OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY IN MALAYSIA 1 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Contents ❖ Safety versus health ❖ Historical review ❖ The various discipline in occupational health and safety ❖ Focus of occupational health ❖ Principal of prevention ❖ Occupational health services and resource person ❖ Safety issues ❖ Concept of Incident & accident ❖ Concept of Risk assessment ❖ Concept of Control measures ❖ Concept of OSH Management ❖ Principle of safety management 2 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
What is Occupational Health “ the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities and to summarize: the adaptation of work to man and each man to his job “ -ILO / WHO commmittee on Occupational Health 3 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Definition ❖Occupational Health Services means services entrusted with essentially preventive functions and responsible for advising the employer, the workers and their representatives in the undertaking, on.. – the requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe and healthy working environment which will facilitate optimal physical and mental health in relation to work – the adaptation of work to the capabilities of workers in the light of their state of physical and mental health. ILO Convention on Occupational Health Services(No.161) 4 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Safety Versus Health Impact Chernobyl explosion Mesothelioma due to asbestos 5 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Chernobyl incident Immediate effect: 30 killed, 137 treated for acute radiation syndrome Caused >2,500 deaths (Ukraine Radiological Institute) Cost $12.8 billion to USSR 6
Historical Review ❖OHS is not a new issue ❖Age of antiquity, Middle Ages and renaissance ❖The industrial revolution in Great Britain ❖Effects of industrialization on community health ❖Effect of industrialization on workers’ health ❖The First Factory Act – 1819 (UK) 7 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Historical Review… cont’d Medical influence ❖Acricola and Paracelcus (15th century) ❖Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) ❖Percivall Pot (1713-88) ❖Charles Turner Thackrah (1795-1833) 8 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
WORKPLACE PSYCHOSOCIAL SOCIOECONOMIC GENES DIET HABITS ENVIRONMENT HEALTHY LATENT DISEASE DEATH CLINICAL DISEASE HEALTH OUTCOME OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE PRE-EXISTENT HEALTH STATUS Relationship between Work and Health 9 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Physical Chemical Biological Ergonomics Personal Health Relevant Regulations Relevant Policies Worker and Influences around him 10 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Focus Of Occupational Health and Safety ❖Health Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well being of all workers. ❖Prevention of adverse health effects due to work ❖Improving working environment and work to become conducive to health and safetyt 11 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Focus Of Occupational Health Occupational disease/ Accident Factors at workplace -Hazard -Working environment -Workstation Lifestyle -Smoking -Alcohol and drug abuse -Hobby Promotion Prevention 12 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
The Various Disciplines in OH ❖Occupational medicine ❖Occupational health nursing ❖Industrial hygiene ❖Occupational toxicology ❖Ergonomic ❖Epidemiology 13 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Principal of prevention 1 o prevention 2 o prevention 3 o prevention Health promotion Specific protection Early detection of disease and early treatment Limitation of impairment Rehabilitation Health education Control measures Immunization Universal precaution Health surveillance First aid Emergency response plan Disability assessment Rehabilitation Return to work programme 14 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Occupational Health and Safety Services Aims 1. Identifying and controlling occupational hazards 2. Educating management and workers to fulfil their responsibility for health and safety 3. Promoting health programmes not primarily concerned with work-related injury and disease World Health Organization 15 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Occupational Health and Safety Services ❑ Health promotion and health education ❑ Health risk assessment ❑ Workplace environmental monitoring ❑ Control of health hazards ❑ To adapt work and working environment to the worker ❑ Fitness for work assessment ❑ Medical surveillance ❑ Medical treatment service ❑ Provision of first aid and medical emergency ❑ Data collection and analysis 16 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
RESOURCE PERSON ❖ Advice management on health legislation and compliance ❖ Health promotion ❖ Conduct workplace inspection ❖ Biological Monitoring ❖ Medical examination ❖ Medical surveillance ❖ Assist in impairment assessment ❖ Notification of occupational disease and injury ❖ Record keeping Occupational Health Doctor 17 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
SAFETY ISSUES ❖Incidents and accident ❖Hazard identification & risk assessment ❖Control measures and Emergency Plan ❖OSH management system 18 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
ACCIDENTS & INCIDENT Concepts ❖Safety - freedom from risk or danger - Control of accidental loss ❖Incidents : near miss & accident ❖Accidents - an undesired events that results in harm to people, damage to property or loss to process - result from contact with substance (chemical, thermal etc) above the threshold limit of the body / structure 19 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
What is a “Near miss”? ❖A “Near miss” is: – an event which did not result in injury or damage to property but had the potential to do so – shares the same root causes as an accident. It is only because of chance that no harm or damage occurred – needs similar attention as an accident 20 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Early Theory Of Accidents (Heinrich -1930's) Ancestry/social environment Fault of a person Unsafe act/condition 21 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
ACCIDENTS & INCIDENTS structure of accident People Property Process Profit Environment Contact with energy or substance Substandard Acts & Conditions Personal factor Job factor Inadequate - program - program standards -compliance to standard IMMEDIATE INCIDENT LOSS CAUSES BASIC CAUSES LACK OF CONTROL The Loss Causation Model 22 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Lack of Management Control ❖Management responsible for: – Selection of workers – Machinery and equipment – System of work – Information and training – Supervision ❖The accident prone worker is a false approach. It is like blaming the victim instead of the perpetrator. 23 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Contributing Factors To Accidents – Immediate Causes (Symptoms) The unsafe acts and unsafe conditions can be categorised as follows: 1. Human behaviour 2. Design of equipment and plant 3. Systems & procedures including use of materials 4. Environmental Surroundings 24 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
Root Causes Of Accidents - Management (The Real Problem) ❖ Personal Factors – lack of knowledge or skill, improper motivation, physical or mental conditions ❖ Job Factors – physical environment, substandard equipment, abnormal usage, wear & tear, inadequate standards, design & maintenance, purchasing standards ❖ Supervisory Performance – inadequate instructions, failure of SOPs, rules not, enforced, hazards not corrected, devices not provided ❖ Management Policy & Decisions – measurable standards, work in progress measure , work-vstandards, evaluation , Corrective action 25 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
ACCIDENTS & INCIDENTS accident ratio studies 1 10 30 300 SERIOUS OR MAJOR INJURY - includes disabling and serious injuries MINOR INJURY - any reported injury less than serious PROPERTY DAMAGE INCIDENTS WITH NO VISIBLE INJURY OR DAMAGE * Any accident has far greater number of incident 26 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
ACCIDENTS & INCIDENTS accident cost (iceberg) $ 1 $ 5 TO $ 50 $ 1 TO $ 3 INJURY & ILLNESS COST • Medical • Compensation cost Ledger cost of property damage (uninsured cost) Uninsured miscellaneous costs Building damage; tool & equipment damage; production delays & interruption; legal expenses; investigation time Wages paid for time lost; cost of training replacement; decreased output; loss of business 27 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
❖Events leading up to the incident ❖Facts of the incidents itself ❖Relevant facts of what occurred immediately after the incident ❖Checklist : who; what; when; why; where; how ❖Record & report ACCIDENTS & INCIDENTS Investigation 28 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
OHS Related Agencies : In Malaysia ❖DOSH – setting standard, enforcement, OSH promotion ❖NIOSH – training, consultancy, information dissemination, research ❖SOCSO – compensation, rehabilitation, OSH promotion ❖Ministry of Health – medical board ❖Others: - Universities : UKM, USM, UM, UPM - OH Departments in organizations: Petronas, ExxonMobil etc 29 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016
INTERNATIONAL OHS RELATED AGENCIES ❖UK : Health Safety Executive (HSE) ❖US : OSHA, NIOSH; ACGIH ❖International Labour Organization (ILO) ❖International Agency For Research into Cancer (IARC) ❖JICA ❖WHO ❖ICOH 30 Copyright@ NIOSH Edition 2016