TOPIC 1
FORMATION OF ROCK & SOIL
Prepared by : Saiful Hazman 2015
Know the soil mechanics in
general
Understand the types of soil
in Malaysia
Understand the formation
process of soil
soil is defined as the un-
cemented aggregate of
mineral grains and decayed
organic matter (solid particles)
with liquid and gas in the
empty spaces between the
solid particles
Soil Mechanics ?
Soil Engineering ?
Geotechnical Engineering ?
Soil mechanics is the branch of science that deals
with the study of the physical properties of soil
and the behaviour of soil masses subjected to
various types of forces.
Soil engineering is the application of the
principles of soil mechanics to practical problems
Geotechnical engineering is the sub discipline of
civil engineering that involves natural material
found close to the surface of the earth.
Foundation
Retaining wall
Earth structure
Road & railway
Dam
Canal
Form due to volcanic activities
Magma solidifies after cooling form igneous rock
Properties : hard, dense and durable
Having high bearing capacity
Example : granite, rhyolite, basalt, gabbro
Granite
(Tampin N.S & K.L)
Rhyolite
(Lanchang, Phg)
Basalt
(Segamat & Kuantan)
Gabbro
(Wakaf Tapai Terengganu)
Form on the earth surface
Form into the earth
Formed when mineral particles, fragmented
rock particles and remained of certain
organisms were transported and deposited in
layers to form sediments.
Over time, the sediment layers hardened to
form sedimentary rock under weight or
pressure of the overlaying soil
Sand stone
(Pantai Johor)
Shale stone
(Batu Arang, Selangor)
Mud Stone
(Kg Laloh Kelantan)
Dolomite stone
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks were produced when igneous
and sedimentary rocks were subjected to intense
pressure & heat
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
The rocks changed their texture,
structure, mineral and chemical
composition
Granite Metamorphosed Gneiss
Shale Slate
Marble
Limestone Marble
Dolomite
Test your understanding
Question 1
Sketch the geological cycle process of rock
formation
Question 2
Explain the process of rock formation given below.
Then, give example for each types of the rock in
Malaysia.
i. Igneous rocks
ii. Sedimentary rocks
iii. Metamorphic rocks
Organic soil
Residue soil
Transported soil
METHOD OF SOIL SAMPLE
METHOD OF SOIL SAMPLE
Soil samples obtained during the site
investigation work can be divided into two
categories:
• Disturbed soil sample
• Undisturbed soil sample
DISTURB SAMPLE
The structure of the soil is disturbed to
the considerable degree by the action
of the boring tools or the excavation
equipment
DISTURB SAMPLE
The disturbances can be classified in following
basic types:
1. Change in the stress condition,
2. Change in the water content and the void
ratio, Disturbance of the soil structure,
3. Chemical changes
UNDISTURBED SAMPLE
It retains as closely as practicable the true in-situ
structure and water content of the soil.
For undisturbed sample the stress changes
cannot be avoided.
Undisturbed samples are generally taken by
cutting blocks of soil or rock, or by pushing or
driving tubes into the ground.
UNDISTURBED SAMPLE
The following requirements are looked for:
1. No change due to disturbance of the soil
structure,
2. No change in void ratio and water content,
3. No change in constituents and chemical
properties.