Professional care on transcultural sensitivities and population diversity

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Professional care on transcultural





sensitivities and population diversity




Julie James Abdullah

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Learning Outcome







1. Describe factors associated with cultural sensitivity within

healthcare.




2. Discuss the influence of culture on health and health care decisions.


3. Identify approaches for dealing with transcultural issues in


healthcare.



























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Learning Outline







1. Factors associated with cultural sensitivity within healthcare.



2. Influence of culture on health and health care decisions.



3. Approaches for dealing with transcultural issues in healthcare.


































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Factors associated with



cultural sensitivity within


healthcare

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Culture










Culture is a system of knowledge, beliefs,

patterns of behaviour, artifacts, and institutions

that are created, learned, and shared by a

group of people.




Culture is the essence of who people are and

the foundation of people’s beliefs and identity.




Culture has many layers of complexities

triggered by emotional responses therefore;

cultural sensitivity ought to be an integral part

of healthcare practitioner training.









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Cultural Sensitivity







Why is culture so important, and why should cultural sensitivity be included into the equation of
healthcare?






• Understanding culture leads to ideals of cultural sensitivity, which can be applied to the world of

medicine that can result in higher standards of equity, efficiency, and quality care in healthcare

facilities.





• Awareness and competency of culture is essential to promote equality and justice in healthcare

settings.

➢This can be referred to as cultural sensitivity, which encompasses the philosophy of respect,

care, dignity, and understanding, when considering treatment or providing care in any aspect.












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Factors associated with cultural sensitivity within healthcare










































Understanding Cultural values and

culture beliefs






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Understanding culture







1. Interpreting body language





In the example, Sheila’s body language can be interpreted as any of the following: eager to assist or

help, intensely interested in what the employee has to say, aggressive and wanting more information,

or needing deeper engagement in the conversation. Her employee’s body language could mean any

of the following: protective, suspicious, not caring, or relaxed. To understand the dynamics of culture
in this example, you would need to pay attention to the things you do not see such as:






➢Is Sheila older or younger than her employee?


➢What has been their working relationship?


➢Does Sheila naturally lean forward when speaking with her employees?


➢What is the tone of voice in the conversation?






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Understanding culture







2. Culture is Symbolic





• Symbols are both verbal and nonverbal in form within cultural systems, and they have a unique way

of linking human beings to each other.






• Humans create meaning between symbols and what they represent; as a result, different

interpretations of a symbol can occur in different cultural contexts.























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Understanding culture





2. Culture is Symbolic





Example


➢A meeting of senior executives who need to make a decision about a new service. This group
of leaders has a team culture that orients itself toward a democratic process: decision

making is based on one vote from each member.


➢Now imagine a similar group of leaders with the same task but, this time, the group of
leaders is comprised of native Malaysian. Leaders who are younger in the group ask their

elders for advice.

➢This is an example of how cultural systems differ in their interpretation and expressions of

culture.

➢In some cultural systems, voting is not an option. The symbol of a vote has different

meanings and interpretations or simply may not even exist in any practical sense depending

on the cultural background.






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Understanding culture







3. Stereotypes and Generalizations





• Stereotypes are negative statements and interpretations made about a group of people.


• Stereotypes, whether deemed positive or negative, place people into boxes and categories and

limit them to those specific perspectives.


• A stereotype, such as “Asians are good at math,” does not provide the complete picture someone

needs to understand the Asian culture or the differences between Asian cultures.


• Similarly, just because you meet a 70-year old who does not know how to use current technology, it
does not mean that other individuals in that generation do not know how to use it.

















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Understanding culture







4. Levels of Culture





• One of the basic tenets of culture is that it consists of levels and sublevels.






• Culture in terms of five basic levels: national, regional, organizational, team, and individual. Within

each of these levels are tangible and intangible sublevels of culture.


























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Understanding culture






• All national cultures consist of regional subcultures that influence the characteristics of one group

from another in a nation state.

➢The word “lawa” refers to pretty / beautiful, but if Sarawak, it is referred to as “sombong” .






• Organizational culture speaks to the culture that is specific to an organization

➢culture that makes it distinctive from competitors and non-competitors.

➢often referred to as “corporate cultures” and reflect the beliefs, values, and assumptions of an

organization.






















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Understanding culture







Team level





➢The values, beliefs, and norms of culture are present in team environments, dictating the team’s
operations and efficiency.





➢Cultural norms in teams guide members in their dress and appearance, their language, how

they relate to one another, and how they get along.





➢Some teams are very serious, while others use humour in their work life.


















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Understanding culture







• Individual cultural differences relate to your preferences for things through your personal
experiences that include the influence of your family, your peers, school, media, co-workers, and so

on.






• You may even work with the person in the same organization and department, thus sharing an

organizational and team culture, and even though you share similar interests, you will likely have
differences in individual culture based on who you are and your social upbringing.


























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Influence of culture on



health and health care


decisions

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Introduction







Do cultural differences influence care decisions?





• All cultures have developed systems of beliefs to explain the cause of illness, how illness can be

cured or treated, and who should be involved in the health care process.

➢every culture has beliefs about health, disease, treatment, and health care providers.































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Culture and the Health Care System







• Culture plays a huge role in medical interactions.

➢It influences how an individual might view an illness or treatment, for example, and affects

how a physician should address an older patient.





• Culture may also affect the decision-making process.

➢Cultural beliefs can affect how a patient will seek care and from whom, how he or she will

manage self-care, how he will make health choices, and how she might respond to a specific

therapy.





• Cultural issues play a key role in compliance, which is a person’s willingness to adhere to the

doctor’s recommendations.












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Culture and the Health Care System







• Culture influences healthcare at all levels, including communications and interactions with doctors
and nurses, health disparities, health care outcomes, and even the illness experience itself.






• People in some cultures believe illness is the will of a higher power, and may be more reluctant to

receive health care.






• Culture hold common beliefs, practices and institutions, there can be many variations between
individuals.





















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Approaches for dealing



with transcultural issues


in healthcare

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Introduction







• A patient's behaviour is influenced in part by his cultural background. However, although certain
attributes and attitudes are associated with particular cultural groups, not all people from the same

cultural background share the same behaviours and views.






• When caring for a patient from a culture different from your own, you need to be aware of and

respect his cultural preferences and beliefs; otherwise, he may consider you insensitive and
indifferent, possibly even incompetent. But beware of assuming that all members of any one

culture act and behave in the same way; in other words, don't stereotype people.























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Cultural Competence







What is Cultural Competence?





• Cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviours, attitudes, and policies that

come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-

cultural situations.






• 'Culture' refers to integrated patterns of human behaviour that include the language, thoughts,
communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or

social groups.


















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Cultural Competence







What is Cultural Competence?





• 'Competence' implies having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization

within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviours, and needs presented by consumers and their

communities.































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Cultural Competence







• Cultural competence requires that organizations:





➢have a defined set of values and principles, and demonstrate behaviours, attitudes, policies,
and structures that enable them to work effectively cross-culturally.


➢have the capacity to (1) value diversity, (2) conduct self-assessment, (3) manage the dynamics

of difference, (4) acquire and institutionalize cultural knowledge and (5) adapt to diversity and
the cultural contexts of the communities they serve.


➢incorporate the above in all aspects of policy making, administration, practice, service delivery,
and involve systematically consumers, key stakeholders, and communities.




















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Cultural Competence







• Cultural competence is a developmental process that evolves over an extended period.

➢Both individuals and organizations are at various levels of awareness, knowledge, and skills

along the cultural competence continuum.





• Cultural competence is the integration and transformation of knowledge about individuals and

groups of people into specific standards, policies, practices, and attitudes used in appropriate
cultural settings to increase the quality of services; thereby producing better outcomes


























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Cultural Competence







• Principles of cultural competence include:





➢Define culture broadly.

➢Value clients' cultural beliefs.

➢Recognize complexity in language interpretation.


➢Facilitate learning between providers and communities.

➢Involve the community in defining and addressing service needs.

➢Collaborate with other agencies.


➢Professionalize staff hiring and training.

➢Institutionalize cultural competence.














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Culturally Sensitive







• Culturally sensitive behavioural health care strives to acknowledge, understand and respond to a
diversity of cultures, including:





➢Religion and/or Spirituality


➢Race/Ethnicity

➢Immigration Experience

➢Sexual Orientation


➢Culturally sensitive behavioural health care is important to us because attention to cultural

issues and the unique needs of diverse cultural groups has been shown to improve quality of
care, as neglect has resulted in health disparities
















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Culturally Sensitive




How healthcare provider can approaches or dealing with cultural sensitivity?

















Awareness Knowledge Skill Experience
Multicultural
Awareness of our Knowledge of Skill, such as Training

own and other differences and culturally
peoples’ similarities between appropriate Experience
perspectives and and within cultures, assessment and multicultural

biases and of how culture intervention training, as well as
affects psychological, techniques professional and
family, social and personal experience

academic functioning




4 Aspects Of Culturally Sensitive Care

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Culturally Sensitive







How healthcare provider can approaches or dealing with cultural sensitivity?





• There are four aspects of culturally sensitive care


1. Awareness of our own and other peoples’ perspectives and biases

2. Knowledge of differences and similarities between and within cultures, and of how culture

affects psychological, family, social and academic functioning

3. Skill, such as culturally appropriate assessment and intervention techniques

4. Experience multicultural training, as well as professional and personal experience





















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Culturally Sensitive






As healthcare provider:









Fight stereotypes and Increase clients access to

discrimination culturally-relevant care














Acknowledge and use clients’
Enhance respect and strengths in order to instill a sense
awareness of esteem and personal control











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