SCIENCE FORM 1 CHAPTER 9 EARTH

9Chapter

•earth

9.1 THE SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE OF

THE EARTH Atmosphere is the
AIR ZONE covering
the Earth.

Geosphere is the Hydrosphere is the
ROCK AND SOIL WATER ZONE that
ZONE on the includes rivers, lakes,
EARTH’S seas and also water
SURFACE. trapped as ice,
underground water and
water vapour in the
Atmosphere.

Biosphere is the LIFE ZONE
consists of a variety of living
things such as human, flora,
fauna and microorganisms.

ocean stratification

Distribution of Water on Earth

It is come from the The ocean contain a lot of water but
seawater that
WHERE DOES THIS WATER COME FROM???
evaporated by sunlight
and has been taken to
the mainland by clouds
before it falls back as
rain water. The water
in the rivers then flow

into the ocean. The
WATER CYCLE process is

continuous.

It is because the unique characteristics
of Earth that really suitable for all life
is the EARTH TEMPERATURE, which is
not too hot or too cold compared to
other planets. This is due to Earth
position which it is not too near or too
far from the SUN. Besides, the
presence of water and oxygen on
Earth also allows Earth to host all life.

9.2 COMPOSITION OF THE

EARTH THE PROCESS OF ROCK
FORMATION

Types and Characteristics
of Rocks

The Process:

The formation of clastic and organic rocks begins
with the weathering, or breaking down, of the
exposed rock into small fragments. Through the
process of erosion, these fragments are removed
from their source and transported by wind, water,
ice, or biological activity to a new location.

9.3 main processes of the earth

9.4 GEOHAZARD PHENOMENA



9.6 EARTH’S RESOURCES AND APPLIED GEOLOGY

SURFACE WATER

AND
Surface water can be polluted by waste
materials from industrial and housing
areas. Excessive fertilisers and pesticides
from agricultural areas also pollute river
water.

UNDERGROUND WATER THIS IS THE WAY HOW DOES THE
PETROLEUM AND COAL THAT
Leaching of chemical fertilisers and USED AS FUEL WILL BE FORMED
pesticides in agriculture exposes
underground water to the risk of
pollution. Chemicals from industrial and
domestic waste in landfills carry the risk
of polluting underground water.