REPORT ARCHITECTURE SITE PRACTISE (2)

REPORT

SITE PRACTISE

WHAT IS BEST PRACTICE IN CONSTRUCTION?

In the construction industry, best practice is commonly defined by
standards, which are published documents that are intended to define
the common specifications, methods and procedures that are to be
used.

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INTRODUCTION

Written by Sandy Ledington

The roles of some professionals Figure 1.1 ORGANIZATION CHART
in the management of
construction projects are MEMBERS OF THE CONSTRUCTION TEAM'S ROLES
muddled and misunderstood. In the construction sector, the word "construction team"
This could be attributed to a can have a variety of meanings. It will be different if it
variety of factors. One of the involves those positions that are required to physically
factors is the majority of people's construct the project as opposed to those who are
lack of proper working responsible for the project's conceptualization, planning,
knowledge of the roles of each and design, such as the architect and structural engineer.
professional in the industry.
The construction team, in basic terms, will consist of
As a result, qualified and project team members entrusted with physically creating
appropriate professionals are what the design team has specified in its documentation
frequently not engaged for and requirements. Throughout the project, the
project design as well as project construction team may be subjected to frequent checks
implementation. To make and inspections by design team members to verify that the
matters worse, until recently, construction is on track to fulfil the specifications and
there were no Building client expectations.
Regulations or laws in place to
properly regulate the design and
construction phases of a building
project, including their control
and inspection during site
execution. As a result of these
factors, The problem is include:

Design and details that are
not economically feasible to
construct
Designing excessively.
Specifications that are
inappropriate/inadequate
Poor craftsmanship

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TABLE OF CONTENT Husna Sulaiman PAGES

INTRODUCTION 2
TABLE OF CONTENT 3
TOPIC 1:
4
SITE ORGANIZATION 5-13
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
14
TOPIC 2 : SITE POSSESSION 15
PERFORMANCE BOND 15
INSURANCE OF WORKS 15
INSURANCE AGAINST INJURY TO PERSON AND PROPERTIES 16
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION INSURANCE 16
SOCSO CONTRIBUTION 17-18
REQUIRED TO BE PREPARED BY THE CONTRACT OR PRIOR TO SITE
POSSESION 19
10 DOCUMENTS MUST BE INCLUDED ON EVERY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT 20-24
25-27
TOPIC 3 : SITE PREPARATION 28-30
STAGES OF SITE PREPARATION
CONSTRUCTION SITE PREPARATION CHECKLIST 31
FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURES ON SITE LAYOUT 31
SETTING OUT 31
30-47
TOPIC 4: SITE SUPERVISION 48-49
DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE SITE SUPERVISOR 50
RESPONSIBILITIES & DUTIES OF ARCHITECTURE SITE SUPERVISOR 51
SCOPES OF WORK ARCHITECTURE SITE SUPERVISOR 52
PROJECT QUALITY PLAN (PQP) DOCUMENTATIONS 53-54
55
- INTERIM CERTIFICATE AND PROGRESS PAYMENT 56
- CERTIFICATE OF PRACTICAL COMPLETION (CPC) 57-58
- CERTIFICATE OF NON-COMPLETION (CNC)
- EXTENSION OF TIME & LIQUIDATED ASCERTAINED DAMAGES (LAD) 59
- DEFECT LIABILITY PERIOD (DLP) 60
- CERTIFICATE OF MAKING GOOD DEFECTS (CMGD)
- CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE AND COMPLETION (CCC)

CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

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SITE ORGANIZATION THE CONSTRUCTION TEAM
MEMBERS IS INCLUDE :
Written by Leonard Peterson
1.Resident Architect
A Construction Organization (Site Organization) consists of the 2.Project Manager
management, administration, field controls (Schedule and Cost), 3.Clerk Of Work (COW)
field engineering, field material control, construction 4.Inspector Of Work(IOW)
supervision (subcontractor management), safety (site), quality 5.Site Supervisor
(quality control and inspection), pre-commissioning team and 6.Safety And Health Officer
hand-over. 7.Site Clerk
8.Technical Assistant
Site layout and organization are important management 9.Architectural Draughtsman
functions that influence all aspects of work on a construction
site-from construction methods and sequence to health, safety,
and productivity. The design of site layouts is often arbitrarily
carried out without a full evaluation of all the relevant factors.

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1.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CONSTRUCTION
TEAM MEMBERS

Written by Sandy Ledington

PROJECT MANAGER RESIDENT ARCHITECTURE CLERK OF WORK (COW)
A project manager is a specialist in Residential architects are design experts On a construction site, a clerk of works or clerk of
the subject of project management. that focus on the design and construction the works (CoW) is engaged by an architect or a
Project managers are in charge of of residential structures such as single- client. Standard forms of contract, such as those
project planning, procurement, and family houses and condos. Residential published by the Joint Contracts Tribunal, specify
implementation. architects may design homes for the job. Clerks of works are the Royal Engineers'
ROLES : contractors or individual prospective most highly qualified non-commissioned
homeowners. tradespeople.
The project manager will ensure ROLES : ROLES :
that the project quality
management plan and stage of Lead and develop projects from early The findings illustrate that while the clerk of
work is in conformity with the concept through design development. work's role positively impacts quality and
design. Prepare drawings, specifications, and safety of construction, it is hindered by cost
assistance and advice as to construction documents. and time constraints that are often
outstanding project execution Design and document commercial and prioritised.
information, interpretation of industrial building projects. Consult Auditing workforce attendance if required.
designer’s Intentions, contract with clients to Reporting any unresolved concerns.
conditions, determine their requirements. A Clerk of Works provides an independent
The project manager, as the Will inspect those materials, and assessment of the works undertaken,
client’s representative must components specified by the project checking the quality of the build, M&E,
submit reports periodically to the architect and also structural and architectural works. They
client check dimensions physically on site produce regular reports and a dialogue with
the design team.

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1.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CONSTRUCTION
TEAM MEMBERS

Written by Sandy Ledington

INSPECTOR OF WORK (IOW) SITE SUPERVISOR SAFETY & HEALTH OFFICER (HSO)
A site supervisor's job entails managing A health and safety officer (HSO) is a certified
An Inspector of Works (IOW) is a and supervising a construction site in official who is in charge of monitoring and
compliance with health and safety supervising health and safety compliance, as well
person who is registered under regulations. The site supervisor is as associated laws and regulations, in his or her
responsible for assessing hazards, company.
Section 10(E) of the Registration of determining risks, conducting frequent ROLES :
inspections, and maintaining a safety
Engineers Act 1967. (Revised 2015). programme. Continuous inspection of project sites, to
The site supervisor will generally ensure a hazard-free environment
A registered IOW must behave collaborate closely with the site foreman, Assessment and approval of subcontractor
who is in charge of organising construction safety plans
himself/herself honourably, activities on the job site, and will report to Verification of tools and equipment to ensure
the project manager. good quality
responsibly, ethically, and legally by ROLES : Promoting safe practices on site
Creating and enforcing safety guidelines and
adhering to the Board's Code of Site supervisor is to ensure the safety programs
on site, whereas to impact of poor Carrying out drills and exercises on managing
Conduct. supervisor is the time and cost overrun. emergency situations
Effectively manage site safety. Conducting investigations on accidents
ROLES : Managing workers and delegating tasks Verifying that all safety reports are submitted
to meet construction deadlines. to related government institutions.
Doing regular inspections of Carrying out regular inspections. Responding to workers’ safety concerns
Managing potential safety hazards. Manages all communications with
construction sites Ensuring their workers adhere to government departments in regards to safety
health and safety protocol
Liaising between different

departments

Monitoring the complete building

process

Safeguarding the quality of work

Ensuring adherence to proposed

plans

Arranging meetings

Predicting potential problems

Ensuring adherence to legislation

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1.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CONSTRUCTION
TEAM MEMBERS
Written by Sandy Ledington TECHNICAL ASSISTANT

A Technical assistants are entry-level

administrative professionals that report

directly to the firm manager or team

leader. Their mission is to give

administrative and technical assistance to

corporate clients as well as the internal

team.

ROLES :

Assist in the overall operation and

SITE CLERK maintenance activities related to items, ARCHITECTURAL DRAUGHTSMAN
materials, processes, equipment, Architectural draftsmen are responsible for
The Site Clerk is an important part of methods, designs, and engineering creating architectural construction documents
practices; and drawings for their projects. They develop
the construction crew. On a daily Develops and maintains technical construction-related files that effectively
databases, spreadsheets and Sources encompass aspects of the design process. They
basis, the Site Clerk acts as technical documents, information and also conduct inspections that are required for
drawings quality assurance
management's on-site Their role is to provide both ROLES :
administrative and technical support
representative. The Site Clerk is in for business clients or the internal Prepares drawings of buildings, parks,
team. gardens, monuments, etc. from sketches,
charge of all on-site paperwork, such assists to free up technical and designs, or data for construction.
engineering personnel to focus on Studies notes, sketches, and other
as delivery dockets, timesheets, activities where they can add most engineering data of buildings, parks, gardens,
value; monuments, etc. to be constructed.
health and safety certificates, and so Plan and coordinate the activities to
ensure conformance with procedures Draws sketches of required construction
on. Taking care of any site inquiries. and regulations as required by MPW according to directions of Architect to suit
purpose and environment; alters them if
ROLES : directed and get them approved by him.

The Site Clerk deals with all on

site documentation such as

delivery dockets, timesheets,

health +safety certificates etc.

Handling all enquiries to site

Assisting site management in

ordering materials.

Good understanding of all

aspects of construction, although Draws to scale drawings according to

technical skill in any particular approved sketches showing plan, elevations,

construction trade is not settings, arrangements, etc. as necessary.

necessary

Handling all enquiries to site.

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1.2 PARTIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

Construction Parties means the Persons other than the Company that are parties to the Construction Agreements.

CONVENTIONAL METHOD Figure 1.2 ORGANIZATION CHART OF CONVENTIONAL METHOD AND DESIGN
The conventional method of construction refers
to the execution of construction work at the
proposed site It involves the setting up of
prefabricated building components at the
construction site following the initial
installation of a wood or a plywood formwork,
reinforcement steel, and cast.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION TYPES OF MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
Advanced construction technology. Precast Flat Panel System.
Arches. 3D Volumetric Modules.
Assembly. Flat Slab Construction.
Base construction. Precast Cladding Panels.
Basement excavation. Concrete Wall and Floors.
Barrel vault Twin Wall Technology.
Blockwork. Precast Concrete Foundation.
Brick. Concrete Formwork Insulation.

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1.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

ARCHITECT (AR) ENGINEERS
An architect is a person who plans, designs, and A professional engineer is qualified to apply the scientific approach and viewpoint to
supervises building construction. the study and solution of engineering issues as a result of his or her foundational
To practice architecture implies offering education and training. He/she is capable of taking personal responsibility for the
services related to the design of structures and advancement and application of engineering science and expertise, particularly in
the space inside the site around the buildings research, design, building, manufacturing, supervising, managing, and engineering
that have human occupancy or use as their education.
primary goal. ROLES :
ROLES :
Organizing materials and ensuring sites are safe and clean.
Creating building designs and highly detailed Preparing cost estimates and ensuring appropriate materials and tools are
drawings both by hand and by using available.
specialist computer-aided design (CAD) Providing technical advice and suggestions for improvement on particular
applications projects.
liaising with construction professionals Diagnosing and troubleshooting equipment as required.
about the feasibility of potential projects Negotiating with suppliers and vendors to ensure the best contracts
Working around constraining factors such as Authorizing technical drawings and engineering plans.
town planning legislation, environmental
impact, and project budget SUPERINTENDENT OFFICER
working closely with a team of other the Superintendent Officer is the master. By virtue of the contract the Superintend.
professionals such as building service The officer is given much power or authority. As a person who is given much power
engineers, construction managers, quantity or. authority under the contract the Superintendent Officer should be able to
surveyors, and architectural technologists contribute. On large construction projects, the superintendent's job is to run the
Applying for planning permission and advice day-to-day operations on the construction site and control the short-term schedule.
from governmental new build and legal ROLES :
departments
writing and presenting reports, proposals, The architect acts as the Superintendent Officer (S.O) which also means as the
applications, and contracts submitting person.
Specifying the requirements for the project Ar stamp is not a company stamp but an individual stamp that recognized only a
Adapting plans according to circumstances particular individual that passed all the required tests at all levels and became
and resolving any problems that may arise Professional Architect with the Ar salutation.
during construction Anything with the architect (Ar.) stamp on it are valuable throughout the project
Playing a part in the project and team and the architect has to be responsible for what they are stamping onto.
management
Traveling regularly to building sites,
proposed locations, and client meetings

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1.3 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES IN SITE CONSTRUCTION

LAND SURVEYOR (LS) LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
The practice, profession, art, and science of identifying the terrestrial or three- The design of outdoor places, landmarks, and
dimensional locations of points, as well as the distances and angles between them, structures to fulfill environmental, social-behavioral
is known as surveying or land surveying. A land surveyor is a specialist who or aesthetic goals is known as landscape architecture.
specializes in land surveying. These points are typically located on the Earth's
surface and are frequently used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, It entails the systematic design and general
locations, such as the designed positions of structural components for engineering of various structures for construction and
construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes human use, as well as the investigation of existing
mandated by the government or civil law, such as property sales. social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in
ROLES : the landscape, as well as the design of other
interventions that will produce desired results.
Carrying out surveys of the environment with construction projects in mind ROLES :
Working in diverse sectors, such as construction, property, cartography
(maps), offshore engineering, and exploration protecting natural areas (and the environment);
Assessing land due for redevelopment enhancing biodiversity
Surveying airports, landfill sites, mines, quarries, pipeline systems, and more building healthy and vibrant communities
Managing and monitoring projects from start to finish addressing climate change (managing the impact of
Producing maps using GPS, surveying instruments, digital images, and satellite climate change and using the natural systems to
photographs reduce the global warming trend)
Analyzing data using geographic information systems (GIS) and drawing charts green infrastructure (including green streets and
using computer-aided design (CAD) green roofs and active transportation)
Monitoring changes in the land during the construction process contributing to the economy
Writing reports and sharing crucial information with colleagues and clients
Working in an office, with regular site visits.

TOWN PLANNER
A town planner is in charge of designing and developing urban regions such as towns and cities. As a town planner, you would ensure that the
demands on the land being developed are balanced with the requirements of the community. This can be done on a national, regional, or local
scale, and it necessitates an understanding of the environmental and economic implications of a planned development.
ROLES :

A town planner's main responsibility is to ease or avoid social, economic and environmental problems within their town of employment.
They achieve this by making recommendations to local elected officials that reflect the needs of the town.
Develop models

QUANTITY SURVEYOR
A quantity surveyor (QS) is a construction industry professional with expert knowledge on construction costs and contracts. .They help to
ensure that the construction project is completed within its projected budget.
ROLES :

Liaising with clients to identify their needs
Estimating quantities, costs and time scales for material and labour
Preparing tender and contract documents
Identifying and weighing up commercial risks

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1.4 CONTRACTOR'S TEAM ORGANIZATION

MAIN CONTRACTOR

Main Contractor means the person appointed

directly by the Employer to execute the main

portion of the Project and having overall control

and management of the Project Site. The

Contractor may or may not be the Main

Contractor.

ROLES :

Building permits application.

Property security.

Providing (temporary) facilities on site.

Taking care of generated waste.

On-site personnel management.

Site surveying.

Site engineering.

Schedule monitoring.

plan, manage, monitor and coordinate the

entire construction phase.

take account of the health and safety risks to

everyone

SUB-CONTRACTOR

A subcontractor (or sub-contractor) is a company or person whom a general HEAD WORKER
contractor, prime contractor or main contractor hires to perform a specific task as The foreman is the head of the workers in the field.
part of an overall project and normally pays for services provided to the project. He oversees the project on-site and tracks
ROLES : worker’s timecard and completion of tasks on
schedule. The foreman is the direct response for
Have a safe site, plant, structures and ways of working. any problems or injuries that occur on a job site. He
Make sure plant, structures and substances are used, handled and stored is also in charge of personnel including timecards,
safely. payroll, and often hiring or promotion. Mobile
Provide facilities for the welfare of workers, such as running water and toilets technology aids the foreman in his communication
Attend a pre-construction safety meeting to understand the project’s safety from the job-site to the back office
requirements ROLES :
Provide appropriate methods, equipment, devices and material to assure a safe
workplace Direct response for any problems or injuries
Stop work when a hazard or potential hazard exists or in the event that that occur on a job site.
conditions are such that there is immediate danger to life, limb or property Monitors all workers problem in construction
Notify all other contractors and subcontractors when your employees’ actions site also privacy to ensure their basic needs
could adversely affect the health and safety of employees of other companies completed
Ensure that all work activity for the day ahead has been reviewed for safety Also in charge of personnel including
concerns and that all safety requirements will be met timecards, payroll, and often hiring

orpromotion

WORKER

A worker is anyone working for or under the control of a contractor on a construction site. Examples of workers include: plumbers,

electricians, scaffolders, painters, decorators, steel erectors and labourers, as well as supervisors like foremen and chargehands.

ROLES :

Assembling and breaking down barricades, temporary structures, and scaffolding.

Assisting contractors, e.g. electricians and painters, as required.

Assisting with transport and operation of heavy machinery and equipment.

Regulating traffic and erecting traffic signs.

Following all health and safety regulations.

Digging holes, tunnels, and shafts.

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1.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSULTANT'S TEAM

Written by Sandy Ledington

CONSULTANTS TEAM
AConsultant team leads analyze background documentation, project documents, financial reports, etc., to prepare an initial report about
the projects they are working on. They gather data through interviews, research, and surveys to design proposals meant to create an
inclusive environment for everyone. These leaders work with clients to improve their organization's performance by coordinating their
teams and identifying their needs. They also lead a team of consultants and discuss the techniques that help their clients improve their
quality of living.
ROLES :

must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents).
Submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead,
general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.
providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as engineering vehicles and tools) and services necessary for the construction of
the project.
Responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of
information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.
Responsible for the overall coordination of a project, general contractors may also act as building designer and foreman (a tradesman in
charge of a crew).

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1.5 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRACTOR'S TEAM

Written by Sandy Ledington

CONSTRACTORS TEAMS
AConsultant team leads analyze background documentation, project documents, financial reports, etc., to prepare an initial report
about the projects they are working on. They gather data through interviews, research, and surveys to design proposals meant to
create an inclusive environment for everyone. These leaders work with clients to improve their organization's performance by
coordinating their teams and identifying their needs. They also lead a team of consultants and discuss the techniques that help their
clients improve their quality of living.
ROLES :

conducting research, surveys and interviews to gain understanding of the business
analysing statistics
detecting issues and investigating ways to resolve them
assessing the pros and cons of possible strategies
compiling and presenting information orally, visually and in writing
making recommendations for improvement, using computer models to test them and presenting findings to client
implementing agreed solutions
developing and implementing new procedures or training.

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1.6 SITE POSSESION
Written by Sandy Ledington

Depending on the precise wording of the Conditions of
Contract the term or phrase Access to Site can have a
number of meanings or interpretations. Normally Access
to Site refers to the means and availability of the
Contractors approach to the Site as defined in the
Contract. It may also mean the ability to occupy the Site
which is commonly referred to as Site Possession or
Possession of the Site.

Firstly we will consider Access to the Site on which the PERFORMANCE BOND
Works are to be constructed. Access to the Site is A performance bond (or performance security) is commonly used
necessary to allow the transportation and delivery of in the construction industry as a means of insuring a client against
construction materials, plant, labour and equipment as the risk of a contractor failing to fulfil contractual obligations to
well as to allow the installation and connection of utility the client.
services necessary for construction and indeed operation Performance bonds can also be required from other parties to a
of the completed Works. In order to be effective the construction contract
access must facilitate the Contractor in being able to
transport, install, connect and delivery all the above the BEFORE APPLYING BOND
above and must be available for the Contractor at the At least 2 years Financial Accounts
appropriate times. This does not just mean that the A copy of the bond wording
access is physically available; it must also be legally Detail of work undertaken
available taking into account and requirements to obtain Surety Co may ask for bank Facility detail
approvals, permissions and meet with any other customs Application form
or requirements.

The Contract Conditions together with any other
documents making up the Contract Documents should
clearly define the parties’ responsibilities and obligation
in respect of the provision of Access to Site. In nearly all
standard forms expressly state that it is an obligation of
the parties to co-operate in order for the Contractor to
be able to execute the Works and unless specifically
stated otherwise it is in implied terms that the parties
should co-operate in this goal of executing the Works.
The extent of this obligation to provide access and obtain
permissions will depend upon others; the type of work
involved; the extent of possession; the control of
adjacent areas exercised by that party; together with any
other relevant circumstances. Even where the term is
implied that physical access is to be provided by one
party, the term may not extend to requiring that party to
be held responsible for the suitability of the Access to
the Site.

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INSURANCE OF WORKS
Contract works insurance is an insurance for builders and other tradesmen, designed to cover
work that’s underway on a site.
It can pay to repair or redo the work that’s in progress if it’s damaged by an insured event like
fire, flood, storm, vandalism or theft.
Contract works insurance covers the work that currently doing on a building site. It can pay for
the cost of repairing or redoing the work if it's damaged or destroyed.

INSURANCE AGAINST INJURY TO PERSON AND WORKMENS COMPENSATION INSURANCE
PROPERTIES Workmen’s Compensation Insurance protects employers against any
compensations to be paid under the Workmen’s Compensation Law(s) of
A Workmen Compensation insurance policy is a Malaysia for any injuries to their employees through accidents or diseases.
commercial insurance policy that covers the
legal liability of an employer to provide
compensation to its workmen in case of their
death or accident
This insurance shall be for a limit per
occurrence of not less than the amount stated
Contract Agreement, with no limit on the
number of occurrences. If an amount t stated in
the Contract, this Sub-Clause shall not apply.
Unless otherwise stated in the Contract
Agreement, the insurances specified in this Sub-­
Clause:
(a) shall be effected and maintained by the
Contractor as insuring Party,
(b) shall be in the joint names of the Parties,
(c) shall be extended to cover liability for all
loss and damage to the Contract Awarder's

property (except things insured under Sub-
Clause 18.2) arising out of the Contractor's
performance of the Contract,
(d)may however exclude liability to the extent
that it arises from:
(i)the Contract Awarder's right to have the
Permanent Works executed on, over, under, in
or through any land, and to occupy this land for
the Permanent Works,
(ii)damage which is an unavoidable result of the
Contractor's obligations to execute the Works
and remedy any defects
(iii)a cause listed in Sub-Clause 17.3 [Contract
Awarder's Risks], except to the extent that
cover is available at commercially reasonable
terms

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SOCSO CONTRIBUTION
Social Security Organisation (SOCSO) has also extended its coverage for all legal
foreign workers (excluding domestic servants) in Malaysia, effective 1 January 2019,
whereby they will be covered by Employment Injury (EI) Scheme under Act 4. The rate
of contribution is 1.25% of the insured monthly wages and to be paid by the employer.
Employees’ Social Security Act 1969 (Act 4) The Social Security Organization (SOCSO)
provides two social security schemes to protect the welfare of employees and their
dependents under the Employees’ Social Security Act 1969 (Act 4). The two social
security schemes are:·
Employment Injury Insurance Scheme provides protection to employees who suffer
from work related accidents or occupational diseases arising out of and in the course
of employment in an industry
Invalidity Scheme Invalidity or death due to any cause not connected with his
employmentprovides 24-hour coverage to employees against invalidity

REQUIRED TO BE PREPARED BY THE CONTRACTOR PRIOR TO SITE POSSESSION
Handover keys
Discuss issues related to continued occupation of any part of the site (particularly on
refurbishment projects) such as access.
Discuss security.
Issue any significant information about the site (such as site services, tree preservation
orders, etc.).
Discuss ongoing maintenance, operation and protection issues regarding existing
structures, landscape or other features to be retained.
Discuss noise and dust reduction measures.
Verify insurance provisions.
Read meters.
Provide contact details for key personnel on both sides.
Discuss access for client's personnel and representatives or other client contractors.

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WHAT IS A CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS CHECKLIST?
A construction documents checklist is typically used and completed before a project begins, but can be useful as a 'sanity' check at any
stage of a project or any stage of the company lifecycle.

10 Documents Must Be Included on Every Construction Project.

1. Contract Agreements and Contracts
- The agreement to be used by the contracting officer (owner)
and the contractor. The essential part of the contract
documents.

2. Statement of Work (SOW)
A solid scope will be helpful during the bidding process and later on during the
construction sequence. A well-defined scope will be used to determine the amount
of work needed to complete the work.

3. General Conditions
This contract document will define the obligations and rights on how to execute the project. Overhead costs,
what to claim and your rights must be included in this portion of the contract.
General conditions are an integral part of the construction contract. They consist of items and resources needed
for project completion that will not be part of the finished product that is turned over to the owner

4. Special Conditions
This is usually an extension of the contract and to the general
conditions. This part must specify specific conditions and
clauses to each particular project or job. Pay special
attention to specific instructions and requirements on how
to perform the work.

5. Bill of Quantities
This is formed by the list of diverse trades, and materials included that form part of the
construction. Sometimes this document is not required by the contracting officer.

6. Drawings
All set of drawings that form part of the job to be performed. These drawings are usually
the latest drawings and must be received by the contractor prior to the date of
commencement. It must include all drawings from consultants and will constitute the
entire project being contracted.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

WHAT IS A CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS CHECKLIST?
A construction documents checklist is typically used and completed before a project begins, but can be useful as a 'sanity' check at any
stage of a project or any stage of the company lifecycle.
10 Documents Must Be Included on Every Construction Project.

7. CSI MasterFormat Outline
The technical requirement to complete, execute and/or perform every little task or
material being incorporated in the construction projects. It will add intelligence to the
construction drawings; specify common standards, deviations accepted, materials
accepted and the required testing for all materials. Usually, specifications are made by
referencing construction standards and codes.

8. Creating Construction Schedule
The construction schedule is an important piece
of the document. In this part, the contracting
office will know how and when the project will be
completed.
9. Costs in the Construction Industry
Breakdown of all items being incorporated in the
construction project.

10. List of Common Types of Construction Insurance
This part will be an essential part of the contracting officer, since, it will
provide the guarantee to the owner that the contractor has the means and
the economic backup to perform the construction contract.

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1.6 SITE PREPARATION

Written by Sandy Ledington

WHAT IS SITE PREPARATION? The Construction site may have lots of
obstructions like old buildings or
Site preparation involves the demolition structures, big trees, sloping ground,
or wrecking of buildings and other loose soil, underground services. This
structures, clearing of building sites and may create problems during construction
sale of materials from demolished work. Therefore before starting any site
structures. Site preparation also entails preparation for construction is a must for
blasting, test drilling, landfill, levelling, the smooth running of construction
earth-moving, excavating, land drainage projects.
and other land preparation. Also included
are tunnelling, overburden removal and

other development and preparation of
mineral properties and sites, except oil WHAT DOES THE PROCESS
and gas sites. INVOLVE?

Site preparation involves various The use of specialist heavy TYPES OF SITE PREPARATION :
machinery
activities like demolition of old existing A skilled team with the expertise 1.Site Boundaries and Site
and knowledge of operating the Paging
construction, clearing of building sites, required equipment
The means to legally dispose of 2.Original Ground Level(OGL)
underground service, and wire mapping, the waste 3.Site Clearing
4. Earthworks
site surveying, and layout and anti- 5. Levelling
6.Cut and Fill
termite treatment before starting

construction work. Sometimes,

construction site preparation requires

blasting, test drilling, landfill, leveling,

earth-moving, excavating, land drainage,

and other land preparation

Construction Site Preparation work is
essential for any project. It is important
to prepare a construction site before the
main construction activities started.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

SITE BOUNDARIES AND SITE PAGING
Site boundaries: You need to define boundaries
physically, where necessary, by suitable fencing.
The type of fencing should reflect the nature of
the site and its surroundings. Determining the
boundary is an important aspect of managing
public risk.
The Site Boundary means the boundary of the
Site as delineated in red on the Site Plan and
where “the Site” is made up of two or more areas
of land any reference to “Site Boundary shall be
construed accordingly.

A BOUNDARY LINE IS DEFINED AS A BOUNDARY PRESUMED TO EXIST BETWEEN TWO BUILDINGS ON THE SAME
SITE.

The boundary of the land which belongs to a building or where the land abuts a road, Railway, Canal, river and Centre
Line of road, railway, canal and river.
A relevant boundary is a boundary or National boundary that one side of the building faces and that is parallel or at an
angle of a maximum of 80 degrees on that side of the building
A national boundary is a boundary presumes to exist between two buildings on the same site

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

ORIGINAL GROUND LEVEL (OGL) OGL survey have a prominent impact when it comes to Bill of
Quantity where it established the payment for items under
From an engineering standpoint, an OGL survey is soil stripping, cut/fill or earthworks and embankment works.
necessary as a validation activity that verifies the results OGL survey cannot be done after soil stripping and grubbing.
of the initial LIDAR or survey conducted during the design It doesn't reflect the actual quantity and will lead to pointless
stage. When it comes to the area covered by forest argument between the SO and the contractor when the
canopy, LIDAR surveys, in my experience, are neither thickness is clearly stated (as 150mm or otherwise stipulated)
conclusive nor accurate. Traditional topography or and the actual quantity of earth work is the total quantity
terrestrial surveys, too, have a number of flaws that lead generated by design software minus the fixed top soil stratum.
to inaccuracies of more than 12mm per station.
Secondly, soil stripping works involve earthwork when it
Among the issues which render the importance of OGL commence. You cannot trim or strip 150mm on hills with 4:1
survey prior to actual physical works are to establish the surface or gradient without making terraces which is actually
validity of the actual surface and the early design change earthwork stage. Therefore, OGL survey will have to
prior to physical works. I encountered a project which commence and take precedence in earthwork stage before
involved land acquisition issues. In order to avoid land other physical activities.
acquisition for a water pipeline project involving a big
chunk of land which was delineated as pipeline right-of- The right or appropriate time to conduct OGL survey is upon
ways and for 2MLD storage tank; the plantation company site possession, before environment department give a green
decided to flatten the hill in order to avoid their land light to go ahead or despite compensation is yet to be paid in
being acquired. This causes the project to delay when the full (and as the basis for ROW to be established, legally
design need to be revised and tremendously increased the possessed and handed over to the contractor). It plays
project cost (read clause: 44. Claims for Loss and Expense important role as in to validate established TBM properties,
in PWD Form 203/203A) as a result of approved traversing and partly to establish beacons for surveying work
extension of time (Read Clause 43 and Clause 5, PWD for future earthwork phase.
Form 203/203A).

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

SITE CLEARING
Site clearing is the process of removing all
elements of a land area that obstructs the process
of construction. It is the first step in any
construction project. Site clearing affects every
factor from planning to building permits as well as
the safety of the project – but equally important is
doing it in a way that minimises the impact on the
land.

WHAT IS CLEARED FROM THE SITE? HOW TO GET A SITE CLEARING PERMIT?
Area Permits
Vegetation
The vegetation you’ll need to clear from the site Area permits apply to owners of the land, people likely to become
includes trees, bushes, and anything with a large root the landowners or have written authority to clear the land. With
system – these will often get in the way of the an area permit, you can clear any land area specified on the
foundations of your project and any cement work permit for an extended period of time (usually 2 years).
happening around them. For the bigger trees – cut
them down to their stumps, remove the stumps, then
remove the roots. Smaller trees and bushes can often
be ripped out with an excavator all in one go. Try
removing the smaller vegetation first, as that can clear
up space to get the equipment in to fell the larger trees.

Rocks Purpose Permits
Rocky terrain can hinder any construction project, purpose permits apply to land clearers who don’t own the land
especially when large rocks are present in the soil. but have written permission to clear it.
Excavators with bucket and hammer attachments can
help remove these.

Refuse and Debris
Refuse and debris not only includes rubbish and landfill but also
abandoned buildings or infrastructure that need to be demolished or
taken out of the ground.

When using a previous landfill, ensure the soil covering over the landfill
has been flattened and contoured to prevent erosion and don’t expose
the landfill underneath. Consider how deep you need your foundations
over the landfill and whether the soil over it is deep and strong enough to
support them. Remove all rubbish from the surface of the site.

Clearing previous infrastructure, buildings or foundations from the site
may create some weak points where your foundations might fail. Ensure
all weak points are filled with clay before you begin building.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

EARTHWORKS FILLING
Filling is the process of moving the excavated material or
Earthworks are engineering works created through the additional earth material to a work location to achieve the
moving and/or processing of massive quantities of soil or desired topography.
unformed rock. Earthwork is done to reconfigure the
topography of a site to achieve the design levels. Earthwork CUTTING
involves cutting and filling to achieve the required Cut to crossfill means that the soil is excavated (cut) from one
topography. side of the road and used as fill material at the other. If the
excavated soil is not used, it is going to spoil, i.e. it is dumped
The most important step for your home is earthworks; it is outside the embankment. Cut to crossfill is an effective form
the entire foundation of your home, and not having it done of balancing cut and fill in rolling terrain without long haulage
professionally will cause problems later when installing
flooring and other features. Earthworks entails clearing the THE EFFECTS OF CUTTING
land of trash, plants, and weeds so that builders can start Reduces the total stresses in the slope which leads to a reduction
working on your property with a clean slate. Most builders of the pore pressures - increases the stability of the slope in the
will ensure that your home has 1.5 metres of flat space all short term.
around it so that your vision can be realised. Pore pressures will tend to rise to a new equilibrium value and the
materials in the slope may weaken, leading to a reduction in the
Earthwork involves the loosening, removal and handling of stability of the slope
earth quantities in the construction process. Earthworks are
carried out to provide a level terrace or "bench", with an
even, longitudinal slope, on which the drainage and camber
can be built.The earthwork is usually the most costly
operation in the road construction,

THERE ARE MULTIPLE TYPES OF EXACAVATION
Dismount
Emptying
Terraced

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

Written by Sandy Ledington

LEVELLING

This word is used to describe a situation where only a
levelling of bumps and depressions is necessary to provide
a sufficient width for the road at a uniform level.

Leveling is best carried out with hoes, rakes and shovels
as the soil only has to be moved over short distances. The
humps and ridges are cut and the soil is raked, pushed or
thrown into the holes and depressions with the hoe. Deep
holes should be compacted with hand-rammers after they
have been filled.

Leveling is a process of determining the height of one level
relative to another. It is used in surveying to establish the
elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to establish a
point at a given elevation relative to a datum.

THE PRINCIPLE OF LEVELLING WHAT ARE THE METHOD OF LEVELLING?
Barometric Levelling.
The principle of levelling is to obtain horizontal line of sight with respect Trigonometric Levelling.
to which vertical distances of the points above or below this line of sight Spirit Levelling.
are found. Differential Levelling.
Reviprocal Levelling.
Profile Levelling.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE LOCATION OF THE FACILITIES
AND INFRASTRUCTURES ON SITE LAYOUT.

Written by Sandy Ledington

Location is one of the first decisions in the design LOCATION DECISION FACTORS
of a new chemical plant. It impacts profitability Initially, economists viewed the plant location decision as a cost-minimization problem.
and scope for future expansion. If the project is a The optimal location was one where the transportation costs of raw material to the plant and
new facility. A suitable site must be found and an product to the market were minimized. Between the early 1900s and post-World War II
optimal layout of the site and process units must period,
be planned. If the project adds to an existing site, most industries were sensitive to the cost of transportation. As transportation costs became
the impact of the new addition on the existing less of an obstacle, the approach to the problem developed with considerations of trade-offs
plant must be considered. The plant also needs to between transportation and factors such as wages, energy, local regulations, etc.
accommodate for the nearby infrastructure, the If lower wages could balance the higher transportation costs of building the plant in a low-
services that it requires, and its environment
impact.
An essential consideration (especially at the level
of whole-site layout) is the transportation
network for the movement into, out of, and
around the site of materials, personnel, and
emergency traffic.

1. TRANSPORTATION Trucks should not create excessive noise (especially at night) when passing
through residential areas in order to reach the works. This may require time-
A good site layout tries to limit the distance related restrictions on deliveries, which may in turn create the need for
materials are carried during the process. Good stacking of deliveries. Trucks should not have to queue on the public road to
layout separates the raw material unloading gain entrance to the site.
facilities from the product loading areas. These two
objectives are initially met by laying out the site to Internal transportation of materials can be by pipeline, conveyors, or
reflect the PFD. vehicles. Pipelines should run parallel to the road system in the same way as
This basic arrangement may however be varied, the utilities. The vehicle routes for on-site transfer of materials should be
particularly on sites with high traffic density. In such well planned. In particular, road and rail traffic should not go through plot
circumstances, it may be desirable to keep the areas other than directly to a destination on that plot and, even then,
external raw material and product (as well as waste) hazardous area classifications must not be violated. In planning roadways and
traffic away from each other and from all other other transport routes, consideration of business continuity should be made
traffic. relative to adjacent pipe or vessel risks.
With lower traffic densities, the layout should be
such that site roads are open for all traffic but that Dual-direction roads should allow the safe passage of two vehicles, and any
plot roads only carry traffic with business on that blind spots on roads must be avoided. Use of clear lane marking or
plot. An important factor that affects traffic flow separation, and the inclusion of holdover and delivery bays will assist with
patterns is the segregation of hazardous processes, this. Room must be allowed for road drainage.

unloading and loading areas should be situated on
the perimeter of the site, near their road accesses,
rail spur, or dock. However, if the materials are
unpleasant or hazardous, these areas should not be
near sensitive neighbors.It is usual for storage areas
to be located alongside the loading and unloading
areas in order to facilitate control of the positioning
of materials held in storage.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

Written by Sandy Ledington 5. AVAILABILITY OF UTILITIES

2. RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY Processes that require a substantial amount of cooling water is usually located
The source and price of raw materials is one of the near water sources, such as rivers or wells. Cooling water may be directly taken
most important factors that determine the location from the water source or may be stored in cooling towers. Those that need large
of a plant. Facilities that produce chemicals in bulk quantities of power, such as electrochemical ones, are typically close to cheap
are usually located close to the source of raw power sources
material if the costs of shipping the product are less
than the costs of shipping the feed . For example,
ethylene production is growing in the Middle East
since cheap ethane from natural gas Is readily
available. Oil refineries tend to be located near areas
with high populations and crude oil supplies since it
is expensive to transport the oil. processes,

6. AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE LAND
Skilled workers are usually brought to the plant from outside the area. There
should be a local pool of unskilled labor that can be trained to operate the plant,
and of skilled craft, workers to maintain the process units. Local labor laws,
trade union customs, restrictive practices for recruitment and training should
also be taken into consideration. A 10% increase in the unionization of a state's
labor force is projected to reduce the number of expanding facilities by 30 to
45%.

3. LOCATION WITH RESPECT TO MARKET

If the plant produces high-volume and low-cost 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
products, such as cement and fertilizer, it may be
better to situate the plant closer to the primary
market since transportation cost is a large fraction
of the sales price. If the product Is low volume and
high-cost, like pharmaceuticals, then the benefits of
being closer to the primary market may not be there.

4. AVAILABILITY OF LABOR Depending on the location,it may be more difficult and costly to dispose of
Skilled workers are usually brought to the plant from wastes. During the project design phase, experts are typically consulted to learn
outside the area. There should be a local pool of more about an area's Local regulations. Environmental Regulations are found
unskilled labor that can be trained to operate the below. In 1963, Morgan surveyed 17 companies and found that on average the
plant, and of skilled craft, workers to maintain the most important factors on industrial location decisions are market, labor, and
process units. Local labor laws, trade union customs, raw material. Taxes and financial incentives were of little significance. Fortune
restrictive practices for recruitment and training magazine surveyed among the 1000 largest US companies and found that the
should also be taken into consideration. A 10% most important factors were market and labor. The survey also found that
increase in the unionization of a state's labor force is personal preferences of a firm's executive, tax, and central cities have great
projected to reduce the number of expanding influence over the site of corporate headquarters. Surveys of interstate
facilities by 30 to 45%. locational decisions found that the factors that played key roles for new firms
were access to customers and the growing market, labor force, transportation,
26 personal reasons of management, and availability of capital. The cost of land
had the least important influence. For firms that expanded across states, the
influential factors were labor costs and labor supply. Companies seeking
expansion usually have made their products more routine, so quick access to
suppliers is less of a concern. Cost minimization becomes more relevant to
existing corporations.

8. LOCAL COMMUNITY CONSIDERATIONS
State and local planners are typically motivated by the desire to create jobs and improve the tax base. Introduction of facilities To an
area is usually viewed as the most direct way to stimulate the area's economy. However, recent studies have found that communities
with high growth are already characterized by the fast growth of businesses that are already there. It is rare for a plant to completely
close in one area and relocate to another, and if plants do relocate, the majority is over short distances and often within the same
community.
Local policymakers favor the expansion of existing plants. The opening of a new plant at a location should impost no additional risk to the
local residents. They should be downwind of the residential areas Local communities also need to be able to accommodate the plant . For
example, traffic, housing, and facilities must be able to accommodate the influx of workers. Factors are property taxes and water
consumption.
9. POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS
The government sometimes gives capital grants,
tax concessions, and other incentives to encourage
plants to be built in specific areas. Physical
assistance such as roads, water, and other public
infrastructures are more popular than financial
assistance. Companies can also globalize and take
advantage of areas with preferential tariff
agreements. The tax policy of an area is inversely
related to growth. High personal income sometimes
hinders employment growth. Personal income does
not affect the cash flow of the company, but it
reduces the after-tax income of its managers, and
thus high personal income tax can be classified as a
personal region. High state corporate taxes has also
and detrimental effects. On growth, but that is not
always these. Corporate tax is more important to
firms ith high capital expenditures.

10. CLIMATE
The climate of the area may affect processes and costs. Plants in cold areas need more insulation and special heating. Facilities in
earthquake areas need to be seismically sound. plants in areas with ambient humidity will usually use air cooling instead of water
cooling. More detailed Information about the effects of weather can be found in the Site condition and design page.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

SETTING OUT PROCEDURES

Written by Sandy Ledington

A SETTING OUT ENGINEER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR A theodolite or total station is set up over a control point which
has known co-ordinates.
Setting out the site The instrument is then pointed at another control point in
Levelling and surveying the site* order to orientate the instrument to north. If a conventional
Overseeing quality control theodolite is being used it normal to turn the instrument to
Keeping a site journal north and reset the horizontal angle to zero.
Running update meetings The distances and bearings from that control point to those
Resolving technical issues points which require setting out are now located and fixed with
Being the point of liaison between architects pegs.
and the construction team A control point which is located near to the structure to be set
Planning and organising work out will ensure maximum accuracy.
If a total station is used the co-ordinates are entered into the
software and the prism target will allow the bearing and
distance to be located for each point.
If a conventional theodolite is used the co-ordinates of the
control point are compared with those of each point to be set
out. This will require whole circle bearings and distances to be
calculated for each point.
The procedure is then to simply turn to the required bearing
and measure the distance ensuring that the tape is held as near
horizontal as possible

WHAT EQUIPMENT IS USED IN SETTING OUT?

The telltale sign of any surveying work is the presence of a total station. This is a modern theodolite mounted on a tripod and fitted
with an EDM (electric distance meter). It uses a movable telescope to measure both vertical and horizontal planes. A total station
will use electronic transit theodolites in conjunction with a distance meter in order to read slope distance. It measures distance
accurately and can also be used in conjunction with mapping software in order to provide a database of reference points. A
measuring tape is used in smaller construction projects where a builder may not need to contact a surveyor in order to set out. In
all projects, the setter out will use nylon strings to demarcate distances and boundaries within the development itself. This will be
strung between pegs hammered into the ground at pivotal points and levelled using a spirit level. To mark out foundation walling
and other excavation points, the setter out will use white lime powder, as it is insoluble in water and therefore won’t wash away
even in bad weather.

WHEN IS SETTING OUT NEEDED?

Setting out is necessary for all construction projects that need to exist within a strict boundary, including:

Extensions on existing buildings
Building anything (from a small dwelling to a
retail park or a high rise)
Roads, bridges, and tunnels

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

TEMPORARY ACCESS ROAD SITE OFFICE

What is a temporary access road? Temporary access roads are What is a temporary access road? Temporary access roads are
regularly required on construction sites. They provide access regularly required on construction sites. They provide access
for what can be heavy construction vehicles carrying materials for what can be heavy construction vehicles carrying
and equipment needed to complete the project at hand. The materials and equipment needed to complete the project at
granular fill or aggregate acts as the road surface itself. hand. The granular fill or aggregate acts as the road surface
itself.

MAIN ENTRANCE GATE STORAGE MATERIALS

The principal or central heading along which the coal is Any compound that accumulates naturally within a cell, e.g.
conveyed from two or more conveyor panels. Normally, the the starch grains of potato tubers and glycogen in liver cells.
main gate is also the intake airway to the face. Sensible storage is achieved by the temperature change of the
storage material

GUARD HOUSE WORKERS QUATERS

A guardhouse (also known as a watch house, guard building, Workers Temporary quarters for workers temporary
guard booth, guard shack, security booth, security building, or accommodation place for person with common activities or
sentry building) is a building used to house personnel and interests. Included in this category are houses for workers in
security equipment. the construction, agriculture, public works, logging and other
sectors.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7
TOILETS AND EATERY

Locking stall doors or privacy locks are generally a must, too.
Some jurisdictions require two automatic closing doors
between a walkway and a restroom. Health regulations
require separate sinks and hand-washing facilities in kitchens
and food preparation areas. These are in addition to bathroom
handwashing facilities.

HOARDING AND SIGNBOARD

Construction hoarding is defined as a fence or barrier
between a construction site and the public. Its purpose is
simple, yet vital: to keep people safe. Construction sites
particularly those located along pedestrian walkways require
construction hoarding to ensure that they don't interfere with
the public.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

1.7 SITE SUPERVISION
Written by Sandy Ledington

SITE SUPERVISOR Maintaining an accurate record
of construction employee
Also known as construction site attendance.
Evaluating the performance of
supervisors, site supervisors monitor the construction employees and
instituting disciplinary measures
progress of construction projects and as needed.
Analyzing blueprints to ensure
ensure compliance with construction that construction projects meet
design, safety, and budget
safety regulations. They supervise specifications.
Recommending changes to
construction workers and construction operations or
procedures to increase
subcontractors, educate construction efficiency.

workers on site safety practices, and

evaluate employee performance.


SITE SUPERVISOR REQUIREMENTS: WHY IS CONSTRUCTION SITE
SAFETY SUPERVISION
WHAT IS SITE SUPERVISOR Proven experience working as a IMPORTANT?
RESPONSIBILITIES?
site supervisor. Site safety supervision is a vital role in
Inspecting construction sites construction projects, where safety is a key
regularly to identify and CPR and first aid certifications. issue. It detects potential hazard earlier
eliminate potential safety and allows you to create mitigation and
hazards. Sound knowledge of building response plans to reduce the likelihood of
Supervising and instructing the accidents. It is a critical supporting role
construction team as well as codes and construction safety that provides project management and
subcontractors. quality assurance support during
Educating site workers on regulations. construction phase of the project. Unsafe
construction safety regulations acts are identified, and corrective measures
and accident protocol. Working knowledge of are taken to ensure a safe working
Enforcing site safety rules to environment for all interested parties
minimize work-related accidents construction tools and concerned.
and injuries.
Handling site accidents in equipment.
accordance with established
accident protocol. The ability to interpret

blueprints.

Outstanding leadership skills.

Strong analytical and problem-

31 solving skills.

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

NON-COMPLIANCE REPORT (NCR)

The quality issues observed in construction practices are
addressed in a report called the nonconformance report or the
non-conformity report (NCR). An NCR explains the deviation
of a specific construction work or task from the required
standards and specifications. An NCR is a part of quality
control processes in construction. It explains in detail the
problem, its occurrence, and the preventive measures for the
future.




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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

MATERIAL APPROVAL

Approval of material, product, process is the confirmation by sealing and/or by the RS document of the compliance of material, product, process with the
RS requirements given the positive results of their certification




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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

METHOD STATEMENTS

A method statement also considers a company's health and safety organization and procedures. techniques for training, as well as possible arrangements,
deal with a major or impending threats method statement explains how to do something in a rational way. Organize how a project should be done in a
specific order. In a way that protects health and safety and incorporates everyone he measures of control, this will enable for effective planning of the
job.The resources for health and safety that are required because of it can also be used to offer information to other people. contractors on the Jobsite of
any potential consequences work will have an impact on them and will assist the principal. The contractor creates a construction phase plan. for the
project (PDF).
The method statement is an effective way of providing information to employees about how they expect the work to be carried out and the precautions
that should be taken. The most effective method statements often include diagrams to make it clear how work should be carried out. Checking that the
working methods set out in the statement are actually put into practice on site can also be a useful monitoring tool.
When reviewing the risk assessments, information from monitoring previous jobs, accident records and investigations can help to decide if adequate
precautions are being applied.




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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

CONSTRUCTION DRAWING

Construction drawing is the general term used for drawings that form part
of the production information that is incorporated into tender
documentation and then the contract documents for the construction
works. This means they have legal significance and form part of the
agreement between the employer and the contractor. The main purpose of
construction drawings is to provide a graphic representation of what is to
be built.
Construction drawings should be concise and coordinated to avoid,
wherever possible, ambiguity and confusion. Delays and
misunderstandings can be minimised by properly coordinating the
drawings. For more information, see Document control. Specifications will
detail the materials, standards, techniques, and so on required to carry out
the works. Construction drawings provide the graphical representation,
indicating the arrangement of components, detailing, dimensions, and so
on.
They may sometimes contain some of the information set out in
specifications, but this should be avoided if possible, by referring to
specifications rather than duplicating information. Where there is a
crossover, care must be taken to ensure proper co-ordination so there is no
confusion. If there is a disparity between the two, the specifications will
tend to take precedence over the drawings. A complete set of construction
drawings tends to comprise floor plans, elevations, sections, and detail
drawings, that together provide a complete representation of the building.
On many projects, each major trade will have separate trade drawings, e.g.
electrical, plumbing, and so on.
Construction drawings may be prepared by hand, but it is more common for
them to be prepared using computer-aided design (CAD) (or
computeraided drafting) software. More recently, the use of Building
Information Modelling (software) has allowed the creation of a 1:1 virtual
construction model (VCM), containing information allowing all objects in
the model to be manufactured, installed, or constructed.




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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

REQUEST FOR INFORMATION (RFI) HOW TO WRITE AN RFI?

In construction, a request for information (RFI) seeks the Rather than beginning from scratch, we've compiled a list of RFI
clarification of plans, drawings, specifications, and agreements. The templates and examples for you to utilise as a starting point. Just
construction RFI is a formal written process in which parties, such as keep in mind that the final document should be tailored to your
the contractor and designer, clarify information gaps in construction specific requirements. While these templates and samples may be
documents. While this process sounds straightforward, RFIs often applicable to your scenario, no two procurement situations are
become a source of delay, expense, conflict, and even legal claims. alike.
Therefore, all participants in construction projects have a stake in
understanding how RFIs work and how to use them properly. Regardless of the RFI template you pick, your document should
include the following:
Construction RFIs come into play at various points in the
construction process. During bidding, a contractor may submit an Request data in a way that would allow you to compare it
RFI to gain a fuller understanding of the project’s details and fine- easily.
tune a quote. More commonly however, a contractor or Give vendors a defined format to respond in.
subcontractor will submit a construction RFI while building is under Ask for basic information rather than specifics.
way in order to ask the designer or engineer to clarify a drawing or Be succinct and considerate of the supplier's time.
specification. As you read and alter these RFI templates, remember to be
descriptive, add context, and provide assistance to your
The contractor or supplier may also use an RFI to document a potential vendors.
concern about the specified materials, seek more information about
the owner’s intended use, or recommend a change or substitution of BASIC RFI TEMPLATE
components.
Statement of need — goals and objectives
Giving prompt and complete answers to RFIs helps construction Background — context about your organization
projects stay on time and within budget. Providing timely responses Qualifications — skills and credentials you’re looking for
also helps ensure that the builders are constructing the edifice Information requested — what you hope to learn
according to specifications. Selection of an expert — evaluation criteria
Time for response — the deadline



WHAT IS SITE SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES?
When someone needs further information or
clarification
When someone proposes a substitution or an alteration
When someone identifies a problem or deficiency

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION (RFIS)

Material change
The contractor may review the materials listed in the
construction documents and use this RFI to request
different materials they believe are better suited for the
project.

Change in method or process
Contractors use this RFI to request a change in
installation techniques or specified buildings.

Timing and phasing
If the RFI is experiencing any constraints on labor or
construction activities, they may use this RFI to request
a change in the sequence of construction activities.

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SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

WHY ARE CONSTRUCTION RFIS
IMPORTANT?

While no one likes more paperwork, RFIs are critical in the
construction process because they influence safety, quality,
budget, risk, and liability.

How you handle construction RFIs can have a big impact on
whether or not your project comes in on time and within
budget. A 2013 worldwide study of one million RFIs on 1,300
major construction projects, issued by the Navigant
Construction Forum, found the following: The median
response time was 9.7 days; the average cost for reviewing
and responding to RFIs was $1,080; and the average number
of RFIs per project was 796.

RFIs help you build a structure correctly and deliver high-
quality projects and customer satisfaction. If you don’t answer
RFIs fully and promptly, that negligence may lead to costly
reconstruction work and, therefore, major expenses for the
at-fault party, (i.e., the contractor, architect, or owner). No
party is ever happy about shouldering extra costs.

Writing and responding to RFIs correctly can even mean the
difference between life and death: RFIs ensure that builders
use appropriate materials, that they perform the work in the
specified manner, and that they keep the building and work
site safe. For example, the 1981 collapse of a walkway inside
the Hyatt Regency hotel in Kansas City caused the deaths of
114 people. Ultimately, it was found that inadequate
communication between the architect and steel fabricator
concerning the review of design changes accounted for the
faulty construction.

RFIs act as documentation that project participants did their
jobs correctly. If there are disputes later on, RFIs can support
claims of negligence or fraud. Construction litigation is
expensive and time consuming, so it’s important to handle
RFIs with care.

37

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

WORK PROGRAM CHART B) DAILY RECORD

Critical Path Method A construction daily report is a document filed at the end of a
Daily Record workday at a construction site that describes all of the work
Site report performed, delays, safety issues, and any other information
relevant to the project owner.
A) CRITICAL PATH METHOD
The report is usually filed by the construction manager, but it may
The critical path method (CPM) is most commonly used be filed by someone with supervisory responsibilities who has a
technique for scheduling in construction. It is sometimes different job description. The purpose of the report is to update
referred to as critical path scheduling because it mainly the project manager on any activities at the job site and the
calculates the minimum time needed to complete a progress of the construction project.
construction project alongside the possible start and end
times for the different activities. BENEFITS OF WRITING A CONSRUCTION

A lot of construction texts and experienced project DAILY LOG
managers reference the critical path method as the only
practical and usable scheduling procedure. There is also a A daily construction report is a necessity for every construction
myriad of computer programs and algorithms for critical manager, as it has three important benefits.
path scheduling available that can effectively and efficiently
handle projects with multiple activities. 1. Increases transparency
Construction work reports make it clear what was accomplished at
The concept of the critical path method is best illustrated in a job site, and they alert the project owner to any potential
a project graph (in the old days), or by computer problems, like a milestone missed or an unforeseen cost increase.
programmes that perform the needed calculations without The project owner uses reports to spot problems before they
referencing a graph. The project graph visually represents become catastrophic for a project.
the web of jobs in a construction project and their
relationships with each other. 2. Identify opportunities
The report helps a project owner spot opportunities to increase
A coding system must be established to identify each the efficiency of a project. For example, if the report shows that
construction job required to complete the entire project, not enough manpower is being assigned to certain activities, the
that must be accompanied by the length of time needed to owner and construction manager can figure out how to allocate
accomplish the job, and its immediate prerequisite tasks. labor more effectively.
Each job is plotted on the graph as a circle with its coding
details and other pertinent data (dates, etc.). Arrows are
used to connect the circles (jobs) indicating the sequence
relationships. The circles and arrows are depictions of what
we refer to as a project network.

38

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

3. Ensures compliance with a contract Step 2: Describe weather conditions
Construction contracts stipulate that a building must meet The weather affects the construction industry more than just
certain standards. A daily report ensures that workers are taking about any other profession. List weather conditions early on
the necessary steps to adhere to the specs identified in the in your report because it will temper the owner's
contract. expectations.
It also serves as evidence that the contractor abided by the terms
of the contract in case the client takes issue with the construction For example, on a day with heavy rain, the project owner will
company's work or wants to withhold retainage. not be surprised that workers were unable to finish most of
the concrete work they planned, and you instead shifted
HOW TO CREATE A CONSTRUCTION resources to inside work.
DAILY REPORT
You don't need to provide a minutely detailed report that
Construction daily reports take a variety of forms depending on breaks down what the weather looked like each hour. Instead,
what kind of information the project owner wants and what kind provide a brief description that gives the project owner a good
of format he or she prefers. However, these reports usually idea of the weather you encountered throughout the day and
require the same basic steps. any mitigating actions.
Step 1: List job details
Start every report with the basics of the job. Fill out the name of Step 3: List tasks completed
the job, type of construction, construction phase (e.g. demolition), Now that you've described the general situation of the job
start date, expected completion date, address, report date, the site, list all the completed tasks. Resist the temptation to go
construction project manager responsible for the report, and any into extreme detail — just provide a brief sentence or two
other essential information. describing the task and how much of it you completed that
This information provides a broad overview of the project and a day. Additionally, describe what remains of the task. This
frame of reference for where the project stands, which helps the helps the project owner visualize how much progress you
project owner contextualize the information you're about to made on a task and whether you're on track to finish that task
by the deadline.
3 9provide.
Step 4: List workers and hours worked
After describing what your team accomplished today, list how
you used your three main resources: labor, equipment, and
materials. Start with labor, and list each of the workers along
with their positions and how many hours each of them
worked. Include all workers on this list, including
subcontractors. Total up all hours worked, and provide the
man hours spent on the day's labor. Create a separate visitors
list for anyone who came to the site but was not on the clock.
The Time Clock feature in Co-Construct makes this easy.

Step 5: List equipment and usage
Next, list each piece of equipment that was present at the job
site, any relevant equipment number for identification
purposes, how many hours the equipment was used for, and
what it was used for.

If there were any issues with the equipment, such as if it broke
down or had some maintenance work done, include an extra
note to inform the project owner.

Also, list any equipment that was on the job site but sat idle;
this will help you and the project owner identify opportunities
to cut down on waste.

Finally, note when the equipment arrived, when it left, or if it's
still at the site.

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

Step 6: List materials and usage C) DAILY REPORT
The last main resource is your materials, so list the total
materials you used during the day, breaking them down by A construction daily report or daily log is a document that
type. The report should note how much of each material you includes all of the details and events of a single day working on a
used and how much of it is left. construction project. Site managers or contractors fill out and file
these reports to keep an up-to-date record of the relevant project
Provide additional detail, like what the material was used for information. The reports typically include things like a list of crew
specifically. And record any materials delivered to the job site members, material and equipment usage, incidents, job progress,
that day, making note of any shipments that arrived late. and more.

Step 7: Identify potential delays What’s the purpose of a construction daily report? The purpose of
Delays are at the forefront of any construction firm owner's construction daily reports and logs is to provide a detailed
mind, so alert the owner to any incidents that may cause description of an ongoing construction project. The daily report
delays to the project. List each event in your report, and includes anything that the stakeholders, investors, project
identify how much delay it could cause as well as what the owners, and contractors need to know about that project.
potential consequences are.
These reports are useful for keeping everyone on the same page.
One example of a potential delay is material delivery that They help to make sure that everyone is aware of any potential
arrived two days late, which prevented your crew from delays and they are getting updates on the progress that is being
completing scheduled work the next day. made toward project completion.

Identify mitigating steps to manage this, such as assigning Given how essential these documents are to the project’s success,
crew members to other work, and make a note to include how it’s important that your construction daily reports and logs are
successful you were in the next day's construction progress accurate and thorough. That’s why we’ve created the complete
report. guide to writing construction daily reports. Continue reading this
article for everything you need to know about creating and filing
Step 8: Draft a safety report your documents.
Each daily report should include a brief safety report that
describes any inspections or safety issues that cropped up. If it HOW TO WRITE A DAILY CONSTRUCTION
was a quiet day, this section may only include a statement on REPORT
whether a site inspection happened and a note that there
were no safety incidents. Step 1: Create a cover page
Step 2: Record details of crew and job site
However, even small safety incidents should have a detailed Step 3: Sign and date
description of what happened and a description of the Step 4: File the report
mitigating steps that were taken.
10 things you need to document on your construction daily
For example, if you noticed a worker was not harnessed in reports
accordance with OSHA guidelines, you would detail the Construction daily reports provide the most accurate picture of
incident in the report and describe what steps you took to what goes on at the job site. That’s why it’s important to include as
educate the worker on proper safety protocol. many details as possible when creating your report. Here are ten
must-have sections to include in your construction daily reports
Step 9: Attach photos and documents and logs:
Construction management software makes it easier to draft
reports that are more visual and show rather than tell the 1. Job details
project owner what's happening at the job site. Use this The first section should include specific details about the job or
software to upload photos and any relevant documentation project, including things like the job name, the job type, and the job
that will be included in your report. number.

Use these photos to show work completed and demonstrate You should also include a brief description of the phase the job is
the progress of the job site. Include documents such as in. For example, you should note if the workday included
modified blueprints or purchase orders to back up some of the demolition, groundbreaking, framing, and so on.
things you described in the report. Software like Raken makes

4t0his and other construction document management easy.

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

2. Crew list 7. Material quantities
It’s best to record all crew members present at the job site. A daily construction report also helps you keep track of the
This information helps you cover your bases in case questions amount of materials available each day, as well as the quantity
arise concerning attendance or payroll. of those materials used.

A crew list also helps promote safety in your work This data gives you a clear picture of how much progress a
environment. Knowing who is on the site will help you ensure crew makes each day. It also helps you to plan new orders by
you’ve got enough workers to complete daily tasks and that no knowing what you begin and end each day with for materials.
one is being stretched beyond their limits to work safely.
8. Material deliveries
3. Weather conditions Material deliveries go hand-in-hand with material quantities.
Your documentation should include the weather report for Knowing how many and which building materials arrived on-
that day, including things like temperature, wind speeds, and site ensures that your company receives the shipments they’re
any precipitation. paying for.

Bad weather can bring your workday (and sometimes your You should make a note if a shipment doesn’t arrive as
work week) to a grinding halt, so it’s important to note the scheduled. If your crew is delayed in completing tasks due to a
conditions of each day so you can record delays that are lack of materials, you will then have a record of the missed
caused by the weather. delivery and show that you’re not at fault.

4. Work accomplished 9. Potential delaying events
In this section, detail project completions and progress that A late material delivery can cause severe delays at your work
occurred. Make sure to record individual tasks and what took site. But that’s not the only reason for slowed or even halted
place to move them forward, as well as including the job’s progress.
progress as a whole.
Your daily construction report needs to include any event that
Some days, you might have to note that no progress was made caused a delay or could potentially cause a delay. These events
or that you’re experiencing delays because of material or staff could be things like a significant crew absence, weather, or
issues. Even if the project doesn’t see forward progress, malfunctioning equipment, for example.
document what’s been done and the overall status of the job.
10. Incidents and accidents
5. Site visitors Safety is the number one goal for all contractors. But when
Sometimes you might have visitors to the construction site. incidents occur, you are required to report them.
These visitors could include investors, reporters, company
leadership, and even family. Your daily reports should note both significant incidents, as
well as any near misses that occur. In addition to your daily
Any time someone other than your crew enters the work site, report, you are also required to formally file a separate
you should record it in your daily report. This helps you stay incident report.
compliant and provide accurate paperwork should an accident
occur on site. Consider using incident report apps that can help with the
process and provide templates to use when incidents happen
6. Equipment on site for creating the reports and sharing them with all the
All heavy machinery on a worksite must be accounted for. appropriate parties.
You’ll need to include the equipment present and how many
hours each machine was used.

Even if a piece of machinery wasn’t used that day, note that it
was parked at the site. This documentation provides
information that can be used to maintain the equipment and
ensure that every piece is where it should be.

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EXAMPLES SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7
42
GANTT CHART

A Gantt chart is a bar chart used to illustrate a project
schedule, that includes some milestones and it is not as
detailed as a full critical path method (CPM). It normally
includes start and end dates of activities and a summary of
activities of a project but not as complex and without the
ability to include resources or materials.

The activities are pulled from what is usually called the work
breakdown structure (WBS) of a specific construction project.
Gantt charts serve as an excellent tool to show updated
schedule status using actual complete shadings and vertical
lines representing the actual date.

Gantt charts sometimes are prepared to show precedence
activities and following activities and their relationships and it
is the simplest form of a project schedule. A Gantt chart is the
right tool if you are looking to provide an overall summary of
the project schedule without major details.

Gantt Chart Advantages

Although simple in its composition, a Gantt chart offers the
following advantages:

Gantt charts can be used to represent the phases and
activities of a project in a very simplistic visualization.
It can be useful to indicate the critical points on the chart
with bold or colored outlines of the bars.
An updated Gantt chart helps manage the project and head
off schedule problems.
Computer software can simplify the process of updating a
Gantt chart.
You don't really need specialized software to build a Gantt
chart as it can be easily prepared using Excel or similar
software.

When to use Gantt Chart?

Gantt charts have a variety of uses among construction
professionals. Gantt charts must be used under the following
circumstances:

To communicate the plan or status of a construction
project.
To monitor tasks within a project.
When putting together a simple proposal for a small
project.
To instruct at a high level the sequence and duration of
specific tasks or process from a construction project.
To demonstrate which tasks depend on the completion of
previous tasks.

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

How to Build a Gantt Chart SITE MEETING

The basic procedure must be followed to build a Gantt chart. Site meetings are an important part of the successful
management of construction projects. Regular site meetings
Identify the steps or activities needed to complete the between the different stakeholders on a project can help
project. Identify milestones within the project. facilitate better communication and a shared sense of purpose
Identify the expected time required to complete each task. making it more likely that the project is completed successfully.
Identify the sequence of tasks and the order of precedence Project failures are often attributed to inadequate management,
of tasks. with a key factor being a lack of proper communication.
Draw a horizontal time axis on the bottom of a page.
Select a proper time scale to represent the length of tasks. Meetings should be regular and formerly scheduled, perhaps on a
Prepare a column on the left side of the paper; write down weekly or monthly basis depending on the parties involved,
each activity and milestone of the project in their although the size and complexity of the project may necessitate a
corresponding order of occurrence. more regular schedule. They are used as a means of reporting
For activities or milestones that occur at a specific point in progress, enabling discussion of any problems or issues, and
time, represent them using a diamond under the time the allowing the proposal of solutions. They provide a good
activity must happen. opportunity for two-way discussions of any issues that have
Activities that occur over a determined period of time arisen or that are anticipated.
draw horizontal bars, or an empty rectangle starting from
the first day the activity will take place and finishing the Holding meetings on site enables the stakeholders to see
day the activity ends. progress for themselves (rather than relying on a report for
Do not fill inside the rectangle. another party), and to look at problem areas, discuss quality
Each activity or task must be listed in the Gantt chart. issues, assess mock-ups, and so on.
Fill up the diamond or the rectangle as each activity is
being performed. Construction progress meetings are a specific sort of site meeting
Use a weight or plumb as a vertical marker to illustrate the during which the contract administrator receives progress
actual time and progress of the project. reports from the contractor and consultant team, cost reports
from the cost consultant and other more specific information
EXAMPLES such as sub-contractor reports, progress photos, and so on.

In order to be able to provide the correct information at
construction progress meetings, the contractor may previously
hold a progress meeting with sub-contractors sometimes called a
production meeting.

Meeting minutes should be prepared, with a requirement that any
disagreement with the items recorded in the minutes is raised
within a predefined period (perhaps one week). Progress
meetings may also result in the preparation of a construction

43 progress report for the client.

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

On construction management projects, the construction 1. Come prepared and organized
manager holds regular construction progress meetings with Make the most out of every meeting you hold on the jobsite.
trade contractors to discuss on and off-site progress against By preparing ahead of time and organizing direct subject
the programme and to co-ordinate the release of information. topics to cover during the meeting, you put your own time and
It may sometimes be appropriate for these meetings to take your employees time to good use. When conducting meetings,
place at the trade contractor's premises. try to avoid getting off topic or sidetracked from the main
On large projects the construction manager may hold a daily points you addressed. This should be an easy task to do if you
logistic meeting on site with trade contractor foremen to prepare for meetings prior to conducting them. This way, your
organise, schedule and co-ordinate on-site shared services employees will take a serious and respectful approach to
such as deliveries and off-loading, hoists and cranage, every meeting you conduct.
scaffolding, safety issues, rubbish clearance etc.
Similar meetings may be held on management contract Organizing meetings efficiently could include bringing visuals
projects between the management contractor and the works such as charts or graphs to get your point across. Another tip
contractors. would be sending out an email the night before a meeting that
Other meetings held on site might include safety briefings and includes all the topics that will be discussed, this way
toolbox talks which are held to ensure that workers properly employees are given a heads-up for what to expect before a
consider health and safety issues on site. meeting and also gives them a chance to prepare questions or
comments if they have any.
5 TIPS FOR CONDUCTING EFFECTIVE
MEETINGS ON THE JOBSITE 2. Set the right tone
Setting the tone of a meeting emphasizes the mood you want
44 to create is important because it defines how your employees
are going to approach what you have to say. Conducting fun,
not-so-serious meetings are just as important as a serious
meeting with important topics. However, the tone of these
meetings is completely different.

Having a balance of both is a healthy way for your employees
to build respect for you as well as truly being able to enjoy
working with you. Depending on what topics you are covering
during each meeting, decide what tone would be the best
suited to make it a successful session.

3. Listen to feedback from everyone
Communication between all employees is crucial, regardless
of who has the most authority. Being effective in
communicating with one another is extremely important to
the success of any construction project and the overall
atmosphere of the workplace.

Taking time to effectively listen to thoughts and feedback
from employees during meetings is important so that
everyone knows their roles and responsibilities in completing
the project at hand. Create an atmosphere for employees to
feel comfortable asking questions, or share their thoughts and
ideas with the group. Being an active listener to others when
they have the floor will cause others to attentively listen to
you when you are giving important instructions or discussing
meeting topics.

Make sure there is no uncertainty when concluding a meeting,
this saves time having to email clarifying emails later on to
those who were not completely understanding of the topics
discussed.

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

4. Deal with conflict appropriately
Conflict can be avoidable in many cases; however, it is
important to be prepared for it when a problem arises during a
meeting. Conflict can be caused by many different reasons,
sometimes conducting a meeting means having to deliver bad
news. It is important to not appear fazed by conflict in a
situation where it may arise.

A good approach to conflict is emotional sensitivity and
empathy, as every person responds to conflict differently so it
is always best to handle conflicting issues in private with the
employees involved. If in a situation where an argument
escalates, try to give all involved parties time to cool off before
calmly addressing the situation and finding a solution to the
problem.

5. Create a penalty for absence
Meetings are important because they establish what is
expected of all employees on each project. If someone skips
out on a meeting, it may result in them slacking on their
responsibilities. Others should not have to pick up the slack of
those who are not clear of their objective.

Whatever penalty you choose for those not attending
meetings, enforce these penalties by stating them clearly in an
email to your entire staff as well as including them in the
general job requirements. Penalties for absence is not strictly
meant to punish, it drives motivation for all employees to
attend meetings and take them seriously.

DEFECT LIST

Due to ageing and natural deterioration of the building fabric,
many common types of defects are found on buildings. Some of
the defects may affect the structural safety of the buildings
while most of them are localized and non-structural in nature.
Building owners or occupants should always be aware of the
condition of their buildings. To avoid unnecessary panic,
building owners should:

identify the symptoms,
understand the possible causes of the defects
carry out timely repair and
maintenance works to keep their buildings in good
structural condition.

45

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

SITE REPORT EXAMPLES

A site report is a detailed analysis of a website's statistics and
technical workings. The goal of a site report is to improve a
website's performance both in itself and within the Internet.
Business owners who own websites can benefit the most from
investing in a site report. A site report can help businesses get
an edge over competition by giving insight into low traffic
trends, poor conversion rates and shopping cart abandonment.

Site reports can analyze any number of website elements.
These elements may range from the simple, like reporting
broken links and misspellings, to the more complex, like
validating a website's source code and evaluating its overall
structure. Regardless of what a report returns, improving
usability and navigation is the priority of a website owner.

Marketing campaigns can be fine-tuned as website owners
will at least find out from where on the Internet visitors are
referred, which advertisements are clicked on and where
visitors physically reside. Other bits of demographic
information may be made available and will inform website
owners if they are reaching their target market. If website
owners find that they have successfully reached their target
market, they may go on to analyze elements like link
popularity, the effectiveness of copy and web element
placement. They may also choose to increase visibility with
better search engine rankings through the use of proper meta
tags and keywords.

A site report may also return information about technical
website performance for visitors. For example, a report may
indicate that a website has too many complex elements in it
that compromise its loading time. Loading time can be
important to a website owner who needs information
displayed quickly, owns a website devoted to technology or
simply knows that the attention spans of Internet users are
low. In a typical case, a report may indicate that images on the
website need to be optimized so loading times are reduced as
much as possible.

5 MOST IMPORTANT ITEMS TO INCLUDE
IN YOUR SITE DAILY REPORTS

1. Date of your daily reports
2. Daily Reports number
3.Workforce information in your field reports
4.Progress updates in daily reports
5.Issues and hindrances at your construction site

46

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT QUALITY PLAN (PQP) EXAMPLES

A construction Project Quality Plan (PQP) is a structured Various document attachments for Construction PQP
document that outlines how you'll handle quality on a particular
construction work. A company quality manual, on the other hand,
outlines the quality policy and procedures in general but does not
provide specifics unique to each project.

Clients may request a project quality control plan in a variety of
ways. One way is if your contract specifies that you must apply a
quality management plan. Another possibility is that your client
approaches you and requests a quality program.

Everyone needs your project quality control plan, organization
quality manual, and standard operating procedures in the majority
of cases.
A list of questions that your project quality control plan should
address is given below. I’ve described forms you can include in
your program to offer your answers underneath each question.
(e.g. the set of information your client wants).

THE THE PROJECT QUALITY PLAN SHOULD:

Describe the project objectives and the quality expectations.
Identify the organisation’s quality policies (for example, if they
are ISO 9001 certified) and describe how these policies will
apply to the project.
Identify other quality criteria or policies that may need to be
followed, such as the requirements of clients or investors.
Describe how quality requirements will percolate down
through the procurement and supply chain.
Define the acceptance criteria for the project deliverables
Define quality management roles and responsibilities.
Identify the standards that will apply.
Identify and list the quality metrics those need to be tracked.
Describe monitoring and reporting procedures and the process
for delivering continuous improvement.
Describe the design and review procedures
Describe the development procedures and processes
Describe the testing and quality assurance procedures
Describe procedures for dealing with defects.
Describe the project acceptance processes and procedures
Describe the quality audit procedures and plan
Describe document control procedures.
Describe change control procedures.
Set out any quality training requirements.

Quality Management plan is an integral part of the overall project
management plan. It describes the project quality objectives
clearly and lays down the detailed procedure for how to achieve
and fulfil the quality objective of the project.

47

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

DOCUMENTATIONS INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:
WHAT IS INCLUDED IN A PROJECT QUALITY PLAN?

INTERIM CERTIFICATE AND PROGRESS PAYMENT EXAMPLES
In construction projects payments to a contractor are made
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF AN INTERIM
through invoices (Interim payments) including all relevant details PAYMENT?
about the quantities executed and the sums of money to be earned.
Each invoice has a certificate which is typically a summary page An interim payment is a part-payment of compensation
showing the previous, current and total earnings in addition to that is paid by the defendant during litigation to the
deductions or discounts. claimant. The sum can vary significantly and is often
used for rehabilitation, putting in place treatment or
The most important aspect of these decision making powers even to ease financial hardship.
relates to the issue of certificates. In construction industry, there
are three main types of certificates found in construction WHEN CAN AN INTERIM PAYMENT BE
contracts, namely interim certificates, final certificates and REQUESTED AND HOW?
certificates recording an event. However this study only focuses on
the issue relating to the interim payment and interim certificates. An interim payment can be requested once liability has
Interim certificates exist simply as a mechanism for confirming that been admitted or proven against the defendant. This
an installment of the consideration is due to the contractor. may take place early in the claim, sometimes even before
Whichever method is used to calculate the amount of money due, proceedings have been issued or following a successful
an interim certificate is not conclusive about anything. It says trial in respect of liability.
nothing about quality of materials or workmanship, nor does it Where an interim payment is needed, before applying to
indicate satisfaction with the work done to date. the court the claimant’s solicitors usually ask the
defendant to make a voluntary interim payment,
WHAT IS PAYMENT TO CONTRACTOR & INTERIM CERTIFICATE? explaining how much is required and what it is intended
for. If the defendant does not agree to make an interim
Contractors rely on interim payment certificates to provide the payment or is unwilling to pay an amount sufficient to
essential cash-flow for their projects. A contract would ordinarily meet the claimant’s needs then the claimant’s solicitors
stipulate the interval in which progress claims are made, will need to make an application to the Court, justifying
certificates are issued, and payments made on those certificates. the sum requested in the context of the overall value of
the claim and the reason that the interim payment is
WHAT IS PAYMENT TO CONTRACTOR & INTERIM CERTIFICATE? needed. Documentary evidence such as a witness
statement and medical reports are usually provided in
In Malaysia, the standard forms of contract had provided clauses support.
for the payment application and certification. The related payment
clauses in respect of the various conditions of contract in use in
Malaysia are as the following:

In PAM 2006 Sub- Clause 30.1, requires the Contractor to
submit sufficient details or particulars to the Architect for him
to value and ascertain the works (including materials and goods
on site) and issue interim certificate for Contractor‟s
entitlement to payment. The materials and goods on site shall
be reasonably, properly and not prematurely delivered with
adequate protection against weather or any other casualties

WHO PREPARES INTERIM PAYMENT CERTIFICATE?

The Project Manager can go ahead and issue the contractor an
Interim Certificate that details the items approved, plus the
payment amount due. This, again, should be copied to the Employer

48

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

THE PROCESS ITSELF IS AS FOLLOWS: EXAMPLES

1. The contractor completes part of the works and then
raises a payment request, which should be submitted to the
Quantity Surveyor, and copied to the Project
Manager/Contract Administrator and Employer. Such an
Interim payment request can include not just the works, but
also the construction materials that have been delivered to
the site.

2. Upon receipt of the contractor’s payment request, the
Quantity Surveyor should appraise the value of the works
and materials based on the priced Bill of Quantities attached
to the contract agreement. Then using the info, the QS is
required to prepare an Interim Valuation of the items within
seven days, and subsequently, forward the document to the
Project Manager, as well as send a copy to the Employer.

3. The Project Manager should then, within seven days,
evaluate everything and confirm that all the listed items
meet the required standards. If anything seems a bit off, the
Project Manager has the right to omit it from the Interim
application.

4. Eventually, the Project Manager can go ahead and issue
the contractor an Interim Certificate that details the items
approved, plus the payment amount due. This, again, should
be copied to the Employer.

5. Once the contractor receives the Interim Certificate from
the Project Manager, they should present it to the Employer,
who’ll then be required to remit the payment within 14 days

6. If the Employer fails to fully honour the Interim Certificate
within the stipulated time, the amount due will start gaining
simple interest from the moment the 14-day period lapses.

IN ADDITION TO THAT, EMPLOYERS ARE ALLOWED TO
WITHHOLD PAYMENT UNTIL THE CONTRACTOR HAS
PROVIDED THE FOLLOWING:

A performance bond (usually a surety of about 10% of the
contract price).
Contractor’s liability insurance policy.
A complete up to date programme of works.

49

SEPT. 2020, ISSUE 7

CERTIFICATE OF PRACTICAL COMPLETION (CPC)

The RIBA Plan of Work 2013 suggests that: 'Practical Completion EXAMPLES
is a contractual term used in the Building Contract to signify the
date on which a project is handed over to the client. The date
triggers a number of contractual mechanisms. Practical
completion is referred to as 'substantial completion' on some
forms of contract, particularly in the United States. The contract
administrator certifies practical completion when all the works
described in the contract have been carried out. Certifying
practical completion has the effect of: Releasing half of the
retention (an amount retained from payments due to the
contractor to ensure they complete the works). Ending the
contractor's liability for liquidated damages (damages that
become payable to the client in the event that there is a breach of
contract by the contractor - generally by failing to complete the
works by the completion date). Signifying the beginning of the
defects liability period.Documentation that should be issued to
the client on certification of practical completion might include:
Practical completion is referred to as 'substantial completion' on
some forms of contract, particularly in the United States.

1. A draft building owner's manual.
2. A building user's guide.
3. The health and safety file.
4. The building log book.
5. A construction stage report.

WHO CERTIFIES PRACTICAL COMPLETION?
CONTRACT AMINISTOR

Practical completion is referred to as 'substantial completion' on
some forms of contract, particularly in the United States. The
contract administrator certifies practical completion when all the
works described in the contract have been carried out.

HOW LONG AFTER PRACTICAL COMPLETION IS
HANDOVER?

There is usually a short gap in time to the handover. I understand
that this is commonly around 10-14 working days, although two
weeks is the standard timeframe to key handover. This may be
extended if there are a lot of practical completion items still to be
addressed.

A building contract usually defines practical completion being when
all works are completed, except for any defects or omissions which
do not prevent the home from being used for its intended purpose. In
other words, if the unfinished items prevent the home from being
“lived in” then practical completion could be deemed not to have

5 0occurred.