What is a “ACID”?
A acid is
noun
a. Any of a class of substances whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to
turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form salts.
b. A substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
c. A substance that can act as a proton donor.
d. A substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
(via www.dictionary.com)
Properties
1. Taste sour
2. pH lower than 7
3. Acids effect indicators:
1. Acids turn blue litmus to red 2. Acids turn methyl orange to red
4. Acids are electrolytes
Common Acids and Uses
Acetic acid
● food preservation and preparation, when in solution with water it is known as vinegar
Acetylsalicylic acid
● pain relief, fever relief, to reduce inflammation, known as aspirin
Carbonic acid
● carbonated drinks, involved in cave stalactite and stalagmite formation and acid rain
phosphoric acid
● to make detergents, fertilizers and soft drinks, slightly sour but pleasant taste, detergents containing
phosphates cause water pollution
Weak Acid vs Strong Acid
The difference between a weak acid and a strong acid is that a strong acid is completely (100%) ionised.
An example of a strong acid is hydrochloric acid.
A strong acid has a pH of 1.
A weak base is only partly (less than 100%) ionised.
An example of a weak acid is ethanoic acid.
A weak acid has a pH of 3 to 5.
Litmus Paper
Litmus paper will turn red in acidic solutions
Ions in solutions
Hydrogen bonds are produced by ions in a solution by acids. Acid dissociation is the acid dissociation
constant (Ka) is the measure of the strength of an acid in solution.
Pictures
What is a “BASE”?
Bases are substances which produce hydroxide ions in solution.
Properties
1. taste bitter
2. pH greater than 7
3. Bases neutralize acids producing a salt and water
4. Bases are electrolytes
Common bases
Weak base vs Strong base
A strong base is something like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide which is fully ionic. You can think
of the compound as being 100% split up into metal ions and hydroxide ions in solution. Ammonia is a typical
weak base. Ammonia itself obviously doesn't contain hydroxide ions, but it reacts with water to produce
ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.
Litmus paper
1. Bases turn red litmus to blue 2. Bases turn methyl orange to yellow 3. Bases turn phenolphthalein to
purple
What ions are produced in solution by base and explain base dissociation?
An acid cannot be an acid unless it is in solution. It must be able to produce H+ and that can happen only in
solution.
Pictures
“pH and Neutralization”
What is pH?
A pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
What is the pH scale and what is it used for?
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is.
The pH scale is an indication of acidity/alkalinity.
The pH scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (acid) or hydroxyl ions
(alkali) in a solution.
Real world solutions
1. To keep a clean & safe pool , you should keep track of the pH levels. Acidity causes rust
of plastic, rubber and metal, it will also cause our eyes to burn , and Alkaline can leave
scale on the sides of the pool, and makes your skin feel very dry.
2. Since our stomach’s are very acidic, the pH can tell us a lot about our bodies.The pH
reflects the events occurring in the body. pH of our stomach and intestines can/ will
determine the rate of digestion and absorption of nutrients we get from the foods.
What are buffers and their use?
A buffer is an aqueous solution that has a highly stable pH. If you add acid or base to a
buffered solution, its pH will not change significantly.
via (http://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbase1/a/buffers.htm)
The pH scale
What is “Neutralization”
A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and
involves the combination of H+ ions and OH ions to generate water.
via:(http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Acid%2F%2FBase
_Reactions/Neutralization)
Let’s say Ms. Burnett was out gardening and got stung by a wasp. Painful. To get rid of
some of the pain from the sting , a acid that would fix this basic sting would be some
vinegar. That is a result of Neutralization.
“ Salts”
What are salts and how are they formed?
Salts are the nonwater product of an acid base neutralization. There are four possible acid base reactions
that produce salts. They are the reaction of a:
1) strong acid with a strong base.
2) weak acid with a strong base.
3) weak base with a strong acid.
4) weak acid with a weak base.
What is salt used for and what is it important ?
Well , it is one great seasoning for untasteful food.
Water Conditioning
Food Grade Salt
Agriculture
Highway Deicing
Industrial Chemicals
Sodium chloride is also a dietary component essential to the functioning of our body. The dissolution of “salt”
originates sodium and chloride ions, which are present in all tissues and fluids of the human body, where
they play very diverse roles.
via : ( http://www.aquimicadascoisas.org/en/?episodio=thechemistryofsalt )
Common salts
NaCl Sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride is the most common salt, the common table salt used for the seasoning of food.
NaHSO4 Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium bisulfate is a salt which is used widely with potassium dichromate in bleach used for
photographic purposes. It
K2CrO7 Potassium Dichromate
Potassium dichromate is a salt used to make bleach for photographic purposes. It is both toxic and
an oxidizer
CaCl2 Calcium Chloride
Calcium chloride is a salt that is marketed in pellet form for removing dampness from rooms
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum
products.
via : http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/saltcom.html
Unit cell of NaCl