BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS Balanga City, Bataan, Philippines Lesson 1: Introduction to Flipbook Making
2 Lesson 1: Title LESSON 1: (Introduction to Flipbook Making) Objectives: Understand the history and evolution of flipbooks as a form of animation. Apply the principles of storytelling and visual planning in creating a flipbook animation. Identify the origin of Flipbook and the people behind the ideas and technique Pre-assessment 1. Who is credited with creating a version of the flipbook around 1860? a. Pierre-Hubert Desvignes b. John Barnes Linnett c. Eadweard Muybridge d. Herman Casler 2. Persistence of vision is the optical illusion that allows us to perceive a sequence of still images as continuous motion. a. True b. False 3. Which term refers to a single image or drawing within a flipbook? a. Frame b. Keyframe c. Persistence d. Composition 4. Timing in flipbook animation refers to: a. The speed at which frames are flipped b. The duration each frame is displayed c. The number of pages in a flipbook d. The size of the flipbook 5. Keyframes in flipbook animation: a. Mark the beginning and end points of a movement or action b. Are frames drawn in black and white only c. Represent the fastest frame rate in a flipbook d. Are used for decorative purposes only 6. Which principle of composition is relevant in flipbook making? a. Squash and stretch b. Timing and pacing c. Balance and focal point d. Morphing and transformation 7. Storyboarding in flipbook creation involves: a. Drawing detailed character designs b. Planning and organizing the sequence of frames c. Adding sound effects to the flipbook d. Printing the final flipbook pages
3 8. The frame rate in flipbook animation refers to: a. The number of keyframes used b. The speed at which the flipbook is flipped c. The number of pages in the flipbook d. The number of frames per second 9. The principle of "anticipation" in animation refers to: a. The build-up of action before the main movement b. The smoothness of transitions between frames c. The placement of characters within the frame d. The contrast between light and dark areas in the animation 10. A digital flipbook refers to: a. A flipbook created using digital software or applications b. A flipbook made entirely of digital images c. A flipbook with interactive elements controlled by a digital device d. A flipbook featuring animations created with digital tools Lesson Discussion With their simple but charming form of animation, Flipbooks became one of the biggest selling optical toys in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The books are designed so that each page’s image advances the scene from the previous page; when the pages are thumbed rapidly the sequence becomes animated due to the persistence of vision. The flip book looks like a small notebook – originally stapled, mostly bound today- that you hold in one hand while you flip over the pages with the thumb of the other hand, either from front to back or from back to front. They are also called flick books, thumb books, or hand cinemas. What is a Flip book and how does it work? A Flip book or "Flick Book" is a book with a series of pictures that change slightly through each page, so when then pages are turned rapidly it gives the appearance of animation this is another form of animation which uses "persistence of vision". All you need too create this "Device" is a simple fresh book and a pen/pencil or any other writing tool. http://www.teleread.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/33793.jpg
4 History of Flipbooks Flipbook animation has been around for over 150 years. Pierre-Hubert Desvignes is credited with creating a version of the flipbook around 1860, though John Barnes Linnett, a British lithograph printer, was the first to patent the design. Linnett’s flipbook debuted in 1868 and was called the kineograph, which is Latin for “moving picture.” Shortly after the flipbook’s debut, English-American photographer Eadweard Muybridge developed a way to make his own flipbook by setting up a camera rig to take multiple pictures at rapid speed, that when viewed in sequence produced a moving image. The flipbook continued to evolve, with American inventor Herman Casler developing a mechanical version called the mutoscope, which used a Rolodex-like mechanism rather than a book to produce the animation. Flipbooks set the groundwork for film as they projected moving scenes on paper, which eventually evolved into moving scenes projected on to a screen—what we know as film today. Easy to manufacture and made of photographs or lithographs (drawings), toyshops or joke shops sold them. Thanks to their low cost to produce, they were PierreHubert Desvignes often offered as promotional gifts. Flipbooks were popularized in the early 1900’s by the Cracker Jack Company who gave them away as free in-pack prizes. Other marketers soon followed suit with flipbooks, including manufacturers of bubble gum, cigarettes, automobiles and snack foods. Then, in the 1960′s, innovative marketers from Disney, Gillette, McDonald’s, Post Cereals, Canada Dry, Ford (and others) resurrected the flipbook animation trend, creatively using flip books as novelties, interactive brochures, and promotional giveaways to promote their products. But unfortunately, that trend ended in the 1970’s in favor of new “interactive multimedia” technologies that began to take the spotlight because they were never meant to be kept and were cheaply produced, it is very hard to find flipbooks in good conditions and to archive them. The magic of a flipbook touches everybody, no matter the age. As you do not need peculiar knowledge to use it, it has a universal characteristic. https://blog.flipsnack.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/timeline-01-900x451.png.webp
5 Types of Flipbook Traditional Flipbook A traditional flipbook refers to a physical booklet comprising a sequence of images or drawings that, when swiftly flipped through, create the captivating illusion of motion. Crafted by hand, artists meticulously draw or animate each frame on separate pages, which are then bound together using paper or cardstock. When the pages are rapidly flipped, the sequential images come to life, delighting viewers with their animated charm. Digital Flipbook Digital flipbook, also known as an electronic flipbook or e-flipbook, represents a modernized rendition of its traditional counterpart. Rather than physical pages, digital flipbooks are experienced on electronic devices like computers, tablets, or smartphones. They simulate the act of flipping pages through interactive interfaces that enable users to swipe or click to progress through the digital pages. The creation of digital flipbooks involves specialized software or online platforms that facilitate importing images, drawings, or animations and organizing them in a sequential order. Some digital flipbook tools offer additional features, including the incorporation of audio, video, or interactive elements, enhancing the overall user experience. These digital counterparts can be conveniently shared and distributed online, widening their accessibility to a broader audience. While traditional flipbooks evoke a sense of nostalgia and provide a tactile experience through physical interaction, digital flipbooks present distinct advantages such as the integration of multimedia elements, easy distribution, and adaptability across various devices. Nonetheless, both traditional and digital flipbooks retain their unique appeal, captivating audiences with their animated storytelling capabilities. Terminologies 1. Flipbook A small booklet consisting of a series of images that, when flipped rapidly, create the illusion of motion. 2. Frame A single image or drawing within a flipbook. Each frame represents a specific moment in the sequence. 3. Persistence of Vision The optical illusion that allows us to perceive a series of still images as continuous motion when shown in quick succession. 4. Frame Rate The speed at which frames are flipped or played per second, determining the smoothness of the animation. 5. Keyframes: Significant frames that establish the starting and ending points of an action or movement in the flipbook. Additional frames are drawn between the keyframes to create a fluid animation. 6. Storyboarding The process of planning and organizing the sequence of frames in a flipbook by creating a rough visual outline or storyboard. 7. Timing The precise duration each frame is displayed before moving on to the next frame. Timing affects the speed and rhythm of the animation.
6 Theories in Flipbook Making Theories play a significant role in flipbook making as they provide a deeper understanding of the underlying principles and concepts involved in animation. Here are several reasons why theories are important in the process of creating flipbooks: 1. Understanding Animation Principles Theories of animation, such as the principles of motion and timing, provide a foundation for creating realistic and believable movements in flipbooks. These theories explain how objects move, interact, and respond to forces, enabling artists to apply them effectively in their animations. 2. Enhancing Artistic Techniques Theories help artists explore and develop their artistic techniques in flipbook making. By studying theories of composition, color theory, and visual aesthetics, artists can create visually appealing and impactful animations. Theories guide artists in making deliberate choices in design, color schemes, and visual elements, resulting in more engaging flipbooks. 3. Storytelling and Narrative Structure Theories of storytelling and narrative structure provide insights into how to effectively convey a message or story through animation. Understanding theories of character development, plot structure, and dramatic arcs assists artists in crafting compelling narratives within the limited space of a flipbook. 4. Animation Concepts and Techniques Theories in animation cover a range of concepts and techniques that artists can utilize in flipbook making. These include concepts such as squash and stretch, anticipation, staging, and follow-through. Familiarity with these theories allows artists to employ specific techniques to create more dynamic and expressive animations. 5. Problem-Solving and Innovation Theories in animation stimulate critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Artists can analyze and evaluate their flipbook animations using theoretical frameworks, identify areas for improvement, and experiment with innovative approaches to achieve desired effects. Theories provide a basis for creative problem-solving and push artists to explore new possibilities in flipbook making. 6. Collaboration and Communication Familiarity with animation theories facilitates effective collaboration and communication among artists and animators. When artists have a shared understanding of animation concepts and theories, it becomes easier to discuss ideas, give feedback, and work together to create cohesive and consistent flipbooks. In summary, theories in flipbook making serve as a guiding framework that enhances artists' understanding of animation principles, artistic techniques, storytelling, and problemsolving. They provide a solid foundation for creating high-quality flipbook animations and open avenues for artistic exploration and innovation. Principle in Flipbook Making Principles are important in flipbook making because they provide a foundation for creating effective and visually appealing animations. Here are several reasons why principles are crucial in the process: 1. Illusion of Motion
7 Flipbooks rely on the principle of persistence of vision, which is the visual phenomenon that allows us to perceive a rapid sequence of images as continuous motion. Understanding this principle helps artists determine the appropriate number of frames, frame rate, and timing to create a smooth and believable animation. 2. Timing and Pacing Timing is essential in flipbook making. It involves determining the duration each frame is displayed before moving to the next frame. By controlling the timing, animators can establish the speed, rhythm, and emphasis of the animation. Appropriate timing ensures that the motion appears natural and enhances the overall impact of the flipbook. 3. Keyframe Animation Keyframes are significant frames that mark the beginning and end points of a movement or action in the flipbook. The intermediate frames are then drawn to create a fluid animation between the keyframes. Understanding the concept of keyframe animation allows artists to plan and execute animations more efficiently and achieve smoother transitions. 4. Composition and Layout Principles of composition, such as balance, focal point, and framing, are relevant in flipbook making as well. Consideration of these principles helps artists create visually pleasing and well-structured animations. Proper composition ensures that the viewer's attention is directed to the intended focal points and facilitates effective storytelling. 5. Visual Communication Flipbooks are a form of visual communication, conveying ideas, stories, or messages through animated sequences. Principles of visual communication, such as clarity, coherence, and visual hierarchy, come into play. By applying these principles, artists can ensure that their flipbook animations effectively communicate the intended concepts and engage the viewers. 6. Artistic Expression Flipbooks offer artists a medium for creative expression. Understanding principles such as color theory, perspective, and movement helps artists convey emotions, moods, and narratives more effectively. Applying these principles allows for the exploration of different artistic styles and techniques, enhancing the overall impact of the flipbook. By adhering to these principles, animators and artists can create flipbook animations that are visually appealing, engaging, and effectively communicate their intended messages. Principles serve as guiding frameworks and help elevate the quality and impact of the flipbook animations.
8 Learning Activity 1 ILLUSTRATED TIMELINE Directions: Group your class into two groups. Make an ILLUSTRATED TIMELINE of history of Flipbook. To create an illustrated timeline, start by gathering all the important information and sketching a rough draft. Then, choose a digital or physical canvas and design a layout that is visually appealing and easy to follow. Add illustrations and visuals to represent each event or milestone, and include clear labels or captions. Review and refine your timeline for accuracy and clarity before finalizing it. Once complete, save it in pdf format and then submit it. Please be guided in the rubrics below Sample: Rubrics Please be guided by the following rubric as your guide while creating the illustrated timeline. CATEGORY Expert (25 points) Accomplished (20 points) Capable (15 points) Beginner (10 or below) Content/Facts Facts were accurate for all events reported on the timeline. Facts were accurate for almost all events on the timeline Facts were accurate for most (-75%) of the events reported on the timeline Facts were often inaccurate for events reported on the timeline. Graphics All graphics are effective and balanced with text used. All graphics are effective but there appear to be too few or too many Some graphics are effective and their use is balanced with text used. Several graphics are not effective. Readability The overall appearance of the timeline is pleasing and easy to read. The overall appearance of the timeline is somewhat pleasing and easy to read. The timeline is relatively readable. The timeline is difficult to read. Requirements The timeline contained at least 8 events related to the topic being studied. The timeline contained at least 7- 6 events related to the topics being studied. The timeline contained at least 5-4 events related to the topic being studied. The timeline contained 5 events and fewer.
9 Summary of the Lesson Flipbooks are charming little books that bring pictures to life through a simple but fascinating animation. They were incredibly popular optical toys during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To experience the magic of a flipbook, you hold it in one hand and flip the pages rapidly with your thumb. Each page contains a slightly different image, and when flipped quickly, the sequence creates the illusion of movement. You might have heard them called flick books, thumb books, or hand cinemas. The history of flipbooks goes back more than 150 years. They were first created by creative individuals like Pierre-Hubert Desvignes and John Barnes Linnett. Over time, flipbooks evolved with the help of cameras and new technologies, playing a role in the development of film and animation. Nowadays, there are two main types of flipbooks: traditional ones that you can hold in your hands and digital ones that you can experience on devices like computers, tablets, or smartphones. Traditional flipbooks are crafted by hand, with artists carefully drawing or animating each frame on separate pages. When you flip the pages rapidly, the images come to life, delighting viewers with their animated charm. Digital flipbooks, on the other hand, can be enjoyed on electronic devices, simulating the feeling of flipping through pages with interactive interfaces. They offer additional features like incorporating audio, video, and interactive elements to enhance the experience. Understanding some key terms is important when it comes to flipbooks. For instance, a flipbook is a small booklet with a series of images that create the illusion of motion when flipped. Frames refer to the individual images or drawings within the flipbook, while persistence of vision is the phenomenon that allows us to perceive a rapid sequence of images as continuous motion. Other terms include frame rate, keyframes, storyboarding, timing, and more. Theories in flipbook making help artists understand animation principles and improve their artistic techniques. They provide insights into storytelling, animation concepts, and problemsolving. By applying these theories, artists can create more realistic and engaging flipbooks. Principles are also crucial in flipbook making. They include the illusion of motion, timing and pacing, keyframe animation, composition and layout, visual communication, and artistic expression. These principles guide artists in creating effective and visually appealing animations that capture the viewer's attention. In summary, flipbooks have a rich history and continue to captivate people of all ages. Whether you enjoy the traditional charm of holding a flipbook in your hands or prefer the convenience of digital flipbooks, they offer a unique and enchanting way to tell stories and express creativity. The combination of artistry, animation principles, and the joy of flipping through pages brings these delightful animations to life.
10 Post-assessment Instructions: Choose the correct answer for each question based on the information provided in the lesson. 1. What is a flipbook and how does it work? a. A book that magically brings drawings to life through the illusion of animation. b. A book filled with interesting facts about famous animators. c. A book that teaches you how to draw your own flipbook characters. d. A book with static pictures that do not move or create any animation. 2. How did Eadweard Muybridge create his own flipbook? a. By using a mechanical mutoscope b. By drawing sequential images on paper c. By setting up a camera rig to take multiple pictures at rapid speed d. By using interactive multimedia technologies 3. What are the two main types of flipbooks mentioned in the lesson? a. Traditional Flipbook and Digital Flipbook b. Handmade Flipbook and Computer-generated Flipbook c. Physical Flipbook and Virtual Flipbook d. Manual Flipbook and Electronic Flipbook 4. Which of the following terms is NOT related to flipbooks? a. Persistence of Vision b. Frame Rate c. Color Palette d. Keyframes 5. Why are theories important in flipbook making? a. They help create animations that look realistic and believable. b. They guide artists in making artistic choices for their flipbooks. c. They assist in crafting engaging narratives within the limited space of a flipbook. d. All of the above. 6. Which principle in flipbook making involves the phenomenon that makes a rapid sequence of images appear as continuous motion? a. Timing and Pacing b. Illusion of Motion c. Keyframe Animation d. Visual Communication 7. Who is credited with creating a version of the flipbook around 1860? a. Pierre-Hubert Desvignes b. John Barnes Linnett c. Eadweard Muybridge d. Herman Casler 8. What type of flipbook debuted in 1868 and was called the kineograph? a. Traditional Flipbook b. Digital Flipbook c. Mechanical Flipbook
11 d. Animated Flipbook 9. Which company popularized flipbooks in the early 1900s by giving them away as free prizes? a. Cracker Jack Company b. Disney c. Jollibee d. Pixar 10. What is one advantage of digital flipbooks over traditional flipbooks? a. Integration of multimedia elements b. Tactile experience c. Nostalgic appeal d. Easy distribution
12 Performance Task Title: Flipbook Storyboarding Objective: Develop storytelling skills and visual planning by creating a storyboard for a flipbook animation. Materials: Paper or storyboard templates Pencils, markers, or coloring tools Instructions: Create a storyboard about the scenario/story below. Try to apply what you have learned in the lesson by using the theories of storytelling and principles of visual planning. 15 storyboard frames, with story description beneath each frame. Considering the most important / highlighted part of the said story. Scenario/Story- Sarah, a single mom who is facing financial difficulties and struggling to provide for her family. Despite her best efforts, she is unable to find a stable job in her hometown that pays enough to meet their basic needs. Sarah makes the difficult decision to seek employment abroad leaving his family while crying. Sample:
13 RUBRICS CATEGORY EXCELLENT 7-8 GOOD 5-6 SATISFACTO RY 2-4 NEEDS IMPROVEMEN T 0-1 CLARITY NEATNESS Storyboard is easy to read and all elements are so clearly written, labeled, or drawn that another student could create the presentation if necessary. Storyboard is easy to read and most elements are clearly written, labeled, or drawn. Another person might be able to create the presentation after asking one or two questions. Storyboard is hard to read with rough drawings and labels. It would be hard for another person to create this presentation without asking lots of questions. Storyboard is hard to read and one cannot tell what goes where. It would be impossible for another person to create this presentation without asking lots of questions. SPELLING GRAMMAR No spelling or grammatical mistakes on a storyboard with lots of text. No spelling or grammatical mistakes on a storyboard with little text. One spelling or grammatical error on the storyboard. Several spelling and/or grammatical errors on the storyboard. CONTENT DRAWINGS Storyboard is complete with sketches for each scene, detailed notes on titles, transitions, special effects, sound, etc. Storyboard is relatively complete with sketches for most scenes, and notes on titles, transitions, special effects, sound, etc. Storyboard has glaring omissions in scene planning. There are some sketches, and notes on titles, transitions, special effects, sound, etc. Storyboard is not done or is so incomplete that it could not be used even as a general guide. Storyboard reflects very little planning of the visuals. STICK PEOPLE! REQUIRED ELEMENTS Storyboard included all required elements as well as a few additional elements. All sections are filled out. Storyboard included all required elements and one additional element. Most sections are filled out. Storyboard included all required elements. Some sections are filled out, missing more than 2. One or more required elements was missing from the storyboard. Only 1-2 sections are filled out. USE OF TIME Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so.
14 Answer Keys Pre -assessment 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. A Post -Assessment 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. A
15 REFERENCES McDaniel, Z. (2023). The history of flipbooks – 150 years from kineographs to digital. Flipsnack Blog. https://blog.flipsnack.com/the-history-of-flipbooks/ MasterClass. (2021, November 4). How to Create Your Own Flipbook Animation - 2023 - MasterClass. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-create-your-own-flipbookanimation Memcode. (n.d.). https://www.memcode.com/courses/1778