29051490-Handbook-of-Japanese-Mythology

332 Index

Amaterasu-π-mikami, continued Amenokagasewo, 296
and food, creation of, for mankind, Amenokoyane, 196
79–80 Amenomikumari, 296
and food deities, 146 Amenominakanushi-no-kami, 113–114,
and Izanagi and Izanami, 175, 176
and jewels, 180 296
and Jimmu Tenno, 181–182 Am§noπri-gπtπ, 230, 261
and Kokka Shintπ, 206 Amenπshikumone, 296
and mirrors, 216 Amenotokotachi, 296
and Ni-π, 225 Amenotoribune-no-kami, 85
and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222 Amenowakahiko, 210
and ∏kuninushi, 229 American grizzly, 64
and Susano-wo, 77–79, 259–260, 261
and swords, 169–170, 262 and Ch∆∆jπ-hime, 129–130
and Takamagahara, 264 and Hπtei, 168
and Takamimusubi-no-kami, 265 and Seishi-bosatsu, 245
and Tenson, 274 Amida Nyπrai, 38, 41, 43, 44–45, 47, 49,
and Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto, 277
and Ukemochi-no-kami, 79–80 50, 115, 236, 286
and Yamato-takeru, 289 and Hπtei, 168
See also Ama-no-Uzume; Izanagi and and kang, 193
Izanami; Susano-wo; Dπzoku-shin and Miroku-bosatsu, 216
See also Kannon; Seishi-bosatsu
Amatsu-Kami, 141 Amidists, 49
Amatsuhiko-Hikohohodemi-no-mikoto, Amitabha, 49
Ampelopsis vine, 256
87, 296 Amulets, 271, 290
Amatsumara, 296 Anan, Ananda, 296
Amatsumikaboshi, 268, 296 Ancestors, 25, 60, 182
Am§-Nigishi-Kuninigishi-Amatsu-hiko- Ancestral deities, 222
Ancestry, 168
no-ninigi-no-mikoto, 222 Anchin, 252
Ame-no-kaguyama, 265 Angry spirit, 272
Ame-no-kanayama, 265 Animals, 115–116. See also individual
Ame-no-manai, 265
Ame-no-oshi-homimi-no-mikoto, 86 animals
Animals, zodiac. See Zodiacal animals
and conquest of earth, 83–84 Anobium notatum, 126
Ame-no-oshikumone-no-mikoto, 196, 252 Anthology, 69
Ame-no-wakahiko, 110–111, 114, 284 Anthropology, 72–73
Anthropophagous demons, 99
and conquest of the earth, 84–85 Anti-Buddhist, 57
and pheasant, 118 Antiquity, 262
and Takamimusubi-no-kami, 265 Antoku, Emperor, 19, 157, 256
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Anus, 196
Apasam kamui, 120–121. See also Kamui
Animals: Pheasant; Takamimusubi-
no-kami Fuchi; Pakoro Kamui
Ame-no-yasunokawa, 84, 264 Apemerukoyan-mat Unamerukoyan-mat,
Ameno-π-habari-no-kami, 262, 264
Amenofutotama-no-mikoto, 79 191
Amenohohi-no-kami, 84 Apparition, 86, 138, 157, 164, 268–269

Index 333

Appleseed. See Johhny Appleseed Assembly of the Gods, 121–122
Apprentices, 294 and divination, 136
Apron, 200 and Kamado-gami, 186
Aramitama, 31, 232, 260, 267 and Rusugami, 239
Ararush, 64 and Takamimusubi-no-kami, 265
Archaeo-anthropology, 72–73 See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Ebisu;
Archaeology, 13, 72–73, 176, 177, 183, 307 Hachiman; Takamimusubi-no-kami
Archaic period, 12–14
Archer, the, 95 Assignation, 223
Archer patron god, 215 Assistance kamui, 226
Archery, 96, 160, 225, 236 Aston, W. G., 299
Archetypal themes, 71 Atago, Mount, 271
Arctic, 62 Atago Mountain guardian deity, 122
Arhat, 185, 202 Atago-gongen, 122–123
Aristocracy, 23–24
and Jizπ, 184
and earthly kami, 141 See also Bishamon; En-no-Gyπja; Jizπ;
Aristocratic period, 16–19
Ark-shell princess, 297 Kannon; Tengu
Arm-hold, 266 Ataka, 125
Armor, 53, 77, 97, 113, 124–125, 128, Atsuta-jhinja shrine, 262
Auspicious, 14–15
156, 162, 169, 215, 220, 237, 247, Austerities, 29, 129–130, 153, 202, 247, 294
259, 293 Avalokiteshvara, 52, 193
Arrows, 81–82, 114, 284. See also Avatars, 48, 49, 55
Weapons Avatars of the dragon deity, 252
Art Awa, 202, 203
and mythic themes, 22, 67 Awaji, 173
Artemisia vulgaris, 109 Ax, 54, 124, 200, 285
Arthurian legend, 72, 82 Ayu, 93, 204
Asakusa, 193 Azuma, 92, 289
Asano Naganori, 21, 130, 131
Ascetic practice boddhisattva, 207 Baby protector, 225
Ascetic practices, 58, 295 Badgers, 116, 119
Ascetics, 58 Baishajyaguru, 50
mountain, 145, 271, 290 Bakemono, 123. See also Ghosts
and Tengu, 271 Bakufu, 19
Ashes, 191 Bamboo, 87, 112, 174
Ashigara, 92 Bandits, 17, 94, 237
Ashigeru, Mount, 200 Banishment, 17, 127, 146, 159, 175, 259,
Ashiharahikπ-wo-no-kami, 228
Ashiharanakatsukuni, 277 260, 272, 277, 279
Ashketanne-mat, 294 Barbarians, 18
Ashuku Nyπrai, 297 Bards, 301
Ashura, 54–55 Barren land, 148
Asian brown bear, 64 Bathing, 123
Asoka, 131 Bathing under waterfalls, 58
Assassination, 14 Batπ Myπ-π, 54
Baton, 53
Battabara-bosatsu, 46, 55, 123

334 Index Birthing women, 294
Birthrate, 120
Batto Kannon, 193 Bishamon-ten, 53 123, 128, 247, 271
Beads, 78, 86, 180 Biwa, Lake, 9, 42, 94, 95, 97, 103, 117,
Beans, 230
Bear cub, sacrifice of, 199 124, 270
Bear god, 64, 198 Biwa (pipa), 126
Bear ritual, 64 Biwa player, 156–157
Beard-cutter, 262 Black fox, 148
Bears, 64, 182, 198, 199, 200, 227 Black giant, 280
Beef Black-haired, 22
Blacksmith, 123
and Japanese uniqueness, 159 Blades. See Swords
Bees, 81, 228 Blessings, 260
Beetles, 126
Befu, Harumi, 179 and Tokoyo-no-kuni, 280
Begging bowl, 200, 204 Blind lute player, 264
Bell ringing, 142 Blocking-Great-Deity-of-the-Door-of-
Bells, 241
Yπmi, 175
and kangeiko, 294 Blood, 197, 210, 262
Benevolence, 115 Blood type
Benkei, 42, 123–126, 241
and Japanese uniqueness, 179
as hero, 162 Blood-sucking female monster, 197
and weapons, 285 Blue (color), 247
and Yoshitsune, 96–98, 293 Boars, 81, 92, 215, 228, 289
See also Dπjπ-hπshi; Taira; Boats, 62, 83, 85, 92, 157, 158, 165, 178,

Ushiwakamaru; Yoshitsune 227, 229, 256, 260, 289, 293
Benten. See Benzaiten Boddhidarma, 45, 134, 207, 243
Benzaiten, 126, 247 Boddhisattvas, 32, 37, 47–48, 50–52

and Ugajin, 277–278 and Fugen-bosatsu, 153
See also Mountains; Shichi Fukujin; and oni, 232
Bodhiπtree, 246
Ugajin Bodily afflictions, 282
Beryl (color), 286 Boiling cauldron, 136
Bible, 65, 175 Bombers, 188–190
Big Dipper constellation, 220 Bon, 67
Bikuni, 25, 58, 290 Bon-ten, 53, 297
Bimbogami, 23, 126, 136 Bone setting, 196
Binzuru statues, 127 Bone-locking, 196
Binzuru-sonja, 55, 126–128, 242 Bosatsu, 50–52, 54, 55
Botoke. See Hotoke
and J∆rokurakan, 185 Boulders, 254. See also Stones
See also Jizπ; J∆rokurakan; Kannon; Bow and arrow, 82, 110. See also

Kπbπ Daishi Weapons
Biography, 300 Bow-and-arrow of life, 284
Bird-boat deity, 85. See also Bowing, 195
Bows, 158, 160, 263, 284. See also Bow
Amenotoribune-no-kami
Birds, 70, 161, 227, 289 and arrow; Weapons
Birth

and Kamui Fuchi, 191
and rebirth, cycle of, 38

Index 335

Brahma, 36, 53 protector of, 250
Branch houses, 26, 65, 140 and Shintπ, 15–16, 26, 31–32, 37,
Bravery, 162
Bream, 88, 142, 167 57–58, 206
Bridal clothes, 232 See also Japanese Buddhism; Zen
Bridal headdress, 232
Bridge of Heaven, 173. See also Heavenly Buddhism
Buddhist cosmology, 38–39, 101–102
Floating Bridge Buddhist deities, 47–49
Bright Kings, 54 Buddhist influence, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 66, 74
Bringing-down-game woman, 161 Buddhist Law, 52, 53, 54, 98, 209
Brocade, 266, 270
Bronze technology, 13 and Bishamon-ten, 128
Brothels, 25 and Daruma, 134
Brother-sister deities, 278 and Fudπ Myπ-π, 151
Brother-sister founder myth, 61, 72. See and Meru, Mount, 218
and renge, 238
also Creation myths; Foundation and Ry∆ju, 241
myths and Sanbπ-Kπjin, 244
Buddha, 37, 38, 67, 246 and thunder deities, 276
and Binzuru-sonja, 126–127 Buddhist Law protector, 131, 132, 239,
defining physical marks of, 246
and elephant, 117 298
and hotoke, 168, 169 Buddhist literature, 16, 65, 67–68
and Ida-ten, 169 Buddhist monasteries, 19
and kang, 193 Buddhist mythology
and Kishimπjin, 200
and Ni-π, 223 and Shintπ mythology, 98–100
and renge, 238 Buddhist priests, 32
and Sanbπ-Kπjin, 244 Buddhist sages, 242–243
and Ugajin, 278 Buddhist saints, 185, 243. See also
Buddha of the Center, 47
Buddha of the East, 47, 286 individual saints
Buddha of the future, 52 Buddhist schools
Buddha of the Pure Land, 115
Buddha of the South, 297 founders of, 243
Buddha of the West, 47, 49, 286 Buddhist topography, 101–102
Buddha of wisdom, 52 Buffalos, 133
Buddhahood, 101 Bukkyπ, 27
Buddhas, 39, 47–49, 49–50, 215. See also Bullies, 42
individual buddhas Bulls, 133
Buddha’s disciples, 242 Bunke, 65, 140
Buddhism, 27, 35, 36–55, 56, 57 Bunki mandala, 130
formation of, 99 Buraku, 5
and Inari, 171 Bureaucracy, 6–7, 8, 15, 16–17, 24, 179
as kami source, 36 Burglar, 239
and mountains, 218–219 Burning ford, 92
mythic timeline in, 75 Bushi, 19, 22, 24
Bushi boys, 41–42
Bushi caste, 45
Bushidπ, 131
Business, 26
Buteki Myπ-π, 54

336 Index

Butsu, 49–50. See also Buddha Chamberlain, Basil Hall, 259
Butsu-dπ, 15, 27. See also Buddhism Chan, 56
Char, giant, 109
Capitalism, 22, 192–193 Charcoal gatherers, 287
Caretaker, 239 Charms and medicines, selling of, 58
Caretaker kami, 142 Chase kamui, 191
Caring ghosts, 57 Cherry trees, 145
Carnal lust kami, 257 Chestnut Boy, 294
Carnal pleasure, 155 Chiba prefecture, 95
Carnelian, 170, 180, 181. See also Jewels Chief drunk boy, 237 See also Shutendπji
Carters and horse copers patroness, 193. Chikap Kamui, 109, 128, 192, 211

See also Batto Kannon and Jinushigami, 183
Carving, 121 See also Kotankor Kamui
Caste system, 7 Chikuzen, 272
Castles, 23 Child labor, 121
Catfish, 220–221, 239, 254, 266–267. See Childbearing, 161
Childbirth, 197
also Fish Childbirth deity, 201, 213
Cattle, 146 Childbirth patroness, 201
Cattle-herder, 232 Children, souls of, 279
Cave storehouses, 221 Children protector
Celebrated deities, 29 and shishi, 119
Celestial dog, 270 Chimata-no-kami, 128–129
Celestial Emperor, 6 and Dosπjin, 139
Centipedes, 81, 82, 95, 116–117, 228–229, See also Dosπjin; Izanagi and Izanami
Chimera, 163
241, 261, 270 China, 3, 6–7, 24–25, 36, 37
Central Asian writings, 67–68 Chinese, 10, 20
Central Buddha, 41, 48 Chinese Buddhism, 41, 41. See also
Central Land of the Reed Plains, 79, 84,
Buddhism
118, 128, 140, 296 Chinese bureaucratic system, 15, 24
and Ama-no-uzume, 111 Chinese characters, 69–70
and Amaterasu-o-mikami, 112 Chinese cosmology, 102
and Ame-no-wakahiko, 114 Chinese fan, 168
and Assembly of the Gods, 121 Chinese government model, 16–17
and Futsunushi-no-kami, 155 Chinese influence, 5, 6–7, 66, 74
and Heavenly Floating Bridge, 161 Chinese legal model, 14
and Izanagi and Izanami, 175 Chinese literature, 67–68
and Izumo, 177 Chinese mythology, 6–7
and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 86–87, 222 Chinese political model, 13–14, 14
and Sarutahiko-no-π-kami, 244 Chinese Sung dynasty, 20
and Susano-wo, 260–261 Chinese writing, 69–70
and swords, 170, 262 Chiri Mashiho, 66
and Takamimusubi-no-kami, 265 Chiseikoro Kamui, 129. See also Kamui
and Takemikazuchi-no-kami, 266
See also Toyoashihara-no-chiaki-no- Fuchi
Christianity, 48, 67
nagaioaki-no-mizuho-no-kuni
Cha, 134

Index 337

Chuan-tze, 56 Constructed myths, 27–28. See also
Chudahandaka-sonja, 185 Myths
Ch∆jπ-hime, 129–130. See also Amida
Contamination, 80
Nyπrai; Kannon Contests, 136
Ch∆shingura, 21, 130–131, 270 Corvinus coronoides, 212
Cosmology, 38–39, 101–102, 102–104
and Marishi-ten, 215 Cosmos, and deities, 100
See also Divine Descent; Kamikaze Cotton, 233
Chuzan Seikan, 60, 69 Court life, 14
Cinculus palasii, 212 Crabs, 264
Civil-servant bureaucrats, 24 Craftsmen, 14, 23, 24
Clam princess, 298 Cranes, 185, 248, 266, 282
Clams, 204 Creation myths, 60–61, 76–77, 79–80,
Clans, 13–14, 33
Classes, 23, 60–61 82–83. See also Foundation
Classical kami, 32–33 myths
Clay princess, 186, 217 Creation of food, for humankind,
Clinker-built boats, 62 79–80
Cloth, 14 Creator kami, 172
Clothing, 64 Crickets, 125
Cock market, 112 Crocodiles, 81, 88, 117, 118, 167
Cold-weather austerity, 294. See also Crop protector, 286
Crossroads, 103, 140
Kangeiko Crossroads, highways, and footpaths god,
Colds kami, 293 128
Colors Crossroads deity, 36, 139, 184, 245
Crow tengu, 271
and imperial regalia, 170 Crows, 89, 117, 198, 212, 227, 271
and mirrors, 216 and Jimmu Tenno, 182
and Shi Tenno, 247 Crying, and thunder, 276
Comets, 270 Cucumber, 196
Comma-shaped jewel, 180. See also Jewels Cultural diffusion, 71–72
Commentaries, 67–68 Culture and learning deity, 160
Commentary of the Three Sutras, 250 Culture heroes, 187
Commentary on the Kπjiki, 33 Culture kami, 94, 272, 281
Commoner boys, 41–42 Cut-cloth temple, 203
Communitarianism, 22
Community of monks Dai tengu, 97
and Sanbπ-Kπjin, 244 Dai-Itoku Myπ-π, 54
Community-founding kami, 225 Daigenshuri-bosatsu, 131–132
Compassion, 193 Daikan, 294
Concentration, 135 Daikoku, 132, 247–248
Confucian ethic, 6
Confucian influence, 66, 73, 74 and Ebisu, 142
Confucian system See also Ebisu; ∏kuninushi; Shichi
and women, importance of, 176
“Congratulations,” 142 Fukujin; Takarabune
Consecrated wide pointed blade, 262. See Daikoku pillar, 132
Daikokubashira, 132
also Weapons

338 Index

Daimyπ, 21 and thunder deities, 276
Dainichi Nyπrai, 40, 43–44, 47, 49, 50, and Tokoyo-no-kuni, 280
Death god, 261
132–133, 241 Death kami, 284
and Amaterasu-o-mikami, 112 Death Watch beetle, 126
and Dakiniten, 133 Deceased emperors, 35
and Fudπ Myπ-π, 151 Declamatory prayers, 66
and Marishi-ten, 215 Deep sea ruler, 238
and Ni-π, 225 Deer, 92, 185, 212, 267, 283, 289
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Deer Park, 267
Defeat
Weapons and heroes, 162
Dairin Myπ-π, 54 Defeated armies
Daitoku Myπ-π, 133. See also Monju- and ghosts, 156–157
Deities, 15, 48
bosatsu; Myπ-π and cosmos, 100
Daitoku-bosatsu and humans, 286–287
multitude of, 291
and Monju-bosatsu, 217 Deities, minor, 295–298
Daizπ kyπ, 68, 151 Deity epics, 68
Dakini, 99, 133 Deity yukari, 68
Dakiniten, 133, 140, 172. See also Demigod heroes, 139
Demon-queller, 230, 237, 249
Dosπjin; Fox; Inari Demons, 23, 28, 55, 56, 57, 99, 102, 127,
Dan-no-Ura battle, 19, 20, 97, 156, 256,
133, 203, 230. See also Oni
262, 263, 264, 293 Demons out, good luck in invocation,
Dancers, 112
Dancing disease, 234–235 230
Dante, 102 Descendant kami, 33–34
Daoism, 56 Desire, 110, 246
Daoist sages, 243. See also Binzuru-sonja; Desire Banishing Jewel, 122, 184
Determination, 151
Daruma; En-no-Gyπja; Gama-sennin; Determination and self-discipline patron
Kπbπ Daishi; Ry∆ju
Dark lord, 132 saint, 135
Daruma, 45, 67, 99, 134–135, 243 Devas, 53
Daruma doll, 135 Dharma, 37
Datsueba, 135, 251, 279. See also Dhrtarastra, 53
Shozuka-no-baba; Underworld Diamond mandala, 44
Dawn star deity, 268 Diamond Sutra, 67, 181, 209
Day/sun and night/moon, separation of, Diamond weapon, 209–210
277 Diamonds, 180–181, 209
Dead, the, 103–104, 156
and centipedes, 116 and kongπ, 285
and ghosts, 157 and lightning, 181, 274
and hotoke, 168–169 and thunder, 274
Dead children protector, 50, 52 See also Jewels
Dead protector, 50 Dikes, 103
Death, 37, 133 Dildo, 155
and food deities, 147
and snakes, 254
and thunder, 274

Index 339

Direction, 247 Chimata-no-kami; Sarutahiko
Disasters and Jizπ, 184
Doves, 116
personification of, 136 Dπzoku, 26, 137
Disciples, 55, 242 Dπzoku-shin, 140.
Disease, 136, 144, 197, 199, 256 See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Divine
Disease and pestilence kami, 297
Disease and plague deity, 159 descent; Divine rulership; Ry∆jin
Dissipation kami, 257 Draft animals, 133
Distribution of wealth, 64 Dragon deities, 213
Divination, 31, 135–136
and jewels, 181
and Hitokotonushi-no-o-kami, 166 messengers or avatars of, 252
and mirrors, 216 Dragon kami, 36, 95, 140, 255
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Dragon king of the sea, 165
Dragon kings, 159–160, 240, 268, 281–282
Assembly of the Gods; Bimbogami; Dragons, 80, 95, 100, 120, 126, 159–160,
Hidarugami; Hitokotonushi;
Kagutsuchi-no-kami; Namazu; 205, 207, 211, 227, 233, 247, 270
Susano-wo and jewels, 181
Divine descent, 137. See also and snakes, 252
Ch∆shingura; Divine rulership; See also Serpents
Kamikaze; Ninigi-no-mikoto Dreams, 136, 240
Divine rulership, 137–138. and ghosts, 157
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Divine and Sengen, 246
descent; Jimmu Tenno; Ninigi-no- Drowning
mikoto and kappa, 196
Divine wind, 95, 188. See also Kamikaze Drums, 150, 236
Divinities Drunkenness, 200
and humans, 168 Dwarf deity, 34, 82–83, 103, 120, 142,
Divinity/humanity paradox, and
emperors, 211, 223 190, 213, 214, 229. See also Midget
Doctors deity
and kappa, 196 Dyers, 110
Dπgen, 45
and Daigenshuri-bosatsu, 131 Earth, 103
Dogs, 150, 209, 270 Earth, conquest of
Dπjπ-hπshi, 138–139, 276
and Benkei, 123 by heavenly deities, 83–86
See also Benkei; Kintoki; Raiden; Earth, preparer and creator of, for human
Snakes; Thunder deities
Dojπji temple habitation, 218
and snakes, 252 Earth-mountain kami, 222
Domain-ruling kamui, 283 Earth-pounding ritual, 113
Domestic arts, 109 Earth-working kami, 297
Domestic implements Earthly kami, 32–33, 34, 75, 83, 116, 141
and weapons, 294
Domestic tasks, 103 functions of, 141
Dπsπjin, 129, 139–140, 245. See also and Jinushigami, 183
See also Divine rulership; ∏kuninushi;

Oyamatsumi; Susano-wo;
Takemikazuchi; Takeminakata;
Yamato-takeru

340 Index

Earthquake catfish, 239 Ekibiogami, 297
Earthquake deity, 220, 221 Elder Hero of Kumasπ, 90–91
Earthquakes, 136, 220, 221, 267 Elder-brother Ukashi, 89
Elephants, 52, 117–118, 153, 211, 250
and stones, 254 Elm tree, 109, 191
and thunder, 274 Emishi, 10, 18, 61
Easy childbirth kami, 210 Emma-π, 144, 230, 246, 259, 279. See also
Ebisu, 142–144, 168, 229, 247, 248, 280
and Assembly of the Gods, 122 Jizπ; Susano-wo; Underworld
and Daikoku, 132 Emperors, 14, 15, 24, 75
and Fukurokuju, 155
and go-shintai, 158 deceased, 35
and Hiruko, 165 divinity/humanity of, 211, 223
as Marebito, 214 Emperorship, 137
and Namazu, 221 Empresses, 14
and Rusugami, 239 En-no-Gyπja, 55, 58, 94, 100, 122,
and stones, 254
and Sukunabikona, 256–257 144–145, 203, 232, 243, 271
See also Daikoku; Hiruko; and Hitokotonushi-no-o-kami, 166
and Zaπ-gongen, 295
Kotoshironushi-no-kami; Marebito; See also Hitokotonushi; Kπbπ Daishi;
Rusugami; Shichi Fukujin;
Sukunabikona Kojaku-π
Edo, 9, 20, 21, 23, 130, 186 En-no-Ozunu, 144
Edo Bay, 268 En-no-Ubasoku, 144
Edo period, 21 Enameling, 67
Education, 41–42 Engishiki, 32, 66, 72, 84
Ego, 38
Egoists and Izanagi and Izanami, 186
heroes as, 164 and minor deities, 295
Eight banners deity, 160. See also Enlightened one, 246
Hachiman Enlightenment, 45–46, 110, 123, 215
Eight Islands kami, 298 and Daigenshuri-bosatsu, 131
Eight Measure Palace, 172 and Dainichi Nyπrai, 133
Eight messengers of the Buddha, 54–55 and Daruma, 134, 135
Eight million kami, 29, 291 and jewels, 181
Eight-headed serpent, 234, 260 Ennin, 36
Eight-hundred ten-thousand-many kami, Enryakuji temple, 42, 96, 124
291 Entertainer boddhisattva, 126
Eight-hundred year nun, 290 Entertainer patron, 110
Eight-tailed dragon, 80 Epics, 68
Eight-thousand spears deity, 228 “Escape from the giant’s castle” myth, 72
Eightfold Crossroads, 111 Ethnographers, 66
Eightfold-word master, 212 Eurasia, 71–72
Eighty brother deities, 80–81, 228, 229 Europe, 82
Eighty-eight stage pilgrimage, 201–202, European folktales, 72
204. See also Pilgrimage route European influence, 74
Eisai, 45 Evening star kami, 296
Evergreen leaf patterns, 136
Evil, 99
Evil beings, 99

Excretion, 259 Index 341
Exorcisms, 25, 58, 93, 127, 203, 225
Extended household relationship, 137 Fire deity, 77, 122, 213, 217, 234, 244,
Eye disease, 199, 286 246, 297
Ezo, 10, 123
Fire drill, 86, 191
Fairy tales, 3, 36 Fire kami, 186, 262, 278, 296
Families, 140 Fire protection deity, 184
Family cluster, 140 Fire ritual, 54
Family system, 25–26 Fire-walking, 294
Famine, 136, 146, 164, 212 First farmer, 60
Famine crone, 109 First priestess, 60
Farmer-tenants, 22–23 First ruler, 60
Farmers, 23, 24, 61, 132 Fish, 103, 142, 204, 212, 227, 233. See
Farming, millet, 62
Fashion, 22 also Catfish
Fasting, 58 Fish deity, 212
Fecundity, 200, 206 Fish kamui, 283
Fecundity deity, 139, 140 Fishermen, 142, 158, 256, 282
Felicity, 185, 266, 282 Fishermen deity, 165
Female anthropophagous demons, 99 Fishermen patron, 142, 211, 214
Female deities Fishermen patroness, 193
Fishhook story, 87–88, 166, 167
as food source, 80 Fist art, 135
See also individual deities; Women Five elements, cycle of, 120
Female equality, 73. See also Women, Flames, 109, 244
Flaming jewels, 133, 180–181. See also
position of
Feminine accomplishments deity, 126 Jewels
Feng-shui, 14, 16 “Floating” shrine of Itsukushima, 126
Fertility, 62, 260 Floating World, 110
Flower dolls, 197
and thunder, 274 Flower-blossom princess, 210
Fertility kami, 126, 129, 277 Flowers, 27
Feudal domain, 5 Fly-whisk, 153
Fiddler’s Green, 278 Flying white fox, 133. See also Foxes
Field kami, 32 Folklore, 4
Field-monkey prince, 245 Folktales, 2, 66, 68, 72
Fiery snakes, 191, 203. See also Snakes Food, 73, 146–147, 164, 226
Fighters, women as, 62
Fighting, 65 creation of, for humankind, 79–80, 277
Fii Nu Kang, 145–146, 244. See also and female deities, 80
and ∏toshi-no-kami, 233
Kamui Fuchi and sea, 239
and Kamado-gami, 187 Food deities, 35, 79–80, 146–147, 170,
Filial devotion, 129
Fire, 86, 136, 145, 155, 271 260, 277, 298. See also Amaterasu-π-
and foxes, 148 mikami; Inari; Susano-wo;
and Fudπ Myπ-π, 153 Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto
and Kagutsuchi-no-kami, 186 Food poisoning, 234–235
Football, 296
Foreigners, 25, 214. See also Marebito
Forest goblins, 56. See also Tengu

342 Index

Foresters, 25 Fujiwara Hidesato, 95
Forthrightness, 24 Fujπ, 151
Fortitude, 261, 294 Fuken, 151
Fortune Fukukensaku Kannon, 196, 267
Fuku-no-kami, 126
and jewels, 181 Fukurokujin, 248
Fortune-tellers, 290 Fukurokuju, 155, 247, 248
Fortune-telling, 58
Forty-seven retainers, 130 and Jurojin, 185
Forty-Seven Rπnin, 21 See also Ebisu; Hπtei; Jurojin; Shichi
Foster mother, 290
Foundation myths, 61, 73, 76–94. See Fukujin
Fulfillment Inari, 172
also Creation myths Full catch fishermen deity, 161
Foundation of the Buddhist Law guardian, Furi bird, 227
Fushimi, Mount, 170
239 Fushimi Inari shrine, 170, 171
Fox figures, 268 Futsumitama-no-kami, 229
Fox possession, 150, 153 Futsu-no-mitama, 262
Fox wife, 148, 150 Futsunushi-no-kami, 85, 155, 174, 196.
Foxes, 24, 99, 116, 133, 148–151, 198,
See also Kasuga Daimyπjin;
203, 227 ∏kuninushi; Takemikazuchi
and Inari, 170, 172 Futuki, 60
and jewels, 180–181 Future, boddhisattva of, 215
See also Inari; Marebito; Yoshitsune
Fresh water, 283 Gaki, Gakki, 56, 156, 169. See also Ghosts
Fruit, 175 Gama-sennin, 56, 120, 156, 243. See also
Fu Xi, 151
Fuchi, 245–246 Sages
Fu-Daishi, 55, 151. See also Koma-inu; Game kamui, 212, 283
Ganesha, 250
Ni-π Ganges River, 118
Fudπ Myπ-π, 43, 54, 151–153, 223, 244, Gangling youth, 151
Gatherers, women as, 62
255. See also Kπbπ Daishi Gautama Buddha, 50
Fudπ Myπ-π statue, 270 Gazeteers, 66
Fudπ shrines, 153 Geig∆, 146
Fudoki, 66 Gekka-π, 156, 298. See also Musubi-no-
Fugen-bosatsu, 52, 153–154
kami
and elephants, 117–118 Gempei period
See also Animals: Elephant; Monju-
as hero, 163
bosatsu; Shakyamuni Gempei war, 18–19, 123, 125, 263, 270,
Fuji, Mount, 8, 218, 245–246, 252
291
and Kamui Fuchi, 192 Generative great parent deity, 190
Fuji, Princess, 245 Generosity, 247
Fuji Mountain deity, 211, 245 Genghis Khan, 20, 98, 293
Fuji-hime, 245 Genji, Prince, 19, 257
Fuji-san Genji monogatari (Tale of Genji), 17
Gentle and life-supporting natures, 31
and Sengen, 245
Fujin, 154–155, 236, 298. See also Raiden
Fujiwara clan, 138, 196, 240

Index 343

Geography, of Japan, 8–9 Grain, 146, 249
Ghost mother, 157 Grain kami, 233
Ghost Shirt dance, 235 Grand Shrine of Ise, 289
Ghost stories, 2, 3, 24 Grand sumo, 225
Ghosts, 24, 55, 56–57, 156–158. See also Graphic arts, 67
Grass-cutter sword, 92, 262, 289
Gaki; Kamui Fuchi; Taira “Great black,” 132
Giant hero, 199 Great bright deity of Kasuga, 196
Giants, 139, 280 Great deity of Kashima, 267
Giant’s castle, 261 Great deity of Yπmi, 175
Gikeiki, 125 Great eight islands land, 234
Girdle group, 62 Great Illumination, 133
Girdles, 62, 295 “Great land,” 132
Great leaf cutter, 262
and Kamui Fuchi, 191–192 Great parent deity, 190
Girl children, 120 Great teacher of spreading the law, 201
Go Dai Kok∆zπ, 52 Great Tradition, 4–5, 7, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28,
Go Shirakawa, Emperor, 162
Goblins, 24, 28, 55, 56, 57, 122 56, 75
Godaigo, Emperor, 163 Green (color), 247
Godliness, 205 Gregorian calendar, 76
Gods, 48, 53–55 Grizzly bear, 64
Gπju Bridge, 125 Group action, 162
Gokkπ, 285 Guanyin, 193
Gold coins, 132 Guard-general princess, 129
Golden boy, 199–200 Guardian kings, 54
Golden Dragon temple, 43 Gundari Myπ-π, 54
Goma, 54 Gung-fu, invention of, 243
Goma fire ceremonies, 153 Gut length, 159
Gongen, 35, 55, 158, 196, 219, 267. See
and Japanese uniqueness, 179
also Atago-gongen; Zaπ-gongen Gyogi, 205
Gongen-sama, 158 Gyπja, 58, 153
Good fortune gods, 266
Good luck god, 247 Hachi-bu-shu, 54–55
Good practice boddhisattva, 153 Hachidai-ry∆-π, 159–160. See also Ry∆jin;
Good wishes, 282
Goose, 83, 256 Tawara Toda
Goryπ Hachiman, 34–35, 94, 95, 116, 160, 162,

and Tenjin, 272–273 281, 284
Go-shintai, 158–159, 160. See also and Assembly of the Gods, 122
and go-shintai, 158
Hachiman; Imperial Regalia; Inari and kamikaze, 188
Gourd, 186, 217 and stones, 254
Government Hachiman shrines, 160, 272
Hachimantarπ
and religion, separation of, 32, 137, as hero, 162
206–207 and Jizπ, 184
See also Heroes
Gozanze Myπ-π, 54
Gozu-tenno, 159, 259, 279. See also

Kenash Unarabe; Susano-wo

344 Index

Hag of the underworld, 102, 174, 232, 251 halls of, 102–103, 104
Haguro, Mount, 252 and Izumo, 178
Hail Buddha Amida formula, 44, 115 Heavenly August Pillar, 172
Hairstyles, 77 Heavenly dog, 270. See also Tengu
Hairy priests, 25, 31, 58, 145, 271. See Heavenly Floating Bridge, 76, 83–84, 103,

also Priests 161, 172, 265. See also Izanagi and
Haishira-e, 250 Izanami
Hakata Bay, 20 Heavenly grandson, 234, 265
Hakozaki Bay, 20 and Central Land of the Reed Plains,
Hakusan Shugendπ monastery, 122 86–87
Halberd, 285 and Sarutahiko-no-π-kami, 245
Halls, of heaven, 102–103, 104 See also Ninigi-no-mikoto
Hallucinogenic plants, ingestion of, Heavenly Jeweled Spear, 76
Heavenly kami, 32–33, 34, 75, 102–103
234–235 abode of, 264
Hamlets, 5, 22–23 conquest of earth by, 83–86
Han, 5 and earthly kami, 141
Hand clapping, 142 and humanity, 138
Haniyasu-hiko, 297 and jinushigami, 183
Haniyasu-hime, 297 Heavenly kang, 60
Happiness god, 128 Heavenly kings, 53, 110, 239, 247, 282
Happyaku bikuni, 271, 290 Heavenly River, 84, 121, 161, 232, 259,
Haramaki, 236 262, 264, 265, 277
Hares, 116 Heavenly Rock Barrier, 279
Harigata, 155 Heavenly way sword, 262
Hariti, 200 Heavenly Well, 78
Harpoons, 227 Heavenly wide pointed blade, 262. See
Harps, 72, 230, 261 also Weapons
Harris, Townsend, 257 Heavenly-Bird-Boat, 85
Harvest deity, 268 Heian, 19, 147, 163, 196, 201
Hashi-hime, 257 Heian period, 16–19, 35, 61, 94, 163
Hashinau-uk Kamui, 161, 197, 191, 283. Heian-kyπ, 15, 16, 43, 99, 122, 201, 232,
272, 293
See also Kamui Fuchi; Shiramba Heike, 19, 263
Kamui Heike Monogatari (Tale of the Heike), 67,
Hashirimitsu, 92 125, 156–157
Hata Tsutomu, 159 Heisei, 137
Hateruma, 61 Hell, 37, 101–102, 278. See also Jigoku;
Haya-akitsu-hiko, 296 Underworld
Healing deity, 259 Hell river, 102, 251
Health, 220, 241 Hermits, 55, 56
Hearth deity, 83, 145, 191, 244 Hero of Yamato, 90–93, 288. See also
Hearth goddess, 64, 129, 198 Yamato-takeru
Hearth kamui, 109 Hero yukari, 68
Hearths, 145, 191 Heroes, 75, 94–95, 139, 161–164, 236
and kamui, 283 character of, 163–164
Heaven, 102–103
emperor of, 232

Index 345

women as, 96 and Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 167
See also Benkei; individual heroes; and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222–223
See also Ho-ori-no-mikoto; Ninigi-no-
Kamikaze; Kintoki; Raikπ; Tawara
Toda; Yamato-takeru; Yoshitsune mikoto
Heroes of Kumasπ, 90–91 Hπgen Insurrection, 162
Hi Brasil, 278 Hoichi, 156–157
Hidarugami, 136, 164 Hπjπ regents, 45, 138
and possession, 164 Hπkai Kok∆zπ-bosatsu, 52
See also Amida Nyπrai; Ghosts Hokkaido, 8, 10, 61–62, 64, 283
Hidden deities, 296 Hokkaido brown bear, 64
Hidden kami, 114, 212–213 Hokke-kyπ, 47
Hidesato Fujiwara. See Tawara Toda Homes
Hiei, Mount, 42, 96–97, 124
High Plain of Heaven, 234, 259, 264 and Kamui, 283
High priestess, 61 Homilies, 100
High Priestess of Amaterasu-π-mikami at Homogeneity
Ise, 90, 91–92
Hii River, 91 and Japanese uniqueness, 179
Hikohohodemi, 280. See also Ho-ori-no- Homuchiwake, Prince
mikoto
Himegami, 196 and snakes, 252
Himuka, 86 Hondo crow, 212
Hinaga-hime, 252 Hπnen, 44, 243
Hindu gods, 53
Hindu influence, 7 and Amida Nyπrai, 115
Hindu mythology, 99 Honji, 99
Hindu writings, 67–68 Honji-suijaku theory, 15, 31–32
Hinduism, 54, 246 Honju, 133
Hinnin, 11, 264 Honke, 26, 140
Hi-no-Kagutsuchi. See Kagutsuchi-no- Honor, 162
kami Honorable suicide, 21
Hiragana syllabary, 43, 201–202, 205 Honshu, 8, 13, 17, 18, 61, 173, 287, 297
Hirohito, 35 Honshu island, 9
Hiroshima, 126 Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 87, 103, 167–168, 210,
Hiruko, 165, 173, 176
and Ebisu, 142 240, 245, 282
and Sukunabikona, 256–257 and crocodile, 117
See also Ebisu; Izanagi and Izanami and Hoderi, and fishhook story, 87–88
Hitachi, 220 and Hoderi-no-mikoto, 166
Hitokotonushi-no-kami, 135, 166, 213. and jewels, 180
and En-no-Gyπja, 144 and Jimmu Tenno, 181
and Ho-ori, and fishhook story, 87–88 and Owatatsumi-no-kami, 233
and jewels, 180 sea-wife of, 72
See also Divination; En-no-Gyπja and Takeminakata, 268
Hoderi-no-mikoto, 87, 166–167, 210, 240, See also Hoderi-no-mikoto; Jimmu
245
Tenno; Ninigi-no-mikoto;
Owatatsumi-no-kami
Hopelessness
and heroes, 162
Hornet Boy, 294
Hornets, 227

346 Index

Horses, 13, 112, 146, 196, 260 Ibaragi prefecture, 220, 267
Hosho Nyπrai, 297 Ibarakidπji, 163
Hπsπ-no-kami, 297 Ibuki, Mount, 92, 218, 289
Hosso, 40 Ibuki kami, 217
Hostile kamui, 63 Ichinotani, 293
Hosuseri-no-mikoto, 87 Ida-ten, 169
Hot springs, 129, 286 Ie, 5, 25–26, 156
Hπtei, 52, 151, 168, 247, 248 Ikutachi, 261, 262
Ikuyumiya, 261
and Fukurokuju, 155 Illness, 163, 199, 256
and Miroku-bosatsu, 216 Illusion, 246, 286
See also Amida Nyπrai; Miroku- “Immovable, the,” 151
Imperial House, 140
bosatsu; Shichi Fukujin Imperial Japanese Army, 131
Hotoke, 25, 168–169. See also Ghosts Imperial lineage, 138
House deity, 129 Imperial regalia, 169–170
House of Hei, 263
Household, 5, 25–26 and go-shintai, 158
Household implements and tools kamui, and mirrors, 216
and swords, 261
249 See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Jewels;
Houses, 140, 239
Hui-ko, 201 Mirrors; Ninigi-no-mikoto; Stones;
Hum, 209 Swords
Human domestic affairs judge, 192 Important area protector, 158
Human figures, 56 Imported articles, 129
Human sacrifices, 197 In, 209
Human women Inaba, 80, 82, 118, 228
Inaba beach, 85
and thunder deities, 276 Inari, 12, 34, 35, 99, 116, 170–172, 297
See also Women and Dakiniten, 133
Human yukari, 68 and food deities, 147
Humanity and foxes, 148
and heavenly kami, 138 and jewels, 180–181
Humankind and Ta-no-kami, 268
creation of food for, 79–80 See also Dakiniten; Food deities; Fox;
Humans Kπbπ Daishi; Ni-π; ∏getsuhime;
and deities, 286–287 Ukemochi-no-kami
and divinities, 168 Inari Daimyπjin, 170
and kami, difference between, 272–273 Inari shrines, 170, 171–172, 268
and kamui, relations between, 238–239 and foxes, 148
Hunger, 136, 164 Inari statues
Hunger spirit, 164 and go-shintai, 158
Hungry ghosts, 156, 169 Inau, 63–64, 198, 225, 227, 238, 283
Hunt deity, 197 Incantations, 230–231
Hunt kamui, 283 Incest, 33
Hunters, 25, 62, 161, 197, 287 India, 3, 7, 36, 37, 50, 52, 53, 246
Hunting goddess, 161 Indian cosmology, 102
Hyottoko, 112
and Sukunabikona, 256

Indian gods, 36 Index 347
Indian influence, 5, 7
Indian mythology, 7, 98 221, 226, 256, 264, 274, 284, 296,
Indian numerology, 39 297, 298
Individual salvation, 37 and earthly kami, 141
Individualists and Gozu-tenno, 159
and Heavenly Floating Bridge,
heroes as, 164 161
Indochina, 24 and Hiruko, 165
Indra, 36, 53, 215, 298 and Kagutsuchi-no-kami, 186
Industry and finance kami, 172 and lust and sexual pleasure, 259
Infant protector, 200 and Mizuhame-no-mikoto, 217
Information deity, 140 and ∏kuninushi, 229–230
Ingada-sonja, 185 and oni, 232
Inheritance, 26, 73 and Owatatsumi-no-kami, 233
Inland sea guardian deity, 211 and Oyamatsumi-no-kami, 234
Insanity, 234 and Oyashima-kuni, 234
Insects, 125, 126 and snakes, 254
Intercourse, 76, 103 and stones, 254
Invisible kami, 265 and Susano-wo, 259
Iresu Kamui, 192 and swords, 262
Irogu, 170 and Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto, 277
“Iroha” (poem), 202 and Uminai-gami and Umikii-gami,
Iron, 138, 218 278
Iron technology, 13 and underworld, 278–279
Iron-bearing mountains, 265 See also Amaterasu-π-mikami;
Iron-Monkey Day, 245 Assembly of the Gods; Heavenly
Irrigated agriculture, 13 Floating Bridge; Hiruko; Kagutsuchi-
Ise-jing∆, 113, 146 no-kami; Susano-wo; Takamimusubi-
Ishigaki Island, 280 no-kami; Thunder deities;
Islam, 48 Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto; Underworld
Islands, 103 Izanagi-no-mikoto, 76–77, 128–129
Izanami-no-mikoto, 76–77
birth of, and Izanagi and Izanami, Izumo, 14, 33, 77, 83, 85–86, 103,
173–174 177–178, 221, 239, 256, 280
and Assembly of the Gods, 122
Isles of the Blessed, 103 and Kamimusubi, 191
Isolation, 23 and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222
and ∏kuninushi, 229
and Japanese uniqueness, 179 and Susano-wo, 259, 260, 261
Iso-no-kami, 262 and Takemikazuchi-no-kami, 266
Isosange Mat, 161 and Takeminakata-no-kami, 267
Itinerants, 11, 23, 25 and Yamato-takeru, 288
Itsu-no-π-habari-no-kami, 262 and Yπmi, 279
Itsuse-no-mikoto, 88–89 See also Izanagi and Izanami;
Iwanaga-hime, 87, 210 ∏kuninushi; Susano-wo;
Iwazaru, 245 Takemikazuchi-no-mikoto;
Iyo, 202 Underworld; Yamato-takeru
Izanagi and Izanami, 33–34, 71, 72, 93,

103, 112, 139, 172–177, 211, 213,

348 Index

Izumo Fudoki Jewel of Mercy, 52
and Susano-wo, 260 Jeweled heavenly harp, 230, 261
Jeweled spear, 103, 284
Izumo kami, 132 Jewels, 180–181, 240–241, 257
Izumo Taisha, 86, 177–178, 229
Izumo-takeru, 91 and foxes, 148
Izuna-gongen, 297 and imperial regalia, 169–170
and Susano-wo, 259
Jack and the Beanstalk, 82, 261 See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Ho-ori-
Jade, 170, 180, 181
Jade Emperor, 6 no-mikoto; Inari; Jizπ; Kannon;
Janus, 121 Kokuzπ; Owatatsumi; Ry∆jin; Shichi
Japan Fukujin; Stones; Swords; Weapons
Jigoku, 102, 230, 278, 279–280. See also
political history of, 12–22 Hell; Tokoyo-no-kuni; Underworld;
social history of, 22–25 Yπmi
Japanese archipelago, 103 Jikoku-ten, 53, 247
Japanese art, 243 Jimmu Tenno, 13, 73, 88–90, 96, 119,
Japanese bridal clothes, 232 181–183, 266, 287
Japanese Buddhism, 38 and crow, 117
arrival of, 99–100 and Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 168
history of, 39–42 and swords, 262
See also Buddhism; Zen Buddhism See also Amaterasu-π-mikami;
Japanese calendar, 75–76 Animals: Crow; Ninigi-no-mikoto;
Japanese cosmology, 101 Swords; Takemikazuchi-no-kami;
Japanese empire, roots of, 14–16 Yamato
Japanese language, 2, 22, 69–70, 100–102 Jing∆, Empress, 35, 96, 160, 254, 257
and Japanese uniqueness, 180 and divination, 136
Japanese logic, 179 and Korea, 93–94
Japanese mythology, 3 Jinushigami, 183. See also Chikap Kamui;
and cultural diffusion, 71–72 Earthly Kami; Kunitsu kami; Jimmu
interpretation of, 70–74 Tenno
in the modern world, 64–65 Jizπ, 43, 50, 52, 54, 123, 127, 183–185,
sources of, 65–69 196, 271, 279
structural interpretations of, 71 and Emma-π, 144
Japanese names, 2 guardian of, 122
Japanese spirit, 65, 270 and jewels, 180
Japanese thinking, 22 and Shπtoku Taishi, 250
Japanese traditions, external sources of, 5–7 See also Atago-gongen; Dπsπjin;
Japanese uniqueness, 4, 7–8, 22, 65, Heroes; Hachimantarπ; Kok∆zπ-
bosatsu; Pure Land; Shakyamuni;
73–74, 159, 179–180 Shπtoku Taishi
Japanese writing, 69–70, 100–101 Jizπ statues, 50, 52, 184
Japaneseness, 22 Job classifications, of kami, 32
Japanism, 5 Jπdπ, 41, 44, 45, 50, 115, 246
Jealousy, 232 Jπdπ Shinsh∆, 41, 44–45, 100
Jealousy cover, 232 Joining deity, 129
Jewel box, 282 Jπmon period, 12–13
Jewel of existence, 207

Index 349

Ju Dai deshi, 55 multitude of, 291
Judaism, 48 names of, 29, 31
J∆ichimen Kannon, 193, 196. See also and oni, 232
physical representation/manifestation
Kannon
Junior houses, 26 of, 254–255
J∆nshi, 120 rankings of, 206
Jurojin, 185, 247, 248 and Rusugami, 239
and swords, 262, 284
and Fukurokuju, 155 and weapons, 285
See also Fukurokuju; Shichi Fukujin See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Kamui;
J∆rokurakan, 185. See also Binzuru-sonja
J∆shichijπ-kenpπ (Twelve Article Kamui Fuchi; Yaoyorozu-no-
kamigami
Constitution), 250 Kamikaze, 20, 21, 95, 98, 110, 160, 163,
188–190. See also Divine descent;
Kabbalah, 48 Hachiman; Heroes
Kabuki theater, 100, 150, 252, 293 Kamimusubi-Mioya-no-mikoto, 190
Kaduraki, Mount, 166 Kamimusubi-no-kami, 83, 190–191, 228,
Kagami, 216 256. See also ∏getsuhime;
Kagami pod, 256 ∏kuninushi; Sukunabikona;
Kagawa, 211 Takamagahara; Takamimusubi;
Kagura, 256 Takemikazuchi
Kagura-ga-Oka, 237 Kaminarisama, 274. See also Thunder
Kagutsuchi-no-kami, 136, 174, 186, 266, deities
Kamo province, 110
278, 296, 297 Kamu-π-ichi-hime, 147, 233, 234
and Kuraokami-no-kami, 213 Kamu-Yamato-Iharehiko-no-mikoto,
and Mizuhame-no-mikoto, 217 88–90, 182, 266
See also Izanagi and Izanami; Kamudo-no-tsurigi, 262
Kamui, 63–64, 187
Mizuhame-no-mikoto and hearths and homes, 283
Kali, 133 and humans, relations between,
Kamado-gami, 186–187, 244 238–239
and Kamui Fuchi, 191
and Rusugami, 239 and Okikurmi, 227
See also Assembly of the Gods; Fi-nu- See also Kami
Kamui Fuchi, 109, 121, 191–192, 198
kang; Jinushigami; Kamui Fuchi and Chiseikoro Kamui, 129
Kamakura, 45, 49 and Fii Nu Kang, 145
Kamakura period, 61, 94, 100 and Hashinau-uk Kamui, 161
Kamakura shogunate, 47, 138, 163 and Kamado-gami, 187
Kamatari, 240 and Nusakoro Kamui, 225
Kami, 15, 21, 25, 27–28, 28, 29, 31–36, and Sanbπ-Kπjin, 244
See also Hashinau-uk Kamui;
48, 55, 63, 76, 77, 98, 187–188 Kandakoro Kamui; Mintarakoro
and Assembly of the Gods, 121–122 Kamui; Rukoro Kamui; Shiramba
from Buddhist sources, 36 Kamui; Waka-ush-kamui
classification of, 32
and divination, 135–136
and go-shintai, 158
and humans, difference between,

272–273
and kamikaze, 189–190

350 Index

Kamui Paseguru, 161, 198 Katakana syllabary, 43, 201–202, 205
Kamui yukar, 68 Katana, 263
Kana syllabaries, 43, 201–202, 205 Katori Shinden-ryu, 155
Kaname-ishi stone, 220, 254, 267 Katori shrine, 155
Kanayama-hiko, 297 Katsuragi, 144
Kanayama-hime, 297 Kawa-no-kami, 197
Kandakoro Kamui, 191, 192–193 Kayanohime-no-kami, 297
Kaze-no-kami, 293
and Moshirikara Kamui, 218 Kebπzu, 25, 31, 58, 145, 271, 290
See also Chikap Kamui; ∏kuninushi Keian-kyπ, 20
Kang, 60–61, 187. See also Kami Keikπ, Emperor, 90–93, 288
Kangeiko, 294 Kemari, 296
Kangi-ten, 250 Kenash Unarabe, 197
Kanji, 69–70
Kanjinchπ, 293 and Gozu-tenno, 159
Kanna Kamui, 191 See also Hashinauuk Kamui
Kannon, 3, 36, 43, 127, 193–195, 203, Kengy∆. See Orihime and Kengy∆
Kenpo, 135
238, 280, 295 Keta, Cape, 80
and Amida Nyπrai, 115 K§ta, Cape, 118, 228
and Ch∆jπ-hime, 129 Kettle, 119
and jewels, 180 Kido Hidesato, 96
and Kishimπjin, 201 Kidπmaru, 237
and mirrors, 216 Kii, 89
and Seishi-bosatsu, 245 Kii Peninsula, 9, 103
and Shπtoku Taishi, 250 Kikizaru, 245
Kannon shrines, 195 Killer whale, 238
Kannon statues, 50 Kim-un-Kamui, 198–199. See also
Kannon temples, 195
Kannon-bosatsu, 52 Hashinau-uk Kamui; Kamui Fuchi
Kannon-bosatsu statue, 203 Kinashut Kamui, 199, 225. See also
Kansai, 103
Kantπ, 9, 47, 95 Nusakoro Kamui
Kanzeon-bosatsu, 193–195. See also Kinbusen-ji, 295
Kindaichi Kyπsuke, 66
Amida Nyπrai; Jizπ Kings, 60–61
Kappa, 56, 57, 195–196, 271 Kinship system, 25–26
Kappa-maki, 196 Kintarπ, 199–200, 290
Kara-shishi, 209 Kintoki, 199–200, 285
Karasu-tengu, 271
Kashima, 274 as hero, 162
Kashima Daimyπjin, 220–221, 267, 274 and Yama-uba, 290, 291
Kashima shrine, 220, 267 See also Kintoki; Raikπ; Yama-uba
Kasuga complex, 267 Kira Yoshinaka, 21, 130, 131
Kasuga Daimyπjin, 196–197 Kirihata-ji, 203
Kirin, 118
and Futsunushi-no-kami, 155 Kisagai-hime, 228, 297–298, 298
See also Gongen; Jizπ; Kannon; Monju- Kishimπjin, 200–201, 210, 213. See also

bosatsu; Takemikazuchi Kannon; Kπnπhanasakuya-hime
Kasuga shrine, 155 Kitchen deity, 244

Index 351

Kitchen kami, 186, 239 and Takamagahara, 264
Kitchens, 147 and Takamimusubi-no-kami, 265
Kitsune, 150 and toads, 119–120
Kiyohime, 252 and Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto, 277
Knowledge, 140 and women, position of, 113
and Yama-no-kami, 286
of the mountains, 271 and Yamato, 287
Knowledge deity, 140 and Yashiro-guni, 298
Kobe, 163 Kπjiki-den (Commentary on the Kπjiki),
Kπbπ Daishi, 43, 52, 55, 94, 98, 99–100,
33, 66
127, 201–205, 211, 241, 243, 247 Kπjin, 244, 245. See also Sanbπ-Kπjin
and En-no-Gyπja, 145 Kojπji, 100
and Fudπ Myπ-π, 153 Kokka Shintπ, 206–207. See also
and Inari, 170–171
and Kok∆zπ-bosatsu, 207 Amaterasu-π-mikami
and mountains, 219 Kokubunui, 41
See also En-no-Gyπja; Kokuzπ; Konpira; Kokutai Shintπ, 32
Kokuzπ, 203
Miroku-bosatsu; Yakushi Nyπrai
Kofun, 13 and jewels, 180
Kofun period, 13 Kokuzπ statue, 202
Koga Saburo, 267 Kok∆zπ-bosatsu, 207
Kojaku Myπ-π, 205–206. See also Myπ-π;
and Jizπ, 184
Snake See also Jewels; Kπbπ Daishi
Kojaku-π, 144 Koma-inu, 207–209
Kπjiki (Record of Ancient Matters), 4, 7, Kπmoku-ten, 53, 247
Kompira-san, 201
16, 28, 31, 32, 33, 66, 72, 76, 78, 79, Kongara-dπji, 151
83, 84, 94, 104 Kongπ, 110, 133, 181, 209–210, 284–285
and Assembly of the Gods, 121 and diamonds, 285
and divination, 135 and thunder, 285
and earthly kami, 141 and truth, 285
and emperors, divinity/humanity of, See also Ni-π; Shi Tenno; Weapons
211, 223 Kongπkai, 44
and food deities, 146 Kongπ-rikishi, 223
and Hiruko, 165 Konjaku Monogatari, 68
and Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 167 Kπnπhanasakuya-hime, 87, 166, 167, 201,
and Inari, 170
and Izumo, 177 210–211, 213, 218
and Kamado-gami, 186 and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222–223
and Kπnπhanasakuya-hime, 210 and Oyamatsumi-no-kami, 234
and minor deities, 295 and Sengen, 245
and ∏jin, 160 See also Hoderi-no-mikoto; Ho-ori-no-
and oni, 232
and Oyamatsumi-no-kami, 234 mikoto; Kishimπjin; Ninigi-no-
and sex, 257, 259 mikoto; Sengen
and Sukunabikona, 256 Konoha-tengu, 271
and Susano-wo, 259 Konpira, 100, 211
and swords, 263 Konpira-daigongen, 201, 211. See also
Kπbπ Daishi; Kokutai Shintπ

352 Index

Korea, 20, 24, 36, 40, 93–94 Kuramaya, 221
Korean dogs, 207, 209 Kuraokami-no-kami, 212. See also Ry∆jin
Korean language, 69 Kuromata, 280
Korean Peninsula, 9, 35, 103 Kushinada-hime, 80
Korean political model, 13–14 Kusunoki Masashige, 163
Koreans, 10 Kut girdle, 62, 295
Kosensei, 156 Kuyebiko, 83, 120, 213–214, 256. See also
Kπshin, 245. See also Sarutahiko-no-π-kami
Koshne kamui, 63 Divination; ∏kuninushi;
Kotan, 62 Sukunabikona
Kotankor Kamui, 128, 211–212, 283. See Kuzunohana, 150
Kyongju, Korea, 13
also Chikap Kamui Kyoto, 97, 122, 125, 195, 263, 272
Kπtπ, 82 Kyushu, 8, 13, 17, 18, 20, 69, 86, 173,
Kotohira, 211 175, 272
Kotohira-gu, 211 Kyushu island, 9, 103
Kotoshironushi-no-kami, 85–86, 135,
Lacquered bowls, 221
212–213 Lacquered boxes, 129
and Ebisu, 142 Lacquering, 67
and Takemikazuchi-no-kami, 266 Lacquerware, 62
See also Divination; Hitokotonushi; Land, possession of, 192–193
Land bridges, 9
Kuyebiko; ∏kuninushi; Land deity, 211
Takemikazuchi Land grants, 14
Koya, Mount, 201, 204, 205 Land of Cockaigne, 278
Kπya-san temple complex, 201 Land of Eight Great Islands, 173–174
Kπyasan, 43 Land of plenty, 281
Koyasu-gami, 201, 210, 213. See also Land of Pure Beryl, 286
Kπnπhanasakuya-hime; Kishimπjin Land of the Blessed, 280
Kshitigarbha, 50, 52 Land of the dead, 178, 191, 233, 259, 261,
Kubilai Khan, 20, 95
Kudaka Island, 60 278, 280, 281. See also Underworld;
Kudanshita, 98 Yπmi
Kudara, king of, 93 Land of the plentiful reed plains and the
K∆kai, 36, 43, 243, 201–205 fresh rice-ears, 234, 277. See also
Kukunochi-no-kami, 298 Central Land of the Reed Plains
Kumano, 89, 182, 262, 266 Land of wondrous plenty and magic, 278
Kumano mountains, 9, 89 Land People, 298
Kumari, 296 Landlord kami, 183
Kumasπ, 10, 18, 90–91 Landlords, 23, 110
Kumasπ of the South, 93 Landowners, 24
Kumasπ-takeru, 90–91, 288 Language
Kumo. See Animals: Spider Ainu, 61
Kuninotokotachi-no-kami, 298 Japanese, 2, 22, 69–70, 100–102, 179
Kunitsu kami, 116, 141, 183. See also Korean, 69
Earthly kami Manchu, 69
Kurama, Mount, 97, 271, 291, 293 Ryukyuan, 10
Kurama-tengu, 56, 271

Index 353

Lao-tze, 56, 243 Lord of a domain, 21
Large Mortar, 90 Lord of Death, 246
Laughing Buddha, 151 Lord of the Eastern Paradise, 50
Law guardian, 247 Lord of the Land, 132
Leech-child, 76, 165, 173, 256. See also Lord rice bale, 95
Lotus bud, 110, 238
Hiruko Lotus flower, 238
Legends, 3, 36 Lotus Sutra, 39, 42, 47, 49, 67
Lesser beings, 49 Love, 110, 115
Liang, 151 Love and the arts goddess, 247
Libraries, 151 Love deity, 110, 126
Lice, 82, 116, 228, 261 Lower sea, 257
Life and death, 176 Loyalty, 24, 130–131, 162
Life bow and arrows, 261
Life sword, 261, 262 and heroes, 162
Light, 286 Luck and good fortune kami, 142
Lightning, 133, 276 Luck deity, 256
Luck fetish, 87
and diamonds, 181, 274 Lust, 259
and weapons, 284 Lust deity, 257
See also Thunder; Thunder and lightning Lute players, 156–157, 264
Lion figures, 207 Lutes, 126
Lions, 119, 209, 217
Lion’s head, 110 Mackerel, 204
Literacy, 64 Mackerel Daishi, 204
Little Mortar, 90 Madame Butterfly, 257
Little tengu, 271 Magatama jewels, 78, 86, 180, 222. See
Little Traditions, 4–5, 15, 22, 27, 28, 66,
also Jewels
70, 75 Magic, 132
Living Buddha, 129
Local deities, 55 and shishi, 119
Local kami, 36 Magic and healing deity, 280
Local kang, 60 Magic and medicine kami, 228
Local myths, 23, 28, 66 Magic and wizardry deity, 230
Localism, 5 Magic and wizardry master, 256
Localities, 32 Magic spells, 271
Loggia, 102 Magical amulets, 271
Loincloths, 294 Magical bows and arrows, 284
Long bow, 263. See also Weapons Magical mirrors, 216
Long life, 282 Magical pills, 156
Longevity, 155, 156, 185, 220, 247, 266, Magical power

282 and sages, 242
and toads, 120 Magical properties
and turtles, 120
Longevity god, 185 and jewels, 181
Long-fingered woman, 294 Magical rituals, 58
Long-rock princess, 87, 210 Magical spells, 133, 256
Lord, 49 Magicians, 290
Magpies, 232

354 Index

Maha Mayuri, 54 Masakatsu-no-mikoto
Mahakala, 132 and divine rulership, 137
Maha-Vairocana, 133
Mahayana, 99 Masculinity, 24
Main house, 140 Master of Remedies, 286
Main ie, 26 Master of the Land, 141, 228, 229
Maitreya, 52, 215, 295 Masterless samurai, 21
Majesty Masterless warriors, 130–131
Matrilineal lineage, 62
and jewels, 181 Matsura, 93
Makatsugyπ, 118 Matsurareru kami, 29
Malevolent ghosts, 157 Mauryan dynasty, 131, 246
Malevolent kamui, 63 Mawashi, 294
Mallet, 132 Meal deity, 169
Mallet-headed swords, 263. See also Meaning, warping of, deliberate, 100
Medetai, 142
Swords Medicine, 156, 241
Mana, 63
Manchu language, 69 and sexual activity, relationship
Manchus, 10 between, 257
Mandala, 43–44
Mandara, 43–44 Medicine and healing kami, 257
Manjusri, 52 Medicine sellers, 23, 25, 58
Manufacturing towns, 23 Medieval period, 19–20
Manyoshu, 213 Meditation, 45, 134, 246
Manzoku Inari, 172 Mediums, 290
Marauders, 42 Meiji government, 206
Marebito, 11, 32, 34, 58, 103, 142, 165, Meiji period, 206
Melusine myth, 72
214–215, 286. See also Ebisu; Memorial tablet, 244
Strangers; Sukunabikona; Memory, preservation and retention of,
Underworld; Visiting deities; Yama-
uba 207
Marine mammals, 239 Men, and purity, 277
Mari-no-kami, 296 Mendicant nuns, 25
Marishi-ten, 215. See also Ch∆shingura; Menstruation, 197, 282
Dainichi Nyπrai Menstruation hut, 210
Marital fate kami, 298 Mercantile classes
Marital felicity, 282
Marriage, 26, 33, 294–295 and Shichi Fukujin, 247, 248–249
Marriage deity, 156 Merchant wealth and prosperity kami,
Martial arts, 266
Martial arts dojo, 266 171–172
Martial arts patron, 266 Merchants, 23, 24, 132, 250
Martial moves, 134–135
Martial virtues patron, 266 fatalism of, 249
Masakado, 164 Merciful figures, 127
Masakado rebellion, 153 Mercy, 52, 133, 193, 195, 217
Masakari, 200 Meru, Mount, 53, 101–102, 205, 218–219,

252
and Ni-π, 225
Messenger to the gods, 225
Messengers of the dragon deity, 252

Index 355

Metallurgy Mirrors, 170, 216
and swords, 263 and imperial regalia, 169–170
and weapons, 284 See also Jewels; Kannon; Swords; Three
Treasures
Metals kami, 297
Metalwork, 62 Mirth kami, 112
Metotush Kamui, 198 Miscanthus plains princess, 297
Mice, 247 Misery, 126
Middle sea, 257 Misogyi, 294
Midget deity, 256, 265. See also Dwarf Misshakukongπ, 223, 225
Mitama, 31, 170, 216
deity Mito Komon (tv series), 214
Miidera bell, 124, 270 Mito school of National Learning, 206
Miidera temple, 42, 97, 124, 241, 270 Miwo, Cape, 256
Miiji nu kang, 60 Miyazu-hime, 92, 216–217. See also
Miko, 136
Milky Way, 103, 161, 232, 265, 277 Swords; Yamato-takeru
Millet, 146, 147 Mizaru, 245
Millet farming, 62 Mizuhame-no-mikoto, 186, 217. See also
Minamoto, 19, 97, 256
Izanagi and Izanami; Kagutsuchi-no-
and Taira, 263, 264 kami
Minamoto bakufu, 138 Mochi, 164
Minamoto-no-Tametomo Modern period, 21–22
Modernization, 22
as hero, 162 Momentous years, 120
Minamoto-no-Yorimasa Momotarπ, 17
Monasteries. See individual monasteries
as hero, 163 and temples
Minamoto-no-Yorimitsu, 96, 199, Monasteries protector, 131–132
Mongol invasion, 47, 95, 98, 110, 160
236 and kamikaze, 188–189
Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, 19, 291 Mongolia, 37
Mongols, 20, 98
and Benkei, 125 Monju-bosatsu, 52, 196, 217, 244
and Taira, 263, 264 and Daitoku Myπ-π, 133
Minamoto-no-Yoshiie and Fugen-bosatsu, 153
as hero, 162 and shishi, 119
Minamoto-no-Yoshitsune, 291 See also Animals: Shishi; Daitoku
and Benkei, 125 Myπ-π; Tenjin
and Taira, 263, 264 Monkeys, 245
Minatogawa, 163 Monks, community of, 244
Minogame, 120 Monks, mountain, 58
Minor deities, 295–298 Monks, Tendai, 42
Minor tengu, 271 Monks, wandering, 23
Mintarakoro Kamui Monk-soldiers, 19, 42, 96
and Kamui Fuchi, 192 Monmu, Emperor, 122
Miracle worker, 201 Mononobe, 15, 40, 250
Miroku-bosatsu, 38, 52, 204, 215–216 Monotheistic deities, 100
and Hπtei, 168
and Jizπ, 184
See also Amida Nyπrai; Hπtei; Shichi

Fukujin

356 Index

Monsoon rains, 154 Musashibπ Benkei, 124, 125, 139, 276.
Monster bears, 64 See also Benkei
Monsters, 57, 102, 163
Moon deity, 277 Music, 230
Morality tales, 58, 68, 100, 205 Musical instruments, 72
Mortar, rice-pounding, 90 Musicians, 110
Mortar Boy, 294 Musubi-no-kami, 265, 298
Moshirikara Kamui, 218 Myπgen-bosatsu, 220
Myπ-π, 38, 43, 54, 110, 133
and Kandakoro Kamui, 192 Mysterious events
See also Kandakoro Kamui
Mothers and Tengu, 270–271
and ghosts, 157 Mysterious land, 178, 233
Motoori Norinaga, 33, 66, 73, 74 Mysterious spirits, 24
and Japanese uniqueness, 179 Mythic themes, 12, 65
and minor deities, 295
Mountain ascetics, 145, 271, 290 and art, 22, 67
Mountain deities, 32, 141, 148, 198, 210, heroic, 162
and Izanagi and Izanami, 176–177
219, 234, 286, 289 and Kπbπ Daishi, 205
Mountain jay, 212 Mythical space, 100–104
Mountain luck prince, 167 Mythical time, 100–102
Mountain ogress, 237 Mythical timelines, 75
Mountain old woman, 290 Mythical turtle, 120. See also Turtles
Mountain pilgrimages, 219, 252, 295. See Myths, 3, 66, 98–100
constructed, 27–28
also Pilgrimages local, 23, 28, 66
Mountain protector, 158 national, 19–20
Mountain ranges, 8, 265 “official,” 2
Mountain sprites, 270 oral, 66
Mountain waterfalls, purification under, and religion, 65
See also Creation myths; Foundation
294
Mountain witch, 290 myths
Mountain workers, 287
Mountain worship, 58 Naga, 159, 278
Mountains, 8, 9–10, 58, 218–220, 265, 286 Nagano, 85, 297
Nagano Plain guardian, 297
knowledge of the, 271 Nagarjuna, 99, 128, 241
and Sengen, 245–246 Nagasunehiko, 89
See also Gongen; Kπnπhanasakuya- Naginata, 285
Nagoya, 262
hime; Shi Tenno; Shumisen; Nai-no-kami, 220, 221. See also Namazu
Takamagahara Nakajutsu-no-π, 93
Mouse, 82 Nakatomi, 14, 15, 31, 40, 250
Muchaku-bosatsu, 52 Nakatomi-Mononobe coalition, 15
Mugwort, 109 Nakatsu-hime, 298
Mukashi banashi, 36 Nakazutsu-no-π, 257
Mundane figures, 127 Naked old man, 135
Munπ sho Myπ-π, 54 Nakime, 118. See also Animals: Pheasant
Murakami, Emperor, 96, 236
Muroto, Cape, 203, 235, 280

Index 357

Namazu, 136, 220–221, 229, 266–267, Nihon, 287
271, 274 Nihon-damashii, 65
Nihongi, 66. See also Nihonshπki
and Nai-no-kami, 220 Nihonjin-ron, 22, 179, 222. See also
and Rusugami, 239
and stones, 254 Japanese uniqueness
See also Ebisu; Takemikazuchi-no- Nihonshπki (Chronicles of Japan), 4, 7,

kami; Thunder deities 16, 28, 32, 33, 66, 72, 76, 78, 79, 83,
Namu Amida-butsu formula, 44, 115 94, 104
Namu-myoho rengei-kyπ formula, 47 and divination, 135
Nara, 14, 16, 41, 50, 85, 196, 257, 267 and earthly kami, 141
Nara Plain, 287 and emperors, divinity/humanity of,
Nara temple and shrine complex 211, 223
and food deities, 146
protector, 196 and Futsunushi-no-kami, 155
Narita, 153, 270 and Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 167
National deity, 35 and Izumo, 177
National mythology, 19–20, 21, 22 and Kamimusubi, 190
National Shintπ, 32, 206. See also Kokka and minor deities, 295
and ∏kuninushi, 229
Shintπ and oni, 232
Nationalism and Oyamatsumi-no-kami, 234
and sex, 257, 259
and kamikaze, 190 and Sukunabikona, 256
Natural phenomena, explanation of and Susano-wo, 259, 260
and swords, 263
and thunder deities, 276 and Takamagahara, 264
Nature classification, of kami, 32 and Takamimusubi-no-kami, 265
Natures, 31 and Takeminakata-no-kami, 268
Navels, 236, 276 and toads, 119
Navigator patron, 211 and Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto, 277
Necromancy, 132, 178 and women, position of, 113
Needle Boy, 294 and Yamato, 287
Needlework, 283 and Yamato-takeru, 288–289
Nembutsu formula, 44, 45, 115, 164. See Nihonshugi, 22
Niiru, 280
also Namu Amida-butsu formula Nikko shrine, 298
Nepal, 37 Nikko Toshog∆, 35
Neutral kamui, 63 Nine-holed shellfish, 290. See also
Never-never land, 278 Shellfish
New kami, 34 Nine-tailed fox, 148, 150. See also Foxes
New Year’s Eve, 266 Ninigi, 87
Ni-π, 54, 67, 171, 209, 223–225. See also and Ama-no-uzume, 111
Ninigi-no-mikoto, 26, 34, 94, 167,
Amaterasu-π-mikami; Kongπ; Oni; 222–223, 296
Susano-wo and Ama-no-uzume, 111
Ni-π straw sandals, 67 and Amaterasu-π-mikami, 112
Nibbhana, 246. See also Nirvana
Nichiπ-ji temple, 110
Nichiren school of Buddhism, 243
Nichiren-shπnin, 47, 50, 55, 189, 243
Nichiren-sh∆, 41, 47, 100
Nigimitama, 31

358 Index

Ninigi-no-mikoto, continued Nuye, 163
and Central Land of the Reed Plains, Nyctereutes procyonides, 119
86–87 Nyπrai, 49–50
and divine descent, 137
and divine rulership, 137 ∏baku, 45
and Hoderi-no-mikoto, 166 O-bon, 169
and Jimmu Tenno, 181–182 Occupational kang, 60
and Kπnπhanasakuya-hime, 210–211 O-Chiyo, 236
and Oyamatsumi-no-kami, 234 Oeyama, Mount, 237
and Sarutahiko-no-π-kami, 244, 245 Offerings, 27, 29, 63, 86, 212
and sea cucumber, 119
and Susano-wo, 260 at Dosπjin shrines, 139
and swords, 170, 262 and Inari, 172
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Divine “Official” myths, 2
descent; Divine rulership; Heavenly Official-bureaucrats, 24
grandson; Izumo; Kπnπhanasakuya- Officially established kami, 34–35
hime; ∏kuninushi; Oyamatsumi-no- ∏getsuhime, 146
kami; Sarutahiko-no-kami; Yamato and Kamimusubi, 190
and Susano-wo, 260
Ninigi-no-mikoto See also Food deities
and Tenson, 274 Oguma Eiji, 179
∏-Hakari, 262
Ninja, 264 ∏jin, Emperor, 35, 93–94, 160, 254, 281,
Nintoku, Emperor, 298
Niorin, 193 298
Nirai Kang, 60 Okame, 112
Nirvana, 38, 46, 49, 101, 252 Okami-no-kami
Nobles, 60–61
Nπbo, 289 and Kuraokami-no-kami, 213
Nπh theater, 121, 264, 293 Okamutsumi-no-mikoto, 226. See also
Non-human creatures, 56–57
Nonmaterial members, 25 Izanagi and Izanami; Ukemochi-no-
Norito, 66 kami; Yπmi
Noritsune, 293 Okhotskian culture, 5, 62
North American natives, 235 Okhotskians, 64
North Wind goddess, 227 Oki, 118, 173
Nourishment deity, 170 Okikurmi, 109, 226–228, 283, 298
Novels, 67 Okinagatarashi-hime, 93–94
Number 33, 195 Okinawa, 10, 59–61, 265, 273–274, 278
Nuns, 290 Okinawan kingdom, 69
Nuparikor Kamui, 64, 198 Okinawan mythology, 60–61
Nurturing natures, 31 ∏kuninushi, 15, 34, 72, 85–86, 89, 90,
Nuru, 60 103, 132, 135, 192, 213, 228–230,
Nusa, 225 274, 276, 284, 298
Nusakoro Kamui, 225–226 and Ame-no-oshi-homimi-no-mikoto, 84
and crocodile, 117
and Kinashut Kamui, 199 and earthly kami, 141
See also Kamui Fuchi; Kinashut and Ebisu, 142
and eighty brothers, 80–81, 228, 229
Kamui; Yushkep Kamui and food deities, 147

Index 359

and Izumo, 177, 178 Orihime and Kengy∆, 232–233
and Jinushigami, 183 Orpheo and Eurydice, 71
and Kamimusubi, 190 Osaka, 23, 89–90, 250, 257
and Kotoshironushi-no-kami, 212–213 Otafuku, 112
and Kuraokami-no-kami, 213 Other-salvation, 37, 52
and Kuyebiko, 213 ∏toshi-no-kami, 233. See also Food
and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222
and rabbit, 118 deities; Oyamatsumi; Susano-wo
and Sukunabikona, 82–83, 256 Otπtachibana-hime, 92
and Susano-wo, 81–82, 83, 260, 261
and swords, 262 and Yamato-takeru, 289
and Takemikazuchi-no-kami, 266 Otoukashi
and Takeminakata-no-kami, 267
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; and Jimmu Tenno, 182
Outcast wanderers, 11
Animals: Rabbit; Divine rulership; Outcasts, 25, 264
Sukunabikona; Susano-wo; Weapons Outer darkness, 17
Old man under moon, 298 Outer Shrine of Ise-jingu, 146, 298
Om, 209 Outsiders, 24–25
Om ma ne pad me hum formula, 239 Owari, 92, 216, 262, 289
Omi, 270 Owatatsumi-no-kami, 87–88, 103,
Omoro Sπshi, 69
Onamuji-no-kami, 81, 228, 256 233–234, 240, 280, 282
“One-word deity,” 166 and Hoderi-no-mikoto, 166
Oni, 56, 57, 102, 230–232 and Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 167
protection against, and Shπki, 249–250 and jewels, 180, 181
and Raikπ, 237 See also Ho-ori-no-mikoto; Susano-wo
and weapons, 285 Owl deity, 109, 128, 211
See also Boddhisattvas; Izanagi and Owls, 183, 211–212
Izanami; Ni-π; Shπki; Susano-wo; Owner kamui, 193
Tenjin Oyamatsumi
Oni wa soto, fuku wa uchi invocation, 230 and earthly kami, 141
Oniwaka, 123 Oyamatsumi-no-kami, 87, 210, 234
Onnin War, 18 and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222
Onogoro, 172 and ∏toshi-no-kami, 233
Onsen, 129 See also Izanagi and Izanami;
Oracles, 136
Oracular pronouncements kami, 212–213 Kπnπhanasakuya-hime; Ninigi-no-
Oral myths, 66 mikoto; Susano-wo
Orange (fruit), 280 Oyashimakuni, 173–174
Organized crime, 259 Oyashima-kuni, 234. See also Izanagi and
Origin myths, 277. See also Creation Izanami; Toyoashihara; Yamato
myths; Foundation myths ∏zumo, 225
Original Buddha, 48
Original kami, 33 Pacific War, 131
Origin-less kami, 33 Pack horse, 204
Origuchi Shinobu, 4, 66, 70 Paddy fields, 103
Paddy rice, 268
Paekche, 36, 103
Paekche, king of, 40
Pagodas, 128

360 Index

Pails, 157 Physicians, 127
Painful suffering, protector from, 226 Pikun Kando, 234
Painting Pilgrimage route, 100, 201–202, 203–204,

and mythic themes, 22, 67 204
pillar, 250 Pilgrimages, 58, 211, 252, 295
Pakoro Kamui, 109, 121
Palaces, 14 and mountains, 219, 252, 295
Panic grass, 146 See also Pilgrims
Paradise, 42–43, 44, 101 Pilgrims, 23, 25, 164, 202, 203–204, 295.
Paradise of Boundless Light, 49
Paralysis, 199 See also Pilgrimages
Parturition house, 210 Pillar painting, 250
Part-Westernization, 22 Pillars, 43
Pashkuru Kamui, 117 Pillbox hat, 125
Pauchi Kamui, 234–235 Pinning rock, 267. See also Kaname-ishi
Peaches, 226 Pipes, 126
Peacock, 205–206 Pirika kamui, 63
Peacock king, 144, 205–206 Pit dwellers, 73
Pearl, 181 Plague carrier, 259
Peasants, 23 Plain of heaven, 102
Penance, 279 Plains, 8, 9
“Penny dreadful” books, 22 Plains deity, 297
People Teacher, 192 Plants, 249
Perfect warrior, 95 Players, 58
Performers, 112 Plays, 67, 130–131
Persephone and Hades, 71 Plentiful food princess, 146
Perseverance, 24, 133 Plenty deity, 140
Persia, 67 Poems, 68
Personification, 136, 218 Poetry, 67
of disasters, 136 Poetry kami, 257
and Hidarugami, 164 Poets, 25
Persuasion, 99 Poison, 82, 205–206, 230
Pestilence deity, 109
Pestle Boy, 294 and snakes, 274
Petorush-mat, 283 Poison, protector from, 205–206
Phallic deity, 129 Poison arrows, 161
Phallic symbols, 128–129, 139, 140, 155, Poisoning, 234–235
Poisonous water, 197
245 Poiyaunpe, 298
Phallus kami, 36 Polar star, 220
Pheasants, 118, 265, 284 Pole arms, 284
Politeness
and Ame-no-wakahiko, 114
and conquest of the earth, 84–85 and announcing one’s presence, 239
Philippines, 6, 24–25, 69 and kappa, 195, 196
Phoenix, 120, 247 Pollution, 80, 104, 123
Physical difference and kami, 187
and Japanese uniqueness, 179 and Susano-wo, 259–260, 260
and women, 147, 165, 197, 210, 233,

277

Pollution, material Index 361
purification from, 282
Protection
Pollution and purity, 176 and thunder, 274, 276
Pollution deity, 175
Polynesia, 63 Protection gods, 53, 247
Pomegranate, 200–201 Protestants, 42
Population, of Japan, 10–12 Proto-Polynesians, 6, 10
Poronitne Kamui, 294 Provincial branch temples, 41
Possession Psychological disorders, 234–235
Psychological warfare, 20
fox, 150, 153 Puccini, 257
Hidarugami, 164 Puns, 100–101
Possessor of the great land, 228 Puppeteers, 58
Possessor of the great name, 228 Puppies, 150
Possessor of the sky, 192 Pure Land, 216, 235–236
Potent person, 161
Pottery, 13, 14 and Jizπ, 184
Poverty, 23, 126, 136 See also Amida Nyπrai; Kannon
Poverty deity, 23, 126 Pure Land of Kannon, 235
Power Pure Land of paradise, 115
and jewels, 181 Pure Land of the West, 38, 44, 235
and weapons, 285 and renge, 238
Powerful, the, 23–24 Pure streams, 296
Powerless, the, 24 Pure-water deity, 296
Prayer, 24 Purification, 31, 296
declamatory, 66 from material pollution, 282
Precincts guardian, 192 Purification deity, 175
Pregnancy, 93 Purification under mountain waterfalls, 294
Premodern period, 21–22 Purity, 165, 261
Pressing troubles, protector from, 226 and kami, 187
Priestesses, 60, 61 and kirin, 118
Priests, 31, 32, 40, 252, 3258 and men, 277
wandering, 23, 58 and pollution, 176
See also Hairy priests and women, 226. See also Women, and
Prime Originator kamui, 191
Primogeniture, 73 pollution
Prince of Sainted Virtues, 250
Prince of the reed plain, 228 Quen-yen, 201
Privy guardian, 192, 282 Qung Kuei, 249
Procreation, 76
Propitiation, 31 Rabbits, 80–81, 116, 117, 118, 228
Prose, 67 Raccoons, 119
Prosperity, 140, 181 Ragora-sonja, 185
Prosperity, grain, and commerce kami, Raiden, 154, 236, 274, 276. See also Fujin;

34, 35 Tenjin; Thunder deities
Prosperity deity, 247, 268 Raijin, 154, 236
Prostitution, 58, 110, 290 Raiju, 276
Raikπ, 17, 96, 163, 236–237

and Kintoki, 199–200
and spider, 119

362 Index

Raikπ, continued Religious particularism, 44, 47
and Sumiyoshi, 257 Religious rituals, 65
and swords, 262–263 Reliquary, 128
and Watanabe-no-Tsuna, 163 Renewal of the world, 221
and Yama-uba, 290 Renge, 238. See also Kannon; Pure Land
See also Animals: Spider; Heroes; Repun Kamui, 238–239
Kintoki; Oni; Shπki; Yama-uba Repunkur, 298
Retribution, 37
Raikπ’s band, 96, 163, 237 Rice, 146–147, 164
Rain, 207, 241, 260
Rainfall, 213 and population, 10–11
Rainfall kami, 298 Rice, prosperity, and plenty kami, 170
Rakan, 126, 185, 242 Rice cake, 164
Ramat, 63–64, 121, 157, 249 Rice carrier, 170
Rashπmon gate of Heian, 163 Rice deities, 35
Rashπmon oni, 263 Rice fields kami, 268
Rats, 132 Rice paddy, 268
Realm guardian kamui, 192 Rice paddy kami, 213
Realm of death, 261 Rice ropes, 254
Realm of Desire, 39 Rice seedling, 170
Rice wine, 280
six destinies/classes of existence in, Rice-bale, 268
38 Rice-paddy deity, 148
Rice-pounding mortar, 90
Realm of Form, 38, 39 Rikishi, 225, 230
Realm of Formlessness, 38, 39, 49, 101 Ringed staff, 122
Realm of the Heavenly Deities, 112 Rinzai, 45
Realm of the sea, 280 Rising Cinder Sparks Woman, 191
Realms, 101–102, 102–103 Rising Fire Sparks Woman, 191
Rissho-koseikai, 47
separation of, 168 Ritual disembowelment, 130
Rebirth, 37, 102, 246 Ritual plays, 256
Ritual resources, 218
and birth, cycle of, 38 Rituals, 31, 37, 66, 212, 218
Records of customs, 66
Red (color), 247 and bear cup sacrifice, 199
Red beans, 146, 147 and divination, 136
Red boars, 81, 228. See also Boars River clam, 204
Red giant, 280 River god, 197
Red oni, 273 River kami, 126
Red torii, 268 River Rapids kamui, 283
Redfield, Robert, 4 River valleys, 8, 9
Reflections, 49 Riverbed, 103
Registrar of birth, 41 Rivers, 103, 197, 218, 277
Registrar of death, 41 Roads kami, 241, 245
Reincarnation, 38 Robber-ogre, 262
Religion Robbers, 237
Robes, 129
and government, separation of, 32, 137,
206–207

and myths, 65
Religious figures, 55

Index 363

Rocks, 254, 290. See also Stones Ryu-π, 240–241
Rodents, 247
Roku Jizπ, 184 Saba Daishi, 204, 205
Rokuji Myπ-π, 239. See also Myπ-π Sabers, 263. See also Swords
Rokusuke, 196 Sack, 168
Rπnin, 21, 130–131 Sacred girdles
Roshana Butsu, 50
Roshi, 243 and Kamui Fuchi, 191–192
Rough and wild natures, 31 Sacred precincts protectors, 223
Rough spirit, 267 Sae-no-kami, 133, 139, 140, 184, 241. See
Rough warriors, 19
Rovers, 24–25 also Dosπjin
Royalty Sagacity boddhisattva, 217
Sagamu, 92
and jewels, 170 Sage of the Shakya clan, 246
Ruby, 181 Sages, 220, 241–244
Rukoro Kamui
Buddhist, 242–243
and Kamui Fuchi, 192 Daoist, 243
Ruler of the dead, 261 Zen, 243
Ruler of the sea, 259 Saichπ, 42, 43
Ruler of the underworld, 259, 261 Sailors, 23, 25, 256
Rushing water, 296 and ghosts, 157
Rusuban, 239 Saints, 28, 48, 243
Rusugami, 142, 239–240. See also Ebisu; Sakai, 23
Saka-no-kintoki, 139. See also Kintoki
Kamado-gami; Namazu Sake, 27, 280
Ryπ, 132 Sake bowl, 200
Ryπbu Shintπ, 31–32, 36, 57–58, 133, 206, Sakhalin Island, 9, 61
Sakimitama, 31
267 Sak-somo-ayep, 227
and mountains, 219 Sakya clan, 37
and Shodo-shπnin, 298 Salmon, 283
Ry∆-go, 99, 128 Salvation, 36, 37–38, 44, 134, 195,
Ry∆jin, 36, 95, 103, 140, 159, 240–241,
215–216, 246
241, 252, 255 Samai-unkur
and centipede, 117
and jewels, 181 and Okikurmi, 226–227
and Tawara Toda, 270 Samurai, 18, 19, 21, 31, 270
See also Benkei; Ho-ori-no-mikoto;
as heroes, 161–162
Owatatsumi; Snakes; Tawara Toda; San no Kuchi, 98
Thunder deities; Ujigami San no Kuchi barrier, 293
Ry∆ju, 241, 242. See also Kπbπ Daishi; Sanbπ-Kπjin, 244. See also Fudπ Myπ-π;
Ry∆jin; Shaka
Ryukyu Islands, 6, 9, 10, 59–61, 278, 280 Fii Nu Kang; Kamado-gami; Kamui
Ryukyu Shindo-ki, 69 Fuchi; Monju-bosatsu
Ryukyuan language, 10 Sanbπ-Kπjin statue, 244
Ryukyuan mythology, 59–60 Sanjusangendπ, 193, 915
sources of, 69 Sankπ, 284–285
Ryukyuans, 3, 26, 59–61, 69, 145, 187 Sansu no kawa, 279
Sanuki, 202

364 Index

Sarutahiko-no-kami, 34, 86, 103, 140, Self-discipline, 294
244–245, 265. See also Ame-no- Self-discipline and determination patron
uzume; Dosπjin; Kπshin; Ninigi-no-
mikoto saint, 135
Self-sacrifice, 22, 131
and Ama-no-uzume, 111, 112 Self-salvation, 37–38
and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222 Semipoisonous plants, ingestion of,
Satori, 45–46
Satsuma lords, 69 234–235
Sawonetsuhiko, 182 Sengakuji temple, 130, 215
Scarecrow deity, 83, 120, 140, 213, 256 Sengen, 211, 218, 245–246. See also
Scarf, snake-repelling, 81
Scholarship and learning deity, 35, 217, Hoderi-no-mikoto; Ho-ori-no-mikoto;
Kamui Fuchi; Kπnπhanasakuya-hime
272 Sengoku period, 20
Schools, 41–42 Seppuku, 21, 130
Sculpture, 67, 202 Serenity, 247
Sea, 8–9, 103, 233, 241, 257, 282 Serpent deities, 278
Serpents, 95, 145, 220, 240, 241, 252, 260,
as food source, 239 290. See also Dragons
and Susano-wo, 260 Service towns, 23
and Tokoyo-no-kuni, 280 Seto Inland Sea, 9, 103, 126, 142, 264,
Sea bream, 248 287
Sea crocodiles, 81, 118 Setsubun rituals, 225
Sea cucumbers, 111–112, 119 Settsu, 257
Sea deities, 166, 192, 256, 290 Seven gods of good fortune, 266
Sea ghosts, 157 Seventeen-article rescript, 16
Sea god, 103 Sex, 258–259
Sea goddess, 126 Sex change, 52
Sea kami, 32, 181, 233 Sex deities, 110, 257
Sea kang, 60 Sexual activity
Sea king, 282 and medicine, relationship between,
Sea people, 62, 298 257
Sea wren, 238 Sexual pleasure, 259
Sea-borne trade, 62 Sexual problems, 129
Seafarers kami, 257 Shaka, 45, 49, 50, 246–247. See also
Seafarers protector, 131 Emma-π; Kπbπ Daishi
Seafoam, 245 Shaka Nyπrai, 50
Seamen, 25 Shaku, 52
Second Patriarch, 241 Shakya clan, sage of, 246
Sects, 40–41 Shakyamuni, 37, 39, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48,
S§fa Utaki, 61 49, 50, 55, 67, 98, 100, 215, 246, 295
Seimei, 150 and elephant, 118
Seishi-bosatsu, 52, 245 and Fugen-bosatsu, 153
and Amida Nyπrai, 115 and Jizπ, 184
See also Amida Nyπrai; Kannon life of, and Buddhism, formation of, 99
Seishin-ichi, 57–58 and Ry∆ju, 241
Seitaka-dπji, 151 Shakyamuni statue, 202
Self-control, 110 Shaman, women as, 62, 294

Index 365

Shaolin, 134 Shintπ mythology
Shape-changers, 252 and Buddhist mythology, 98–100
Shaving-tipped wands, 225. See also Inau sources of, 66–67
Shellfish, 204, 228, 290
Shi Tenno, 128, 218, 247, 252, 290. See Shintπ priests, 32
and snakes, 252
also Bishamon; Shichi Fukujin
Shichi Fukujin, 128, 247, 247–279 Shintπ rituals, 27
Shintπ shrines, 32
and Daikoku, 132
and Ebisu, 142 and sumo bouts, 225
and Fukurokuju, 155 Shintπ topography, 102–104
and Hπtei, 168 Shintπ tradition
and jewels, 181
and Jurojin, 185 and Buddhist tradition, blend of, 15–16,
and Miroku-bosatsu, 216 26, 31–32, 57–58
and Takarabune, 266
See also Bishamon; Benten; Daikoku; Shintπ/Japanese nationalism, 31
Shipwrecks, 256
Ebisu; Fukurokuju; Hπtei; Jurojin; Shiragi, 93
Marebito Shirakata, 89
Shigi, Mount, 250 Shiramba Kamui, 249
Shiki, 93, 113, 225
Shikoku, 8, 100, 173, 201, 202, 203, 205, and Hashinau-uk Kamui, 161
211, 235, 280 Shishi, 110, 119, 209, 217
Shikoku Island, 201, 203 Shitateru-hime, 84, 114
Shimane prefecture, 260 Shitenno, 53
Shimenawa, 254 Shπ-ten, 250
Shimoda, 257 Shπ-tengu, 271
Shinagawa, 21, 130 Shodo-shπnin, 298
Shinatsuhiko-no-kami, 298 Shogun government, 20, 31
Shinerikyu, 60 Shogun Jizπ, 122, 184
Shingon, 41, 42, 43–44, 50, 55, 99, 201, Shoguns, 19, 55
207 Shπki, 56, 230, 237, 249–250. See also
Shingon temples, 43
Shing∆, 123 Oni; Sages
Shinobi clans, 264 Shπmu, Emperor, 129
Shinran, 44, 243 Shopkeeper
Shinsh∆, 50
Shintai, 254–255 fatalism of, 249
Shintπ, 15, 27–36, 39, 41, 206 Shπrinji temple, 45, 134
and Buddhism, 15–16, 26, 31–32, 37, Shoson, 48
57–58, 206 Shπtoku Taishi, 15, 40, 44, 54, 250–251
and jewels, 180–181
and mountains, 218, 219 and Bishamon-ten, 128
mythic timeline in, 75 and Jizπ, 184
Shintπ Canon, 65, 66–67 See also Jizπ
Shintπ cosmology, 102–104 Shπwa period, 206
Shintπ Directive of 1945, 206–207 Shπwa war government, 163
Shozanze Myπ-π, 54
Shozuka-no-baba, 102, 251, 279
and Datsueba, 135
See also Datsueba; Jigoku
Shozukawa River, 102, 135, 251, 279
Shrine guardians, 207–209

366 Index

Shrine protectors, 223 and thunder, 274
Shrines, 32, 142 See also Dπjπ-hπshi; Izanagi and

and mirrors, 170 Izanami; Thunder deities
and mountains, 218 Snake/thunder deities, 274
See also individual shrines; individual Snow woman, 293
Social categories, 23–25
statues Social divisions, 23
Shugendπ, 31, 55, 57–58, 122, 297 Soga, 15, 250
Shugendπ ascetics, 153 Sπhei, 19, 42, 96, 124
Shugendπ nuns, 58 Sπka Gakkai, 47
Shugendπ practitioners, 58 Sokojutsu-no-π, 93
Shugendπ priests, 58 Sokozutsu-no-π, 257
Shugensha, 58 Solar kang, 60
Shujaku, Emperor, 153 Songokku, 243
Shumisen, 252. See also Mountains Song-recitation texts, 67
Shutendπji, 163, 257, 262 Sonja, 242
Sorcery
and Raikπ, 237
Siberia, 82 and mirrors, 216
Siberian dipper, 212 Sπtπ Zen, 45, 131
Sibling incest, 33 Sπtπ Zen temples, 169
Siddhartha, 50 Sotoba, 43
Silkworms, 146 Souls, 31, 38, 57
Silla kingdom, 36, 40, 93, 103 Southeast Asia, 38
Singers, 110 Southern China, 20
Single kami, 190 Southern India, 99
Single-edged straight blades, 262, 263. See Soybeans, 146, 147
Space, 286
also Weapons Space, mythical, 100–104
Sir Gongen, 158 Space boddhisattva, 207
Sir Thunder, 274 Spear of mugwort, 109
Sister-brother deities, 278 Spells, 57, 230–231
Six destinies/classes of existence, in Spider goddess, 294
Spiders, 119, 163, 225, 237
Realm of Desire, 38 Spirit, the
Six Dynasties, 151
Six syllables, 239 and mirrors, 170
Skull repository, 199 Spirit deity of the mortal world, 228
Slave dealers, 25 Spirit of the deity, 216
Slavery, 15 Spirits, 157
Smallpox deity, 109, 193, 297 Spirits of the dead, 27
Smallpox kamui, 121 Springs, 255
Smith deity, 227, 296 Sprites, 23
Snake deity, 199, 225 Squash, 196
Snake spirits, 159 Sri Lanka, 38
Snake-repelling scarf, 81 Stags, 248
Snakes, 81, 126, 138, 140, 191, 203, 205, Stamina, 271
Standing army, 14
228, 241, 252–254, 277, 296
and dragons, 252
and poison, 274

Index 367

Stars, 286 Sukunabikona, 34, 103, 119, 229,
Starvation, 164, 234–235 256–257, 280
Statues. See Shrines; individual shrines;
and Ebisu, 142
individual statues and Kamimusubi, 190
Staves, 285 and Kuyebiko, 213
Steadfastness, 254 as Marebito, 214
Stirrups, 158, 160 and ∏kuninushi, 82–83
Stomach problems, 234 and Takamimusubi-no-kami, 265
Stone monkey, 243 See also Animals: Toads; ebisu;
Stone phallus, 139
Stones, 142, 254–255 Hiruko; Kuyebiko; Marebito;
∏kuninushi; Underworld
and jewels, 181 Sumeru, 101, 218, 252. See also
and Jizπ, 184 Shumisen
and Suijin, 255 Sumi, 101
See also Ebisu; Hachiman; Jewels; Sumiyoshi kami, 237, 257–259. See also
Izanagi and Izanami; Raikπ
Namazu; Takemikazuchi-no-kami; Sumiyoshi Rengo, 259
Yama-uba Sumiyoshi-taisha shrine, 257
Storm/thunder/fire kami, 32 Sumo bouts, 225
Storms, 260 Sumo wrestlers, 225, 230, 294
Storytelling, 22 Sun, 109, 132
Stove kami, 186 Sun child, 165
Strangers, 11, 25, 214 Sun goddess, 170. See also Amaterasu-π-
and foxes, 150 mikami
See also Marebito Sun kami, 277
Straw dolls, 197 Superhuman strength, 290
Straw horse figurines, 245 Suruga, 289
Straw sandals, 225 Susano-wo, 29, 31, 34, 79, 83, 92, 170,
Strength, superhuman, 290 213, 256, 259–261, 272, 284
Strongman wrestlers, 225 and Amaterasu-π-mikami, 112
Structuralist interpretations, of Japanese and Assembly of the Gods, 121
mythology, 71 and centipede, 116
Success Inari, 172 crimes of, and Amaterasu, 77–79
Suffering, 286 and divination, 136
Suffering body guardian, 286 and earthly kami, 141
Sugawara Michizane, 35, 232, 236, and eight-tailed dragon, 80
272 and Emma-π, 144
Suicide, 162, 163 and food deities, 146–147
honorable, 21 and Gozu-tenno, 159
and Shπki, 249 and Izanagi and Izanami, 175,
Suijaku, 133 176
Suijin, 255–256. See also Fudπ Myπ-π; and Izumo, 177
Ry∆jin and jewels, 180
Suiko, Empress, 15, 250 and Kuraokami-no-kami, 213
Suinin, Emperor, 280 and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222
Suitengu, 256 and Ni-π, 225
Sujin, Emperor, 262

368 Index

Susano-wo, continued regalia; Jimmu Tenno; Ninigi-no-
and ∏kuninushi, 81–82, 83, 228–229, mikoto; Raikπ; Susano-wo;
230 Takemikazuchi-no-kami; Weapons;
and oni, 232 Yamato-takeru
and ∏toshi-no-kami, 233 Swordsmanship, 271
and Owatatsumi-no-kami, 233 Syllabary, 43, 201–202, 205
and Oyamatsumi-no-kami, 234
and swords, 262 Tachi sabers, 262, 263Tachibana, 280
and Tokoyo-no-kuni, 280 Tadanobu, 150
and Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto, 277 Tagishi Beach, 85
and Yamato-takeru, 289 Tai, 142, 248
and Yπmi, 279 Taichπ, 122
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Izanagi Taichu-Shπnin, 69
and Izanami; ∏kuninushi; Taira, 19, 96, 97, 262, 263–264, 291, 293.
Oyamatsumi; Suseri-hime
See also Benkei; Ghosts; Yoshitsune
Suseri-hime, 81–82, 260 Taira clan, defeat of, 156, 157
and ∏kuninushi, 228, 229 Taira no Kiyomori, 263
Taira no Masakado, 95, 138
Sushi, 196
Susshe Inari, 172 and Tawara Toda, 268, 270
Sutras, 67–68 Taishaku-ten, 53, 298
Taishπ period, 206
translation of, 16 Taiwan, 6, 69
Suwa, Lake, 85, 267 Taizπkai, 44
Suwa Lake deity, 267 Taizπkyπ, 181, 209
Suwa shrine, 267 Tajima-mori, 280
Swamps, 197 Takachiho, 88
Sweetfish, 204. See also Fish Takachio, Mount, 86
Sword Ame-no-π-habari-no-kami, 266 Takakuraji, 89, 182, 262
Sword deity, 85 Takamagahara, 102, 118, 182, 190, 218,
Sword Futsu-no-mitama, 266
Sword Grass-cutter, 92. See also Kusanagi 264–265. See also Amaterasu-π-
Sword Higekiri, 262 mikami; Ninigi-no-mikoto; Swords
Sword Hironogoza, 262 Takamimusubi-no-kami, 33, 86, 89,
Sword Kusanagi, 80, 86, 92, 216–217, 222, 176, 265
and Ama-no-uzume, 111
260, 262, 289 and Amaterasu-o-mikami, 112
Sword of happiness, 207 and Ame-no-wakahiko, 114
Swordfish, 227. See also Fish and Assembly of the Gods, 122
Sword-making, 270 and Ebisu, 142
Swords, 82, 129, 261–263, 264, 271, 284, See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Ame-
no-wakahiko; Sukunabikona
285 Takamimusubi-no-mikoto, 83, 84, 190,
and imperial regalia, 169–170 256
and Jimmu Tenno, 182 Takao, Mount, 153, 252
and kami, 284 Takarabune, 181, 247, 248, 249, 266, 282.
and Susano-wo, 259 See also Animals: Turtle; Shichi
and Takemikazuchi-no-kami, 266 Fukujin
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Ame-

no-wakahiko; Heroes; Imperial

Index 369

Takemikazuchi-no-kami, 141, 174, 176, Teacher kamui, 109
178, 190, 196, 239, 266–267, 274 Technology, 64
Tema, Mount, 81, 228
and conquest of the earth, 85–86 Temple guardians, 207–209. See also
and Futsunushi-no-kami, 155
and Jimmu Tenno, 182 Ni-π; Koma-inu
and Namazu, 220, 221 Temple guards, 42
and ∏kuninushi, 229 Temple maidens, 136
and swords, 262 Temple protectors, 223
See also Gongen; Kotoshironushi; Temple school, 41–42
Temple servitor, 18
Namazu; ∏kuninushi; Swords; Temples, 14, 15
Takeminakata-no-kami; Thunder
deities; Yamato-takeru and ghosts, 157
Takemikazuchi-no-kami shrines, 266, See also individual temples
267 Temujin, 98, 293
Takeminakata-no-kami, 85, 267–268 Ten, 53
and earthly kami, 141 Ten major disciples, 55
and Takemikazuchi-no-kami, 266 Tendai, 41, 42–43, 54, 96
See also Ho-ori-no-mikoto; paradises of, 42–43
∏kuninushi; Takemikazuchi-no- Tendai monasteries, 42
kami; Ry∆jin; Urashimatarπ Tendai monks, 42
Taker of life, 261 Tendai temples, 42
Takitsu-hime, 298 Tengu, 56, 57, 117, 122, 270–272, 293
Tale of Genji, 17 and Yama-uba, 290–291
Talent and eloquence deity, 126 See also Bishamon-ten; En-no-Gyπja;
Tama, 180
Tamanoya-no-mikoto, 78 Yama-uba; Yoshitsune
Tamayori-hime, 88, 280 Tenjin, 35, 217, 236, 272–273. See also
and Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 167–168
Tamon-ten, 53 Goryπ; Hachiman
Tamuramaro, 123 Tenjin shrines, 158, 272
Tanabata festival, 232–233 Tenman-gu shrines, 272
Ta-no-kami, 148, 183, 214, 268, 286. See Tenson, 273–274. See also Amaterasu-π-
also Inari; Yama-no-kami
Ta-no-kami shrines, 268 mikami; Ninigi-no-mikoto
Tanuki, 119 Tent government, 19
Tao-te Ching, 56 Tenteishi, 60–61, 274. See also Tenson
Tarπbπ, 122, 271 Teragoya, 41–42
Tawara, 268 Tetsubπ, 230
Tawara Toda, 17, 94, 95, 241, 268–270 Theatrical works, 22
and centipede, 117 Themes
and Hachidai-ry∆-π, 159, 160
as hero, 164 archetypal, 71
See also Animals: Centipedes; Benkei; mythic, 12, 65, 162, 176–177, 205
Ch∆shingura; Fudπ Myπ-π; Ry∆jin universal, 167–168
Tea, 134 Thieves, protector from, 225
discovery of, 243 Thirty-three (number sacred to Kannon),

195
Thousand-hands Kannon, 295
Three treasures, 244
Three-way rough deity, 244

370 Index

Threshold spirit, 120 280–281. See also Jigoku; Yπmi;
Thunder, 109, 111, 138, 209 Underworld
Tokugawa dynasty, 55
and crying, 276 Tokugawa family, 20
and death, 274 Tokugawa government, 21–22
and diamonds, 181, 274 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 35, 55, 158
and earthquakes, 274 Tokugawa rulers, 24
and fertility, 274 Tokugawa shogunate, 22, 35, 66, 206
and kongπ, 285 Tombs, 13
and protection, 274 Tomoe Gozen, 96
and snakes, 274 as hero, 163
Thunder and lightning, 209, 236 Tomohide Haneji, 69
and snakes, 254 Tools, 73, 285
See also Lightning Topography, Buddhist, 101–102
Thunder and lightning kamui, 191 Topography, Japanese, 8–9
Thunder deities, 110, 138, 154, 196, 221, Topography, Shintπ, 102–104
Tori-no-ichi festival, 112
236, 252, 254, 266, 274–276 Torments, 104
and human women, 276 Tortoises, 182, 247, 248, 256
and Izanagi and Izanami, 174–175 Tosa, 202
See also Ajishikitakahikone-no-kami; Totemic deity, 35
Totemism, 116
Benkei; Dπjπ-hπshi; Izanagi and Toumi, 89
Izanami; Jewels; Raiden; Stones; Tourist trade, 62
Takemikazuchi-no-kami Toyoashi-no-hara-no-kuni, 277
Thunderbolt strongmen, 223 Toyoashihara-no-chiaki-no-nagaioaki-no-
Thunderbolt weapon, 223 mizuho-no-kuni, 234, 277. See also
Thunder-snake deities, 226 Amaterasu-π-mikami; Central Land
Tibet, 37, 67 of the Reed Plains; Yamato
Tibetan writings, 67–68 Toyotama-hime-no-mikoto, 87–88,
Tide-raising and tide-lowering jewels, 167
167, 180, 233, 240 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 196
Tien Ta-ti, 233 Toyouke-no-kami, 146, 147, 298. See also
Tientai, 42 Food deities
Tigers, 120, 247 Trade articles, 129
Tiida-kang, 60 Trade patron, 211
Time, mythical, 100–102 Traditions, 66
Timelines, mythical, 75 Trance, 136
Ting nu kang, 60 Transmigration, 191
Toad deity, 83 Transportation, 64
Toad sage, 156 Travel restrictions, 23
Toads, 119–120, 156, 256 Travelers
Tπdaiji temple, 14, 50 and foxes, 148
Tohoku, 17 and Hidarugami, 164
Tπji monastery, 171 and Kπjin, 245
Tπji temple, 170 and stones, 254
Tokko, 284
Tokoyo-no-kuni, 9, 47, 110, 130, 168,
178, 193, 203, 233, 256, 268, 278,

Index 371

Treason, 21 See also Food deities
Treasure ship, 247, 266, 282 Ultima-geniture, 73
Treasures Umayado, Prince, 15, 250–251
Umi, 93
and Takarubune, 266 Umikii-gami. See Uminai-gami and
Treasury of Loyal Retainers, 21, 130
Tree goddess, 227 Umikii-gami
Trials by ordeal, 78 Uminai-gami and Umikii-gami, 278. See
Tribal law, 14
True sect Pure Land, 44–45 also Izanagi and Izanami
Truth, 238 Umugi-hime, 228, 298
Unborn generations, 25
and kongπ, 285 Underworld, 77, 261, 278–281
Tsuchigumo, 89–90, 119
Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto, 77, 79, 277 and Emma-π, 144
emperor of, 259
and food deities, 146 and Izanagi, 71, 72
and Izanagi and Izanami, 175, 176 and Izumo, 178
See also Izanagi and Izanami; Susano- and Jizπ, 184
and Susano-wo, 259, 260
wo; Ukemochi-no-kami See also Datsueba; Emma-π; Gozu-
Tsukushi, 93, 175
Tsumi, 260 tenno; Hachiman; Izanagi and
Tsushima, 173 Izanami; Jigoku; Jizπ; Ry∆jin;
Tukap, 157 Shozuka-no-baba; Sukunabikona;
Tumbling leaf, 271 Susana-wo; Tokoyo-no-kuni;
Tumbling-leaf tengu, 271 Urashimatarπ; Yπmi
Tungus culture, 5 Unhealthy water, 197
Turtles, 120, 220, 266, 281, 282 Universal deity, 133
Twelve Article Constitution, 250 Universal themes
Typhoid, 199 and Ho-ori-no-mikoto, 167–168
Typhoons, 155, 188, 280 Universal types, 71
Universe, 101
Ubasoku, 144 Unjang, 60
Uda, 89 Untamed, deity of the, 259
Uesugi Kenshin Upgraded kami, 35
Upper sea, 257
and Bishamon-ten, 128 Urashimatarπ, 267, 280, 281–282
Ugajin, 126, 277–278. See also Benzaiten; and Hachidai-ry∆-π, 160
See also Ho-ori-no-mikoto;
Snake Owatatsumi-no-kami; Ry∆jin;
Uganomitama-no-kami, 298 Takarabune
Ugetsu-hime, 79 Urban worker
Ugo, 17 fatalism of, 249
Uji, 257 Ursus arctos, 64
Ujigami, 222 Ushiwakamaru, 19, 20, 97, 125, 271. See
Ukanomitama-no-kami, 170 also Yoshitsune
and Benkei, 123
and food deities, 147 Ususuma Myπ-π, 282. See also Myπ-π
Ukashi people, 89 Utaki, 61
Ukemochi-no-kami, 79–80, 146, 176, 226,

233
and Tsukiyomi-no-mikoto, 277

372 Index

Utsushikunitama-no-kami, 228 Warrior deity, 85, 169, 266
Uwajutsu-no-π, 93 Warrior patron, 184, 215
Uwazutsu-no-π, 257 Warrior-administrators, 23
Warrior-aristocracy, 24
Vairocana, 50 Warrior-knights, 24
Vaisravana, 53 Warriors, 19, 21, 62, 75
Vajrasattva, 241
Vase of the Waters of Life, 193 and ghosts, 156–157
Vasubandhu, 52 Warrior’s Way, 131
Vega (star), 232 Watanabe-no-Tsuna, 237
Vegetables, 249
Vegetarian diet as hero, 163
and swords, 263
and Japanese uniqueness, 159, 179 Watatsumi-no-kami. See also
Vegetation kamui, 249
Venerated beings, 241 Owatatsumi-no-kami
Venerated persons, 48 Water, 255, 283, 296
Venus (planet), 207, 268 Water, springs, and wells kami, 255
Village nuru, 61 Water creature, 195
Village priestesses, 60, 61 Water kami, 32, 186, 217
Viper Boy, 294 Water kang, 60
Virudhaka, 53 Water reed, 186, 217
Virupaksa, 53 Water sprites, 56
Visiting deities, 32, 58, 103, 142, 214, Water-dwelling kamui, 283
Waterfalls, 255
257, 280. See also Marebito
Volcanoes, 8 purification under, 294
Voyage to the West, 243 Waterfalls deity, 153
Watering-place woman, 283
Wagtails, 83, 173, 256 Waters, deity of the, 283
Waka-ush-Kamui, 283–284 Waters of Life, 52
Waterways, 197
and Kamui Fuchi, 192 Waves, 257
See also Hashinau-uk Kamui; Kotankor Way of the Buddha, 15
Way of the Gods, 15
Kamui; Okikurmi Wealth, 221
Wanderers, 25
Wandering deities, 11, 165 and jewels, 181
Wandering hunter-gatherers, 25 Wealth deity, 126, 132, 250
Wandering medicine sellers, 25 Weapons, 73, 110, 209–210, 230, 284–285
Wandering monks, 23
Wandering nuns, 58 and Benkei, 124–125
Wandering priests, 23, 58 and Daitoku Myπ-π, 133
War, divination, and protection patron and domestic implements, 294
and jewels, 180, 181
god, 160 and kami, 285
War and culture deity, 34–35, 160 and lightning, 284
War deity, 94, 116 and metallurgy, 284
Warai Botoke, 151 and oni, 285
Warping of meaning, deliberate, 100 and power, 285
Warrior caste, 45 See also individual weapons; Kongπ;

Swords

Index 373

Weasel-shaped animal, 276 as fighters, 62
Weaver princess, 232 and food deities, 147
Weavers, 25 as heroes, 96. See also individual
Weaving, 103, 109, 121
Weddings, 142 heroes
Well-being, 181 importance of, and Izanagi and
Wells, 255, 265
Wen kamui, 63 Izanami, 176
Wendigo syndrome, 235 and inheritance, 26, 73
West, the, 3 and oni, 232
Whales, 142, 238–239 and pollution, 147, 165, 197, 210, 233,
“What is it about?” boy, 151
Wheat, 146, 147 277
Wheel of Being, 49 position of, 113, 294–295
Wheel of Life, 50 and purity, 226
Wheel of the Law, 223 as shaman, 62, 294
White (color), 247 and thunder deities, 276
White bird, 170, 289. See also Birds Woodcutters, 287
White Bird Tomb, 93 Wooden phallus, 139
White boars, 289. See also Boars Word boddhisattva, 217
White deer, 92, 267, 289. See also Deer Word play, 100–101
White fox, 99, 133, 148, 172. See also Workmen’s tools, 285
World of the dead, 135, 278. See also
Foxes
White snakes, 126, 277. See also Snakes Underworld
Wild forest spirit, 97 World War II, 22, 32, 65, 98, 131, 137,
Wild storm deity, 259
Willow-soul River, 234 163, 206–207
Wind god, 236 and kamikaze, 189–190
Wind kami, 298 Worship
Winds, 154–155 and stones, 254–255
Wine, 198, 283 Wousu-no-mikoto, 90, 288
Wine-making, 121 Wrestling, 225
Winning, 65 Writing and culture patron god, 160
Wisdom, 133, 155, 247 Writing brushes, 158, 160
Wish-granting wheel, 193 Written laws, 14
Wisteria twigs, 245
Witches, 55 Xian, China, 13, 201
Wizard deity, 262
Wizards, 23, 178 Yachihokπ-no-kami, 228
Woman shamans, 294 Yagami-hime, 80–81, 82–83
Womb mandala, 44
Women and ∏kuninushi, 228
Yahe-Kotoshironushi, 212
Ainu, activities of, 62 Yakisu, 92
birthing, 294 Yakudoshi, 120
and bureaucracy, 15 Yakushi, 49
as deities. See individual deities Yakushi Nyπrai, 47, 50, 155, 196, 286.

See also Amida Nyπrai
Yakushi statue, 202, 203
Yakuza gangs, 259
Yama, 246

374 Index

Yamabushi, 31, 58, 145, 252, 290, 293, Yayoi culture, 186
295 Yayoi period, 13
Yeukashi, 182
and Tengu, 271–272 Yo, 209
Yamadera, 217 Yogacara school of Buddhism, 52
Yamagata prefecture, 217 Yo-naoshi, 221
Yama-no-kami, 148, 183, 214, 286–287 Yπmei, Emperor, 250
Yπmi, 77, 103–104, 168, 254, 259, 261,
and Ta-no-kami, 268
See also Inari; Marebito; Mountains; 274, 278–279, 280
and Izanagi and Izanami, 174–175,
Ta-no-kami
Yamasachi-no-hiko, 167 176
Yamashirπ, 93 See also Jigoku; Land of the dead;
Yamato, 9, 10, 13–14, 15, 27, 31, 33, 34,
Tokoyo-no-kuni; Underworld
35, 40, 59, 61, 73, 83, 103, 119, 250, Yomotsu Hirazaka, 175, 229
267, 287–288 Yomotsu-π-kami, 175
and Izanagi and Izanami, 175–176 Yoritomo, 97–98, 193, 291
and Izumo, 177, 178 Yoshinaka
and Jimmu Tenno, 182–183
and Kamimusubi, 191 and Tomoe Gozen, 163
and Ninigi-no-mikoto, 222 Yoshino, 205, 252, 295
and ∏kuninushi, 229 Yoshino, Mount, 145
and Susano-wo, 261 Yoshino mountains, 103
and Yamato-takeru, 288 Yoshitsune, 19, 20, 94, 95, 271, 291–293
Yamato Plain, 9
Yamato province protector, 196 and Benkei, 96–98, 123
Yamato-damashii, 270 and foxes, 150
Yamato-takeru, 13, 72, 73, 82, 90–93, as hero, 162
116, 141, 218, 288–290 See also Benkei; Ch∆shingura;
as hero, 162, 163
and Miyazu-hime, 216–217 Heroes
and swords, 262 Yoshitsune, 125
See also Amaterasu-π-mikami; Susano- Yoshitsune senbon zakura, 150
wo; Swords Young bull, 97. See also Ushiwakamaru
Yama-uba, 237, 271–272, 290–291, Young demon, 123
294. See also Kintoki; Raikπ; Young Hachiman, 162
Tengu Younger Hero of Kumasπ, 90–91
Yanagida Kunio 4, 29, 66, 70, 73–74 Younger-brother Ukashi, 89
Yangtze River, 117 Yuima Kπji, 56
Yaoyorozu-no-kamigami, 29, 187, 291. Yukari poems, 63, 68
See also Divine descent; Divine Yuki-onna, 293–294. See also Yama-uba
rulership Y∆rei stories, 156
Yashiro-guni kami, 298 Yushkep Kamui, 225, 294–295
Yasukan, 98
Yasukuni shrine, 98 Zaπ Mountain deity, 295
Yasunari, 150 Zen Buddhism, 38, 45–47, 50, 56, 67, 99,
Yatagarasu, 117
Yaunkur, 298 134. See also Buddhism; Japanese
Buddhism
Zen monasteries, 123
Zen ∏baku, 41

Zen sages, 243. See also Binzuru-sonja; Index 375
Daruma
Zodiacal animals, 120. See also Ama-no-
Zen school, founder of, 243 uzume; Fugen-bosatsu; Hachiman;
Zen temple, 47 Inari; Jimmu Tenno; Tawara Toda;
Zither, 82 Takamimusubi; Ninigi-no-mikoto
Zπchπ-ten, 53, 247
Zoroastrianism, 49, 67
Zπsusan, 211



ABOUT THE AUTHOR

M ichael Ashkenazi (Ph.D. Anthropology, Yale 1983) has taught
anthropology in several countries. He is the author and editor of
numerous articles and several books, including Matsuri: Festivals of
a Japanese Town (University of Hawaii Press), and coauthor of The Essence of
Japanese Cuisine (Curzon Press/ University of Pennsylvania Press).