Unit 1-4 UP

Credit https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/japanese-pronunciation/ 13

4

Non-pulmonic
consonants

All English sounds are pulmonic egressive.
BUT, there are other kinds of airstream mechanisms

in other languages.

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3 kinds of Clicks = exotic sounds = paralinguistics in
by moving air in many lang.
non-
pulmonic the mouth e.g. disapproval, get a
consonants horse to move faster,

clip-clop, a kiss

Voiced = stops/affricates + e.g. Sub-Saharan
implosives glottalic and Africa, SE Asia;
Khmer, Vietnamese
pulmonic egressive

Ejectives usually voiceless + may contrast with
plosives/affricates aspirated, voiced,
tenuis consonants

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5

Consonants clusters

Words can be pronounced with 2 or more
consonant sounds

either in the initial or final position of a syllable.

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3 types of a single e.g. tall = [tʰɔɬ] Note:
string of consonant initial sound = onset
final sound = coda
consonant
sounds in a consonant = a group or Thai
cluster sequence of = 12 CC
syllable consonants that English
appear together in = 32 CC + 7 CCC
a syllable w/o a in the initial position
& -C to -CCCC in the
vowel final position

complex called secondary palatalization : [tjun]
articulation articulation / the
modifications of labialization : [tʰwɪŋ̃ k]
velarization : [kʰɔɬ]
speech sounds
nasalization : [strãŋmæ̃ n]

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6

Naming consonant
sounds

sometimes it can be confusing calling
a consonant sound by its symbol.

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List its 3 features: voicing quality, place of articulation, manner of articulation.

“

Examples
/b/ = voiced bilabial plosive/stop
/ʃ/ = voiceless alveolar fricative

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Aspiration is another salient feature of plosive/stop sounds.

“

Examples
[p] = voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive/stop
[pʰ] = voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive/stop

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Helpful Websites

(1) http://www.ipachart.com/
(2) http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-

sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/
(3) https://www.paulmeier.com/consonants/

(4) https://ipa.typeit.org/full/
(5) https://tophonetics.com/

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Thanks!

Any questions?

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Vowel Sounds of
English

F W WNT T
TLK RLLY GD
W’LL HV TO
NVNT VWLS

Can you read this?

2

“

▹ A vowel = a speech sound which constitute a syllable.
▹ e.g. organic = 3 syllables

▸ 3 vowel sounds ; /ɔ/, /æ/, /ɪ/
▹ vowel sounds are syllabic  nucleus of a syllable
▹ alone or preceded or followed by one or more consonant

sounds e.g. a /e/, stamps /stæmps/

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“

▹ All vowel sounds in English are voiced + oral sounds .
▹ 4 characteristics of vowels

▸ the height of the tongue
▸ the part of the tongue
▸ the degree of muscular tension of the tongue
▸ the degree of lip-rounding

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American English vowel sounds

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1

Classification of
vowels

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height ▹ High vowels - as high as possible
▸ /i/ - beat /bit/, /ɪ/ - bit /bɪt/,
of tongue
/u/ - moon /mun/ , /ʊ/ - could /kʊd/

▹ Mid vowels - between high & low
▸ /e/ - late /let/, /ε/ - press /prεs/,

/ə/ - fun /fən/ , must /məst/,
/o/ - go /go/, /ɔ/ - jaw /ʤɔ/

▹ Low vowels - as low as possible
▸ /æ/ - jam /ʤæm/, /a/ - jar /ʤar/

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part ▹ Front vowels - raising the front part
▸ /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ε/, /æ/
of tongue ▸ seen /sin/, sin /sɪn/, sane /sen/, send /sεnd/,

sand /sænd/

▹ Central vowels -raising the central part
▸ /ə/ - cut /kət/, ago /əgo/, /a/ - card /kard/

▹ Back vowels - raising the back part
▸ /u/, /ʊ /, /o/ , /ɔ/
▸ pool, pull, pole, Paul

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degree of ▹ Tense vowels – tight or tense muscles
muscular ▸ /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, /ɔ/, /ə/
tension of ▸ feel, fail, fool, fold, fall, fun

tongue ▹ Lax vowels - little muscular tension
▸ /ɪ/, /ε/, /æ/, /a/, /ʊ/, /ə/
▸ sit, sex, Saturday, bartender, book, ago

▹ Some English vowels
▸ e.g. /i/ and /ɪ/, = tense-lax pairs

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degree of Unrounded Rounded
lip-

rounding

▹ Rounded vowels - lips are rounded
▸ back vowels /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, and /ɔ/

▹ Unrounded vowels - lips spread
▸ front vowels /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ε/, /æ/
▸ central vowels /ə/, /a/

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2

Naming vowel
sounds

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Naming vowel sounds (monophthongs)

English Phonetic Tongue Part of Muscular Lip
words symbols height the tension of rounding
the tongue
speak /i/ High tongue Unrounded
pay /e/ Mid Front Tense Unrounded
foot /ʊ/ High Front Tense Rounded
/ɔ/ Mid Back Rounded
bought Back Lax
Lax

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3

Diphthongs

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“

▹ made up of two vowels pronounced one after the other

in the same syllable

▹ said very closely together with a smooth movement
▹ a diphthong tends to be long

▸ because of the time required by the glide

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English diphthongs

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American American 7 diphthongs /ɪə/, /ʊə/, /eɪ/, /aɪ/,
diphthongs /ɔɪ/, /oʊ/, and /aʊ/
VS British
diphthongs

British BBC English 2 categories:
8 diphthongs centering (3)
& closing (5)
diphthongs

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American Diphthong English Movement
diphthongs words

/ɪə/ cheer The glide begins with /ɪ/ and moves towards /ə/
/ʊə/ tour The glide begins with /ʊ/ and moves towards /ə/
/eɪ/ may The glide begins with /e/ and moves towards /ɪ/
/aɪ/ fine The glide begins with /a/ and moves towards /ɪ/
/ɔɪ/ oil The glide begins with /ɔ/ and moves towards /ɪ/
/oʊ/ coat The glide begins with /o/ and moves towards /ʊ/
/aʊ/ our The glide begins with /a/ and moves towards /ʊ/

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British
diphthongs

3 BBC centering diphthongs 5 BBC closing diphthongs

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4

Triphthongs

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Triphthongs ▹ = a glide from one vowel to another
and then to a third

▹ produced rapidly without interruption

▹ composed of the 5 closing diphthongs
with /ə/ added on the end
▸ /eɪ/ + /ə/ = /eɪə/ as in player
▸ /əʊ/ + /ə/ = /əʊə/ as in thrower
▸ /aɪ/ + /ə/ = /aɪə/ as in fire
▸ /ɔɪ/ + /ə/ = /ɔɪə/ as in loyal
▸ /aʊ/ + /ə/ = /aʊə/ as in hour

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5

Semi-vowels
or

glides

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Semi- ▹ = nonsyllabic sound phonetically similar to a vowel
vowels ▹ syllable boundary > nucleus of a syllable
▹ 2 semi-vowels in English ; /j/ and /w/

▸ yes /jɛs/ , weak /wik/
▹ Semi-vowels are called approximant consonants

because of open stricture like the vowel sound.

▹ co-equal vowels ; /i/ and /u/
▹ coda, not nucleus  greater obstruction than vowels
▹ less obstruction than most other consonants

▹ e.g. คลาย /khla:j/, เอว /eːw/

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Thanks!

Any questions?

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