Health, Population and Environment Education 9

7. Setting up well trained intervention groups specialized in forecasting avalanches and
rescuing persons buried by the snow, and making available the necessary means of
intervention (rescue dogs).


Things to be done during the avalanche
1. Keep calm, do not panic. If possible help neighbours in difficulty, the handicapped,
children, the aged and shelterless.
2. Know how to react and behave in case of an avalanche and act accordingly.
3. Obey the orders of the authorities and the intervention teams regarding the evacuation
of people and livestock. Do not forget to cut off the gas, electricity and water and lock
the door with a key.

4. Listen to the radio but do not use the telephone without good reason as this overloads
the network.


Things to do after the occurrence of avalanche
1. Keep calm, do not panic
2. Check if there are any wounded or persons in difficulty in the neighbourhood and
assist them
3. Listen to the radio but do not use the telephone unless absolutely necessary.

4. Collaborate with the official rescue and assistance organs.
5. Help in treating livestock and in emergency repair work.
6. Help to identify the victims.

7. Check the electric circuit carefully.

2 Risks induced by human activities
The earth today is populated by more than seven billion people. We are affecting every part
of the earth, directly or through worldwide pollution and climate change. Anthropogenic
environmental changes threaten human health by causing food and water scarcity,
increasing the risks for natural disasters and displacements of population, and increasing
the risks of infection diseases.

The risks induced by human activities are called human induced risks. Anthropogenic
hazards are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with
natural disasters. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect humans, other organisms
and ecosystems.

Human induced risks include the loss of life property and physical structures. These risks
affect the socio-economic life of the people. Human activities are responsible for a number
of risks. Some of them are mentioned below:
1. Risk of landslide due to deforestation.
2. Risk of flood due to outburst of dam.
GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9 251

3. Risk due to mine accident.
4. Risk of fire due to short-circuiting.
5. Risk of civil war due to conflict.

6. Risk of road accident.
7. Risk of aircraft crash.
8. Risk of loss of life and property due to bomb explosion.

9. Risk of loss of life and property due to collapse of buildings.
10. Risk of loss of life due to electric shock.
Various factors bring risk in human health. We get involved in various occupation in the
process of living life. While for our livelihood, there is very high chance of health risks in
our life. These risks may affect our health adversely. Various health risks that are likely to
occur in our health while working in various fields are given below:

1. Physical risks
The physical condition of the work place
posses different types of risks to the health
of workers. The extreme temperatures, i. e.
too high or low temperature affect the health
of the workers. Noise population in factories
and industries affect the hearing capacity of
the workers. Similarly, exposure to harmful
radiations like X–ray, UV-rays, gamma-
rays, etc. in work place affect human health
adversely. Therefore, we should keep the Fig: 15
physical state of the work place in risk-free
condition.

2. Chemical risks
In factories and industries, workers should
use different types of chemical substances.
These chemicals affect the health of the
workers adversely. Different chemical cause
allergic reactions to the skin. Contact with
acids like sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid,
nitric acid, etc. have risk of burning skin and
clothes. The vapour of harmful chemicals
affect the internal organs. Therefore, workers
should be careful while working with Fig: 16
chemicals. They should wear mask and
gloves while working with chemicals to reduce the risks due to contact with chemical
substances.


252 GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9

3. Biological risks
In our surroundings a variety of microbes
like bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, etc.
are present. These microbes cause various
diseases to human beings. Similarly, different
types of vectors like mosquito, sandfly,
honesty, etc. transmit various diseases to
human beings. Different types miorobes and
vectors increase the risk of diseases among
workers in work place. A variety of diseases
may occur to the farmers working in field, Fig: 17
poultry farms, etc. There is risk of getting infection with birdflu to the people working in
poultry farms. Similarly, there is risk of getting swine flue to the people working in pig
farms. Therefore, precautions and safety measures should be adopted to avoid biological
risks.


4. Mechanical risks
We should work with a variety of machines
in factories and industries. The workers may
get injures while working with machines.
There is risk of getting injury while operating
different types of machines. Many workers
lose their body parts or even life in factories
and industries while working with machines.
Therefore, the workers would be very careful
and sensitive while working with machines.
They should adopt safety measures to avoid Fig: 18
mechanical work in their work places.

Management of natural hazards
Various natural factors are responsible for occurring natural hazards. Thus, human beings
cannot stop natural disasters from occurring. But, there is the possibility of minimizing
the damage and loss that may occur by natural disaster. Therefore, it is necessary to
design plan for management of natural disasters by identifying their types of causes of
their occurrence. Adoption of the following activities may be helpful in the management
of natural hazards.
i. Generating public awareness to stay alert to natural disasters.

ii. Conducting immediate rescue activities for the disaster affected people.
iii. Managing physical and financial support for affected people.
iv. Mobilization of various welfare organizations to provide support to the affected
people.
v. Following various precautions and preventive measures for natural hazards.


GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9 253

Management of man-made hazards
In comparison to natural hazards, man-made hazards are in the control of human beings.
Man-made hazards can be controlled to a large extent by adopting the following activities.
i. Generating public awareness against man-made hazards
ii. Maintaining environmental sanitation
iii. Spreading awareness regarding epidemics

iv. Conducting afforestation programmes and discouraging deforestation
v. Keeping natural resources pollution free
vi. Following traffic rules to minimize road accidents

vii. Maintaining vehicles periodically
viii. Adopting scientific way for agricultural activities
ix. Paying much attention to personal hygiene
x. Discouraging forest fire

xi. Maintaining wiring system of electricity supply
xii. Arranging proper treatment for victimized and disease affected people
xiii. Broadcasting various informative programmes regarding hazards

xiv. Conservation and preservation of green forests and wildlife.
xv. Stopping unhealthy competition among human beings in different sectors.


Activity: 2

Identify the possible risks/threats in your locality. Discuss those risks in your classroom
and present the conclusion in your class.



10.6 General Concept of Safety Education

Introduction to safety education

Safety is the state of being “safe”, the condition of being protected from harm or other
non-desirable outcomes. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards in
order to achieve an acceptable level of risk.

The education that educates people an various safety practices at work, at school, on the
road and in daily life is called safety education. Safety education is very important in work
places where employees work with heavy machinery, chemicals and food. Workers are
instructed on how to perform their job tasks in a safe and productive way that minimizes
risk of injury illness or accidents to themselves and other. Safety precautions include
wearing protective eye gear, wearing ear plugs to minimize noise from loud machines,

254 GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9

hand washing and wearing gloves when handling food and following specific guidelines
when lifting heavy boxes and working with heavy equipment.
School safety education consists of fire drills, earthquake drills, and school lock down
processes. These courses begin in primary school and are repeated throughout junior
high and high school. CPR training is a safety education course that is a requirement for
teacher, day care providers and staff, lifeguards and certain management personnel.

Safety education provides knowledge to the people. It provides guidelines to be safe in
workplace. We get knowledge of various safety rules and precautions to avoid risks at
home, office, school, play ground, workplace, etc.
Importance of safety education

Safety education helps us to avoid possible accidents to protect from physical and mental
trauma. The importance of safety education is given below:

i. Safety education helps people live a safe life.
ii. It helps reduce the rate of possible accidents.
iii. It helps people to save money by reducing possible accidents.

iv. It helps reduce deaths and casualties due to possible accidents
v. It provides knowledge to avoid risks and possible accidents.

Arrangement of safety measures

Human beings remain active from early morning to late night. We many meet accidents
anywhere whether at home, on the road, at school or playground. Therefore, we should
adopt safety measures to avoid possible accidents. We should try to stay safe where we
are present. We should try to keep ourselves safe on the road, school, playground, home,
etc. Here, we will discuss the safety measures that should be adopted at home, on the
road, at school and on playground in brief.

1. Safety measures at home
We need home to live life safely. However, various accidents may occur inside or outside
home if we do not adopt safety rules. At home, we have to consider various aspects like
proper management of electricity, water supply, kitchen, furniture, bathroom, courtyard,
etc. By adopting safety rules, we can avoid a number of accidents at home. The safety
measures that we should adopt at home are mentioned below:
i. We should keep household utensils and appliances in a proper place.
ii. We should keep weapons and sharp objects away from the reach of children.
iii. We should use weapons and sharp objects carefully.

iv. We should keep electric wires and repair the bare wires to avoid risk of getting electric
shock.

v. We should keep electric appliances away from the reach of children.

GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9 255

vi. We should clean the bathroom regularly.
vii We should not leave kitchen, toilet, bathroom and floor slippery.
viii. We should use fire, carefully. We should put out fire in a windy day and when we go
out of home.
ix. We should not play with fire and explosives

x. We should switch off the electric circuits when we go out of home.
xi. We should fill the ditches and puddles around our house.
xii. We should store insecticides and pesticides away from the reach of children.

xiii. We should keep lighter and match box away from the reach of children.
xiv. We should keep railing and handrail on the stairs.
xv. We should not play on the roof top.













Fig: 19

2. Safety measures on the road
We should adopt safety measures while going from
one place to another. Many accidents occur on
the road every day. In Nepal, hundreds of people
lose their life every year due to road accidents. The
number of road accidents is increasing day by day in
urban areas. Therefore, it is essential to provide safety
education to the people. It helps to reduce the rate
of road accidents. We should adopt following safety
measures on the road to minimize road accidents. Fig: 20
i. We should follow traffic rules while walking and driving on the road.

ii. We should cross the road any form the zebra-crossing. We should cross the road very
carefully seeing left and right if there is no zebra-crossing.
iii. We should walk only from the left side of the road.

iv. We should not play on the road.
v. We should get up and down the school bus in a queue.
vi. We should always walk on the footpath.


256 GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9

vii. We should not take out any body parts (head, land, etc.) out of the window from the
vehicles.
viii. We should not disturb the driver.
ix. We should not drive the vehicles after drinking alcohol.
x. We should be careful to avoid possible accident due to the presence of stray animals
and street dogs.













Fig: 21
Zebra crossing Traffic Light


3. Safety measures at school
Various accidents may take place at school. We can reduce those accidents by adopting
safety rules. The safety measures that we should adopt at school to minimize accidents
are given below:
i. We should not climb on the furniture.

ii. We should not push others on the staircase.
iii. Old and broken furniture should be replaced.
iv. Crowding, obstructing, pushing, pulling and ganging up should be avoided.
v. Waste materials should be disposed properly.

vi. Floor of the classroom should not be slippery.
vii. In laboratory, the chemicals should be handled carefully.
viii. Classrooms should be managed properly.
ix. We should keep grills in the windows.

x. We should repair the furniture on time.
xi. We should manage lighting system in classrooms and bathroom.
xii. Dust bins should be kept in each classroom and different areas of the school.

xiii. We should dispose wastes produced in the school properly.
xiv. We should not play with electric appliances.





GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9 257

Fig: 22
xv. We should not push others while walking on staircase.

4. Safety measures on playground
In schools, playgrounds are made for various
physical activities. Students run and rush on the
playground. so they may meet accident while
playing. Therefore, playground should be safe to
play and managed properly to minimize accidents.
The safety measures that should be adopted in the
playground are given below: Fig: 23
i. The condition of the playground should be inspected before playing. The obstacles in
the playground should be removed.
ii. Games should be played only under the supervision of game instructors.
iii. The playground should be safe for the students of all level.

iv. Rules should be followed while playing games.
v. The uneven parts and puddles in the playground should be filled with mud/sand.
vi. The pieces of glass, bricks, etc. should be removed from the playground.
vii. We should not rush on the playground.

Project work: 1

• List the safety measures that you are adopting
i. At home
ii. On the road
iii. At school

iv. On the playground

Project work: 2
• Inspect the condition of the classroom, bathroom, stair case, science laboratory and
playground.
• Identify the risk factors that may invite accidents in those places. Prepare a short
report on it.
258 GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9

Summary

1. Primary health care (PHC) is an essential health care made universally accessible to
individuals and acceptable to them.
2. Primary health care is an approach to health beyond the traditional health care
system that focuses on health equality producing social policy.
3. The ultimate goal of primary health care is the attainment of better health services
for all.
4. Primary Health Care (PHC) is the heart and soul of medicine. It is the foundation
of every health care system: the first contact and ongoing link between people and
their health providers.

5. Primary health care provides community based, multidisciplinary, patient centered
care with a focus on both the treatment and prevention of various conditions.
6. PHC provides health services by trained health assistant, (HA), community medical
assistants, nurses, midwives, etc. at local level.
7. Maternal and child health care and family planning also fall under the elements of
primary health care.
8. The threat of damage, injury, loss or any other impact caused by vulnerabilities is
called risk.
9. A natural or man-made situation that possesses threat to lives and properties in
environment is called a hazard.
10. When the hazards come to their extremity, they become active and show their
dangerous and devastating nature by claiming lives and properties.
11. The conditions or situations that can cause the body physical harm or inverse stress
are called physical hazards.
12. The chemical substances that create threat in environment and harm lives, properties
and environment are called chemical hazards.
13. The biological agents that can cause risk in living beings are called biological
hazards. Such hazards are bacteria, viruses, fungi, foreign toxin, etc.

14. The hazards which occur in nature due to the natural processes are called natural
hazards.
15. The hazards which occur as a result of human activities are called man-made
hazards.
16. An event that occurs suddenly and affects life and property is called a disaster.
17. The natural events that occur suddenly and cause loss of life and property are called
natural disasters.
18. The disasters that occur due to human activities are called human induced disasters.
19. The disasters that commonly occur in Nepal are flood, landslide, forest fire, storm,
glacial lake outburst, epidemics, lightning, earthquake, etc.

20. An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the earth’s surface.
GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9 259

21. Earthquake may occur at any time. So we should adopt various measures to keep
us safe during the earthquake.
22. The overflow of water on both sides of a river, stream, etc. due to heavy rainfall,
melting of ice, outburst of glacier lakes, blockade of river, etc. is called flood.
23. The slide of landmass, soil, rock, etc. downwards due to effect of gravity is called
landslide. The mitigating measures and management of flood and landslide are
given below.
24. Glaciers are essential natural resources and sources of river that provide fresh-
water in the Himalayan region of Nepal.
25. A type of outburst flood that occurs due to filling of the dam containing a glacial
lake is called glacial lake outburst flood.
26. An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. It is commonly called
a snow slide.
27. Human beings cannot stop natural disasters from occurring. But, there is the
possibility of minimizing the damage and loss that may occur by natural disaster.
28. The education that educates people an various safety practices at work, at school,
on the road and in daily life is called safety education.
29. School safety education consists of fire drills, earthquake drills, and school lock
down processes. These courses begin in primary school and are repeated in high
school.



Exercise

A. Write very short answer to the following questions.
1. What is primary health care?

2. Write two characteristics of primary health care.
3. Mention any two elements of primary health care
4. What is meant by risk?
5. What is meant by hazard?

6. What is earthquake?
7. Mention any two precautions prior to earthquake
8. Write any two safety measures that should be adopted during earthquake

9. What is flood?
10. Write any two cases of flood.
11. What is landslide?
12. Write any two precautions that should be adopted during flood.


260 GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9

13. What is meant by avalanche?
14. Write any two causes of avalanche.
15. What is meant by burst of glacier lake?

16. What are man-made threats?
17. What is meant by biological risks?
18. Write any two ways of risk reduction.

19. What is safety education?
20. Mention any two safety measures that should be adopted on the road.


B. Write short answer to the following questions.
1. Give a brief introduction to primary health care.
2. Describe the importance of primary health care in brief.
3. Name two types of risk and explain each of them.

4. Write down the precautions before and during the earthquake.
5. Mention the precautions and preparedness for flood and landslide.
6. Describe the major causes of avalanche.

7. Write down the preparedness and safety measures for burst out of glacier lake.
8. Discuss the major threats posed to public health in their work places.
9. Describe the major ways of threat risk reduction.
10. Explain the concept of safety education in brief.

11. Describe the importance of safety education.
12. Mention the safety measures that should be adopted at school.
13. Mention the safety measures that should be adopted on playground.


C. Write long answer to the following questions..
1. What is meant by primary health care? Explain its characteristics.

2. Describe the measures of disaster risk reduction.
3. Explain the safety measures that should be adopted outside the school and on
play ground.
4. Write short notes on
a. Safety education
b. Safety measures arrangement




GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9 261

Specification Grid (Issued by CDC)
Health, Population and Environment Education

Secondary Education Examination (Grade 9)

Weighting VS S L VS S L VS S L VS S L
(21.33%)
(26.66%)
(21.33%)
(30.66%)
Unit Area Knowledge Understanding Application Higher Ability
1. General Concept of
Health, Population
and Environment 16 1 1
Education

2. Demography and 1
Population Change 17 1 1
3. Environment,
Population and 14 1 1
Development
4. Demographic states
and Environment in 18 1 1
Nepal
1
5. Family Life
Education 18 1 1
6. Natural Resources
and Biodiversity 18 1 1
1
7. Environmental
Health 18 1

8. Adolescence, Sexual
and Reproductive 17 1 1
Health
9. Consumer Health 18 1 1 1

10. Primary Health Care
and Precautions and 16 1 1
Security on Risk
Total 170 5 2 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1


Types of No. of questions No. of answer
Question to be asked to be given Time division Full marks
Very short 11 11 11 ques × 2 min = 22 11 × 1 = 11
Short 9 9 9 ques × 7 min = 63 9 × 4 = 36
Long 4 4 4 ques × 12.5 min = 50 4 × 7 = 28
Total 24 24 135 min 75

262 GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9

New Model Question
Environment, Health and Population Education

Time: 2 hrs. 15 min. Grade 9 Full marks: 75
All questions are compulsory


Very Short answer questions 11 × 1 = 11
1. What is health education?

2. How does climate affect birth?
3. What is main aim of development?
4. When was first census conducted in Nepal?
5. Why is the life expectancy of people increased in Nepal?

6. Where is gold found in Nepal?
7. Which diseases are caused by drinking contaminated water?
8. Why is minilap regarded as permanent contraceptive method?

9. How are food substances adulterated?
10. Write any one characteristic of primary health care.
11. What should we do during the earthquake when we are inside home?


Short Answer Questions 9 × 4 = 36
12. What is environment education? Why do we need it? (1+3=4)
13. Differentiate between defacto and dejure method of census. (4)

Or,
How does migration affect economic aspect of a place?
14. What is human resource development? Write the importance of human resource
development. (1+3=4)
15. What is the population size and growth rate of population in Nepal? Explain briefly. (4)
16. “Marriage is eternal, biological and psychological relationship between male and
female joined as husband and wife.” Justify this statement. (4)
17. “Earth is a living planet.” Justify this statement. (4)

Or,
“Natural resources are most important for our proper growth, development and
survival.” Justify this statement.

18. What are solid wastes? How can we reduce solid wastes? (1+3=4)


GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9 263

19. Why is the adolescence period regarded as period of stress and storm? (4)
20. What is consumer health? Why do we need consumer health education? (1+3=4)
Or,

What are minerals? Why do we need minerals in our body?

Long Answer Questions 4 × 7 = 28

21. How are health, population and environment education interrelated with each
other? (7)

22. a. Why is more population density in urban areas? (3)
b. Why should there be involvement of women in planning the family? Express
your views. (4)

23. What is air pollution? Write the causes, effects and control measures of air pollution.
(1+2+2+2=7)

24. “Menstruation is a natural process.” Justify this statement. (7)













































264 GREEN Environment Population and Health Education Book-9