to end his writing career on such a high point. 141
It is hard to imagine today, but theaters were actually a new idea in Shakespeare’s time. Before the first theater was built, actors used to perform plays in the courtyards of inns or taverns.The very first theater in Elizabethan London that only showed plays was built in 1576. It was called, simply, The Theatre. It was introduced by a businessman named James Burbage. The landlord of The Theatre was Giles Allen, a Puritan. The Puritans were a religious group who believed that theatrical entertainment was sinful. Allen did not approve of The Theatre. In the winter of 1598, he decided to increase the rent. He hoped that this would put The Theatre and its acting company out of business. Instead, theater members took apart the building piece by piece and shipped it across the River Thames to a new location for rebuilding. Allen could not do anything about this as the company owned the wood. The new theater was named The Globe Theatre. Burbage owned 50 percent of the Globe. William Shakespeare and four other investors owned the other 50 percent. The Globe was one of four major theaters in the area, along with the Swan, the Rose, and the Hope. We don’t know exactly what the Globe looked like. However, we are fairly sure of some of the details through drawings from the period. The theater itself was a closed structure. It had an open courtyard where the stage was. The open area was surrounded by three levels of seats, called “galleries.” The galleries were protected from the sun and rain by a thatched roof, or a roof made of straw. Generally, only the wealthier audience members could afford these seats. In front of the stage, there was a roofless yard. People of the lower classes stood in this area during the performances. They paid one penny, almost an entire day’s pay, to watch the performance from this area. These audience members typically included butchers, iron workers, sailors, servants, shopkeepers, bakers, and other tradesmen. They were called “groundlings” because they stood on the ground in the open space, sometimes in the baking sun and sometimes getting wet, for the three-hour performances. Yet this area was still usually crammed full of people. In 1599, a Swiss doctor who visited London described the different seating areas of the Globe Theatre in his diary: “[There are] separate galleries and there one stands more comfortably and moreover can sit, but one pays more for it. Thus anyone who remains on the level standing pays only one English penny: but if he wants to sit, he is let in at a farther door, and there he gives another penny. If he desires to sit on a cushion in the most comfortable place of all, where he not only sees everything well, but can also be seen then he gives yet another English penny at another door. And in the pauses of the comedy food and drink are carried round amongst the people and one can thus refresh himself at his own cost.” (The Diary of Thomas Platter) The entire structure of the Globe Theatre was not very big, but it could hold surprisingly large crowds. Up to 3,000 people fit into it for a single performance. The Second Globe Theatre In 1613, the theater burned to the ground. One year later, Shakespeare’s company built a second Globe Theatre on the foundations of the original Globe. This time, the roof was made of tile instead of straw. Shakespeare didn’t write any new plays for this theater. He retired 142 Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre
143 to Stratford-Upon-Avon the same year the second Globe Theatre opened. He died just two years after retiring. Performances continued at the second Globe Theatre until 1642. That year, all theaters and places of entertainment where closed down by the Puritans. Two years later, the Puritans tore the building down completely. There was no more Globe Theatre for 352 years. The New Globe Theatre In 1993, work began on the construction of a new Globe Theatre close to the site of the original theater. It was completed three years later. Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the New Globe Theatre on June 12, 1997, with a production of Henry V. The New Globe Theatre was built based on sketches of the original Globe Theatre. It is as accurate a reproduction as possible.The building can hold 1,600 audience members, including 900 seated members and 700 “groundlings.” For more information on The Globe Theatre, visit www.shakespeares-globe.org The New Globe Theatre
144 OTHER CLASSICAL COMICS TITLES: Henry V 1-4240-2877-9 Frankenstein 1-4240-3184-2 Great Expectations 1-4240-2882-5 Jane Eyre 1-4240-2887-6 Macbeth 1-4240-2873-6 A Christmas Carol 1-4240-4287-9 Romeo and Juliet 1-4240-4291-7 COMING SOON: The Canterville Ghost 1-4240-4299-2
CLASSIC FICTION / GRAPHIC NOVEL Making the classics accessible for ALL learners. Returning from a royal wedding, the ships carrying the King of Naples and his crew are caught in a violent storm. Traveling through treacherous and turbulent waters, they all arrive on the same nearby island. Not only does each believe that the others did not make it out alive, they are also completely unaware that the storm was no accident… The Tempest, the last of Shakespeare’s works, and also said to be his finest, is a true testament to his playwriting abilities. This enchanting and vivid tale is brought to life through colorful imagery and engaging storytelling—perfect for all learners. Definitions provided by Collins COBUILD Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning, is a leading provider of materials for English language teaching and learning throughout the world. Visit Heinle at http://elt.heinle.com www.classicalcomics.com "I would strongly recommend The Tempest to all my colleagues, especially those who teach English language learners. This is a great way to motivate students to read and, at the same time, learn vocabulary." – Vanessa Calderon, ELD Coach Oxnard Union High School District