Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Economics

Glossary

Unlimited liability means that if a business goes Wage is the return for labour services, paid hourly
bankmpt, the owncr(s) is/arc personally or weekly. Payment depends on the amount of
liable for the debts, even if it means personal time worked.
belongings ha\·c to be sold.
\Vants arc goods and services that arc not necessary
Vertical integration occurs when a takeover or for survival but arc demanded by economic
merger takes place between two firms from a agents.
diffurcnt sector ofindusny
Wealth is measured by the value of assets a person
Visible exports arc gOOOs which arc sold to foreign owns minus their liabilities (the amount they
owe to others).
Visible imports arc goods bought by domestic
customers from foreign sellers. Work·to·r ule means that workers literally work to
fulfil the minimum requirements ofthcir job
Visible trade balance is a record of the export and and do nothing outside what is written in their
import ofphysical goods. comract of employment.

Wagc·pricc spiral occurs when trade unions Working population (or latxmr force) is the
negotiate higher wages to keep income in line number of people in an economy who arc of
with inflation but this simply causes more working age and arc willing and able to work.
inflation as firms raise prices to maintain their
profit margins.

Index

ob,olut<pove,tyl35 exompril<ti<e 1111,124 ,urpl.,.... 260,263--4
f • < t o n affe<tin g<hoi<eof w,ton,du,iu 185
':i';;:,'~:,'::w.6!.,ntt, 2s1 cycli< a l ( d e m a n d - defi<iont)
or9• ni>otion 123
odmini>tra,Wolog, 174 limitedliabil,t}'<Off"4),lniei 113- 16,123 unemployment 211,212
adv..rti,ic,g 22,40,52- l mu!tirli>tion..oh 116.--18
a,gg,egotedemand 74,201,211,218,261 partner,hipo 112-13,123 dobtoffo<t 202
a,gg,egote,upply 201 publi<corporation, 1.I0---3 dobu 107,203,219- 30:,.., ako
reYiewqumiomll<eyterm, 124--.5
::i:.::t!';:..!:,ion 114 ,oletra.den 110--11,123 bor,o..;ng;lending

-a,gero,t,136- 7,158 upitol 4,126,151 :::i'!t~!,;'"'~~~hip m
aveu,gerev,,nuu U9 upiul9,0imtax 185
upihl -intemWop,oduction 5,129- 30 ::.:::::d2t32
:~:.:!"";~~calinteg,atioo 155 copiulinve>tment 178 mar1<otequilibfium 29--31
<• ·urst«onomy,,oemart.otoconomy
b alancodOOd9ot 172 :::::n~f~3in 23--5
bolancoofp.ymeot, 169, 179,258- 66, ::~:~:"axodu1~~Yicy BO
<Hhf<>ttV<efali<><l06 roviewque,tion,lkoytttm>33
"' celebfitie, 85- 6,128,256 domond<Urv1'! 20-1,23- 4,37- 8,42
CHl(copiul,entffpfi..,,labour,land) 4 dom and-dofitient(cycliu l)
andocooomicg,<>Wth 170 centralbank,63- 5,106
exampractico 2'0,2(;1,26.l,263,265 CEO,(ChiofhecutiveOfficor,) 115 1
ondexch-rotefluctuat,on,273 Certifi<ateofln,orporation 115 dom and~=::::,m~~/ • m
,ov;.wqoestion.,\eytum, 265-6 ch aimofproduction 5- 6 domand-pullinflation 168,196,264
d aHi<ol~:;i-w•90)unemploymont 210, domo,geu 160,161
::~·:: ::.J.;;d; (~rode balam) 258-9 domefitgood, 35,49,50,51,52,53,186
8 competition 15, 17,132, 142- 4, 150 dom09,aphi« 23,IOl,104,206:«oal,o
competition -N,odpri<ing 147
bonkboilout, 65 con,petitionlaw 166 popul ation
BankofEngland 63,121,176 competitiYfl><!< 131,254 dopendoncyr• tio244
bonkruptcin 202 complomentl 22 dop,o<i • tion 269
bar,iontoentry 143,145,148 confiden;~;ev•I• !02, !04, 176,199,202, deregulation 177- 8
b.-tuing 62- 3 dorWoddemand, 74,126
ba,ic«ooomicpmblom 2-10 conglomerate'nte9r•t'on(later•l 'nteg,at· n,
divenifkation) 156- 7 dovolopmentaid 237
ca,e>tudie.6,7 different;..t edprodu,t, 143
exampu ctico 9 ,on,p'cuou,con,umpt'on 100 di,octtaxotion 97,167,182
<<>n<umtt<o-ope,atWo, 120 di,economiuof,ulo 116,137,160-1
:::::::"'i~uctioo - ,on,ume,priaeindex(CPI) 192-4
,on,ume,prote<tionlaw, 165 di<p<»a bl,in,ome 96- 100, 106
oppornm,tycost, 6---9 coo,ume,,pending 41 - 3,96- 103,216 di5>aving 103
«v..,wqoestion.,\eytem» 10 <ontractiono,yfocalpolicy 173,174 d'venT,aion(on9lome,ate·n,eg,at·on,
~nefit, 55- 6,79,214,236 controctiono,y(ti9ht)monotorypolicy 176
~nigndeflation 201,202 co-operative, 119- 20,123 lateulintegution) 156- 7
corpo,ationt;ox 185,186 dumping 279
~~h·;:;:"';~~:~d m corrnption:lEDC, BO
«><tofliving 231 ,arnif'l9• 73,81 - i:,ee ~/,ow09.,
::~~;,1o;;enon(BOD) 115 «>>t-plu,priting 146
«>>t-pu,hinflation 168,195,272 :~::::: : : ~ : .2- :4
borrowi~ 97,10.2,106- 7,197,202, "''" 135- 8,158 «onomi,9()0(l, 2
2 «onomi;:;owth 168, 170, 174, 216- 24,
«>illofproduction 26,135--7,279
bouoo,(nocku<hang«) 65- 7 137 a.dv•nt09<.rdi,a,dvont09«of 218--20
b<aindroin 208 and~;:r><•ofpaymont,oquilibfium
b<a ndloya!ty40 ::0".':.1""4tso ~
bodgetdefkit/,u,plu, 172 ofloboor 74 oxampracti« 219,224
privat<hociol49--53 ~P':,"n~i, ,atefluctuatiom 273
bulk-buy;~,C:,:·~;n9) «onomie, ,fflewquestiomll<oyterm, 141
6
::::,:·:~Ii~~! level, 199 ~;~t::::=.•r;"• index) 192-4 livin g n a n d o r d > : m e a , u r e , / i n d i < a t o n
bolinu,(tra de)cydc 220- 1
<fOdit<afd>69,106 222- 3
boli:;;:,:;.,';:'.:1,~11:6~-1 andlowinflation 169
andproduciv,tylll
exampu<ti<e 152,156,161 roviewque>tion,lkoytorm>l24
exlem.ol(in<>fgani<)iirowth 153
imegution 153--7 :::i:::"r;tpoli<io, 179
imem.ol(or9,0ni<)g,owth 152

~::"';;:~~_;·= 161- 2

boline11loution 186
boline.. objectWe, 139- 41
boline11orgon;,ati<>n< 110- 25

c.o><ltudiei 114,121
,_rotiYe>119--20,12l

Index

«onomi,,yn•mi 12- 19 grondom•rticprodo<t(GOP),,uGOP
' '""' "odi« 14,15,18 g ron ""tional in<om•(GNl)porcopita 226
exompriKtia, 18
mo,hternr.omy 12,lS-17 o.<1ern.l«onomi«ol1<al• 160 HOl(HomanO.,v,lopm<'ntlndex} 223,227- 8
mixedttor>omy 12,17- 18 ext<m.lit,.,(,pillovu•lfem) 49
plonned«or.omy 12,13--15 he althcare 55,56,223,229,232,236
••Yiewqoe<tioosll<<yterm, 19 facu,r,olprodo<tion 44.,47,126-7,217 Horit ago found ation 15- 16
fDl(foroigndi,o<tinvonment) 218,229,237
e<onomiuolKalo 13,111, 136- 7, federalR«uw, 63,176 h<>m<>ll""'°"'P'Odo<U 143 132,174,178
1511---61,254,277 horizontalinteg,ation 154
5
monopoli.. ond 149 ~;:i~:.;::,~~·.:~ « a l• 158 hou,ing 236
andprodoct,Vjty 131 focalpolici« 172- 5,212,236,261
t«hnologiu.1129,1511 homancapiul{,kill,lexperieoco)
•docation 3,51,52- 3,55,223,232,236,237 :::: ~~:g:.::.::fixodco,t, 135,136
·~~;mi 170 ~i;;:;itc:",t."~':,;•;;~ndex(HOI) m, 227- 8

•ffi<ien<y 16 lloxibleworkingpattem, 206 ILO~ntemationalLabourO.goniwtion) 206--7
effidoncygain, 253,277 lloa,ingoxd>ango,a,e,,y,t<m, 269 immigra,ion 240
forb«m ag ozin• 171,219,256 impa<tl ag , 174
embo,goe, 231 foroignaid237 impe,f«lknowledg e 143,145,148- 9
fo«igndiro<tinv<>tm<nl(fDI) 177, impoft<dinllation 198
emigration 240 impom 193,216,261,164,171,172,276
<mploym<M 168,169,205- 15 186,218,229,237,271 impofttAXH (Urilh) 167,181,213,280
/oro,igne,c<har.gemo,keu 270 in«nti""' 14,16,18,214
<hangingpattern<llev•k 20'HI /orwo,dv<fti<alintogrotion 1554. in«nti=towort. 174,186,187
<<>"f<ntiK<<><.<>t,o,pl..,..ond 264
e<onomi<gr,-thand 219 z::!'!"i,~!~" 16 con,omer,pending a nd %---100
and«onomicg,owth 170,223
=mpriKtia, 207--6,209,214 ffoegood, 2 rediltfibutionol 169,170,174
andex<hang<ratolloct..,..tiOM 173 1,.., market «onomy ••• ma,~ t economy ,eeaboincomeande,:pendit. . •
a,ma.croecor.om·cobje<t· • l08 ffttfider,57 in,ome a ndupenditor< 96- 108
00frmvir.g97,102,106--7,197,202,2(;l
,eviewqoe<tiomll<<yterm, 214-15 ffi<tionolon<mployment 209 ca,o,todi« 100,105,106
,..,. . 1,0..,..,mployment ffir.geMnolit<(p•rt.•) 71 <omomer,ponding 96--103
employmootin<<ntive, 214 fund am<nUl«onomi<qo«tion, 1l uampracti<• 103--4,105,107
revi<wqo«tionsll<ey te,m, IDB
employmontl<gn.lation 165 GOP(gmndom«ti<prodo<t) 17, wving, 97,102,104--5,197
employm<ntpattorn,205- 8,246---7 216- 17,218,221 in,omodimibotion 223
in,omoin<qoaMin 16
<mploym<ntrighti 77 GOPpercapita(head) 222,228, in,omet~ 185,186,187
eote,prii<4,126 231,234,245 in,ome th,nhold(povertylino) 235
eote,pri«zonu 178,214 indir«tuxation 167,182
g<nffalonion, 119
eotr<preneonhip 132 g<<>11rophicalmobility 79,218 indus,rialonion, 89
eovi,onmentali<,ou 16,219,220,223 GETUP(growth,envi,onmeol,trad•, inlantindo,trie, 278
inlla,ion 101,174,179,190- 204,219,172
1,:<,nc,mi<gr,-thand170 onemploymenl,pri«>Ubiljty) 169
GNl(gro.. ,...tionalincome)p..-capita 226 con,eqoen<«ol 197- 9
environmentalpr<>tedion 16',170 good, 2,3
pollution 4<}-5(),186 ~:::::::; pr;~~/ndox 192--4
andpopola,ion <hange 248 demeritgood,35,49,50,51,52,Sl,186
..,....inability 54 mer>t9(>00, 49,52,53,16.4 ~~:;::<';";.;"rpl"'"' ...-.d 26.4
p<ibli,9(>00, 16,164
<qoilibriom(markel-dearing) pri<• 29-31 go..Jow, 91 andemployment/or.omployment 169

:;i.."i~~~r~;n:::~ ra;:1 75- 6, 80, 82 31 gove:i::~~;~~ and inflo•n<« 16.4- 71 ~,ou.mpradi<• 191,195,1%---7,198,199,
excu,demand(iho,t ag•Y"'PPi)'{lo,plo,)
exd>ange,ate, 175,236,262,167- 75 oxompradia, 16.4,167,1611,169 : ~:~X:-"f2/~•lloctuation, 273
inlloen<eonprWat<prodo<en 165--7
,...e ,tudi« 172 reviewq....,t ionsll<oyt<m,, 171 pri<«and 271
<<X«ntam,,.,,,o,plo«<ond 164 roloin<oor.omy 16.4--S
eumprK tia, 268,272,274 governmeotbond, 67 :::':t":ionsll<eytem,, 204
governmeotd,bt 203
:::!i:::~1-;'9liud,yrtem, 270 governmeotexpendito,o 216
impo,Un<eol 26.S-9 governmontinterv<ntion 50- 3,77,
,eYiewqoe<tiomll<<yterm, 274-5 lniti alPublicOllering(IPO) 6',113
ltfongoxd,ange,ot« 274 147,237,171- 2 inn<>¥ation 132,133,149,1711
gove:i:::;' ~~~; ll, 172- 80 integration 153- 7
ex<l••dot,., 185 intelle<tuolprop<rtyfighu 166
expa n,iona ry/i,ca lpoli<ylH,174,175 <M<,t<Jd... 173,176 intudependen« 5
expan,ionary (loooe)mon <tarypoli<y 175- 6 exampradia, 175,176,179 inttt<>trotepoli<iH 175
npend>to,o li<calpolid« 172--S,212,236,263 inttt«tratu 102,104,176,177,203,
mor.et..-ypolicie, 17S-7,213,2l6,2'3
«>momo,,p<r.ding 41 - 3,96--103,216 prote<tion~tpolidn 167,181,213,263, intttn a1!!!;,~iuo/,calo 1511---9

g<>Y<rnment 172,216 280,281
homancapital 178 reviewq....,tionsll<<ytttm< 180
i<W<flment 174,216,218 ,opply-,idepoli<ie> 174,177--'1,213- 14,
pobli<JprWato S6---7
>tt a/roincome...-.doxpondito,o 236,237,261
govemmeotr,gol,niom 165- 6
expori<n«Milh(homa ncapital) 132,
174,178

Index

if>Vfl>l<>rio,(,tocb) 46 : : ~:: :~~:·:,,-·~;- 5:9- 11 ordino,ypa nnonhip, 111
inw,itmcnt 132,152,174,178,213,216,218 <>'llr-population245
invi, iblooxpon,/impoft, 259 ,....,,rud;e, 51,54,55,56 °"""l>•dali,otion 255
invi, iblotradebol or.co(bal anco of comervir,glu,ingre>ourcei 53--4
examoractico 50--1,54,57 partnorihip, 112- 13,123
tradein,orvices) 259 g<>'ttmmontintOfVflltion 50--3 pon.,rat ivooricing 147
IPO(lnrtialPublicOttefing) 66,113 orivat<hocialbonc,fir, 55---6 porloctrompotition 142- 4,150
orivat<hocialco,t< 4<}-53 porloctknowlodge 143
labou,lof<o{worklof<o,working public/prWateoxpondituro 56---7 porloctlyori« ola>li<linola,ticde mand 38
population) 205,208,218,244 reYiewqueniomlkoyterm, 53 puloctlyori«ola>li<line la nic,upply 44,45
ma,k.,ing oconomin ol>< ale 159 pofk,(lringo boneliu)71
labou, lo,copoftidpation,at.,.78 mafk.,,hare 140,147,151 pHtOfpowU 17
pio<e,ate, 71
:::::;-;:;;;::i;,~ron 5,127- 8,130 monopolio, 122,144-50 P1GS(Portugol,l,oland,G,. .co,
podoctcompotrtion 142--4
c.o,e<tudin80 mafk.,,upplycu,vo, 26 Spain)«onomio, 221
<hoiceofoccupation 71 - 2 MO.(ManagingDi,o<ton) 115 planned(commond,,ocial~t)rconomy 12, 13- 15
eamir.g, 73,81---6 MEDC,(more«onomica llyd..,,.,lopod pollution 49--50
examoroctico 73,79 population 239-50
g<>Yttnmerrtintoderencoin 77 countrio,) 226
labour,dom...-.dlor74--6 <hange,,ron,oquor.co,of 246--,8
labour,,petiolisationol 86 ~:!::.:!:,'~:7.:oc:'!:i~ 114 oxomoracti« 244,249
::i;:~,"'~,fa<tonafloctir,g 77--l!O mo,g en 67,147,153- 7 roviowqueition.,\oytof!ni250
merrt good, 49,52,53,164 popul ationd~,ribution 243
«v..,wqoeotion.,\,eyterm, 87 Millonnium Oevelopmont Goa l, 236 popul otiong,owth 228,239-41
wa,godoto,min~ion 74,80 MISC (ma,ketir,g, incomo, ,ubnrtuto,, populationl>)'famid, 243
labou,mobility 255 po,itivowealth,ll«t 100
labou,oroductivity 130,218,229,254 comploment<) 21 povorty234- 7
mixod«onomy 12,17- 18 povortylino(in,omoth,o,hold) 235
:: :::;:~:'~:"";7;•fffftir,g 77- 80 MNC, (multination alco,porotion,) 11t- 18 Pl'C,(p,oductionponibilitycu,vo,)7- 9,217
monetarypolidei< 175- 7,213,236,263 ori«d~uiminotion 35,146
labou,unior,,,,utradeunion, mon,ey 60- 70 oricoolani,domandrurvo, 37,38,42
pri«ola.,i,wpplycu,...., 44,45
lattta l'diY1eni;ic. ,(.ro) 1156- 7to'nto g,d:>n, u,o,rudi.., 63,65
pric::~:~:.:o;de;;• nd(PEO) 34-43
lawonlom,ment 55 commerdalbank, 6S---9 1

1...,. of,upply 25 ;;:~~:...-;·6;3,68,70 <Of"dUmtt""!>O"'dinxo...-.drovonuo
lEDC, (loHoronomicallydovelopod
mcaningo/60--3 70 dot.!:=.. :t~1
countri...) 216,228- 31 money/low, 169
,oviewquenionslkoyterm, oxomoracti« 35,J9,43
::~:~:·;,d1::, .::,,, 64 >lock exchange, 65- 7 ~::: q';tion.,\oy tof!ni 48
li ability 111,112,113- 16 mon,ey,upply 61,63,175
lifeexpeclancy 227,228241 pric::~:~:.:o;•urr-'!(PES) 43- 7
limiledli abilitycompanio, 113- 16, 123 mon;.:1~":i,!22, :4- 50 1
limi,edli abilitypa nnonhip,(lll',) 112 1
li,eracy,a••• 227,228,232 oxomoracti« 46,47
livingnanda,d, 3,16,117,226- 38,262 di<advantage,/advanta,ge, 148---9 reviowquntion.,\oytttm,48
oxamoroctico 145,146 pri«inolani,domandcurvo, 37,38,42
;:.~:'!':. ;,2!;.~!.!35,}:__31 oricing policiH 145--ll ori«inola>lic,upplycurvo, 44,45
,oviewquenionslkoyterm, 150 oricoinola>li<ity 34,35,148
cur,on, ac<ount,,...pl.,,.., and264 pri« makon(p,ico « tton) 143,145,148
oronomic growth and 218 monopolym a,kot 49 pri«, 15,18,27,186,197,271,277
oquilibrium(mafket-dH rir,g)prico .n-31
: : : r .t .::~h22;1:::,214 moro«onomkallydovolopod pri«lkimming 147
m•=r«lindic.oton 222- 3 countrio,(MEDC.) 226 pri«nability 168
poYtttyl34-7 pri«takor, 143
,oviowqoestion.,\,eyterm, 238 m<>nga,ge, 97,100,102,106,107 pri<ingpoli<io, 144,145- 8
llP,(limrtodliabilitypartnc,r,hip,) 111 prim a,y,ecto, 5,84- 5,1S5,230,246
looso(oxpan,ionary)monetorypolicy 175- 6 multilatualforeign oid 237 orivatebonofrt, 55- 6
multin ationa l,orpora,iom(MNC,) 116---18 orivate,_, 49- 53
::::~:!:.':~':;:.. 1~~ private oxponditure 56- 7
~=:~•,itrond PEO 39- 40 orivatelimrtodrnmpanin 113,114- 16,123
maligndolla,ion 201,202,203 1 private,octor 3,17,18,83- 4
Maltho,ian growththoory 246 nogativo oquity 100 priva,~ation 177
monageri al oconomin ol>< • I• 159 ""'emigration 240 orodu« r<o -opuativo, 120
Man a,g ingDirecton(MO.) 115 ""' npofti 216,259 production 126- 34

: : ~::-~1:;·~~: ~:;:;!l'.b'~~m) ori« 29- 31 ~: ::~:71'.:. .~41uan,lrn 259 :::t~~·;::,"'~;oroduction 5, 129--30
""'mig,otion,ate 240
mafkotoronomy 12,15- 17 NMW (nationol minimum wa,go) 75 - 6, 237 oxamoriKti« 129,130,132,133
not-fo,-pmlitorg ani,aUom 141 lactonolproruction 126---7
labou,-inten, ivoproduction 5,127---3,130
occupotionolmobility 80,218 productivity 130--3
opportunitycosu&---9,197 reviowqueition.,\oyte,m,134
optimumpopulat ion 244-5

Index

producti<><> po.,.ibilitycu,....,.(PPC,) 7-9, 217 ,o<ioloquality 13- 14 :=::ti:::.:,,.9\~3,ondoc0flomy91-2
produd;,..•<•poc ;ty 7-9, 237,254 ,o<iolhard<hip 16 94
produu;,..<ty B0- 3,218,229,254 ,o<iolproto<tion 14
prolitability27 ,o<ioli<t«0<>omy,1<oplannedec0<>omy 1091<1.o,ion n
pmlit-«latedpay71 «>lotroder,(,oleproprieton) 110--11,
pm/it, 139 membeuhip 93---4
m r,,ductioninpowon 213
eump,octi<e 139---40
ondprndoct;,..ity 131 di,advant.111<' 255-6 ;:~•; q~~7'1,hy torm, 95
pm/it moximi..,ti<>fl lN---41, 1411 .,...,.p,o<li« 254,257
,e.,;ewq<l<'>tiomll<oyterm, 141 roviewqlJ<'ltion<lloytorm, 257 typno/89
prog,.,,i,,.,tuati<>fl 169,182,236 w;,ged oim, 90
promotior,alpri<ing 147 <p<rulotion 271 troining 55,213,255:,ooo/,ooducation
propoftion•ltuotion 183 ,pillovuolle<ti(extornaliti«) 49 tromlerpoymont, 236
pmtocti<>fli<m 167,181,213,263,27!1- 81
publi<corporati0<>1(publi<-se<tor <tampduty 185 unlimi,edliability 111
<tock i(inv,,ntorie,)46 under-population 245
organi, otion,) 120- 3 unemployment ll,76,179,202,206- 7,
publi<dobt:LEDC, 229- 30 <tor•<•rd, 107
publi<ex~nditu,e 56- 7 237,262
publi<good> 16,164 ltru<turolunemploymont 210,211
publi<limitodoompani<1 113,114- 16,123 COOHqueflCO,o/ 212- 14
publi<,o<to,3,17,18,83- 4 ,ubsidiu l l,26,56,166- 7,281 ,~~•/ ,employmen,
p u b l k- <e<toror90ni,ati0<>1(publi< unomploymentrato, IG.8,206- 7,208,210
..,b.,ituto,22,39 unitarypri,eolarti<ity 38,45
corporotior») 120- 3 !:::ie,,upp!.. Uni,edN otion,
publi<Hrvi<« 165 28 lntornationolLobourOrgoni,ation
pur<ha,i;::,c::'~k-~;"lll«<><>omiH
oxomp,o<lia, 2',,32 ~LO) 20&-7
quontitativ,,Hiing(OE} 176
quontitydem oOOed lfJ u,..,..,pp1y 31 ~~1~:~~~~;~~! 236
quolo, 213,281
mort.otoquilibrium 2.,_31 Right, 3,89
;:~:~~~;!a<J'i5t4 Uni,edNotion,Oev,,lopmon,Progrommo:
:=~~,h~;6in 2HI
regionol,pe<ioli,ation 253 roviewqlJ<'lt ion<lloytorm, H Hum•n Development Index
rogionolunomploymont 210 ,upplyrnrv<1 25- 6,27- 8 (HOI) 223,227- 8
rogro,>i""l"""ti<>fl 183 ,upply-,idopoli<in 15,174,177- 9, unlimi,odliability 111
rolatiV<epo¥orty 235
roplacemontlortil;tyrate 240 213--14,237,263 varioblecom 136
,.,..,,eh:t~:~""::m•nt oconomi., ,urplu,(ex«H>upply) 31 ,,.,r,i<.olin,egration 154- 5
,u,uinobility54 v~ibleoxport</importl 258
'"'""""' 14,15,53--4,2lfJ,276 v~ibletrodebalan« (bol.on«ol
;::·,~r:;".~•nin~~(RPI) 192- 4 ,wit<hingco,u 40
trode inooods) 258
rovonuo,41- 2,138-9,141,151 ukoovou 153- 7 voluntoryunemploymont 210
ri<k-bHrin90<0nomi.. ol1<olo 159 tarill,(impofttoxe,) 167,181,213,280
toxation 18,26,30,35,50,172,179,181 - 8 oquilibriumw"'9"rate 75-6,80,82
NMW 75-6,237
diroctiindiro<t 97,167,182 w;,gedotormination 74,80
uomp,o<lia, 182,184,185,186,188 want> 3,62
w~lo90 13,17
:;::::•."111~6--7 188 w,,alth 100,107
ondli.,;ng>t.ondard, 231 - 2
roviewq-"i<><><lleytorm, rodiruibuti<>flol 170,174,187
18
w,,althinoqu ol~iH 16,219
tox:=a~« 1~i
:::;::::::;:e~' 17J'S214,236
,.1.,,l!Yfl>uo,,1<erovonuo, UXfOVfl>U... 219 whito<<>llarunion,89
,ol.,toxu 22,30,35,185 to<hnkoloconomie,ol«•le 129,158
.alesturnovor,,eor<vonu« to<hnologi<•lprogr<H 27 WITS(wuthor,ICT,ux.,,iub,idi.,) 27
,o.,;ng, 97,102.104- 5,197 to<hnologi<•lunomploymont 76,209 wort.orco-opor-o,;,..u 120
,a.,;ng,ratio 107 tortiary1«tor5,84-5,155,247 wort.lor«(l.obo<Jrlor<e,workin9
,oa<<><>olunomploymont 209 THIS(nmo,Hobiu,oddi<tiom ondtaite,,
i«ond..,y>e<tor 5,84- 5,155,246- 7 wort.-to-i:::f.':la~;"') lfJ5,208,218,244
1<11-,uffi<iency 1l ln,ome,Sul»titutu) 40
1<rvia,, 3,17 ti9ht(<0ntroctionory)monourypoli<y 176 World8ank 3,226
<ho«optiom 71 WorldTrodeOr9anizotion(WTO) 175
m..,e,65- 6,67,113,115,116 :::,~=•it;3668- 9
<hort•ge(excn,dem ond) 31
,ightdopo,it, 68-9 trod• 276- 83
,ilent(sloeping)partnon 112
~:'::::''':1~;8, 282
:~~:~1i•n 145
prot;~o;t 167,181,213,263,
<l<ill<loxperion«(hum...,,•phl) 132,
174,178 roviewqueotion<lloytorm, 282- 3
trodobal.once(balanceoltrode)25S-9