Topic 1 - Intro To Programming Principles (1) (1)

DFC 1023
PROBLEM SOVING AND

PROGRAM DESIGN

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
(CLO):

Upon completion of this course, students
should be able to:

1) Explain the basic computer and
programming fundamentals with appropriate
examples of languages.

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SPECIFIC OUTCOME

1.1 Discuss the evolution of programming
language.

1.2 Describe fundamentals of programming
language.

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1.1 Discuss The Evolution
Of Programming Language

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1.1.1) HISTORY OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Before1940 The 1940s The 1950s 1967 – 1978
and 1960s
• The • Plankalkül , • Logo, B,
languages ENIAC • FORTRA Pascal, Forth,
were Codes coding N, LISP, C, Smalltalk,
system COBOL Prolog, ML,
Scheme, SQL

Current trend The 1990s : Internet The 1980s
age • C++,
• C#, Visual Basic . NET, F#,
Scala, Factor, Windows Poer • Haskell, Python, Objecyive-C,
shell, Clojure, Groovy, Go Visual Basic, Ruby, Ada,Common
Lua, CLOS, Java, Lisp, Eiffel,
Delphi, JavaScript, Erlang, Perl, Tcl,
PHP, Rebol, D FL

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TECHNOLOGY OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

Machine Languages
Using Vacuum Tubes

Assembly Languages
Using Transistors

3rd Generation Languages
Using Integrated Circuits

4th Generation Languages
Using Microprocessors

5th Generation Languages Page 1111
Using Artificial Intelligence

1) MACHINE LANGUAGES

Only languages understood by computers

Also called machine code

A set of instructions for a specific central processing unit,
designed to be usable by a computer without being translated
impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of
numbers

The lowest-level programming language

Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must
be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of
computers

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2) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES

a low-level programming language implements a symbolic
for computers, microprocessors, representation of the machine
codes and other constants needed
microcontrollers, and other
programmable devices to program a given CPU
architecture

usually defined by the hardware same structure and set of
manufacturer, and is based on commands as machine languages,
but they enable a programmer to
mnemonics that symbolize
processing steps (instructions), use names instead of numbers

processor registers, memory
locations, and other language

features

an assembly language program
written for one type of CPU won't

run on another

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3) 3rd GENERATION LANGUAGES

a refinement of a make the languages
second-generation more

programming programmer-friendly
language

High level language Most 3GLs support
structured

programming

Example: Fortran, Page 1144
ALGOL, and COBOL,

C, C++, C#, Java,
BASIC and Delphi

4) 4th GENERATION LANGUAGES

a programming
language or
programming

environment designed
with a specific purpose

in mind, such as the
development of

commercial business
software

Most 4GLs are used to to reduce programming
access databases effort, the time it takes to
develop software, and the

cost of software
development

fourth-generation
languages are

programming languages
closer to human

languages than typical
high-level programming

languages. (COBOL)

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5) 5th GENERATION LANGUAGES

a programming language designed to make the computer solve
based around solving a given problem without the

problems using constraints programmer - the programmer only
given to the program, rather needs to worry about what problems

than using an algorithm need to be solved and what
written by a programmer conditions need to be met, without
worrying about how to implement a
routine or algorithm to solve them

based on artificial Fifth-generation languages are
intelligence, are still in used mainly in artificial
development, though there
are some applications, such intelligence research. Prolog, OPS
5, and Mercury
as voice recognition

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1.2 Describe Fundamentals
Of Programming Languages

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1.2.1) DEFINITIONS

Programmer

• someone who writes computer software
• a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a

generalist who writes code for many kinds of software

Program

• An organized list of instructions that, when executed,
causes the computer to behave in a predetermined
manner

Programming

• the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging,
and maintaining the source code of computer programs

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STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

the top-to-bottom It splits the tasks into This type of program
approach modular forms. This accomplishes certain
makes the program tasks for that a specific
simpler and easier to
read with less lines and reason

codes

decomposed into a .A process may be
hierarchy of processes. composed of other, more
A process in this context
specialized processes,
is a body of code, i.e., it may be a function
typically a function or that calls other functions
subroutine, that takes

some input and
manipulates it to produce

an output

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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

uses sections in a It splits the program into They are small
program to perform objects that can be programs that can be
reused into other used in other software
certain tasks programs

Each object or module An object-oriented
has the data and the program is decomposed
instruction of what to do
with the data in it. This into a network of
can be reused in other collaborating objects.
An object represents a
software thing or concept and

has a known set of
behaviours that may be
invoked by other objects

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1.2.2) LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS

Assembler

• A program that translates programs from assembly
language to machine language.

Compiler

• a computer program (or set of programs) that
transforms source code written in a programming
language (the source language) into another
computer language (the target language, often having
a binary form known as object code)

Translator Page 2222

• A program that translate from one programming
language into another

1.2.3) RELATE THE PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES APPLICATION IN REAL

LIFE

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Thank You

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