Where Should You Place An Adverb? When deciding on where to place your adverb within a sentence it is important to remember to place it as near as possible to the word it is going to modify. If the word you are modifying is a verb then the adverb should be placed in the middle of the sentence, for example: ▪ He swam effortlessly across the pool. It is important to consider the adverb ‘only’ as this can often be misplaced and has the ability to change the meaning of the sentence. Look at the two following examples: ▪ I only fed my bird. ▪ I fed only my bird. The first sentence explains that I fed my bird but did nothing else with it, whereas the second sentence explains that I fed my bird and not any other birds. Different types of adverbs and adverbials go in different positions in the clause. Let’s learn these adverb positions in a sentence, also called adverb placement. ▪ The front position: before the subject of the sentence. It gives information in advance, to set the scene for the action that follows. ▪ The mid position: the adverb in this position is intimately connected with the verb, generally placed immediately before it. If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and main verb. In case there are two, it is placed between them. If there is a negative auxiliary, the adverb normally goes after the negative element, but we can emphasize negation by placing the adverb just before it. ▪ The end position: at the end of the sentence.
The Use Of Adverbs To Modify Other Words As we mentioned, the adverb can be used to modify various different types of words. We are now going to take a closer look at each of these and how it works. Adverbs With Verbs An adverb can be used to talk about how an action is happening. You might think about this as the adverb being used to answer the question “how does something happen?’ or ‘In what manner does it happen?’ Some examples of this are: ▪ My dog barks loudly. ▪ He will seriously think about this idea. We can see here that the adverbs answer the questions ‘how does your dog bark?’ or ‘how will you think about this idea?’ In the most simple terms, if you want to find out how an action has been performed, an adverb will answer this. It is important to remember that adverbs should not be used with a linking verb, examples of these might be to smell, to feel, to seem, to appear or to taste. If you consider the following sentence you will see that the adverb does not fit, and that an adjective might be more appropriate. ▪ He feels terribly about the death of his aunt. We mentioned that adverbs describe how an action takes place but with a linking verb, it is required to describe what is taking place, for example what he is feeling. This would mean that an adjective would work better, take a look: ▪ He feels terrible about the death of his aunt.. Adverbs With Adjectives And Other Adverbs An adverb also has the ability to modify either another adverb or an adjective. This is a great way to cause the adjective to become more intense and descriptive, giving a much more clear indication of what is being spoken about. Consider the phrase “he is tall.” The adjective here is tall, but with the use of an adverb, we can describe how tall he is. Look at the sentence once it has been modified: ▪ He is very tall. Here are some more examples of how an adverb can modify an adjective. ▪ My sister is rather attractive. ▪ The beach was unexpectedly busy. ▪ My teacher is always well dressed. You might also use an adverb to modify another adverb, take a look at the following example: ▪ The food here is almost never good.
The adverb almost is being used to modify the adverb never and both of these are being used to modify the word good. When you are using an adverb with another adverb, there is the possibility to go as far as you would like and use several adverbs together, however you should err on the side of caution with this since it can make a sentence weak. It is preferable to choose one or two adverbs to make your sentence stronger and less bulky. Let’s look at an example of a sentence with too many adverbs. ▪ My father shouts quite horrifically too loudly. You can understand what the sentence is trying to tell us but the use of adverbs is a little too much. Adverbs To Modify A Sentence An adverb can be used to modify a whole sentence and in this case will appear usually at the beginning. When used in this way, the adverb is not talking about any specific thing but is rather being used as a way to give an overall feeling for all of the information presented. Some examples of this are: ▪ Generally, people take the train into London. ▪ Luckily, my family lives in a nice location. ▪ Interestingly, the ancient people ate the same meats as we do. Adverbs For Comparison In some cases you might use an adverb to make a comparison. You can do this by adding the words more or most in front of the adverb. Let’s look at the progression of this in the following sentences. ▪ He ran quickly. ▪ He ran more quickly ▪ He ran the most quickly. Adapted from https://7esl.com/english-adverbs/
1 Adjective: Definition, Rules and Examples English adjectives! What is an adjective? The adjective is an important part of a lot of sentences and are used in all languages, but what is their importance in the English language? In this article, we are going to be looking at what exactly an adjective is as well as how it functions within a sentence. Learn adjective definition and useful grammar rules in relation to English adjectives with examples. What Is Adjective? What is an adjective? In the most simple terms, an adjective is a word used to describe a noun. These words can add a more descriptive flavour to a sentence. For example, you might say something along the line of the following in order to describe a tree, “It is a tree.” If you were to add an adjective into the sentence, you would give a clearer picture of what you were trying to describe, by saying something such as “It is a large tree.” or “It is a large, leafy tree.” The words in bold are the adjectives and allow the listener to get a better understanding of the object being talked about. However, adjectives do not simply have to describe an object, they can also be used in order to describe something that is not tangible. A good example of this is the use of adjectives to talk about someone’s personality. You might say something along the lines of ” My father is an intelligent man.” Adjectives are a great way to appeal to the senses by describing visual aspects, taste, smell, sound and emotional or non physical attributes. In general, an adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun such as person, place, thing or idea. Adjective is a part of speech which is common that people use it almost automatically, both in speech and in writing.
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3 Adjective Examples English Adjectives can be identified by their endings. Common adjective endings are as follows: ▪ -able/-ible: credible, achievable, gullible, capable, illegible, sensible, remarkable, horrible ▪ -al: annual, functional, individual, logical, essential ▪ -ful: awful, cheerful, doubtful, faithful, forceful ▪ -ic: terrific, cubic, manic, rustic ▪ -ive: intensive, adaptive, attractive, dismissive, inventive, persuasive ▪ -less: doubtless, endless, fearless, helpless, homeless, breathless, careless, groundless, restless ▪ -ous: adventurous, famous, generous, courageous, dangerous, tremendous, fabulous Though, a large number of adjectives are different… ▪ hot ▪ dark ▪ smart ▪ cool ▪ common ▪ complete ▪ large ▪ deep ▪ thin ▪ far ▪ attractive ▪ great ▪ doubtful ▪ cold ▪ crowded ▪ careless ▪ noisy ▪ quiet ▪ real ▪ pink ▪ silent ▪ simple ▪ strange ▪ generous ▪ wide ▪ young ▪ …
4 Types of Adjectives We are now going to look at the various different types of adjectives that can be used to spice up your sentences. There are two main types of adjectives as shown below. ▪ Descriptive adjectives describe quality of the noun. In fact, descriptive adjectives can be attributive adjectives or predicate adjectives. ▪ While, Limiting adjectives limit the noun being described. There are nine types of limiting adjectives as follows: ▪ Definite & Indefinite Articles ▪ Possessive Adjectives ▪ Demonstrative Adjectives ▪ Indefinite Adjectives ▪ Interrogative Adjectives ▪ Cardinal Adjectives ▪ Ordinal Adjectives ▪ Proper Adjectives ▪ Nouns used as Adjectives
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6 Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership or possession. ▪ Possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, their. Possessive adjectives occur before a noun (her hair) or a an adjective + noun (her new hair). ▪ Possessive adjectives have no singular or plural. They are used with both singular and plural nouns (his ball, his balls). Here is a list of subject pronouns and their possessive adjectives: ▪ I – my ▪ You – your ▪ He – his ▪ She – her ▪ It – its ▪ We – our ▪ They – their
7 Demonstrative Adjectives In English grammar, this, that, these, and those are demonstrative adjectives. For example: ▪ This school is infinitely better than the last one I went to. ▪ I think that book is mine. ▪ These plants are particularly useful for brightening up shady areas. ▪ Let me give you a hand with those bags.
8 Where To Place An Adjective In A Sentence The Position of Adjectives in a Sentence In order to ensure that you have a properly formed and grammatically correct sentence, it is important to position the adjectives in the correct place. We are now going to take a look at where the adjective should be placed within a sentence in order to make it sound as authentic as possible. An attribute adjective is placed before the noun it is modifying. Let’s take a look at some examples of this. ▪ She is a pretty girl. ▪ This is my green dress. ▪ Today, we will have heavy rain. ▪ Ants have tiny legs. ▪ It is a hot day. You can also have a predicative adjective which is placed after the noun which it is modifying. Here are some examples to demonstrate this. ▪ This sandwich is tasty. ▪ The boy is tall. ▪ My cats eyes are yellow. ▪ The cake is not healthy. ▪ My daughter is beautiful. There is also the opportunity to place an adjective after certain verbs in order to modify them. This does not apply to all verbs, so let’s take a look at some examples verbs which can be modified with an adjective. It is worth noting that when using an adjective to modify a verb, the verb should come before the adjective, it will not sound correct if placed the other way around. The following verbs can be modified with an adjective. ▪ appear ▪ become ▪ go ▪ get ▪ turn ▪ feel ▪ keep Here are some examples of these verbs being modified with an adjective. ▪ I feel amazing after my spa day. ▪ He has become lazy having not had a job for weeks. ▪ The dog appears aggressive.
9 You can also use an adjective after the verbs to smell, to taste, to sound and to look. Let’s take a look at some examples of the adjective placement for these verbs. ▪ That pizza tastes fantastic. ▪ The music sounds good. ▪ It looks stunning. ▪ That smells awful. Adjectives Without A Noun It is possible to use an adjective as a standalone word without a noun. This can be seen in an example such as the following. “He is rich” the adjective here is being used with the pronoun he, however this can be used on its own as simply describing something as “rich.” You might also use an adjective on it’s own in a sentence such as the following, “The largest must go at the back.” Adjectives In Pairs You might wish to use more than one adjective in order to give you sentence a very descriptive feel. For example, you might say “This is a large, red car.” or “I am a clever, thoughtful person.” Order of Adjectives Learn rules and examples for the order of adjectives in English. In general, the adjective order in English is: ▪ Determiner ▪ Observation (Opinion) ▪ Size and Shape ▪ Age ▪ Color ▪ Origin ▪ Material ▪ Qualifier (Purpose)
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11 Comparison of Adjectives There are three forms of comparison of adjectives in English ▪ Positive: it is an ordinary form of adjectives A positive adjective is used to describe something without making any sort of comparison to anything else. For example, as seen in the sentence “I am kind.” or “This is a great movie.” ▪ Comparative: shows when two persons or objects being compared A comparative adjective is used in order to compare two things, it is quite often followed by the word than, you can see this is the following examples. “I am nicer than him.” or “This movie is better than the first one.” ▪ Superlative: indicates that the quality or quantity is at its highest or is most intense A superlative adjective is used as a way of comparing more than two things and as a way to say that the thing you are talking about is the ‘most’, you might notice this in the following examples. “I am the nicest of all the students.” or “This is the best movie out of the entire series.”
12 Comparatives Comparatives are used to compare and clarify the difference between two nouns. In other words, comparatives are used when two persons or objects being compared.
13 Superlatives When an adjective compares three or more things, the superlative form of the adjective is used. Superlatives indicate that the quality or quantity is at its highest or is most intense.
14 Compound Adjectives Compound adjectives are adjectives that are made up of two or more words usually with hyphens (-) between them. Generally, compound adjectives can be formed as follows: ▪ Adjective + Past participle ▪ Adverb + Past Participle ▪ Noun + Past Participle ▪ Noun + Present Participle ▪ Adjective + Present Participle ▪ Adverb + Present Participle ▪ Noun + Adjective ▪ Adjective + Noun ▪ Noun + Noun ▪ Adjective + Adjective
15 Adjectives Ending in -ED and -ING Some adjectives, known as participles will end in the letters -ing or -ed. These are placed before a noun, as you can see in the following sentence “I saw an interesting documentary last night.” However, they are always placed before a verb, like in the following example, “I am not excited about the party.” Learn the difference between Adjectives Ending in -ED and -ING with useful rules and examples. List of Adjectives Ending in -ED and -ING ▪ Amazing – Amazed ▪ Amusing – Amused ▪ Annoying – Annoyed ▪ Boring – Bored ▪ Challenging – Challenged ▪ Charming – Charmed ▪ Confusing – Confused ▪ Convincing – Convinced ▪ Depressing – Depressed ▪ Disappointing – Disappointed ▪ Disgusting – Disgusted ▪ Disturbing – Disturbed ▪ Embarrassing – Embarrassed ▪ Entertaining – Entertained ▪ Exciting – Excited ▪ Exhausting – Exhausted ▪ Depressing – Depressed ▪ Disappointing – Disappointed ▪ Fascinating – Fascinated ▪ Frightening – Frightened ▪ Frustrating – Frustrated ▪ Inspiring – Inspired ▪ Interesting – Interested ▪ Pleasing – Pleased ▪ Relaxing – Relaxed ▪ Relieving – Relieved ▪ Satisfying – Satisfied ▪ Shocking – Shocked ▪ Surprising – Surprised ▪ Terrifying – Terrified ▪ Threatening – Threatened ▪ Thrilling – Thrilled ▪ Tiring – Tired ▪ Touching – Touched ▪ Worrying – Worried
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17 Adjective Suffixes Learn Common Adjective Suffixes in English. Common Adjective Suffixes in English ▪ -al, -ial, -ical ▪ -able, -ible ▪ -an, -ian ▪ -ary ▪ -full ▪ -ic ▪ -ive ▪ -ish ▪ -less ▪ -like ▪ -y ▪ -ous, -ose ▪ -ant, -ent ▪ -ile
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19 Adjectives To Describe Anything! You can literally use an adjective to describe a whole wealth of things from how something appears to what it smells like or its size. We are now going to look at a few examples of adjectives to describe different things. Taste ▪ Delicious ▪ Bland ▪ Bitter ▪ Sweet ▪ Tasty Touch ▪ Soft ▪ Windy ▪ Oily ▪ Smooth ▪ Cold Sound ▪ Noisy ▪ Whispering ▪ Shrill ▪ Silent ▪ Hissing Size ▪ Gigantic ▪ Huge ▪ Minute ▪ Tiny ▪ Wee Shape ▪ Narrow ▪ Hollow ▪ Straight ▪ Rotund ▪ Crooked Time ▪ Late ▪ Old ▪ Slow ▪ Speedy ▪ Daily Amount ▪ Lots ▪ Many ▪ Ample
20 ▪ Sparse ▪ Enough Emotion ▪ Excited ▪ Amused ▪ Kind ▪ Grumpy ▪ Boring Personality ▪ Generous ▪ Happy ▪ Smart ▪ Sassy ▪ Jaunty Appearance ▪ Attractive ▪ Fat ▪ Spotless ▪ Confident ▪ Plain Situation ▪ Nasty ▪ Aromatic ▪ Illegal ▪ Rainy ▪ Worse Conclusion Adjectives can be used in many ways and help the speaker or writer to better describe something, giving the audience a clearer picture about what is being discussed. Adjectives can come in various forms and depending on their form and what type of word they are modifying, will depend on where they are placed within a sentence. Adapted from https://7esl.com/adjectives/
1 ELTC-PITO 2020: TSLBP2033 Handout LA 14a Participant 1 NARRATIVE Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Complication 3. Resolution 4. Reorientation (optional) Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Chronologically arranged RECOUNT Purpose: To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Event(s) 3. Reorientation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adjectives Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography. The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure DESCRIPTIVE Purpose: To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail. Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Identification 2. Description Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Using special technical terms REPORT Purpose: To presents information about something, as it is. Generic Structure: 1. General classification 2. Description Dominant Language Feature: 1. Introducing group or general aspect 2. Using conditional logical connection 3. Using Simple Present Tense
2 ELTC-PITO 2020: TSLBP2033 Participant 2 EXPLANATION Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena. Generic Structure: 1. General statement 2. Explanation 3. Closing Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verbs 3. Using passive voice 4. Using noun phrase 5. Using adverbial phrase 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect PROCEDURE Purpose: To help readers how to do or make something completely Generic Structure: 1. Goal/Aim 2. Materials/Equipment 3. Steps/Methods Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using Imperatives sentence 3. Using adverb 4. Using technical terms DISCUSSION Purpose: To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’) Generic Structure: 1. Issue 2. Arguments for and against 3. Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Use of relating verb/to be 3. Using thinking verb 4. Using general and abstract noun 5. Using conjunction/transition 6. Using modality 7. Using adverb of manner REVIEW Purpose: To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Evaluation 3. Interpretative Recount 4. Evaluation 5. Evaluative Summation Dominant Language Features: 1. Focus on specific participants 2. Using adjectives 3. Using long and complex clauses 4. Using metaphor
3 ELTC-PITO 2020: TSLBP2033 Participant 3 ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Reiteration/Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using modals 2. Using action verbs 3. Using thinking verbs 4. Using adverbs 5. Using adjective 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using connectives/transition HORTATORY EXPOSITION Purpose: To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Recommendation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using modals 3. Using action verbs 4. Using thinking verbs 5. Using adverbs 6. Using adjective 7. Using technical terms 8. Using general and abstract noun 9. Using connectives/transition Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition? Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done ANECDOTE Purpose: To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident Generic Structure: 1. Abstract 2. Orientation 3. Crisis 4. Reaction 5. Coda. Dominant Language Features: 1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers 2. Using material process 3. Using temporal conjunctions NEWS ITEM Purpose: To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Newsworthy event 2. Background events 3. Sources Dominant Language Features: 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline 2. Using action verbs 3. Using saying verbs 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner
4 ELTC-PITO 2020: TSLBP2033 Handout LA 14b Participant 4
5 ELTC-PITO 2020: TSLBP2033 Participant 5
UNDERSTANDING NEWSPAPER LANGUAGE Headline Language Short Words Headlines often use very short words to make an impact. These are sometimes violent words e.g. Thugs battle. A thug is a violent person and a battle is a fight (it is a noun and a verb). This headline could also read Some thugs have been fighting, however this does not have the same impact as the short headline above. Omitted Words Headlines often don't include verbs and articles, for example, More MP resignations over expenses row. If we put this into spoken English then the sentence would read More MPs have resigned over the row about expenses. This means that Members of Parliament have left their jobs because of the disagreements over what they should be able to claim on expenses. Another example would be New flood alert. This means that there have been warnings that there could be more flooding. Word Play A key part of newspaper language is word play. Words with two different meanings in English can be used in an amusing and entertaining way. This is called a pun. For example, Short-staffed? That's fine by Mr. Sarkozy. This headline plays with the word short. Short-staffed means that there are not enough staff to do the job. However, this article refers to the fact that during a visit to a factory all the staff he was introduced to were short because he is only 1.7m! Another example would be Police found drunk in street. This headline plays with the word drunk. One meaning is that the Police were found drunk in the street. The second meaning is that the Police found a drunk man in the street. Noun Strings It is also common to have a row of nouns in a headline. For example, Prime Minister's traffic headache. This means that the Prime Minister has had some sort of problem with traffic. Another example would be Teenage pregnancy increase. This means that there has been an increase in teenage pregnancy. Alliteration Alliteration is when a sound is repeated. It is often used in poetry as well as newspapers. Newspapers use it to attract the eye and make it more memorable. For example, Media makes Madonna Mad. The 'm' is repeated 4 times. Ambiguity Headlines are often ambiguous making the reader look at the article. If we take the above headline the word 'mad' is ambiguous because it could mean insane or it could mean very angry. Also, the word drunk is ambiguous in the word play example above.
Verb Changes Verbs are often changed in headlines. The simple tense is used instead of the continuous or perfect tense and the infinitive is used for the future. For example, Brown resigns. This is used instead of Brown has resigned. Another example would be PM to visit USA. This is used instead of The Prime Minister's going to visit the USA. Adapted from: https://www.londonschool.com/blog/understanding-newspaper-language/
Read the article on "Use of Language in Advertisements". USE OF LANGUAGE IN ADVERTISEMENTS By Dr R. Kannan and Dr Sarika Tyagi The language of Advertising A study of vocabulary used in advertising listed the most common adjectives and verbs in order of frequency. They are: Adjectives Verbs 1. new 1. make 2. good/better/best 2. get 3. free 3. give 4. fresh 4. have 5. delicious 5. see 6. full 6. buy 7. sure 7. come 8. clean 8. go 9. wonderful 9. know 10. special 10. keep 11. crisp 11. look 12. fine 12. need 13. big 13. love 14. great 14. use 15. real 15 feel 16. easy 16. like 17. bright 17. choose 18. extra 18. take 19. safe 19. start 20. rich 20. taste * Good and new were over twice as popular as any other adjective.
Weasel words are often used. These are words which suggest a meaning without actually being specific. One type is the open comparative: "Brown's Boots Are Better" (posing the question "better than what?"). Another type is the bogus superlative: "Brown's Boots are Best" (posing the question "rated alongside what?") Look out for the following Weasel words: helps like virtually enriched worth fresh tested guaranteed scientific traditional homemade organic Hyperbole - exaggeration, often by use of adjectives and adverbs. A limited range of evaluative adjectives includes new, clean, white, real, fresh, right, natural, big, great, slim, soft, wholesome, improved Familiar language: use of second person pronouns (you) to address an audience and suggest a friendly attitude. Present tense is used most commonly, though nostalgia is summoned by the simple past. Simple vocabulary is most common, my mate Mary, with the exception of technical vocabulary to emphasise the scientific aspects of a product (computers medicines and cars but also hair and cleaning products) which often comes as a complex noun phrase, the new four wheel servo-assisted disc brakes. Finally potency. David Ogilvy identifies the following words as giving news value, novelty and immediacy to a piece of copy. free now how to suddenly announcing introducing improvement amazing sensational remarkable revolutionary starting miracle magic offer quick easy wanted challenge advice to compare bargain hurry last change Adapted from: Kannan, R., & Tyagi, S. (2013). Use of Language in Advertisements. English for Specific Purposes, 13(37).
Here are some samples of advertisements that use language of advertising as indicated in red circles and squares:
20 Steps to write a good article by Münir Salih 1. In order to write a good article, first choose your topic and decide its boundaries. (The topic must be narrowed as much as possible, and the scope of it must be outlined clearly.) 2. Make a serious and detailed research on the topic. (Be sure that you have not missed any important issue written about the topic.) 3. Read treatises, articles and books about the topic until you are sure that you have comprehended the topic with every aspect. (Your comprehension of your readings determines the quality of your article as much as the quantity and quality of your readings do.) 4. If your topic is still too broad, revise your topic according to your readings and narrow it as much as possible. (Not limiting the topic means that you will write a heavy speech and a common composition.) 5. Make your plan! (Writing what pops into mind without any plan is useless. Plan is your road map.) 6. Classify the knowledge that you read and collect according to the plan. 7. Leave out all irrelevant information! 8. Start to write your article according to your plan. (Do not wait to be inspired. You will be inspired as soon as you begin to write.) 9. Write your article in a clear, understandable and plain language. (Using a pompous language, using obscure words and making long sentences are not the features of a good article.) 10. People of all ages must be able to understand your claims, aim and sentences easily. 11. It should be clear what you mean with the term, concepts and words you use in the article. (While writing an article, keep an ordinary and a terminology dictionary with you at all times. The utmost danger an article faces is to use terms and concepts wrongly. Make sure that you don’t overuse terminology that could distract readers either. Terms are the fruits, frames, keys and summary of knowledge. Use them sparingly.) 12. In the introduction part, write clearly the basic aim of the article and the conclusion you want to reach.
13. Make the first sentences of each paragraph the main ideas of them. 14. Be careful that your article does not have spelling mistakes. Print out after you finish, and have a quick but careful check to find any errors. 15. A good article is sufficiently long enough. Cross out any irrelevant words or even sentences. It is a good article if it is saved from unnecessary words, sentences, paragraphs or information. 16. Quote the sentences and information that do not belong to you referring to them either by footnotes or parenthesis. (The more an article includes references the more qualified it is. Value and eminence of an article lies in the knowledge and scholars it refers to.) 17. Make a special study of conclusion part of the article. (The conclusion is not the summary of article. It is a part that opens a door, makes an evaluation, and shows your contribution to the world of ideas, or academia.) 18. As a good introduction of an article shows your knowledge, the conclusion of a good article shows your penetration to the future, in other words your horizon. 19. A good article does not make repetitions of previous ones, instead it is a scientific text that provides openings, stimulates and contributes. 20. After completing your article, send it to at least three, if possible five, people on whose knowledge and perspective you rely. Request them to criticize your article. Then edit your article according to their critics, and after reading again and again till you are sure, send it to relevant places to be published. Adapted from http://www.thepenmagazine.net/20-steps-to-write-a-good-article/
Twitter Story: Tell a Story in 280 Characters by Monica M. Clark One of my favorite posts is the one when I asked you to write a 140-character Twitter story—and you did! Here are some of my own 140-character Twitter stories: They were friends. Until one of them married Norm. Since then, they’ve gone their separate ways. They dated. He cheated. She stayed. He lied. She moved to Philadelphia for school. She could finally end it. His one regret was not studying abroad—on another planet. At 28, he’s finally gets a job on Jupiter. It’s everything he imagined and more. What story will you tell with just 140 characters? Here are some of them... Deena • 3 years ago Got married. Had kids. Thought they’d be just like me, but they weren’t. Why didn’t anyone warn me? Kids should come with instructions. C. M. • 3 years ago He fixed her. She broke him. Never again would he trust someone with such a large collection of broken hearts. Never again would he try. Deepak Menon • 3 years ago A cool breeze swept across my face as I entered the house.I tread in the dark to my room and in the moonlight I find me sleeping on my bed. Shreya Modi • 3 years ago They were best friends. She fell for him. He had fallen for someone else. He liked her but he loved someone. All he could do was help her through the pain.
But this time, something shocking happened: Twitter expanded its limit to 280! The Benefits of Limitations Last I heard, the official reason was so that users speaking English, Spanish and most other languages could express as much as those speaking Japanese, Korean, and Chinese (you can say a lot more with one character in those languages). Who knows? At first I was resistant to the change, but now I’m ok with it. The expansion may encourage proper grammar. Also, as we writers know, it takes a lot of time to write something short—more characters will be a time saver! The 140-character limit did encourage this amazing global practice in concision, but so will the 280 limit. And maybe now people will feel less inclined to post photos of paragraphs or series of tweets.
A Twitter Story in 280 Characters “ Your challenge: write a full story in just 280 characters. In honor of Twitter’s change, today’s practice is to write a Twitter story in 280 characters. Here’s one I told my parents yesterday: A friend of mine posted a shocking experience on Facebook. He cracked an egg and a chick was inside! After gagging, I texted all of my friends. Their response was “fake news!” So I went back to the original friend to confirm that his story it was true. He sent pictures. What curious Twitter stories will you write? Here are some samples of Twitter stories aRcana • 2 years ago Every time it rains, Sam’s house floods. He waits out on the sidewalk until the sun comes to dry it out and warm him up. This time, Robin came out of no where and ate him up. It sucks being a worm. Claire • 2 years ago The fountain pen arrived on the designated day. He carefully unwrapped the package and saw the stunning piece of Italian craftsmanship. The picture on the catalog hadn’t captured its essence. Putting pen to paper, he thought of the many stories that were yet to be written. Zeina • 2 years ago It was the smallest coffin they have ever held, but it was still the heaviest. It was such a simple sentence to write, and yet it felt like her fingers refused to type it: "Baby clothes for sale. Never been worn." PappaMurf • 2 years ago I’ve got questions about prayer. Guess God’s been too busy to listen to me down here ‘cause prayin’ didn’t stop the judge from sentencing me or the hangman’s noose from fitting over my head. Hope he’s got some free time since I’m about to meet him. I’ve got a lot of questions...
WendS • 2 years ago The crook stole my safe. I tried to stop him, but he beat me. Days later a newspaper article read: ‘Son of prominent parliamentarian rushed to hospital with injuries sustained by an explosion of hand grenades in a safe. It is not known how the safe came to be in his possession’. Randi Radcliffe • 2 years ago There was once an alien named "Bub" who made his way to earth by mistake. He was learning to fly his UFO when he decided to sneak it out one night and try it out on his own. This is how he ended up on earth. Now he has to find his way back home. Teleportation is the only answer. Tom Housden • 2 years ago He was obsessed with technology, to the point that it was making him ill. He had a bad neck from looking at his phone, he knew it wasn’t healthy to stare at screens all day and all evening, but he was addicted. He was turning down invitations, he couldn’t find a way out... Adapted from https://thewritepractice.com/140-character-stories/ and https://thewritepractice.com/twitterstory/