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Teaching Listening Capacity, Fourth Year English Major Student

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Published by feaonix19, 2022-04-22 01:22:43

Teaching Listening Capacity

Teaching Listening Capacity, Fourth Year English Major Student

The Online Seminar on

Teaching Listening
Capacity

“Read more books. Ask more
questions. Listen more closely.”

Mollacake, 2019

Guest Speaker College of Teacher Education,
Phranakorn Rajabhat University

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

Teaching Listening
Capacity

“Read more
books. Ask more
questions. Listen
more closely.”
Mollacake, 2019

Prepared by

Jenjira Angkasi

Phatthiya Buakate

Suthasinee Khunprom

Tanaporn Thabsaenwee

Chanakarn Chuchuong

Natyada Chaichana

Janejira Puttapong

December 07, 2021

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

Phranakorn Rajabhat University

Seminar Report
Teaching Listening Capacity

Miss Jenjira by ID: 6110111224035
Miss Phatthiya Angkasi ID: 6110111224036
Miss Suthasinee Buakate ID: 6110111224044
Miss Tanaporn Khunprom ID: 6110111224048
Miss Chanakarn Thabsaenwee ID: 6110111224052
Miss Natyada Chuchuong ID: 6110111224053
Miss Janejira Chaichana ID: 6110111224059
Puttapong

Presented to
Aj. Suwan Masmek

Seminar on English Language Teaching Course,
Second semester of 2021 Academic Year,
College of Teacher Education,
Phranakorn Rajabhat University

PREFACE

English major, College of Teacher Education organized an English
Seminar on “Teaching Listening Capacity” on 1st March 2022 and the
target groups are teachers and students who interested in the Teaching
Listening. The objectives of this seminar are to incorporate the three
arms of effective teaching, improve the use of listening skill in class and
to increase the confidence of student teachers who are going to be
professional internship teachers in the coming year.

The organizing team started to prepare and arrange by assigning
tasks to the group members, selecting topic, inviting guest speaker,
preparing the documents and advertisements for the participants to
join, then organizing the seminar on the proposed date.

This report included the summary and the results of “Teaching
Listening Capacity”, necessary documents and materials needed of the
seminar. The result of evaluation revealed that speakers are able to
answer questions professionally and speakers dress appropriate have
the most satisfied mean score (4.96) which is in very satisfied level.

We hope that this seminar report will benefit to student teachers
to learn how to teach effectively for their internship and their working
life in the future. The seminar report on Teaching Listening Capacity
also provided the knowledges of the learning strategies and the
teaching strategies for applying in different classrooms in the future.

Group members
March 2022

a

Table of Content

Contents Page

Preface a
Table of contents b
Teaching Listening
1
Introduction 2
Reasons for teaching listening 7
Different kinds of listening 19
Listening levels 32
Listening skills 40
Listening principles 43
Listening sequences 48
More listening suggestions 53
Audio and video 56
Conclusion 58
Bibliography 66
Appendices 67
APPENDIX A Invitation card, Program and Poster of the seminar on
72
Teaching Listening Capacity 78
APPENDIX B Documents of the seminar on Teaching Listening Capacity 81
APPENDIX C Script of the seminar on Teaching Listening Capacity
APPENDIX D Summary of Evaluation of the seminar on Teaching 84
92
Listening Capacity
APPENDIX E Pictures of the seminar on Teaching Listening Capacity 130
APPENDIX F Power point presentation about research of Teaching

Listening Capacity
Summary of Evaluation

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

b

Introduction

Listening is the ability to correctly receive and interpret messages from
the communication procedure. Listening is vital to all successful
communication. Without being able to listen effectively, messages may be
misunderstood. Because of this, communication breaks down and the sender
of this message could quickly become irritated or frustrated. Here the
Importance of Listening Skills comes. If you want one communication skill
to aim to master, then it should be listening.

Listening is so significant that lots of top companies supply listening
skills training to their workers. This isn’t surprising once you consider that
fantastic listening skills may result in better customer satisfaction, higher
productivity with fewer errors, and enhanced sharing of data that subsequently
may result in more creative and innovative work.

Listening in a second language is so much more than simply
understanding what someone is saying. We listen to different people in
different ways depending on how, where and when we are interacting, or
whether we are interacting at all. In the field of ESOL, learners typically listen
to three different sources of information in their lessons: the teacher, each
other and, most commonly, an audio recording of one or two people speaking.

As teachers looking to develop the complicated range of
communicative skills involved in listening, we have to consider several
factors related to the message we are asking our students to listen to, the
medium through which it is being delivered and the methodologies we can
use to lead our students through this potentially daunting task.

The seminar report on “Teaching Listening Capacity” presented
reasons for teaching listening, different kinds of listening, listening levels,
listening principles listening sequences more listening suggestions and audio
and video.

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

1

Reasons for teaching listening

Litenwise Blog (2021) suggests 5 reasons why teachers should teach listening
include: learners develop an ability to discriminate sounds. Listening involves the
identification of the differences among sounds. This identification and discrimination lead
children to the understanding that sounds are grouped together to form words, students
realize the value of listening. Listening makes up a great percentage of a student’s day,
both in and out of school. Expanding their views of listening and the benefits of using good
listening skills can impact how they use listening. For instance, listening precisely to verbal
instructions has a direct impact on student’s success in the classroom. Students learn to
listen for a variety of purposes. There are many purposes for listening, such as to determine
a speaker’s intended message, being able to thoughtfully respond to a speaker’s message,
and to appreciate music. The good news is that teachers can actually teach children how to
listen for a variety of purposes, which is one of the main goals of the Listenwise curriculum.
Teaching students how to listen is far different from simply expecting them to develop this
complex language art by listening for longer periods with no specific focus, listening
enhances children’s ability to use the other language arts. Teaching listening allows
students to follow directions, understand expectations, and make sense of oral
communication. As children improve as listeners, they learn to use the same strategies to
improve their command of the other language arts.

Similar to, Al-Batal (2010) describes listening is also important because it occupies
a big chunk of the time we spend communicating in the language. Think about the times
you spend listening to others speak or listening to songs, news, lectures, YouTube, etc.
Recent advances in technology have served to raise the profile of the listening skill in
language teaching, provides input that can be very significant for second language
acquisition in general and for the development of the speaking skill in particular, and
promotes non-linear processing of language and encourages learners to develop "holistic"
strategies to texts. As language teachers need to think of how we can incorporate listening
into our teaching and provide opportunities both inside and outside the classroom for our
students to be exposed to significant listening input.

TIS Vlog (2021) conclude 10 reasons why listening is important: 1 Listening builds
trust: when you make the effort to listen to someone, they recognize your interest. They
can tell that you’re invested in what they’re saying. This makes them more comfortable
sharing with you and being open. If you were only half-listening, not making eye contact,
or glancing at your phone, the other person won’t want to waste their breath. They won’t
trust you to respect their thoughts and feelings. Listening reduces misunderstandings.
Misunderstandings are one of the most common effects of poor communication.

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

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When people aren’t listening to each other, it’s very easy to mishear something or
misinterpret someone’s meaning. Many times, misunderstandings aren’t a big deal, but
some can have major consequences. As an example, if someone isn’t listening when their
friend explains they have a certain food allergy, serving them a dish with a dangerous
ingredient could be life-threatening. Listening helps eliminate conflict. Poor listening skills
are at the root of a lot of conflicts. Besides sometimes causing misunderstandings, not
listening well frustrates people engaged in important conversations. People want to feel
respected, which is irrevocably tied to feeling heard. You don’t necessarily need to agree,
but simply making the effort to hear another perspective keeps the situation calmer. When
everyone feels calm and safe, it’s much easier to work through tense situations without
things escalating to conflict. Listening encourages empathy. Humans are naturally
empathetic, but we all have biases and assumptions that come from our upbringing and
experiences.

When you talk to people who have different backgrounds and experiences, it can
be tempting to lean on preconceived notions. Instead, you can commit to listening rather
than assuming. When you hear right from a source, you’ll have a deeper understanding of
their perspective, which is key to having empathy. Listening improves romantic
relationships. By listening to one another, you create a safe, judgment-free place. This can
take a lot of practice as many struggling couples are used to interrupting and talking over
each other. A qualified couple’s therapist can recommend listening exercises that make the
process more structured. Listening improves business relationship. If your career involves
interacting with others, you know how vital good communication is. Misunderstandings
and conflict can derail projects and earn companies’ bad reputations. By committing to
listening better, you can build strong relationships with coworkers and clients. People will
feel respected and eager to work with you. Listening helps deepen your friendships.
Listening doesn’t only improve your romantic or business relationships; it deepens your
friendships, too. If you’re feeling distant from your old friends or are struggling to connect
with new ones, being a better listener could be a game-changer.

The benefits of listening – greater trust, fewer misunderstandings, and more
empathy – translate well to friendships. It’s worth the effort. Deeper friendships are linked
to better physical and mental health! Listening increases your productivity. Good listeners
are more likely to retain information, understand what’s being required of them, and ask
the right questions. This is a valuable skill in group projects and meetings. If everyone
listens to each other, there are fewer misunderstandings. This saves everyone’s time.
Listening helps with learning new languages. Hearing the language, you want to learn is a
big part of mastering it. Audiobooks, music, and movies are good resources. And listening
improves your leadership skills. If you’re wanting to become a better leader, you should

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

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become a better listener. Active listening helps you make connections between your team’s
ideas, hear different perspectives, and prevent misunderstandings.

ACS DISTANCE EDUCATION Vlog (2011) discusses why is teaching listening
is important: an effective classroom leader or lecturer is not only a knowledgeable and
skilled teacher he or she is a good active listener. Good listening skills are needed to
develop empathy and understanding with the students and to assess whether they
understand what they are being taught. Listening skills also help in negotiating with
students and defusing any potential classroom conflicts. Listening is a two-way process:
teacher do most of the talking but you must also learn to listen to the students; the students
spend a lot of time listening to you and will also benefit from improved listening skills.
Both teacher and student must learn to respect each other, while students must comprehend
that teacher are not the fountain of all knowledge. Students must develop their own
educational plan which involves searching for and finding solutions to their everyday
problems or queries.

UKEssays Vlog (2018) point out importance of teaching listening skills. Listening
comprehension is an important language skill to develop. Language learners want to
understand target language (L2) speakers and they want to be able to access the rich variety
of aural and visual L2 texts available via network-based multimedia. Furthermore, listening
comprehension is at the heart of L2 learning and the development of L2 listening skills has
demonstrated a beneficial impact on the development of other skills. Therefore, it is
important to develop L2 listening competence; yet, in spite of its importance, L2 learners
are rarely taught how to listen effectively.

ERIC Vlog (2010). discusses the importance of listening comprehension in learning
English as a foreign language (EFL) and argues that more emphasis should be given to
listening comprehension. Listening is prerequisite to other language skills, speaking,
reading, and writing, and listening should be the primary skill to be acquired in learning a
new language. There are major reasons for applying the listening-first approach. Listening
comprehension sets a foundation for the future acquisition of speaking. Emphasis on aural
comprehension training, and relaxation of the requirement for oral production in the initial
phase of instruction, fosters development of linguistic competence, and produces better
results than those obtained through intensive oral practice.

Saricoban (1999) studies the teaching of listening. Listening is the ability to identify
and understand what others are saying. This involves understanding a speaker's accent or
pronunciation, his grammar and his vocabulary, and grasping his meaning. An able listener
is capable of doing these four things simultaneously.

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

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Encyclopedia (2019) describes the power and importance of listening. Listening is
a very important skill and it is important to prepare appropriate and effective listening
activities in the classroom. There are tons of listening activities to choose from whether

they are information gaps, listening for details/ main ideas, role plays, simulations, debates,
or a host of other activities. The choice of the activity will depend on the objective of the
activity as well as the level of the students. Teachers will have to consider the amount of
time allotted, but the most important thing to remember is that listening should be an

integral part of English lessons. Students need to be provided with ample opportunities to
practice their listening skills not only in class with their peers but also by themselves in
more autonomous conditions. Practice with peers is important because communication
takes more than one person and it is crucial to have real-time communication of messages.
However, some students may be reticent and not very willing to participate for fear of
making mistakes or feeling like they are embarrassing themselves in front of others. To
counter that, it is critical to provide independent practice so learners can improve their
listening skills in comfortable learning environments and at their own pace.

Narender (2020) analyses the importance of listening Skills. Listening is vital to all
successful communication. Without being able to listen effectively, messages may be
misunderstood. Because of this, communication breaks down and the sender of this
message could quickly become irritated or frustrated. Here the Importance of Listening
Skills comes.

Kristina (2020) explains listening skills are vital for your learners. Of the 'four
skills,' listening is by far the most frequently used. Listening and speaking are often taught
together, but beginners, especially non-literate ones, should be given more listening than
speaking practice. It's important to speak as close to natural speed as possible, although
with beginners some slowing is usually necessary. Without reducing your speaking speed,
you can make your language easier to comprehend by simplifying your vocabulary, using
shorter sentences, and increasing the number and length of pauses in speech.

Harmer, Jeremy (1988, p. 133) explains listening that most students want to be able
to understand what people are saying to them in English, either face-to-face, on TV or on
the radio, in theatres and cinemas, or on tape, CDs or other recorded media. Anything we
can do to make that easier will be useful for them. Listening is good for our students’
pronunciation, too, in that the more they hear and understand English being spoken, the
more they absorb appropriate pitch and intonation, stress, and the sounds of both individual
words and those which blend together in connected speech. Listening texts are good
pronunciation models, in other words, and the more students listen, the better they get, not
only at understanding speech but also at speaking themselves. Indeed, it is worth

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

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remembering that successful spoken communication depends not just on our ability to
speak, but also on the effectiveness of the way we listen. However, it is important, where
possible, for students to be exposed to more than just that one voice, with all its
idiosyncrasies. There is nothing wrong with an individual teacher’s voice. There are
significant regional variations in the way people speak English in a country like Britain.
For example, the ‘a’ of ‘bath’ is pronounced like the vowel sound in ‘park’ in some parts
of Britain, but like the ‘a’ in ‘cat’ in others. In grammar, certain varieties of English within
the British Isles use ‘done’ in sentences like ‘I done it yesterday’ where other varieties
would find such tense usage unacceptable. If there are many regional varieties in just one
country, it is obvious that the different Englishes around the world will be many and varied.
Students need to be exposed to different Englishes, but teachers need to exercise judgment
about the degree of the varieties which they hear.

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Different kinds of listening

Eatough (2021) defines seven types of listening include: discriminative listening is
the first listening type that you’re born with. Everyone innately has discriminative listening
skills. You use this type of listening before you even know how to understand words.
Instead of relying on words, discriminative listening uses tone of voice, verbal cues, and
other changes in sound, biased listening is also known as selective listening. Someone who
uses biased listening will only listen for information that they specifically want to hear.
This listening process can lead to a distortion of facts. That’s because the person listening
isn’t fully in tune with what the speaker wishes to communicate, sympathetic listening is
driven by emotion. Instead of focusing on the message spoken through words, the listener
focuses on the feelings and emotions of the speaker. This is done to process these feelings
and emotions. By using sympathetic listening, you can provide the support the speaker
needs. You can understand how they’re really feeling, not what they say they are feeling.
The speaker will feel heard and validated when you take the time to pay attention in this
way, unlike discriminative listening, comprehensive listening requires language skills. This
type of listening is usually developed in early childhood. People use comprehensive
listening to understand what someone is saying using words.

Several other types of listening build on comprehensive listening. For example, you
need to use comprehensive listening to use informational listening and learn something
new, empathetic listening is useful to help you see from other people’s perspectives. Using
this type of listening, you can try to understand someone else’s point of view as they’re
speaking. You can also try to imagine yourself in the other person’s shoes. Instead of just
focusing on their message, you can use empathetic listening to relate to someone else’s
experiences as if they were your own and critical listening is crucial when problem-solving
at work.

Similar to, Harappa (2020) describes There are different types of listening in
communication based on your circumstances and intent that include: informational
listening, this type of listening is about paying close attention to the speaker and trying to
gain as much information from them as possible. Informational listening is widely used in
education, where students learn by listening intently to lectures, seminars and other forms
of knowledge dissemination, biased listening as the name suggests, this is among the kinds
of listening that happens in the workplace or in personal relationships. Say you have a
deadline that you want your boss to extend. So, you have a conversation about it and even
though your boss has not expressly given you more time, you go away believing that they
have. Similarly, if you’re looking for appreciation in a feedback session, you remember the
positive things your manager says and ignore the negative comments, critical involves
listening carefully and 6 critically to any information that is conveyed to you.

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

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You listen to what someone says, ignore the unimportant bits and analyze and use
what’s most relevant to your line of work. This is among the types of listening skills that
are very important in the business world. Team leaders and managers make quick decisions
and develop solutions using their critical listening skills, sympathetic listening is one of the
essential types of listening in communication. Sympathetic listening is the way of showing
that you understand and care about what the other person is saying. It is used most often
during sensitive or personal conversations. Remember, your care and sympathy should also
be conveyed through your body language and all the nonverbal cues you emit. You use
sympathetic listening, for instance. When coworkers tell you about their stress or financial
problems or when a colleague shares her dismay at receiving negative feedback from her
manager, and empathetic listening is similar to sympathetic listening but goes deeper than
just feeling bad for the other person. Listening empathetically to someone means putting
yourself in their shoes to understand what speaker saying and feeling, and conveying that
understanding to them.

According to, SkillsYouNeed.com (2021) explains general listening types, there are
two main types of listening: discriminative listening is first developed at a very early age
– perhaps even before birth, in the womb. This is the most basic form of listening and does
not involve the understanding of the meaning of words or phrases but merely the different
sounds that are produced. In early childhood, for example, a distinction is made between
the sounds of the voices of the parents – the voice of the father sounds different to that of
the mother. Discriminative listening develops through childhood and into adulthood. As
when grow older and develop and gain more life experience, our ability to distinguish
between different sounds is improved. Not only can recognise different voices, but also
develop the ability to recognise subtle differences in the way that sounds are made – this
is fundamental to ultimately understanding what these sounds mean.

Differences include many subtleties, recognising foreign languages, distinguishing
between regional accents and clues to the emotions and feelings of the speaker. Being able
to distinguish the subtleties of sound made by somebody who is happy or sad, angry or
stressed, for example, ultimately adds value to what is actually being said and, of course,
does aid comprehension. When discriminative listening skills are combined with visual
stimuli, the resulting ability to ‘listen’ to body-language enables us to begin to understand
the speaker more fully – for example recognising somebody is sad despite what the speaker
are saying or how they are saying it, and comprehensive listening involves understanding
the message or messages that are being communicated. Like discriminative listening,
comprehensive listening is fundamental to all listening sub-types.

In order to be able use comprehensive listening and therefore, gain understanding
the listener first needs appropriate vocabulary and language skills. Using overly

SEMINAR ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING SECTION 2 GROUP 4

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complicated language or technical jargon, therefore, can be a barrier to comprehensive
listening. Comprehensive listening is further complicated by the fact that two different
people listening to the same thing may understand the message in two different ways. This
problem can be multiplied in a group setting, like a classroom or business meeting where
numerous different meanings can be 7 derived from what has been said.

Comprehensive listening is complimented by sub-messages from non-verbal
communication, such as the tone of voice, gestures and other body language. These non-
verbal signals can greatly aid communication and comprehension but can also confuse and
potentially lead to misunderstanding. In many listening situations it is vital to seek
clarification and use skills such as reflection aid comprehension. In part of specific
listening types, there are three main types of listening most common in interpersonal
communication are: informational listening, whenever you listen to learn something, you
are engaged in informational listening.

This is true in many day-to-day situations, in education and at work, when you listen
to the news, watch a documentary, when a friend tells you a recipe or when you are talked-
through a technical problem with a computer, critical listening we can be said to be engaged
in critical listening when the goal is to evaluate or scrutinise what is being said. Critical
listening is a much more active behaviour than informational listening and usually involves
some sort of problem solving or decision making. Critical listening is akin to critical
reading; both involve analysis of the information being received and alignment with what
you already know or believe.

Whereas informational listening may be mostly concerned with receiving facts
and/or new information - critical listening is about analysing opinion and making a
judgement, empathic listening involves attempting to understand the feelings and emotions
of the speaker – to put yourself into the speaker’s shoes and share their thoughts, and
empathy is a way of deeply connecting with another person and therapeutic or empathic
listening can be particularly challenging. Empathy is not the same as sympathy, it involves
more than being compassionate or feeling sorry for somebody else. Other listening types,
although usually less important or useful in interpersonal relationships there are other types
of listening, these include: appreciative listening is listening for enjoyment.

A good example is listening to music, especially as a way to relax, rapport Listening
when trying to build rapport with others you can engage in a type of listening that
encourages the other person to trust and like us. A salesman, for example, may make an
effort to listen carefully to what you are saying as a way to promote trust and potentially
make a sale. This type of listening is common in situations of negotiation, and selective
listening is a more negative type of listening, it implies that the listener is somehow biased
to what they are hearing.

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Bias can be based on preconceived ideas or emotionally difficult communications.
Selective listening is a sign of failing communication – you cannot hope to understand if
you have filtered out some of the message and may reinforce or strengthen your bias for
future communications.

Similar to, Kobiruzzaman (2019) divides the 5 types of listening include:
discriminative listening means only interpreting the sound of the message rather than
understanding the meaning of the message. It is also known as a fundamental type of
listening; therefore, people learn discriminative listening from mothers’ wombs. This
listening style involves hearing only the sound rather than listening to interpret the meaning
of the message. It is the primary type of listening, where different sounds of words are
recognized without understanding the meaning, comprehensive listening means
understanding the meaning of the message rather than interpreting only the sound of the
message. It is an active process of seeking the meaning of the message. Actually, It is the
initial process of meaning the verbal and nonverbal communication messages, thoughts,
ideas, and opinions. Listeners use knowledge and vocabulary to understand the meaning of
the speaker’s message. It is not only the meaning of the words but also something more
than that. Listeners encounter obstacles or communication barriers to effective listening.
These barriers or obstacles distract the listener from understanding the meaning of the
message. They are also known as the communication noise 8 to effective listening. The
five types of noises or barriers to effective listening are physical, physiological,
psychological, factual, and semantic barriers, empathic listening is understood as the
feeling and emotions of the speaker; sometimes, the listener can feel what the speaker is
feeling.

Therefore, these listening needs good close attention, discriminative listening,
comprehensive listening, and deep connection with the emotion of the speaker, analytical
listening means focusing on evaluating and forming the appropriate meaning of the
message based on evidence. So, It is related to critical thinking and analysis. However, It
helps to assess if speakers are right or wrong, logical, or illogical. Analytical listeners
understand why they accept or reject another member’s ideas and suggestions, and
appreciative listening refers to the listening behavior where the listener seeks certain
information to appreciate and meet their needs and goals. It is one kind of selective
listening. Appreciative listeners are intended to listen to particular information that is
important for them.

Moreover, Sophie (2021) suggests 5 types of listening include: active listening
simply means that you’re completely focused on the person who is talking to you, and
you’re showing very obviously with your body language that you’re giving whoever is
speaking your full attention.

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When you’re engaged in active listening, you’ll be giving off a range of subtle
verbal and non-verbal cues to show you’re listening. For example, active listening might
require stopping all other activities and avoiding distractions to show that listening is your
priority— while maintaining eye contact, keeping your body turned towards the speaker,
nodding, and saying “Mmhmm”. Mirroring the speaker’s body language and/or facial
expressions can send them the message that you’re interested in what they’re saying,
critical listening, which is sometimes also referred to as evaluative listening, involves
problem-solving, analysis, and decision-making. When you’re engaged in this kind of
listening, your critical faculties are fully switched on and you’re processing the information
that someone is sharing with you in realtime, ready to ask relevant questions and get
clarification on any points that are unclear.

When engaged in critical listening, it’s important to take notes so you can follow
up on key points, and make sure you’re not making any assumptions about the meaning of
what you’re hearing that might make you misinterpret the information. Critical listening is
collaborative and active rather than passive; another important part of being a good critical
listener is the ability to give valuable feedback, which shows you’ve been listening closely
and are actively engaged. (If you’re keen to improve your skills in this area, we’ve got a
resource for that.) This kind of listening is most common in the workplace, informational
listening is listening to learn, and this type of listening is very important for students, or
someone going through training or onboarding in a new company. Informational listening
is not necessarily about giving feedback or an opinion in response to what you’ve heard,
as is the case with critical listening, but more to understand and absorb a message. As with
critical listening, it’s important to take notes when engaged in informational listening, as
this will help you remember and assimilate important pieces of information, empathetic
listening is any kind of listening that helps you empathize with and understand someone’s
emotion—essentially putting yourself in someone’s shoes as they talk, and showing that
you are really thinking about what it must be like to be them, and appreciative listening is
the kind of listening we all do when you’re listening to music you love or your favorite
podcasts, watching something entertaining, or listening to an inspiring speech.

In the same way, Lumen.com (2021) explains types of listening, there four types of
listening include: appreciative listening, when you listen for appreciation you 9 are
listening for enjoyment. Think about the music you listen to. You usually listen to music
because you enjoy it. The same can be said for appreciative listening when someone is
speaking. Some common types of appreciative listening can be found in sermons from
places of worship, from a motivational speech by people you respect or hold in high regard,
or even from a standup comedian who makes you laugh, empathic listening, when you
listen empathically you are doing so to show mutual concern. During this type of listening
you are trying to identify with the speaker by understanding the situation in which he/she

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is discussing. You are stepping into the other’s shoes to get a better understanding of what
it is he/she is talking about. Usually during this type of listening you want to be fully present
in the moment or mindfully listening to what the speaker is saying. Your goal during this
time is to focus on the speaker, not on yourself. You are trying to understand from the
speaker’s perspective, comprehensive listening, if you are watching the news, listening to
a lecture, or getting directions from someone, you are listening to understand or listening
to comprehend the message that is being sent.

This process is active. In class, you should be focused, possibly taking notes of the
speaker’s main ideas. Identifying the structure of the speech and evaluating the supports
he/she offers as evidence. This is one of the more difficult types of listening because it
requires you to not only concentrate but to actively participate in the process. The more
you practice listening to comprehend, the stronger listener you become, and critical
listening. Critical listening is listening to evaluate the content of the message. As a critical
listener you are listening to all parts of the message, analyzing it, and evaluating what you
heard. When engaging in critical listening, you are also critically thinking. You are making
mental judgments based on what you see, hear, and read. Your goal as a critical listener is
to evaluate the message that is being sent and decide for yourself if the information is valid.

According to, Masterclass.com (2020) identifies 7 types of listening styles, there
are a few different methods of effective listening, and each one is suited to specific
circumstances. Here are descriptions of the main types of listening and the scenarios in
which you would be likely to use them: discriminative listening is the first form of listening
humans develop as babies. This basic type of listening precedes the understanding of words
and relies on tone of voice and other subtleties of sound to understand meaning and
intention. Babies don’t understand words, but they rely on their discriminative listening to
understand who is speaking and what mood is being communicated.

As an adult, you may find yourself relying on discriminative listening when people
around you are speaking a foreign language that you don’t understand. Though you may
lack the language skills to understand the words being spoken, you can rely on the tone of
voice and inflection to derive a vague meaning. When you can only rely on discriminative
listening, you may turn to visual stimuli. The mannerisms, facial expressions, and body
language of a speaker help clue you in to the speaker’s message, comprehensive listening
is the next level of critical listening skills that humans usually develop in early childhood.

Comprehensive listening requires basic language skills and vocabulary to
understand what is being communicated through a speaker’s words. Comprehensive
listening is the overall category that covers most other forms of listening that critical
listener utilize. 10 Through the course of their day-to-day lives, people use comprehensive

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listening paired with verbal cues to understand what messages are being communicated to
them, informational listening (or informative listening) is the type of listening people use
when they are trying to learn. Informational listening builds upon basic comprehensive
listening and requires a high level of concentration and engagement to understand new
concepts and comprehend technical jargon. Informational listening has less to do with the
emotional content of what is being communicated and more to do with critical thinking
and following a logical sequence as it is communicated.

When you try to learn important skills that are being taught to you, it’s vital that
you pay attention and use informational listening skills, critical listening: Critical listening
is the style of listening people use when they are trying to analyze and judge complex
information that is being communicated to them. You might use critical listening if you’re
problem-solving on the job and trying to decide if you agree with a proposal being floated
by one of your coworkers. The word “critical” has multiple meanings, but in this case it
simply means that you are evaluating information—not necessarily passing judgment,
biased listening (or selective listening) is a type of listening behavior demonstrated when
someone is just listening for information that they want to hear.

Biased listening is different from critical listening because the listener is not
honestly evaluating the validity of the speaker’s opinions, but rather is looking to confirm
previously-held biases. People are often unaware that they are using a biased listening
process. Biased listening can lead to a distortion of facts in the mind of a listener who is
not tuned in to what a speaker intends to communicate, sympathetic listening is an
emotionally-driven type of relationship listening, wherein a listener processes the feelings
and emotions of a speaker and tries to provide support and understanding in return. You
might use sympathetic listening when a child tells you about trouble they had at school. In
this case you use a sympathetic listening style to make the child feel heard and give them
support and comfort.

Sympathetic listening is an important type of listening to use when trying to
establish a deep connection with another person, especially when that person is
experiencing adversity, and therapeutic or empathetic listening is a listening process
wherein a listener tries to understand the point of view of a speaker and imagines
themselves directly in the speaker’s position. Empathetic listening (sometimes referred to
as empathic listening) goes a step further than sympathetic listening in that an empathic
listener will relate to the speaker’s experience as if it were their own.

Similar to, Indeed.com (2021) divides types of listening into two types. First,
effective types of listening include: comprehensive listening is when you make judgments
based on what the other person says and determine the truthfulness of the statements you
hear. Also known as critical listening or evaluative listening, you may also judge what the

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person says compared to what your values are and decide if they’re good or bad. In this
type of conversation, you might discriminate between distinctions and try to grasp the inner
meaning of what the person said to see what their argument’s advantages and disadvantages
are, discriminative listening involves identifying the difference between tones and sounds
to figure out how these differences may affect the entire meaning of a sentence.

Discriminative listening enables us to pick up on verbal cues that indicate what the
speaker is truly saying or what emotions they are trying to express. When others can hear
subtleties when it comes to emotional variation in your voice, they may be able to
distinguish what emotions you are going through, critical listening is an important type of
listening because it requires you to listen to a message and assess whether the message and
the speaker are trustworthy. It can also enable you to take the message presented to them,
compare it to the knowledge you may already have on the subject and form 11 your own
analysis and opinion on the message.

This type of listening enables professionals to conduct brainstorming sessions,
create new solutions and debate strategies, therapeutic listening is when you let a troubled
person discuss their problems. While medical personnel, counselors and other types of
professionals often employ this type, other professionals may use it when listening to
acquaintances or friends to let them express their emotions or get advice. It is an especially
effective skill to have when building rapport with coworkers and potential clients, full
listening is when you pay careful attention to what the other person is saying, it is called
full listening. This type of listening is where you aim to fully understand what the content
of the conversation is. You may pause and then summarize what you just heard or use
paraphrasing where you say back to the person what you just heard to see if it’s correct.
When the conversation is over, the speaker and you may agree that you do have a full
understanding of the conversation. This type of listening is a useful skill to have when
trying to understand a lecture or presentation, and deep listening is more involved than full
listening.

Deep listening requires you and the other speaker to understand each other’s sides.
You must carefully pay attention to the details of a conversation and pick up on many cues.
These cues can include watching body language, identifying biases and preferences,
figuring out goals and needs and perceiving values and beliefs. In part of ineffective types
of listening include: selective listening is when you only address certain aspects of what
the other person has said to filter the message to more quickly understand its intent. This
type of listening may impact your ability to understand every detail, which may lead to
miscommunications, Partial listening is when you have the intention to listen to another
person but are distracted. This keeps you from hearing the other person completely. Stray
thoughts might have gotten in the way, or you heard something the other person said and

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began a response in your mind. This type of listening may be interpreted as false listening
or impact a person’s ability to fully and accurately answer a question or follow instructions,
and false listening is when you pretend you are listening to the other person but are not
really comprehending what you are hearing. These listeners may show they understand by
smiling, nodding and grunting when they think it is appropriate. This type of listening may
impact your ability to be effective in your job.

In the same way, ChangingMinds Vlog (2021) suggests Discriminative listening is
the most basic type of listening, whereby the difference between difference sounds is
identified. If you cannot hear differences, then you cannot make sense of the meaning that
is expressed by such differences. By learn to discriminate between sounds within our own
language early, and later are unable to discriminate between the phonemes of other
languages. This is one reason why a person from one country finds it difficult to speak
another language perfectly, as they are unable distinguish the subtle sounds that are
required in that language. Likewise, a person who cannot hear the subtleties of emotional
variation in another person's voice will be less likely to be able to discern the emotions the
other person is experiencing.

Listening is a visual as well as auditory act, as when you communicate much
through body language and also need to be able to discriminate between muscle and
skeletal movements that signify different meanings, comprehension listening. The next
step beyond discriminating between different sound and sights is to make sense of them.
To comprehend the meaning requires first having a lexicon of words at our fingertips and
also all rules of grammar and syntax by which we can understand what others are saying.
The same is true, of course, for the visual components of communication, and an
understanding of body language helps us understand what the other person is really
meaning. In communication, some words are more important and some less so, and
comprehension often benefits from extraction of key facts and items from a long spiel.

Comprehension listening is also known as content listening, informative listening
and full listening, critical listening is listening in order to evaluate and judge, forming
opinion about what is being said. Judgment includes assessing strengths and weaknesses,
agreement and approval. This form of listening requires significant real-time cognitive
effort as the listener analyzes what is being said, relating it to existing knowledge and rules,
whilst simultaneously listening to the ongoing words from the speaker. biased listening
happens when the person hears only what they want to hear, typically misinterpreting what
the other person says based on the stereotypes and other biases that they have. Such biased
listening is often very evaluative in nature, evaluative listening, or critical listening, you
have to make judgments about what the other person is saying, seek to assess the truth of
what is being said and also judge what the speaker says against our values, assessing them

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as good or bad, worthy or unworthy. Evaluative listening is particularly pertinent when the
other person is trying to persuade us, perhaps to change our behavior and maybe even to
change our beliefs. Within this, discriminate between subtleties of language and
comprehend the inner meaning of what is said. Typically, also weigh up the pros and cons
of an argument, determining whether it makes sense logically as well as whether it is
helpful to us.

Evaluative listening is also called critical, judgmental or interpretive listening,
appreciative listening, we seek certain information which will appreciate, for example that
which helps meet our needs and goals. We use appreciative listening when we are listening
to good music, poetry or maybe even the stirring words of a great leader, sympathetic
listening In sympathetic listening you care about the other person and show this concern in
the way you pay close attention and express your sorrow for their ills and happiness at their
joys, empathetic listening, when you listen empathetically, you go beyond sympathy to
seek a truer understand how others are feeling.

This requires excellent discrimination and close attention to the nuances of
emotional signals. When you are being truly empathetic, you actually feel what they are
feeling. In order to get others to expose these deep parts of themselves to us, also need to
demonstrate our empathy in our demeanor towards them, asking sensitively and in a way
that encourages self-disclosure, therapeutic listening. In therapeutic listening, the listener
has a purpose of not only empathizing with the speaker but also to use this deep connection
in order to help the speaker understand, change or develop in some way.

This not only happens when you go to see a therapist but also in many social
situations, where friends and family seek to both diagnose problems from listening and
also to help the speaker cure themselves, perhaps by some cathartic process. This also
happens in work situations, where managers, HR people, trainers and coaches seek to help
employees learn and develop, and dialogic listening, the word 'dialogue' stems from the
Greek words 'dia', meaning 'through' and 'logos' meaning 'words'.

Thus, dialogic listening mean learning through conversation and an engaged
interchange of ideas and information in which we actively seek to learn more about the
person and how they think. Dialogic listening is sometimes known as 'relational listening'.
Sometimes the most important factor in listening is in order to develop or sustain a
relationship. This is why lovers talk for hours and attend closely to what each other has to
say when the same words from someone else would seem to be rather boring. Relationship
listening is also important in areas such as negotiation and sales, where it is helpful if the
other person likes you and trusts you.

Moreover, Englishbix.com (2021) explains 5 types of listening skill include: biased
listening is dependent on what you hear and develop preconceived biases, opinions or

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expectations. This happens subconsciously without you even realizing it. There are a lot of
factors such as work and personal relationships which affect our emotions. In biased
listening, 13 the judgment of the person creates a great impact on how you interpret things,
sympathetic listening, you show that you are able to understand the person and his/her
feelings. It shows that you care for them. Sympathetic listening happens mostly among
close friends or family. Your body language plays a very important role – as you tilt your
head, sighting or sometimes nodding, empathetic listening can be considered as a type of
sympathetic listening but it will take it to a new level. Instead of just listening, you start
feeling or experiencing those things. It can indicate a really close or strong bond between
the persons sharing the feeling. It is very intense and can be deeply felt. You can put
yourselves in other’s shoes and easily understand their situation. It will help you to give
some tailored advice and making any sort of judgments and also offer suggestions, critical
listening, you need to be taking some important things into considerations and make the
right judgment.

This type of listening has great importance in the business world. It will help the
listeners to keep very streamlined and efficient. It will help you in making good decisions
and coming up with solutions by analyzing them. By ‘critical’ sometimes assume in
negative emotions but it is not. It helps to reach the conclusion much easily, and
informational listening, you need to pay attention to all the information that is being
conveyed by the speaker. It can be considered as part of critical listening in which you
retain various parts of information. It is also a way to educate yourself, by listening to the
news, attending some classes. All these things help you to gain information and insights. It
can involve technical and practical aspects.

Harmer, Jeremy (1988, p. 134) A distinction can be drawn between intensive and
extensive listening. As with reading, the latter refers to listening which the students often
do away from the classroom, for pleasure or some other reason. The audio material they
consume in this way - often on CDs in their cars, on MP3 players, DVDs, videos or on the
Internet - should consist of texts that they can enjoy listening to because they more or less
understand them without the intervention of a teacher or course materials to help them. It
is true that there is not at present a body of material developed for extensive listening as
there is for extensive reading, but this looks set to change in the foreseeable future. Already,
many simplified readers come with accompanying CDs on which the books are read or
dramatised. Students can also use tapes and CDs to listen to their coursebook dialogues
again after they have studied them in class. There is a growing number of podcast sites
from where students can download free materials. And another way of getting students
involved in a form of extensive listening is to encourage them to go to English language
films with subtitles; as they hear the English dialogue, the subtitles help them understand;

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as they understand, they will, to some extent, absorb the language they hear. Intensive
listening is different from extensive listening in that students listen specifically in order to
work on listening skills, and in order to study the way in which English is spoken.

It usually takes place in classrooms or language laboratories, and typically occurs
when teachers are present to guide students through any listening difficulties, and point
them to areas of interest. Listening sources, A lot of listening is experienced from recorded
extracts - on CD, tape or via MP3 players of some kind. Frequently this is commercially
produced, either as part of a coursebook or as supplementary material. But there is no
reason why teachers should not record their own listening materials, using themselves or
their friends or colleagues. With modern recording technology available through a range
of media, it is quite possible to produce recordings of reasonable quality.

We can download a huge amount of extremely useful listening material from the
Internet, too, provided that we are not breaking any rules of copyright. Recorded extracts
are quite distinct from live listening, the name given to real-life face-to-face encounters in
the classroom. To some extent 14 all teacher talk is live listening, but in particular the term
live listening is used to refer to situations in which the teacher brings visitors into the class
or, if this is not possible, role-plays different characters for the students to talk and listen
to. The main advantage of live listening over recorded extracts is that the students can
interact with the speaker on the basis of what they are saying, making the whole listening
experience far more dynamic and exciton.

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Listening Levels

LeaderWhoLeads.com (2021) identifies five (5) levels of listening. At the first four
(4) levels, the listener hears with their own frame of reference in mind. But it is at Level 5
that true communication occurs. This is where the listener attempts to see things from the
other person's perspective or point of view, not with your own filter/ lens.

Level 1: Ignoring If the listeners have ever been ignored there is no doubt about it.
The speakers are talking but the other person is not giving any attention to what the
speakers are saying. Now, it is possible the person did not hear you. If that is the case, it
is not ignoring.

Level 2: Pretend Listening to truly hear someone takes time and attention. Pretend
listeners give you the impression they hear what you say, and the listeners may hear some
of the speaker words, but the listeners are not "present." The listeners may nod their head
or offer another gesture to indicate they are listening, but they are not giving you their full
attention.

Level 3: Selective Listening The next level is selective listening. The person who
listens selectively only wants part of the message, but not all. They are probably the person
who says, "So, what's your point?" They are quick to interrupt the person who is speaking
or they have the tendency to finish the other person's sentences.

Level 4: Attentive Listening Attentive listeners offer their time and attention. But
they are one step short of being empathic listeners because attentive listeners hear from
their frame of reference. They don't try to put themselves in the other person's shoes.

Level 5: Empathic Listening Empathic listening is intentional. The person who
develops this skill listens not only to the other person's words. The listeners listen for what
the other person means. The listeners are willing to give their time and full attention to
truly hear the other person.

Moreover Cohen G. (2014) divides four levels of listening. There are being an
attentive presence, clarifying and interpreting meaning, providing empathy and acting
generatively.

Level 1: Being an attentive presence: People like to be heard. The listeners look for
physical cues that indicate you're giving them your full attention. Become the sun and allow
the one you're attending to feel your warmth with your S.O.L.E.R. listening skills: Squarely
face the person, belly button to belly button. Open the posture. Don't put the hands in the
pockets or behind the head. And don't point the feet toward the door. Lean toward the
speaker. Let the listener know nothing is as important as what the speakers are saying to
the listeners. Eye contact maintained. Eye contact can change the chemistry of both the

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listener and the speaker. Let the listeners know they are important to you by looking them
in the eyes. Relax while listening. Being overly engaged and self-conscious about your
listening posture can produce the opposite effect. Be present and attentive, but not
overeager. You don't want the speaker to think you're in a hurry to get or be somewhere
else.

Level 2: Clarifying and interpreting meaning: It's reassuring and comforting for
people to hear what they've said. Sometimes the speakers want confirmation that the
listeners have understood the meaning, and sometimes the speakers need or want help
interpreting the meaning of what they've said. Here are three ways you can help:
Restatement: Restate exactly what has been said, and ask for clarification if there's
something you don't fully comprehend. Paraphrasing: This reflects the essence of what was
said. Paraphrasing is almost always shorter than what was actually said. Keep it tentative
in order to leave the speaker an opportunity to correct you. Strike a nice balance between
your words and theirs, so it doesn't feel like you're stealing too many of their words or
shifting the meaning by using too many of your own. When you paraphrase, you
communicate that you're listening, but you're also aware that the speaker likely wants to
continue speaking. Interpretation: You move beyond what was actually articulated to the
meaning, beliefs, values, assumptions or goals behind the words. You may connect what
has been said to a larger narrative involving the speaker.

Level 3: Providing empathy: This type of listening demonstrates that you are in it
with the speaker. Empathy fuels connection while sympathy drives disconnection,
according to Bren Brown. Theresa Wiseman, a nursing scholar, suggests these four
attributes are present with empathetic listening: See the world as the other sees it. Put
yourself away. Be non-judgmental. Be in touch with the other person's feelings. Be aware
of how those feelings might differ from your own. Communicate your understanding of
the speaker's feelings. Rather than saying, "At least you..." or "It could be worse..." try
instead, "I've been there, and that really hurts."

Level 4: Acting generatively: This is when you listen beyond the words and
feelings. It is when you forge a connection with the person in such a deep way you become
generative with your hearing — adding more, much more than what is being said. You are
helping the other person experience hearing themselves. You will need to let go of your
self-awareness to be this present with the other. This is a story told by David Hanlon and
Jill Rigney that does a great job of illustrating generative listening: Successful actors have
to give up being themselves. Highlighting this is a wonderful story about Marlon Brando,
regarded by many as one of the finest actors of the 20th century. Brando was taking part in
a roleplay in his first year at acting school. The class had been instructed to act like
chickens, with the additional instruction that a nuclear bomb was about to fall on them.

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Most of the class clucked and ran around wildly, but Brando sat calmly and pretended to
lay an egg. Asked why he had chosen to react this way, he said, "I'm a chicken, what do I
know about nuclear bombs?" This delightful story highlights the fact that Brando truly put
himself in the place of a chicken while the lesser-skilled actors were chickens on the surface
only. Brando was able to let himself go in order to fully enter the world of the chicken.

In the same way Dynamic learning Blog (2021) suggests three levels of listening
include

Level 1: Active listening: At this level, listeners refrain from judging the speaker
and attempt to understand things from his or her point of view. Some characteristics of this
level include: staying in the present moment, acknowledging and responding, not letting
oneself be distracted, paying attention to the speaker’s total communication, including
body language, being empathetic to the speaker’s feeling and thoughts, suspending one’s
own thoughts and feelings to give attention solely to listening. Active listening requires a
non-judgmental attitude. It also requires that the listener show, both verbally and
nonverbally, that he or she is truly listening. The overall focus is to listen so well that you
can paraphrase and later summarize back to the speaker exactly what you have understood.
Only when your speaker agrees that you have “got it”, should you ask permission to offer
your advice.

Level 2: Hearing words, but not really listening: At this level, people stay at the
surface of listening and may be thinking about comments and questions they want to make
or advice they want to give. They try to hear what the speaker is saying, but make little
effort to understand the speaker’s point of view. Level 2 listeners tend to listen logically,
being concerned about content more than feeling, and remain emotionally detached from
the conversation. Level 2 listening can lead to dangerous misunderstandings because the
listener is concentrating only slightly on how things are being said. At level 3 it is obvious
that the person is not listening, however, at level 2 the speaker may be lulled into a false
sense of being listened to and understood.

Level 3: Listening in spurts: Tuning in and tuning out, being somewhat aware of
the speaker, but mainly paying attention to oneself. The listener follows the discussion only
enough to get a chance to talk. Level 3 listening can be quiet, passive listening without
responding, or it can manifest as constantly interrupting the speaker. Often a person
listening at this level is faking attention while thinking about unrelated matters, making
judgments, forming rebuttals or advice, or preparing what he or she wants to say next.

Similarly to Duemo C. (2021) explains levels of listening that listening is one of
the most important skills to learn in life, and it is especially important as an Education
Assistant (EA). Sometimes, people can get so preoccupied with their phones and their lives

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that they forget to take the time to listen to others. This type of distractedness describes a
Level 3 listener. Did you know that there are three levels of listening we all do at various
points in our lives? Level of interest, emotions, and environment affect your attention level.
Let’s learn about the different levels so you can see which one you use the most.

Level 1: Active listening: This level of awareness is judgment-free, and is all about
openness and empathy. When you are listening at this level it is important to use open body
language, make eye contact, and have empathetic responses. A lot of intention is needed
for this level, because you have to be consciously listening to the speaker. Here, you listen
with the heart.

Level 2: Hearing but not listening: This level is when the listeners hear the words
being said, but are listening at a more logical level. The listeners are mostly emotionally
detached and the speakers are focused on the context and information of the conversation.
This level can be dangerous because the listeners are only partially concentrating on what
is being said, so it can lead to some major misunderstandings.

Level 3: Tuning in and out, or spurt listening: Have you ever been chatting with
someone while texting on your phone? This means you were tuning in and out, or spurt
listening. At this level, you’re more focused on yourself and are likely to redirect the
conversation to be about you. This kind of listening is quiet, passive, and non-responsive.
Now that you know what the levels of listening are, where do you think you fall? Are you
the active listener, the one who hears but doesn’t listen, or the spurt listener? Though the
listeners always try to be a Level 1 listener, the listeners can fall into Levels 2 and 3 if the
listeners are really busy or emotionally unavailable to listen.

According to Ifioque.com (2021) posits six levels of listening. Understanding these
levels of listening can help you improve the quality of your listening.

Level 1: Passive listening: This is the lowest level of listening. Here the person
being spoken to is aware that the speaker is speaking but actually understands little of what
is said. At this level, the listener pays little attention and catches only a few words here and
there.

Level 2: Responsive listening: At this level of listening, the writers give the speaker
verbal or nonverbal indicators that the listeners are listening, a head nod or an occasional
“uh-huh,” for instance, but the listeners actually aren’t paying much attention, and our
comprehension level is still low.

Level 3: Selective listening: A number of listeners listen selectively, and when the
listeners do, the listeners are not paying attention to the entire message. What the listeners
do is merely paying attention to certain words or phrases that appeals our interest. The

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listeners aren’t interested in the speaker’s entire message, only the part of it that concerns
us.

Level 4: Attentive listening: In attentive listening, listeners provide feedback to the
speaker by asking for more information or by paraphrasing the speaker’s message to gain
further clarification from the speaker. In this level of listening, listeners are more involved,
engaging their intellect in the listening process and are able to comprehend more
information than at previous levels. However, the listeners are merely listening for our own
selfish interests and are probing for more information because the listeners perceive the
information as yielding some profitable value to them, not because the listeners want to
benefit the speaker with our understanding.

Level 5: Active listening: Active listening techniques require listeners to engage
not only their intellect in listening, but their emotions as well. Listening actively allows
listeners the exchange of information asking the speaker question to gain complete
comprehension. They reflect their interpretations of what’s been said back to the speaker
so that the speaker feels heard and has a chance to correct any misunderstanding. Although
active listening usually involves verbal feedback, the feedback can be nonverbal; for
example, a smile or a nod of comprehension, or a frown that shows a lack of understanding.
If you are observant, active nonverbal listening techniques can be as effective as the more
common verbal techniques.

Level 6: Empathic listening When the listeners listen empathically, the listeners try
to step out of their own perspective and view things from that of the speaker’s. This is not
only understanding what the person is saying and feeling, but empathizing with it and
making effort to communicate this understanding to the speaker. Empathic listening
requires listening nonjudgmentally. The listeners cannot empathize with others if the
listeners are judging the speakers.

In the same way Russell M. (2017) describes the Strategic Leadership: The 3 Levels
of Listening that Have you ever returned home from work after a long day, set your keys
down, greeted your spouse, and after a few minutes of talking realized that you just walked
into an ambush? You didn’t even see it coming! It was certainly something you said. Your
spouse was telling you about their day, then like a deer walking into a trap, you inserted
your opinion at the most inopportune time. What were you thinking? Now you are
confused, they are upset, and neither one of you knows what went wrong. This is a classic
case of poor listening. Personally, The writer always thought he was a pretty good listener,
that was until a senior executive (for whom I have great respect) spoke to me about the
different levels of listening; it was only then that he realized he had actually been a fairly
poor listener for most of his life.

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Effective listening is not something that just happens by chance. It takes a lot of
practice to develop. Once you grow in this area, however, no other skill will serve you
better in life. Effective listening is at the heart of everything we do as leaders. Whether the
writers are giving feedback to a subordinate at work or trying to choose a paint color with
our spouse at home, our ability to listen effectively gives us an advantage in just about
every situation. Contemporary literature typically defines three levels of listening: Level
1: Internal Listening —Listening to your inner voice. Level 2: Focused Listening —
Listening intently to another person. Level 3: Global Listening — Listening to others in
the context of their entire surroundings. These levels are insightful and effectively describe
the action of listening. But the writer find they have even more application when described
in the context of the purpose of each level. The speakers hope the listeners enjoy the spin
on the three levels and that they help you become a more effective listener in both your
personal and professional life.

Level 1: Listen to Speak: Most of us start here and remain here unless the writers
are intentional about developing our listening skills. At this level, the listeners are not really
listening to others when they talk, rather, while the speakers are speaking the listeners are
mostly just thinking about the next thing the speakers want to say. This is the lowest level
of listening and pretty much just comes naturally. Listening to speak has the most potential
to create misunderstandings and often causes us to miss key information in conversations.

Level 2: Listen to Hear: Most of us can get here in select situations if the speakers
are motivated. At this level the listeners are actively paying attention to what the other
person is saying. The listeners are not thinking about what the listeners want to say next or
distracted by other things, the listeners are totally focused on the other person. A good
example of listening to hear that most of us can relate to is when we are on a first date with
a love interest; the listeners tend to listen intently to their every word. The reason why the
listeners are able to do this in some situations but not in all is because our motivation to
listen waxes and wanes depending on who we are with. If the listeners truly want to become
great listeners and it will serve them well to do so the listeners have to motivate themselves
to listen intently to every person, not just some.

Level 3: Listen to Understand: This is the highest level of listening and few of us
can get here without intentional practice. At this level we are not only paying attention to
what others are saying, but also what they mean. People say things all the time but often
fail to convey the underlying feelings or thoughts behind their words. To give you an
example, when you come home from work late and your spouse asks “Will you be at
Susie’s music class tomorrow?” you respond “I will try but I have been swamped in the
office and traffic is terrible.” your spouse says “This is Susie’s last class before her recital,
how can you not make it?” (Things pretty much just continue in a downward spiral from
there). What went wrong? When your spouse asked if you will be at Susie’s music class,

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they were not asking simply for the sake of the class, they were trying to convey a deeper
feeling. In this scenario, they were trying to tell you that they did not feel like you consider
them a priority because you often come home late from work and miss important events.
The music class was not the issue, it was merely the tipping point.

When we pick up on the subtle queues and context of what others say it enables us
to get at the main thing. In conclusion if we can learn to truly listen to others (not just think
about what we want to say while others are speaking) then we can grow into Level 2
listeners. With practice, we can go further and train ourselves to not only pick up on what
others are saying, but also on their subtle queues and the context of what is said; this will
enable us to grow into Level 3 listeners. I am convinced that effective listening is the single
most important skill that we can develop as leaders because it is the bridge through which
we understand other people; without understanding we cannot lead.

Together with Gaunt D. (2020) suggest that most people who think they are good
listeners underperform—by as much as 60 percent, in fact, according to some research. It
turns out that overconfidence actually impedes their success. Being too confident actually
prevents you from truly understanding the motivation of the other side, which prevents you
from being able to use Tactical Empathy™ to get the outcomes you’re going for. Truth be
told, nothing puts a relationship in jeopardy faster than poor listening. It doesn’t matter
whether you’re talking to your husband, wife, son, daughter, boss, or subordinate. People
simply do not take a long time to estimate your commitment to listening—especially since
a good deal of communication is nonverbal and wrapped up in physical syntax and delivery.
Suffice it to say that it is not easy to convince someone you’re listening when in fact you
are not. So why do most people who think they are good listeners underperform? It’s
because most don’t have the communication skills to recognize that there are actually five
levels to listening, which we’ll explore next.

Level 1: Listening for the Gist: The first level of listening is intermittent listening.
Here, you’re simply listening for long enough to get the gist of what the other side is saying.
When you’ve got the basic idea, your ears shut off and refocus on your internal voice,
which is formulating a reaction based on your worldview. Though you might not articulate
this reaction, you’re engaged in an internal dialogue about how what is being said doesn’t
line up with your logic.

Level 2: Listening to Rebut: At the next level, you’re not practicing active listening.
You’re listening to rebut. This is the stage at which you listen for long enough to understand
the incoming message until it hits the trigger (i.e., something in the statement or phrase that
you can argue against or rebut). When you hear a trigger, you just wait for the other side

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to shut up for long enough so you can tell them why their position is faulty and, by
extension, how much smarter you are than they are. These enthusiastic replies undermine
communication and the entire relationship. Interjecting with a quick response is a clear
indication that you are not listening. How could you be? At this level, you’re focusing on
your agenda at the expense of theirs, and it’s obvious.

Level 3: Listening for Logic: The third level involves using inference to try to pin
down the internal logic of what is being said—if such logic exists. If this is the other side’s
worldview, their conclusion, or their judgment, why does it make sense to them? It’s the
first step toward truly understanding whom you’re negotiating with.

Level 4: Listening for Emotion: At the fourth level, you’re listening for any
emotions or issues that may be driving their argument. These emotions or issues may or
may not make sense to you. But at this level, you recognize their significance as the other
side talks about what’s important to them. When it’s your turn to respond, you might decide
to use Labels™ to identify the unstated emotions or issues you believe are influencing what
they have to say. For example, if your counterpart gives you an energetic response to your
statement, you might say something like this. It seems like you’re very passionate about
this deal in hopes that the other side will reveal additional information.

Level 5: Listening for Their Point of View: This is where you become a great
listener. It’s truly the next level where you listen for what the other side’s argument says
about who they are in the world, using Tactical Empathy to do everything you can to see
things from their perspective. This communication skill is how you filter your counterpart’s
emotion and logic through a prism of empathy, and it’s what you should try to do every
time you sit down at the table. Here, it’s all about getting beyond the cursory level of
understanding to a deeper appreciation of their worldview. If you don’t understand where
your counterpart is coming from, you don’t really understand them at all making it that
much less likely you’ll strike the deal you have in mind. If you don’t understand the other
side, you will never influence them. It’s that simple. Though it’s difficult to maintain this
level of listening every waking moment of every day, you need to be ready and willing to
get here when the situation warrants it. Now that you know how to be a better listener, it’s
time to learn more about the person sitting across the table. Check out our free guide, Three
Negotiator Types, to quickly figure out if you’re dealing with an analyst, an assertive, or
an accommodator.

According to Scharmer O. (2021) developed the 4 Levels of Listening model whilst
observing interactions between individuals at the organisational level. It is a valuable
model for developing effective leadership skills, self-awareness, and driving organisational
change. He considers that many failures at work can be attributed to a lack of listening, and

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therefore a lack of understanding of the situation at hand. When the 4 Levels of Listening
Model was developed, in the mid-2000s, Scharmer and his team had already developed
Theory U, which focused on the quality and volume of awareness and attention that
individuals give certain situations. Whilst doing so, they identified four structures of
attention and four different ways of operating, and explained how it is possible to learn
from an emerging future.

The 4 Levels of Listening is, therefore, an example of how to illustrate.

1. Downloading: This is the most basic and habitual form of listening. It is very
direct, and usually only occurs when the individual is familiar with what they are
hearing/being told, and are therefore only listening to confirm what they already know, or
their current opinion, which is likely not to change. Everything they are hearing is being
projected onto preconceptions of the situation, and is reflecting the past rather than the
present moment.

2. Factual Listening: This is the next stage, which involves listening with an entirely
open mind and without any presumptions or prior judgements. Individuals employing
factual listening are attentive to new ideas and data, and are accepting of any differences
from what they already know. The outcome is that their opinions or views on a situation
may be altered by new information which is now available to them. This is good for
scientists, or individuals in an analytics situation, but is still not suitable for those who need
to be more visionary, such as leaders.

3. Empathic Listening: Empathic Listening requires a yet deeper level of listening,
and needs the individual at hand to have a certain level of emotional intelligence. This is
the ability to truly connect with the individual who is being listened and to see the world,
situation, subject or opinion as they do, through their eyes, and provides them with an
emotional connection to the speaker. This provides the listener with alternative
perspectives which can help to sculpt and define their decision-making.

4. Generative Listening: This is the highest, most informative level of listening, and
is a very important skill for leaders to learn. It requires the individual to gain a connection
with the best future that they can; an emerging and developing future, or possible futures.
This subsequently results in a profound shift and a truly deep sense of knowing. This can
be used to envisage individual development, and can also be used to design and plan
organisational change.

Moreover The designgym.com (2021) divides the four levels of listening. Listening
level 0: Cosmetic listening: We might call the lowest level of listening Cosmetic Listening
(with no offense to the cosmetics industry). This is what we’re doing when someone asks,
“Are you even listening?” and your brain can actually repeat back the last 3-7 words the

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person said. Some part of your brain is actually collecting words, but not their meaning.
It’s pretend listening, and it doesn’t get you far. How do you move from Cosmetic listening
into deeper levels of listening? Actually, paying attention is a good first step.

Listening level 1: Downloading: In this mode, you’re gathering facts, but
selectively. You’re listening to double-check what you already know and not expecting
any surprises. Lee Iacocca, former CEO of Chrysler, once said, “I only wish I could find
an institute that teaches people how to listen. Business people need to listen at least as much
as they need to talk. Too many people fail to realize that real communication goes in both
directions.” If real communication is in both directions, downloading falls short by about
50 per cent. This type of listening is broken, because both sides are not very present. The
talker is just talking. The listener is just listening, and both are in a habitual role. You also
can’t use this information to foster innovation—the Henry Ford famous quote on no one
said is a perfect example of that: “If I asked my users what they wanted, they would have
said a faster horse” Firstly, neither Henry Ford nor Steve Jobs said that. But it’s true, in a
way. If you ask someone to list all of the issues that they have with travel, they can give
you a download. You might find some pain points that you can quickly fix and get to some
improvements, but you won’t change the game. How to move past the Downloading
Listening mode: If you find yourself being a talker on the side of downloading, make sure
you ask the listener what they want and need to hear. As a listener, you can break
downloading with a step back from details to the big picture.

Listening level 2: Conversational: In a conversation, we’re expected to respond to
what we’re hearing with encouragement, opinions or advice. In fact, we’re mostly listening
in order to respond. In a conversational mode of listening we try to notice new things, pick
out details and be generally attentive. In a good conversation, both parties speak a fair
amount and listen a fair amount. No one is keeping track until someone realizes that the
other is taking advantage of the situation. Over time, we might be less likely to seek out
conversations with those people who suck up all the attention in a conversation. Many
people work pretty hard to be good conversationalists, so why should we try to move past
this mode? If we’re seeking to really understand the other, we have to work to remove
ourselves from the conversation. Don’t worry; in Level 4 you’ll get to reappear! How to
move past the Conversational Listening mode: Instead of a 50/50 split, try to talk 10 per
cent of the time! Use silence selectively and don’t try to fill the pauses in the conversation.
Once you slow down the pace a little, you can focus on the skills of the next level,
Empathizing.

Listening level 3: Empathizing: We spend a lot of time in our workshops helping
people work on this mode of listening. Empathic listening is listening for the place the
other person is speaking from. It’s not about facts, but about experiencing/sensing an
emotional connection. You go past the facts of Downloading Listening and begin to

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understand the context of the facts. How to master the Empathic Listening mode: 1. Pay
attention: Give the speaker your undivided attention, and let distracting thoughts go. You
may start to build counter arguments or piece things together—you should try to avoid
those immediate reactions as much as possible. Focus on being present. 2. Slow down and
be patient: Learn the power of the pause and don’t rush to fill the silence. Allow the other
person an extra second to think. You’ll get more unexpected information from what comes
after the silence than the follow up question you’re polishing in your head. 3. Defer
judgment: Personal assumptions and filters can distort what we hear. Listen to learn,
instead of to judge. How to move past the Empathic Listening mode: Empathy implies that
you’re over there and I’m here, listening to you. Empathy drives deeper into the heart of
the matter, but empathy is just the start. You can use empathy to drive the desire to innovate
and a reason to try—with stories of real people affected by real challenges—much more
than dry facts. But in order to change how things are done, we need to be surprised. That’s
the next mode of listening.

Listening level 4: Emergent: In Empathic Listening, we’re paying attention, but
we’re often cautioned to leave ourselves out of it. With mantras of the user is not like me,
we listen intently to “get” their mental models. Emergent Listening can feel a little like a
hybrid of conversational and empathic listening, in that you ask about certain things
because they are interesting, you begin to care, and you start to see pieces fitting together.

Otto Scharmer of the Presencing Institute describes this sort of listening as,
“Connecting to the emerging future—to a future possibility that links to your emerging self;
to who you really are.” In Emergent Listening, you enter a realm of possibility…and
commitment to that possibility. That’s when we begin to form insights, not just about the
present problem, but pathways to the future. We get excited about the possibilities! Be an
active listener. The active questions you bring will allow for your “listener” to uncover
unexpected emergent possibilities and outcomes. We often think we have to solve problems
when we’re listening to people. We do an active listening exercise where one person shares
a recent challenge and all the listener is allowed to say is: I’m hearing you say “_____.” Is
that right? (where “____” is a reflective summary of what they heard). In only two minutes,
the listening pairs get pretty deep into the heart of their challenge rapidly. Rather than
fixing the problem, the real issues are getting uncovered.

In the same way Nielsen B. (2021) explains the levels of listening are as follows

Levels of Listening 1: IGNORING: At this level of listening, you ignore other
voices to concentrate fully on the task in front of you. The open office environment is a
perfect example of a situation where you need to ignore or block out all voices around you.
In this sense, the ability to ‘ignore’ is a useful skill to have.

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Levels of Listening 2: PRETENDING: This is probably the least nice level of
listening, Bowen-Nielsen expresses. At this level, we pretend to listen while making small
sounds and gestures to indicate that we are listening, when in fact we are not. The receiving
end, however, is likely to notice we are not listening, says Bowen-Nielsen, as our eyes tell
a story of drifting off.

Levels of Listening 3: SELECTIVE: At this level of listening, you typically have
an agenda and you are not listening to understand as such. A salesperson may listen to pick
up on needs or problems that a given product can solve. At this level of listening, you risk
missing out on important information that could give you a thorough understanding of the
person speaking.

Levels of Listening 4: ATTENTIVE: At the attentive level of listening, you are a
hundred percent attentive to the words being said, Bowen-Nielsen explains. Yet, what you
are missing out on are things being said between the lines. These things you catch at the
following level of empathetic listening.

Levels of Listening 5: EMPATHY: At this level, you are extremely focused on
understanding what the other person is saying. Therefore, you are continuously searching
for ways to improve your level of understanding. You can do this, for instance, by matching
the speaker’s words with body language, metaphors, descriptions, and mental pictures
drawn for you – all to understand better what is being conveyed.

Levels of Listening 6: CONSTRUCTIVE: Constructive listening is often used in
the manager or coaching situation where it’s not enough to listen. You take control of the
conversation to ensure it is effective and purposeful, Bowen-Nilsen explains. With
constructive listening, you can move the person in front of you to a deeper state of self-
awareness. The art of this kind of listening, says Bowen-Nielsen, is managing and steering
the conversation while letting the other person continue the talking. This way a higher
awareness and deeper understanding is facilitated with a minimum of interruption.

Harmer, Jeremy (1988, p. 134) the writer will want the students to hear listening
material in a number of different genres (that is, styles or types of text- see page 113) and
registers. This may include news broadcasts, public announcements, recorded messages,
lectures, phone conversations, dramatic dialogue, etc.). But the writer will also have to
decide whether what they listen to should be authentic or not. Authentic speech is speech
not spoken just for language learners in other words, it is language spoken for native- or
competent speakers of English, with no concessions made for the learner. Much recorded
speech on the radio or on the Internet, for example, is of this type. However, it is often far
too difficult for lower-level students, and is, therefore, inappropriate for use with them. But

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we don't want to give our lower- level students inauthentic language (which doesn't sound
at all like the real thing) either. What the writer aim for instead is realistic language use
which, while roughly-tuned to match the students' level, nevertheless approximates to real-
life language. But the writer will aim to get our students to listen to (and understand)
authentic English as soon and as often as they can.

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Listening skills

Doyle (2021) explains types of listening skills, there are two components to active
listening: attention and reflection. First, paying attention involves: holding eye contact,
nodding, having good posture, and mirroring the speaker’s body language to show genuine
interest in what they're saying. In addition to these nonverbal cues, you must also allow the
speaker to finish their thought in its entirety. In the part of reflection involves: responding
and reflection is the repeating and paraphrasing of what the speaker has said to show that
you truly understand what they're telling you and good listeners always strive to fully
understand what others want to communicate, particularly when the statement lacks clarity.
Listening demands the attempt to decode and interpret verbal messages and nonverbal cues,
like tone of voice, facial expressions, and physical posture. Active listeners also show their
curiosity by asking questions. Do this, and you will make a great impression. Through
body language and other cues, good listeners subtly communicate to the speaker that they're
listening. Additionally, they encourage and welcome the thoughts, opinions, and feelings
of others.

According to Alison D. (2021), There are two components to active listening in the
workplace: attention and reflection. 1. Paying Attention involves holding eye contact,
nodding, having good posture, and mirroring the speaker’s body language to show genuine
interest in what they're saying. In addition to these nonverbal cues, you must also allow the
speaker to finish their thought in its entirety. These are all cues that you're focused on what
the speaker is saying. 2. Reflection and Responding Reflection is the repeating and
paraphrasing of what the speaker has said to show that you truly understand what they're
telling you.

What Makes a Good Listener always strive to fully understand what others want to
communicate, particularly when the statement lacks clarity. Listening demands the attempt
to decode and interpret verbal messages and nonverbal cues, like tone of voice, facial
expressions, and physical posture. Active listeners also show their curiosity by asking
questions. Do this, and you will make a great impression. Through body language and other
cues, good listeners subtly communicate to the speaker that they're listening. Additionally,
they encourage and welcome the thoughts, opinions, and feelings of others. One way to
demonstrate active listening is to allow the interviewer to complete each question and
statement before responding. Do not interrupt and be sure that your response genuinely
answers the question. It's perfectly fine to take a few moments to frame the right response.
Doing so shows that you've fully absorbed the speaker's words and are considerate enough
to formulate the best answer.

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What Makes a Bad Listener Interrupting indicates that your listening skills are
underdeveloped. Likewise, responding in a way that fails to answer the question will reflect
poorly on your listening skills, especially in a job interview. If you're uncertain about a
question, it's better to clarify than to take a gamble about what the interviewer is asking.
Talking too much is also problematic, as proper conversations should be well balanced,
with every party involved getting equal time to speak. Monopolizing a conversation
prevents you from listening and the other party from fully expressing what they want to
say. In the end, this will lead to you making a poor impression. Looking distracted is also
a quality of a poor listener. This could involve anything from avoiding eye contact to
checking your phone or watch while someone else is talking.

Zubair. (2020) Listening Skills The most important part of oral communication is
listening. When the speaker listen, The speaker engage our minds actively. There is a
difference between listening and hearing. Listening is a conscious activity of the mind
whereas hearing is an unconscious activity. Listening is neglected in the schools and
colleges. This is one of the skills, which should be taken seriously. It is considered a
significant part of one’s communication skills. In order to understand any language, one
has to be a keen listener. As soon as a child comes into this world he starts “listening”. He
develops listening skills in his mother tongue and on the basis of a listening model speech
he develops patterns for speech production. Reading and writing come later in the hierarchy
of developing language skills.

The language teachers suggest the development of listening skills at an early stage.
Children can easily learn the actual pronunciation of English words that will enable them
to involve in communication with better use of the target language. Why Listening Skills
are necessary? Effective listening requires a conscious effort and a willing mind. Generally,
there are four reasons. 1. To Gain New Information & Ideas Most of the learning comes
through listening. Effective listeners welcome new information and ideas. New ideas are
received daily by oral medium. You get knowledge by listening to the lectures in class.
Companies that listen effectively stay informed and up to date. 2. To Test Evidence When
a speaker talks, he actually presents the message based on facts and opinions. Good
listeners test those facts and opinions and then question the speaker to know the truth. They
try to uncover the speaker’s point of view and credibility. 3. To Be Inspired Sometimes
people listen to get inspiration. By listening attentively, they get inspired and ready to take
action. 4. To Improve Your Own Communication Listening also improves your own
communication. Role models are helpful to young people entering the business world.
They can learn communication skills by hearing and observing the speeches of the role
models.

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Types of Listening. There are two types of listeners i.e., active listeners and passive
listeners which formulate the following two terms. Active listening and Passive Listening
1. Active Listening is the process of understanding fully what the speaker has said both in
content and in feeling. In the active listening, you are both mentally and physically
prepared. Your body language indicates your interest in the message. The function and
purpose of active listening are to check on the accuracy of understanding. Three simple
techniques that are useful in the process of active listening as follows: Restate the speaker’s
meaning in your own words Express the understanding of the speaker’s feelings. Ask
questions to ensure further understanding of the speaker’s thoughts and feelings. 2. Passive
Listening is listening without talking and without directing the speaker in any non-verbal
way is known as passive listening. In passive listening, you are physically present but
mentally absent. Sometimes you are not willing to receive an oral message but you are
forced to do so. So, you feel boredom and become a passive listener. As a result, you fail
to recall the contents of the message.

Leading Effectively Staff. (2021) The Active Listening Skillset: 6 Steps Enhancing
your active listening skillset involves more than just hearing someone speak. When you’re
putting active listening skills to practice, you should be using these 6 techniques:

1. Pay attention. One goal of active listening and being an effective listener is to set
a comfortable tone that gives your coaches an opportunity to think and speak. Allow “wait
time” before responding. Don’t cut coaches off, finish their sentences, or start formulating
your answer before they’ve finished. Pay attention to your body language as well as your
frame of mind when engaging in active listening. Be focused on the moment, make eye
contact, and operate from a place of respect as the listener.

2. Withhold judgment. Active listening requires an open mind. As a listener and a
leader, be open to new ideas, new perspectives, and new possibilities when practicing
active listening. Even when good listeners have strong views, they suspend judgment, hold
any criticisms, and avoid interruptions like arguing or selling their point right away.

3. Reflect. When you’re the listener, don’t assume that you understand your coaches
correctly — or that they know you’ve heard them. Mirror your coacher’s information and
emotions by periodically paraphrasing key points. Reflecting is an active listening
technique that indicates that you and your counterpart are on the same page. For example,
your coaches might tell you, “Emma is so loyal and supportive of her people — they’d
walk through fire for her. But no matter how much he push, her team keeps missing
deadlines.” To paraphrase, you could say, “So Emma’s people skills are great, but
accountability is a problem.” If you hear, “She doesn’t know what else to do!” or
“She’s tired of bailing the team out at the last minute,” try helping your coaches label their
feelings: “Sounds like you’re feeling pretty frustrated and stuck.”

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4. Clarify. Don’t be shy to ask questions about any issue that’s ambiguous or
unclear when engaging in active listening. As the listener, if you have doubt or confusion
about what your coaches has said, say something like, “Let me see if I’m clear. Are you
talking about …?” or “Wait a minute. I didn’t follow you.” Open-ended, clarifying, and
probing questions are important active listening tools that encourage the coaches to do the
work of self-reflection and problem solving, rather than justifying or defending a position,
or trying to guess the “right answer.” Examples include: “What do you think about …?” or
“Tell me about …?” and “Will you further explain/describe …?” When engaging in active
listening, the emphasis is on asking, rather than telling. It invites a thoughtful response and
maintains a spirit of collaboration. You might say: “What are some of the specific things
you’ve tried?” or “Have you asked the team what their main concerns are?” or “Does
Emma agree that there are performance problems?” and “How certain are you that you
have the full picture of what’s going on?”

5. Summarize. Restating key themes as the conversation proceeds confirms and
solidifies your grasp of the other person’s point of view. It also helps both parties to be
clear on mutual responsibilities and follow-up. Briefly summarize what you’ve understood
while practicing active listening, and ask the other person to do the same. Giving a brief
restatement of core themes raised by the coaches might sound like: “Let me summarize to
check my understanding. Emma was promoted to manager, and her team loves her. But
you don’t believe she holds them accountable, so mistakes are accepted and keep
happening. You’ve tried everything you can think of, and there’s no apparent impact. Did
I get that right?” Restating key themes helps increase accountability.

6. Share. Active listening is first about understanding the other person, then about
being understood as the listener. As you gain a clearer understanding of the other person’s
perspective, you can begin to introduce your own ideas, feelings, and suggestions. You
might talk about a similar experience you had or share an idea that was triggered by a
comment made previously in the conversation. Once the situation has been talked through
in this way, both you and your coaches have a good picture of where things stand. From
this point, the conversation can shift into problem-solving: What hasn’t been tried? What
don’t they know? What new approaches could be taken? As the coach, continue to query,
guide, and offer, but don’t dictate a solution. Your coaches will feel more confident and
eager if they think through the options and own the solution. Used in combination, these 6
active listening techniques are the keys in holding a coaching conversation.

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The Mind Tools content team. (2021) Becoming an Active Listener. There are five
key active listening techniques you can use to help you become a more effective listener:

1. Pay Attention Give the speaker your undivided attention and acknowledge the
message. Recognize that non-verbal communication also "speaks" loudly. Look at the
speaker directly. Put aside distracting thoughts. Don't mentally prepare a rebuttal! Avoid
being distracted by environmental factors. For example, side conversations. "Listen" to the
speaker's body language.

2. Show That You're Listening Use your own body language and gestures to show
that you are engaged. Nod occasionally. Smile and use other facial expressions. Make sure
that your posture is open and interested. Encourage the speaker to continue with small
verbal comments like yes, and "uh huh."

3. Provide Feedback Our personal filters, assumptions, judgments, and beliefs can
distort what we hear. As a listener, your role is to understand what is being said. This may
require you to reflect on what is being said and to ask questions. Reflect on what has been
said by paraphrasing. "What I'm hearing is...," and "Sounds like you are saying... ," are
great ways to reflect back. Ask questions to clarify certain points. "What do you mean
when you say... ." "Is this what you mean?" Summarize the speaker's comments
periodically. Tip: If you find yourself responding emotionally to what someone said, say
so. And ask for more information: "I may not be understanding you correctly, and I find
myself taking what you said personally. What I thought you just said is XXX. Is that what
you meant?"

4. Defer Judgment Interrupting is a waste of time. It frustrates the speaker and limits
full understanding of the message. Allow the speaker to finish each point before asking
questions. Don't interrupt with counter arguments.

5. Respond Appropriately Active listening is designed to encourage respect and
understanding. You are gaining information and perspective. You add nothing by attacking
the speaker or otherwise putting her down. Be candid, open and honest in your response.
Assert your opinions respectfully. Treat the other person in a way that you think they would
want to be treated.

The Cengage Blog. (2021) Everyone wants to feel that others are listening to them.
But, most of them do not learn to listen. You learn to speak. All parents are excited when
their children say their first words. You take speech in school. But, for most employees,
having the manager listen to them is important. Active listening is a skill needed by
managers. In the graphic above, The Center for Creative Leadership, lists seven key active
listing skills: Be attentive. Ask open-ended questions. Ask probing questions. Request
clarification. Paraphrase. Be attuned to and reflect feelings. Summarize.

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Indeed Editorial. (2021) Listening skills are an essential part of good
communication. When you are an attentive listener, you can begin to improve relationships,
make decisions more effectively and reach agreements with others quickly. Here are some
additional reasons why listening skills are important: 1. Demonstrates your ability to pay
attention to thoughts, behaviors and feelings of an individual. 2. Increases your power to
influence, serve, motivate or develop people effectively. 3. Enables an organization to
operate efficiently with the information they are given that may cause them to adapt to
market trends or consumer needs. 4. Enhances basic human interaction. 5. Builds personal
and professional relationships

Becton L. (2021) Attentive listeners are usually good learners. Unfortunately, many
students have poor listening skills, which can be very problematic because students spend
considerable time in classrooms listening to lectures during college. Many students believe
they are good listeners, unfortunately they don't fully appreciate the difference between
hearing and listening. Attentive listeners not only hear, they effectively process the
information presented to them. The following tips and strategies will help you be a more
attentive listener:

1. Listen for meaning is a form of active listening. Active and attentive listeners not
only pay attention to words, they also focus on the intent of each word–the message a word
is intended to communicate. To decipher messages, first determine the central idea being
communicated. Then pay close attention to anecdotes, explanations, and other details
meant to clarify meaning. While you work to improve listening skills, always pay close
attention to the central focus of what is being relayed. While you're listening, and after the
listening task has ended, check your comprehension. Did what you learn make sense within
the context of the topic or central idea being communicated? Monitoring and checking
comprehension makes sure that your active listening strategy is working.

2. Adjust your note taking style to the lecture Ineffective listeners often attempt to
jot down every detail from a lecture. They are under the impression that a detailed outline
equates to good notes. Students who utilize this strategy often get discouraged when they
review their notes only to find the breadth, detail and lack of focus in their note-taking is
confusing and leaves them unable to identify central themes and important topics. Effective
listeners adapt their note-taking to the teaching styles of their teachers and lectures. They
focus on central ideas and jot down details that expand on, or clarify, the central concepts
of a lecture.

3. Tackle difficult to understand material It's not uncommon for students to tune out
professors when they start discussing confusing or complex topics. Even when it's possible
to hear every word during a lecture, it can be very difficult to process confusing or

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complicated concepts. Good listeners harness their mental faculties to process what
is being presented.

4. Concentrate and pay attention. People who struggle with listening often have a
difficult time concentrating. Good listeners must work to develop the ability to concentrate
and ignore distractions. This requires the ability to tune out personal worries, thoughts
about family members and friends, and thoughts about upcoming activities. Those who can
hone the ability to concentrate can improve listening skills.

Alison D. (2020) Examples of Active Listening Techniques. There are plenty of
active listening techniques that will improve the impression you can make at a job
interview. Active listening techniques include:

1. Building trust and establishing rapport

2. Demonstrating concern

3. Paraphrasing to show understanding

4. Using nonverbal cues which show understanding such as nodding, eye
contact, and leaning forward
5. Brief verbal affirmations like “I see,” “I know,” “Sure,” “Thank you,” or
“I understand”

6. Asking open-ended questions

7. Asking specific questions to seek clarification

8. Waiting to disclose your opinion

9. Disclosing similar experiences to show understanding

Knowxbox. (2021) There are listening skills training courses which can develop
your listening skills in a better way. Importance of good listening skills: Hearing means
just perceiving the sound but listening means hearing with understanding whatever you are
hearing. Listening is an active process. A good listener can be successful in any field. So,
the importance of good listening skills is enormous. Here we will discuss some of them.

Build good communication: listening attentively to what others say is the first step
of good communication. While communicating with your parents or partner, your good
listening skills will build a lasting, healthy relationship. In an academic place, a good
listener can perform better because a good listener will have the ability to follow the class
more attentively. In the workplace, a good listener can build good communication with
colleagues, co-workers and higher authorities. In society, the person who has good listening

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skills gets the most appreciation. So, in every sphere of life, good listening skill is needed
to build good communication.

Ensure understanding: those who listen attentively can understand the other in a
better way. When you are listening to someone more carefully, you will be able to
understand their words better. If someone is discussing a problem with you and you are
listening attentively, you will be able to solve the problem. If the other person feels you are
listening to him, they will feel free to talk to you. Solve problems: When you are listening
to someone’s problem with patience and interest, it will be easy for you to solve their
problems. Attentive listening will enable you to find out a way more quickly. You will be
able to understand the fundamentals of the problems. If you listen patiently and carefully,
this information will be in your mind, and it will help you solve any problems.

Settle conflicts: Best listening skills training will help you to avoid
misunderstanding. It will also help you to avoid any conflict. Good listening skills will help
you to settle any conflict. When you are listening to each other with attention, you will be
able to understand clearly. It will help you to understand each other’s points of view.

Improve efficiency: When you become a good listener, you become a good speaker
too. A good listening skill will improve many of your qualities. It will make you learn to
keep patience, to be sympathetic, to be cooperative. It will enrich your personality as well
as improve your thought process. Good listening skills will improve your work efficiency
too. With the help of good listening skills, students can improve their grades. Best listening
skill training will help you to improve your listening skills which will enhance your
efficiency. So, listening skills are very much essential to improve our personality. It will
help you to achieve success.

Harmer, Jeremy (1988, p. 135) Students need to be able to listen to a variety of
things in a number of different ways. In the first place, they need to be able to recognize
paralinguistic clues such as intonation in order to understand mood and meaning. They also
need to be able to listen for specific information (such as times, platform numbers, etc.),
and sometimes for more general understanding (when they are listening to a story or
interacting in a social conversation). A lot will depend on the particular genres they are
working with. Most students are perfectly capable of listening to different things in
different ways in their own language(s). Our job is to help them become adept at this kind
of multiskilling when listening to English. However, sometimes they find this
exceptionally difficult.

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Listening principles

SkillYouNeed Blog (2021) analyses listening principles for teachers: Stop Talking,
don't talk, listen. When somebody else is talking listen to what they are saying, do not
interrupt, talk over them or finish their sentences for them. Stop, just listen. When the other
person has finished talking, you may need to clarify to ensure you have received their
message accurately. Prepare yourself to listen, relax. Focus on the speaker. Put other things
out of mind. The human mind is easily distracted by other thoughts – what’s for lunch,
what time do I need to leave to catch my train, is it going to rain – try to put other thoughts
out of mind and concentrate on the messages that are being communicated. Put the speaker
at ease, help the speaker to feel free to speak. Remember their needs and concerns. Nod or
use other gestures or words to encourage them to continue. Maintain eye contact but don’t
stare – show you are listening and understanding what is being said. Remove distractions,
focus on what is being said. Don’t doodle, shuffle papers, look out the window, pick your
fingernails or similar. Avoid unnecessary interruptions. These behaviors disrupt the
listening process and send messages to the speaker that you are bored or distracted.

Similar to, Harappa (2020) The first is stop talking when someone else is speaking.
When someone is speaking, listen attentively. Focus on their message without distractions
so you can respond effectively. When the other person has finished talking, you may share
your views or clarify points to ensure that you have interpreted their message correctly.
But remember, the role of a listener is to listen, not talk. Put the speaker at ease. Second,
some famous talk show hosts put their guests at ease immediately. Their celebrity guests
feel so comfortable that they relax and open up. Even ordinary people who have never been
on television before feel comfortable in their presence. This shows the importance of
making the speaker feel comfortable enough to share what is on their mind. Encourage the
speaker to continue by nodding and using other verbal and nonverbal gestures. This will
put the speaker at ease and greatly enhance the quality of the conversation. Third, get rid
of distractions according to the principles of effective listening, a distracted listener reduces
the effectiveness of the communication in two ways. First, a distracted listener makes the
speaker feel that you are disinterested or bored by their message. A discouraged speaker
will share less and communicate less effectively. Second, being distracted also disrupts the
listening process and reduces the listener’s understanding of what is being said. Fourth,
Empathize with the speaker. Empathy is among the essential principles of good listening.
It’s not only about listening with complete focus.

Chris (2017) These are three principles of a Great Listener. First, Listening to
Understand, really understanding what someone is saying to you takes practice, focus, and
patience. It’s also one of the most important things you can do to ensure you’re being an
active listener. Second, Asking Great Questions, another way to get the most out of your

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conversations is to learn to ask great questions. Find places in your conversation to ask
open-ended questions that draw out more about what the other person is trying to say.
Simply asking “why” at the right point can uncover information that’s crucial to
understanding their point. And finally, Validating What You Hear, oftentimes, people just
want to be heard. Validating what they say reassures them that you’re listening and truly
want to understand what they’re saying. How do you validate someone? It’s as simple as
saying, “So, what I’m hearing is this.” Repeat back what they’re saying and make them
feel heard.

TOEIC (2020) Listening skills are needed for success in all areas of life, including
career, business, dating, family, and personal relationships. The ability to listen properly
and truly understand what another person is saying is a valuable skill that enables you to
communicate more effectively and prevent misunderstandings. Here are the five principles
of effective listening: 1. Focus Your Attention, this is partly due to the mind’s natural
capacity for being easily distracted. Mental chatter and environmental distractions can
make it difficult to stay focused on the speaker. Deliberate practice is the best way to
improve your focus and increase the amount of time you are able to actively listen to
another person. 2. Use Your Eyes, body language can give subtle clues about the real
message behind the speaker’s words. Often, words are not enough to convey the true
meaning of what you are trying to say, so it’s important to look for visual cues and learn to
interpret non-verbal communication. Facial expressions, posture, and muscle tension can
all provide clues to the real message and state of mind of the person speaking. 3. Encourage
the Speaker, to show the person speaking that you are listening to what they are saying, use
open body language and gestures of encouragement. Nodding your head and adding small
words or sounds of approval demonstrate that you are engaged and want to continue
listening. Check your body language to ensure that you are not using defensive or
distracting gestures, such as crossing your arms, swinging your foot, or fidgeting.

Smith (2015) explains that listening is key to all effective communication, without
the ability to listen effectively messages are easily misunderstood – communication breaks
down and the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated. First, Stop
Talking, don't talk, listen. When somebody else is talking listen to what they are saying,
do not interrupt, talk over them or finish their sentences for them. Stop, just listen. When
the other person has finished talking, you may need to clarify to ensure you have received
their message accurately. Second, Prepare Yourself to Listen (Relax), focus on the speaker.
Put other things out of mind. The human mind is easily distracted by other thoughts –
what’s for lunch, what time do I need to leave to catch my train, is it going to rain – try to
put other thoughts out of mind and concentrate on the messages that are being
communicated. Third, Put the Speaker at Ease (Help the speaker to feel free to speak)

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Remember their needs and concerns. Nod or use other gestures or words to encourage them
to continue. Maintain eye contact but don’t stare – show you are listening and
understanding what is being said. Fourth, Remove Distractions (Focus on what is being
said), don’t doodle, shuffle papers, look out the window, pick your fingernails, or similar.
Avoid unnecessary interruptions. These behaviors disrupt the listening process and send
messages to the speaker that you are bored or distracted.

Mildtools (2016) provides five key active listening techniques you can use to help
you become a more effective listener: 1. Pay Attention, Give the speaker your undivided
attention, and acknowledge the message. Recognize that non-verbal communication also
"speaks" loudly; Look at the speaker directly, put aside distracting thoughts, don't mentally
prepare a rebuttal! Avoid being distracted by environmental factors, Listen to the speaker's
body language. 2. Show That You're Listening, use your own body language and gestures
to show that you are engaged; Nod occasionally, Smile and use other facial expressions,
make sure that your posture is open and interested, Encourage the speaker to continue with
small verbal comments like yes, and "uh huh." 3. Provide Feedback, our personal filters,
assumptions, judgments, and beliefs can distort what we hear. As a listener, your role is to
understand what is being said. 4. Defer Judgment, interrupting is a waste of time. It
frustrates the speaker and limits full understanding of the message; allow the speaker to
finish each point before asking questions, don't interrupt with counterarguments. And 5.
Respond Appropriately, active listening is designed to encourage respect and
understanding. You are gaining information and perspective.

Center for Creative Leadership (2020) explains that enhancing your active listening
skill set involves more than just hearing someone speak. When you’re putting active
listening skills to practice, you should be using these 6 techniques: 1. Pay attention. One
goal of active listening and being an effective listener is to set a comfortable tone that gives
your coachee an opportunity to think and speak. 2. Withhold judgment. Active listening
requires an open mind. As a listener and a leader, be open to new ideas, new perspectives,
and new possibilities when practicing active listening. 3. Reflect. When you’re the listener,
don’t assume that you understand your coachee correctly or that they know you’ve heard
them. 4. Clarify. Don’t be shy to ask questions about any issue that’s ambiguous or unclear
when engaging in active listening. 5. Summarize restating key themes as the conversation
proceeds confirm and solidify your grasp of the other person’s point of view. It also helps
both parties to be clear on mutual responsibilities and follow-up. 6. Share. Active listening
is first about understanding the other person, then about being understood as the listener.
As you gain a clearer understanding of the other person’s perspective, you can begin to
introduce your own ideas, feelings, and suggestions. You might talk about a similar

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experience you had or share an idea that was triggered by a comment made previously in
the conversation.

Limacher (2020) explains that a good listener listens not only to what is being said,
but also to what is left unsaid: 1. Stop talking, listen twice as much as you talk. Avoid
interrupting, talking over or finishing the sentence for the person who is speaking. 2. Focus
on the speaker, don’t get distracted by your thoughts and concentrate on the messages that
are being communicated. 3. Empathies, Look at the speaker issues from his/her
perspective. Let go of preconceived ideas. If the speaker says something that you disagree
with, wait and formulate your argument by keeping an open mind. 4. Be patient A pause
does not necessarily mean that the speaker is finished. Allow him/her to speak at his/her
own pace. Never interrupt or finish a sentence for someone else. 5. Be impartial, everyone
has a different way of speaking (accents, emotions, gestures etc.) Focus on what is said. 6.
Listen to the tone, everyone uses tone and volume to emphasize their message. Understand
the speakers' style. 7. Get the whole picture, together in order to capture the meaning of
what is said. 8. Listen with your eyes, observe gestures, facial expressions, eye-movements
- a great part of information is transmitted by non-verbal communication. 9. Put the speaker
at ease, fulfill the speaker’s need and concerns. Nod, use gestures or word to encourage the
speaker. Show that you are listening and understanding. And 10. Remove distractions,
Avoid any kind of distractions and unnecessary interruptions.

Gillian (2020) provides approach with curiosity, if you arrive in conflict assuming
that you already know exactly how another person is thinking and feeling, you close
yourself off from discovering something new about your partner’s perspective. Cultivating
curiosity is about meeting your partner (or anyone) with a sense of openness and a
willingness to learn. Practice this by asking for more details, seeking clarification where
needed, and mindfully noting any assumptions or judgments held. Tune into your inner
silence, as Oren J. Sofer writes, “To truly listen depends on a kind of inner silence. It
requires that we empty ourselves and make space to receive something new.” Tuning into
your inner silence is not about denying your own needs, feelings, or beliefs. Rather, it is
about setting your own views aside for a time to better understand the experience of
another. If the mind races while your partner speaks, you can come back to your inner
silence simply by noticing your breath and then returning open attention to the person.

Studylecturenotes (2019) shows information 1. Mark Twain very well said, “If we
were supposed to talk more than we listen, we would have two tongues and one ear.” You
should not talk but listen when someone else is talking. Just do not interrupt, finish their
sentences or talk over them. 2. All your focus should be on your speaker. You must put all
the other things out of your mind so that your mind is not distracted. 3. Make use of the
gestures to encourage the speaker to continue talking. It is suggested to maintain the eye

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contact but not to stare at all. Just show that you are listening and understanding what is
being said. 4. You should not doodle, shuffle the papers, and look out of the window or
anything similar. Try to avoid unnecessary interruptions. This kind of behavior disrupts
the process of listening. 5. Have patience and let the speaker complete what he wants to
communicate. It is because at times it takes time to formulate what is to say and how to
say. Don’t interpret or finish a sentence for anyone.

Harmer, Jeremy (1988, p. 135) indicates the six principles: Principle 1: Encourage
students to listen as often and as much as possible. The more students listen, the better they
get at listening - and the better they get at understanding pronunciation and at using it
appropriately themselves. Principle 2: Help students prepare to listen. Students need to be
made ready to listen. This means that they will need to look at pictures, discuss the topic,
or read the questions first, for example, in order to be in a position to predict what is
coming. Principle 3: Once may not be enough. There are almost no occasions when the
teacher will play an audio track only once. Students will want to hear it again to pick up
the things they missed the first time - and we may well want them to have a chance to study
some of the language features on the tape. Principle 4: Encourage students to respond to
the content of a listening, not just to the language. An important part of a listening sequence
is for teachers to draw out the meaning of what is being said, discern what is intended and
find out what impression it makes on the students. Principle 5: Different listening stages
demand different listening tasks. Because there are different things we want to do with a
listening text, we need to set different tasks for different listening stages. Principle 6: Good
teachers exploit listening texts to the full. If teachers ask students to invest time and
emotional energy in a listening text - and if they themselves have spent time choosing and
preparing the listening sequence - then it makes sense to use the audio track or live listening
experience for as many different applications as possible.

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Listening sequences

Houston (2016) indicates the three stages of a listening activity include:
Pre-listening give students a simple preview of the listening text. You want to give them a
little information, but not too much. Ideally, you should get your students thinking about
what they hear. Give them just a tiny bit of information, such as the title, the topic, or a
short sentence, and allow them to predict what they’re going to hear. While-listening the
while-listening stage is where students listen and do a task. Many coursebooks feature
tasks, such as listening for gist, listening for main ideas, making inferences, and
summarizing. Assigning a task can help students focus and develop important strategies
for language learning. Post-listening at this point, you can ask students to look over the
transcript and see what they might have had trouble understanding.

According to, ZeePedia.com (2021) designs the basic listening sequence (BLS) was
not presented as an integrated sequence until 1980s. Ivy (1988) noticed that the micro skill
of listening has been part of counseling for over 30 years but the basic listening sequence
(BLS) was first identified by a skilled manager Digital Computer Corporation when an
employee came up to the manager with a problem on the production line, and the manager
engaged in good attending behavior. Basic Listening Sequence include Open questions,
closed questions, encouragement, paraphrasing, reflection of feeling and summarization.

In the same way, Psichologyanswers.com (2019) The skills involved in the basic
listening sequence are open and closed questions, paraphrasing, the reflection of feelings,
and summarizing. Open and Closed Questions. Questioning is a primary skill that allows
professional counselors to gather important. and specific information about clients.

TeachingEnglish (2020) The basic framework on which you can construct a
listening lesson can be divided into three main stages. Pre-listening, during which we help
our students prepare to listen. While listening, during which we help to focus their attention
on the listening text and guide the development of their understanding of it. And post-
listening, during which we help our students integrate what they have learnt from the text
into their existing knowledge

Vandergrift L. (2004) Planning for the successful completion of a listening task,
Pre-listening activities help students make decisions about what to listen for and,
subsequently, to focus attention on meaning while listening. During this critical phase of
the listening process, teachers prepare students for what they will hear and what they are
expected to do. First, students need to bring to consciousness their knowledge of the topic,
their knowledge of how information is organized in different texts and any relevant cultural
information. Second, a purpose for listening must be established so that students know the

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