50 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c‑w:
I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w
{‑]-k-à-a‑m-b h‑n-j-b‑w
F‑w.F. t‑_-_‑n
H- c‑p _-l‑p`‑m-j‑mc‑m-P‑y-a‑m-b C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S ]-e `‑m-K-§-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑m-b‑n F-¯‑ns‑¸-« A-t‑\-I‑w k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡fp-Å C-¯-
c‑w t‑h-Z‑n-I-f‑n G-X‑p `‑m-j-b‑n k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡-W‑w F-¶-X‑v
H-c‑p {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑m-W.‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑p‑w \‑m-s‑a-Ã‑m-h-c‑p‑w a‑m-X‑r-`‑m-
j-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n \‑n-e s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶-h-c‑p-a‑m-W.‑v a‑m-X‑r-`‑m-j-
b‑n¯-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v k‑v-]-ã-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n
B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c‑w k‑m-²‑y-a‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p‑w C‑w-¥‑o-
j‑v `‑m-j-s‑b I‑q-S‑p-XÂ ]‑o-U‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¯‑p-a‑m-
W-X.‑v {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ \-½-s‑f H-c‑p \‑o-ï I‑m-e-b-f-h‑nÂ
`c‑n-¨‑p ]‑o-U‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p F-¶-X‑v C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v `‑m-j-s‑b l-\‑n-¨‑p
k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å H-c‑p \‑y‑m-b‑o-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n F-S‑p-
¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m‑w. G-X‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w R‑m³ s‑N-¿‑m³ t‑]‑m-
I‑p-¶-X‑p‑w A-X‑m-W.‑v
k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c I‑m-e-s‑¯ \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-h‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑p‑w
F-¶ C‑u s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-d‑n-s‑â D-Z‑v-L‑m-S-\‑w \‑nÀ-Æ-l‑n-¡‑m³
A-\‑p-t‑b‑m-P‑y-\‑m-b BÄ a‑m-²‑y-aN‑n-´-I-\‑p‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-h‑p-
a‑m-b i-i‑n-I‑p-a‑mÀ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W.‑v a‑p-J‑y{‑]-`‑m-j-W‑w \-S-¯‑p-
t‑¼‑mÄ k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-I‑m-e \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w
P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w h-f-s‑c B-g-¯‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶
A-t‑±-l‑w k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p‑w F-¶‑p-Å-X‑v h-f-s‑c B-i‑z‑m-k-
I-c-a‑m-W.‑v C‑u h‑n-j-b-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å N‑n-e k‑m-a‑m-\‑y
\‑n-c‑o-£-W-§-f‑m-W‑v R‑m³ C-h‑n-s‑S A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³
{‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v
52 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
C‑u h‑n-j-b-¯‑n-s‑â k-h‑n-t‑i-j X-e- a-§Ä. C-e-Itv ‑{‑S‑m-W‑n-I‑v a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-e-L-«-a‑m-b
§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v C‑u s‑k-a‑n-\‑m-d‑n ]-s‑¦- C-¶‑v C-X‑n-\‑p-Å k‑m-²‑y-X-IÄ h-f-s‑c I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑p-
S‑p-¡‑p-¶ a-ä‑v h‑n-Z-K‑v-²À h-f-s‑c h‑y-à- X‑m-\‑p‑w. I‑m-W‑p-¶-h \‑m‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑n-s‑â
a‑m-b‑n-¯-s‑¶ \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p³-]‑n D-Z‑v-`-h-t‑a‑m ]‑n-¶‑n-e‑p-Å \‑n-£‑n-]‑v-X X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-§-t‑f‑m
{‑]-_-Ô-§Ä A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w. X‑m-c-X- \-a‑p-¡‑v X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m³ ]-ä‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-¯-c‑w h‑mÀ-¯-
t‑a‑y-\ ]‑p-X‑n-b {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-a‑m-b k-X‑y‑m-\- I-f‑p‑w Z‑r-i‑y-§-f‑p‑w \‑m‑w A-¸‑m-s‑S h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
´-c-s‑¯ (t‑]‑m-k‑v-d‑v {‑S‑q-X‑v) F-§‑n-s‑\-b‑m- k-X‑y‑w a-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-k-X‑y‑w k‑p-h‑n-t‑i-j-a‑m-b‑n
W‑v \‑m‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X?‑v t‑\-c-s‑¯ a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. A-§‑n-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v t‑]‑m-Ì‑v {‑S‑q-X‑v
B-a‑p-J `‑m-j-W-¯‑n t‑U‑m. {‑]-`‑m-I-c³ F-¶ {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X.‑v
]-g-È‑n N‑p-c‑p-¡-¯‑n t‑]‑m-Ì‑v {‑S‑q-X‑v F-¶
{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p {‑]-X‑n]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p- C-h‑n-s‑S a-l‑m-`‑m-c-X-¯‑n-s‑e H-c‑p I-Y‑m-k-µÀ-`‑w R‑m³
I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-¶‑v B-t‑K‑m-fX-e-¯‑n H‑mÀ-¯‑p t‑]‑m-h‑p-¶‑p. I‑p-c‑p-t‑£-{‑X-b‑p-²-¯‑n `‑o-j‑v-
h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ C‑u aÀ h‑o-W-X‑n-s‑\-¯‑p-SÀ-¶‑v t‑{‑Z‑m-W‑m-N‑m-c‑yÀ \‑m-b-I-X‑z‑w
{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w e-f‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ- G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑{‑Z‑m-W‑m-N‑m-c‑yÀ G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯ ]‑m-s‑S
Æ-N‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n B-S-b‑m-`-c-W-§- t‑{‑Z‑m-W-s‑c a‑m-\-k‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n X-IÀ-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n `‑o-
f‑p‑w N-aÂ-¡‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑v ]-¨-¡- a³ ‑"A-i‑z-°‑m-a‑m l-X I‑p-R‑v-P-c:‑' F-¶‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶‑p.
Å-s‑¯ k-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p A-i‑z-°‑m-a‑m F-¶‑p-d-s‑¡-b‑p‑w I‑p-R‑v-P-c: F-¶‑p i-Ð‑w
F-¶-X‑m-W.‑v h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-X hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p- X‑m-g‑v-¯‑n-b‑p‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶ \‑m-S-I‑o-b a‑p-l‑qÀ-¯-¯‑nÂ
¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n A-X‑n-\‑v U‑m-ä-b‑p-s‑S ]‑n³- t‑]‑m-Ì‑v {‑S‑q-¯‑n-s‑â h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b H-c‑p `‑m-j‑y‑w \-a‑p-¡‑v
_-e-h‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m A-h‑n-s‑S I‑m-W‑m‑w. a-l‑m-`‑m-c-X‑w [À-a-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w A-[À-½-¯‑n-
]‑qÀ-® N‑n-{‑X‑w A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã. s‑â-b‑p‑w t‑\À-¯ k‑o-a-I-s‑f Z‑mÀ-i-\‑n-I a‑m-\-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
A-SÀ-¯‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b I‑m-c‑y-§-s‑f h-k‑v-X‑p- A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑{‑Z‑m-W-c‑p-s‑S a-I³ A-i‑z-°‑m-a‑m-
X-I-f‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑m-S‑p-¶‑p. \-½Ä ]-ï‑p- h‑v h‑o-W‑p F-¶‑p t‑IÄ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a t‑{‑Z‑m-WÀ
s‑X‑m-t‑« ]-d-ª‑p t‑]‑m-c‑m-d‑p-Å-X-X‑p t‑]‑m- B-b‑p-[-§Ä X‑m-s‑g s‑h-¡‑p-Å‑q. A-i‑z-°‑m-a‑m-h‑v F-¶‑p
s‑e I‑m-WÂ h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡-e‑m-h‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ t‑]-c‑n-« B-\-s‑b-b‑m-W‑v `‑o-a³ s‑I‑m-Ã‑p-¶-X.‑v
h-e‑n-b t‑X‑m-X‑n Z‑r-i‑ya‑m²‑y-a-§Ä
C-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n Z‑p-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. t‑\‑m‑w t‑N‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑n-s‑b-t‑¸‑m-s‑e ]-e N‑n-´-I-c‑p‑w s‑U‑m-WÄ-
s‑h-Å-s‑¸‑m-¡ I‑m-e-¯‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w \-½Ä U‑v {‑S-¼‑n-s‑â c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b k-a‑o-]-\-§-s‑f a‑p³ \‑n-d‑p-¯‑n
I-ï-X‑m-W‑v N‑n-e t‑Z-i‑o-b t‑\-X‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m-Ì‑v {‑S‑q-X‑v F-§‑n-s‑\ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k-a‑q-l-¯‑nÂ
C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑j‑m-¸‑n-M‑v D-Z‑y- {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-b‑n N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑n-b‑n-
«‑p-ï.‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e ]‑m-h-s‑¸-«-h-c‑m-b s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 53
¯-h-c‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ I-d‑p-¯ hÀ- X‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-f-f F-Ã‑m NÀ-¨-I-f‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S \‑m-S‑n-
K-¡‑m-c‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-s‑f s‑â `‑m-h‑n-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W.‑v C-h‑n-s‑S F-§‑n-s‑\-b‑m-
]‑m-t‑S A-h-K-W‑n-¨‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ W‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c-t‑I-{‑µ-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v k-X‑y‑w h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-]-d-b‑m³
t‑Z-i‑o-b-X-s‑b C-f-¡‑n-h‑n-«‑v X-s‑â a‑p-X-e‑m- \-½‑p-s‑S \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ a‑m-[‑y-a t‑e‑m-
f‑n-¯‑, t‑I‑mÀ-t‑]‑m-t‑c-ä‑v A-P-ï-IÄ {‑S-¼‑v I-¯‑n-\‑p I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑p ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
\-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. H-_‑m-a t‑]‑m-Ì‑v {‑S‑q-X‑v F-§‑n-s‑\ {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p F-¶
a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p s‑h-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¨ N‑n-e t‑£-a- `-b‑m-\-I-a‑m-b I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑m-W‑v \‑m‑w I‑m-W‑p-¶-X.‑v F-¦‑n-
c‑m-{‑ã k-¦-e‑v-]-§-s‑f-t‑¸‑m-e‑p‑w A-«‑n-a-d‑n-¨‑p e‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø‑m-]‑n-X a‑m-[‑y-a X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y-§-s‑f h‑n-aÀ-i-
s‑I‑m-ï‑p {‑S-¼‑v t‑]‑m-Ì‑v {‑S‑q-X‑v F-§-s‑\ \‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b‑n I-ï‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä k-X‑y‑w
A-[‑n-I‑m-c \‑nÀ-h-l-W-¯‑n {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑n- h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑v B-i‑z‑m-k-I-c-a‑m-W.‑v a-l‑m-
¡‑m³ ]-ä‑p‑w F-¶‑p I‑m-W‑n-¨‑p X-c‑p-¶‑p. `‑m-c-X-I-Y‑m-k-µÀ-`‑w k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e t‑]‑m-Ì‑v
F-¶‑m F-{‑X-I‑m-e‑w? h‑y-h-Ø‑m-]‑n-X {‑S‑q-X‑v F-¶-X‑v X‑n-I-¨‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p
a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä I‑q-S‑m-s‑X \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p- ]-d-b‑m³-I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã. F-Ã‑m I‑m-e-¯‑p‑w t‑]‑m-Ì‑v {‑S‑q-X‑v
s‑S h-c-h‑v I‑m-c‑y-§-s‑f k‑p-X‑m-c‑y-a‑m-¡‑n- {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑p X‑m-\‑p‑w. F-¦‑n-
t‑b-¡‑p‑w. A-s‑X‑m-c‑p k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑m-W.‑v \-h e‑p‑w C-¶-X‑v h-f-s‑c k‑v-]-ã-h‑p‑w k‑u-I-c‑y-{‑]-Z-h‑p-a‑m-
k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y {‑]-X‑y-£-¯‑n \-s‑½ b‑n-¯‑oÀ-¶‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä I‑m-e-¯‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑p‑w.
i‑m-à‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n k-X‑y‑w h-Ã-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w k‑w-`-
h‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p-I‑m-c‑y‑w I-W-s‑¡-b‑m-h‑p-¶‑p. N‑n-e
U‑n-P‑n-ä kÀ-s‑h-b‑n-e³-k‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å k-µÀ-`-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-s‑¯ a‑p³-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑p-Å
K‑u-c-h-a‑mÀ-¶ N‑n-e {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä X‑oÀ-¨- {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S U‑n-P‑n-ä a‑o-U‑n-b k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-
b‑m-b‑p‑w B-g-¯‑n NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï a‑m-b‑n A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-k-à‑n t‑\-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. G-X‑m-b‑m-
h‑n-j-b-a‑m-W.‑v A-t‑X-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b e‑p‑w C-¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p h‑n-j-b-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v K‑u-c-h-X-c-a‑m-b
]T-\-§-f‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]- H-c‑p s‑k-a‑n-\‑mÀ k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨ k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-I D-¶-X
X‑y-s‑¯ i‑m-à‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ-¯-s‑¶ k-a‑n-X‑n-¡‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v t‑\-X‑r-X‑z‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ t‑U‑m.
\-½‑p-s‑S P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y Ø‑m-]-\-§-s‑f- {‑]-`‑m-I-c³ ]-g-È‑n-¡‑p‑w R‑m³ \-µ‑n {‑]-I‑m-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
b‑p‑w k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w A-]‑m-b-s‑¸-
S‑p-¯‑p-¶ I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑m-W‑v C-¶‑v \‑m‑w C-´‑y-
b‑n I‑m-W‑p-¶-X.v C-h‑n-s‑S A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w
H-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑m-h‑p-¶‑p. A-[‑n-I‑m-c-
t‑¯‑m-S‑v k-X‑y‑w h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p ]-d-b‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-
X‑m-h‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w a-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
C-´‑y³ `-c-W-L-S-\‑m i‑n-e‑v-]‑n-b‑m-b t‑U‑m.
_‑n BÀ A‑w-t‑_-Z‑v-I-d‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-
s‑e h-c‑n-IÄ C-h‑n-s‑S H‑mÀ-¯‑p-t‑]‑m-h‑p-¶‑p:
"Z-c‑n-{‑ZÀ-¡‑p‑w k-¼-¶À-¡‑p‑w P‑m-X‑n-t‑{‑i-
W‑n-I-f‑nÂ-s‑¸-«-hÀ-¡‑p‑w X‑p-e‑y t‑h‑m-«-
h-I‑m-i-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-s‑¡ P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑nÂ
k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-h‑p‑w k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-b X‑p-
e‑y-X C-´‑y-b‑n t‑\-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑n-Ã.
B X‑p-e‑y-X t‑\-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-¯‑n-S-
t‑¯‑m-f‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y k-¦Â-]‑w X-s‑¶
A-X‑n-s‑â A-Ø‑n-c‑m-h-Ø-s‑b k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑p.' C-X‑m-W‑v A‑w-t‑_-Z‑v-¡À X-s‑â
{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨-X.‑v P-\‑m-[‑n-]-
k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X:
]‑n-d-I‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å
I‑z‑m@w I‑p-X‑n-¸‑v
i-i‑n-I‑p-a‑mÀ
k -X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X F-¶ h‑n-j-b‑w h-f-s‑c k-¦‑oÀ-®-h‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n-
e‑m-¡‑m³ {‑]-b‑m-k-a‑p-Å-X‑p‑w A-h‑y-à-h‑p‑w B-b H-¶‑m-W.‑v
A-Xps‑I‑m-ï‑p X-s‑¶ A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑w \‑n-§Ä F-h‑n-s‑S
\‑n-e‑v-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑p‑w B B-i-b‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v \‑n-§Ä F-´‑v
s‑N-¿‑m³ D-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑p‑w A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.
H-c‑p I‑p-s‑d‑m-t‑k‑m-h N-e-¨‑n-{‑X‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e \‑n-§Ä I‑m-W‑p-¶
H-c‑p Z‑r-i‑y‑w A-X‑v I-ï a-ä‑p ]-e-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑p-s‑S-
b‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w I‑q-s‑S B-s‑I-¯‑p-I-b‑m-W:‑v H-c‑p
k-X‑y‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑n-Ã. k-X‑y‑w‑, i-c‑n-¡‑p‑w‑, ]‑n-S‑n-X-c‑m-¯ H-c‑p
B-i-bam-W.‑v h-f-s‑c ]-ï‑v X-s‑¶ t‑¹-t‑ä‑m ]-d-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑v,
N-c‑n-{‑X-s‑¯-¡‑mÄ‑, I‑m-X-e‑m-b k-X‑y-¯‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v A-S‑p-¯‑v
\‑n-e‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v I-h‑n-X-b‑m-s‑W-¶.‑v
\‑n-§Ä-¡‑v h‑m-f‑y-§Ä \‑n-d-b‑m-\‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w N-c‑n-{‑X-c-N-\
\-S-¯‑m‑w. ]-t‑£‑, A-X‑v F-¶‑p‑w h‑n-P-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-¯‑p
\‑n-¶‑p-Å I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑m-b‑n N‑p-c‑p-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w þ N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p
k-X‑y‑w ]‑n-S‑n s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¶-b‑n-Ã. A-X‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶
N-c‑n-{‑X‑w h-f-s‑¨‑m-S‑n-¡Â k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-W;‑v N-c‑n-{‑X-]‑p-c‑p-j-·‑m-s‑c
h‑n-I-e‑o-I-c‑n-¡³ k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-W;‑v N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e ]-Z‑m-h-e‑n-
IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v A-S-b‑m-f-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p‑w A-]-c-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-
¡‑m-\‑p‑w A-I-f-¦‑n-X-c‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑m-\‑p‑w H-s‑¡ k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-W.‑v
\-½‑p-s‑S c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v _‑m-_-s‑d-b‑p‑w H‑u-c‑w-K-k‑n-_‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w
H-s‑¡ {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v t‑]‑m-c‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n H‑mÀ-¡‑p-I.
F-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w I-h‑n-X k-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑v A-S‑p-¯‑v \‑nÂ-¡‑p-
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 55
¶‑p F-¶‑v t‑¹-t‑ä‑m A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. kÀ-K‑m-ß-I-
a‑m-b H-c‑p t‑\‑m-«-¯‑n I-h‑n-IÄ k-X‑y-s‑¯ {‑K-l‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v, A-\‑p-`-h-t‑h-Z‑y-a‑m-b B k-X‑y-s‑¯
{‑]-I‑m-i‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å X‑o-{‑h-]-c‑n-{‑i-a-a‑m-W‑v A-b‑mÄ-¡.‑v
H-c‑p i‑n-e‑v-]‑n-¡‑v k-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p ZÀ-i-\‑w I‑n-«‑p-¶p.
AXns\ B-h‑p‑wt‑]‑m-s‑e ]-e c‑o-X‑n-b‑n k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-
h‑m-\‑p‑w k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑p N‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c-\‑p‑w A-§-s‑\-
¯-s‑¶. h-k‑v-X‑p-X F-¶-X‑n \‑n-¶‑v a‑m-d‑n A-§-s‑\
H-c‑p AÀ-°‑w k-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑p s‑s‑I-h-c‑p-¶‑p.
A-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å \-½‑p-s‑S k‑w-
`‑m-j-W‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I‑p-g-ª‑p a-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p. a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n-
[-¯‑n B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¨‑m k-X‑y‑w h‑y-à‑n-\‑n-jT‑v -a‑m-b
H-c‑p h-I‑p-¸‑v B-W:‑v A-X‑v k‑w-i-b-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W.‑v
k-X‑y‑w H-c‑p h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-jT‑v -a‑m-b h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w A-Ã. h-k‑v-
X‑p-X-IÄ A-§-s‑\-b‑m-h‑m‑w; i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-a‑m-b h-k‑v-X‑p-
X-IÄ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨.‑v R‑m³ \-S-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ s‑N-c‑n-ª‑p
h‑o-g‑p-¶‑n-Ã F-¶-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v `‑q-a‑n ]-c-¶-X‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v
A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑m³ C-\‑n t‑a \-a‑p-¡‑v k‑m-[‑n-¡‑n-Ã.
I‑m-c-W‑w‑, i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w `‑q-a‑n D-c‑p-ï-X‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v Ø‑m-]‑n-
¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑v, i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w t‑I‑m-¸À-\‑n-¡³ h‑n-¹-h‑w
i-c‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v B-t‑]-£‑n-
I-X-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-b-a-§-f‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-X-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v \-½Ä
I-t‑ï‑m A-d‑n-t‑ª‑m i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w h-g‑n a-\-k‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-
ï.‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑m Ø‑m-]‑n-X-a‑m-b \‑n-b-a-§Ä \-S-¸‑n-
e‑m-I-W‑w F-¶‑n-Ã‑, ]-s‑£ A-h {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v
F-¶‑v A-d‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.
A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v, I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v k-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-Å-W‑w
F-¶‑n-Ã. A-X‑n-\‑p ]‑n-d-I‑n i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w
]-c‑o-£-W \‑n-c‑o-£-W-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w b‑p-à‑n H-f‑n-
ª‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v
A-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, k-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑p‑w A-¸‑p-d-t‑¯-¡‑v
\-½Ä N-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, H-c‑p-]-t‑£‑,
A-aÀ-X‑y s‑k³ ]-d-ª-X‑v t‑]‑m-s‑e‑,
\-½Ä ]‑p-d-I‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H-c‑p I‑z‑m-ï‑w e‑o-¸‑v N‑m-
S‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v "k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X‑' A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p
X-s‑¶ "i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-]‑qÀ-h‑w‑' B-t‑b-¡‑m‑w. A-X‑v,
C-¶‑v \-½Ä-¡‑v N‑p-ä‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶ t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, h-k‑v-X‑p-X-
I-f‑p-s‑S a‑p³-]‑p-Å I‑m-e-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å a-S-¡-a‑m-h‑m‑w.
A-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, h-f-s‑c h‑n-j-a‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨ h‑n-N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-b H-c‑p
h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w B-W‑v k-X‑y‑w. A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z h‑m-Z-¯‑n-s‑â
B-Z‑y-{‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-I³ B-b t‑K‑m-t‑¯‑mÄ-U‑v s‑e-Ê‑n-M‑v ]-d-
ª H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑p-ï:‑v s‑s‑Z-h‑w h-e-X‑v I-¿‑n k-X‑y-
h‑p‑w‑ C-S-X‑v I-¿‑n k-X‑y‑m-t‑\‑z-j-W-h‑p‑w \‑o-«‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-
¦‑n R‑m³ ]-d-b‑p‑w F-\‑n-¡‑v C-S-X‑v I-c‑w X-t‑¶-¡‑p.
56 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
F-\‑n-¡‑v k-X‑y‑m-t‑\‑z-j-W‑w a-X‑n‑. F¶,v i‑p-² k-X‑y‑w X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v h‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï.‑v C‑u I‑m-
F-s‑¶‑m-¶‑n-Ã. k-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑p t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å A-t‑\‑z-j-W‑w e-L-«-¯‑n C-{‑X-b‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ
a‑m-{‑X-t‑a-b‑p-Å‑p. \-½sfÃ‑m‑w k-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑p t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-b‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-shbm-W‑v
A-t‑\‑z-j-W-§-f‑nem-W.‑v A-X‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶ k-X‑y‑m- H-c‑p kÀ-Æ-I-e‑m-i‑m-e ]‑n.F-¨.‑v U‑n.¡‑v
\-´-c-X F-¶ B-i-b‑w H-c‑p X-c‑w A-k‑w-_-Ô-a‑m-W.‑v t‑h-ï‑n A-¯-c‑w H-c‑p {‑]-_-Ô‑w ]-c‑n-K-
W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¡-W‑w. A-§-s‑\
A-X‑v G-I-t‑Z-i‑w D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S B-i-b‑w bm-h‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X F-¶
t‑]‑m-s‑ebm-W.‑v D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X F-¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v \‑n-§Ä
B-i-b-s‑¯ I‑o-g‑v-t‑a a-d‑n-¨‑n-S‑p-¶‑p. B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X-s‑b \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S X‑oÀ-¨-I-s‑f H-c‑p-X-c‑w B-t‑h-
X-e I‑p-¯‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑n A-X‑v k‑z-b‑w H-c‑p {‑]-Ø‑m-\-a‑m- i-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑, H-c‑p X-c‑w D-·‑m-Z-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑,
b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. ]-e-h‑n-[ h‑o-£-W-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-t‑{‑]- H-c‑p X-c‑w b‑m-Y‑m-Ø‑n-X‑n-I ZÀ-i-\-t‑¯‑m-
£‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w H-c‑p I-eÀ-¸‑m-W‑v D-¯-c‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-X. s‑S þ A-X‑v a-X-_-²‑n B-h‑m‑w‑, k-a‑q-l-
k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X-b‑p‑w G-s‑d-¡‑p-s‑d B h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n _-²‑n B-h‑m‑w‑, H-c‑p h‑n-I-e-b‑p-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S
s‑]-S‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-W‑v F-s‑â [‑m-c-W. DÂ-¸-¶‑w B-h‑m‑w þ {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³
{‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W.‑v A-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c
k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X-b‑v-¡‑p‑w k‑q-£‑v-a-X-e-¯‑n h‑y-à‑n-\‑n- D-¶-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ F-´‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä
jT‑v -a‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â‑, s‑s‑h-I‑m-c‑n-I-a‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â‑, A-]- \‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
I-S-§Ä D-s‑ï-¶‑p‑w R‑m³ I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p: A-X‑n-\‑m-e‑m-
W‑v s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-« h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ-¡‑v h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-b‑n t‑aÂ-s‑s‑¡ D-Å B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä h‑n-g‑p-§‑n-
k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c B-i-b-k‑w-t‑h-Z-\‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v ¡-g‑n-ª H-c‑p I‑m-e-L-«amW‑v \-½‑p-t‑S-X.‑v
C-¡-g‑n-ª s‑I‑m-Ã‑w‑, X‑pÀ-¡‑n-b‑nem-s‑W-¶‑p t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑p A-X‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶ s‑a-t‑P‑m-d‑n-ä-d‑n-b³
H-c‑p ]‑n F-¨‑v U‑n X‑n-k‑n-k‑v h-¶‑n-«‑p-ï:‑v `‑q-a‑n ]-c-¶-
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 57
B-b‑n-«‑p-Å B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä h-e‑n-b P-\-X-X‑n-b‑m t‑IÄ-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-
\-½Ä {‑i-²‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n- ¡-s‑¸-S‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w D-c‑p-h‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b ]-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑p. \‑m-k‑n PÀ-½-\‑n-b‑p-s‑S X-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w k-Ö-a‑m-W.‑v
k-µÀ-`-¯‑n \‑o-s‑N ]-d-ª h‑m-j‑n-M‑v-S¬ t‑]‑m-Ì‑n-s‑â I-W-¡-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-
H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y‑w R‑m³ D-t‑±-i‑n- c-¯‑nte-d‑n-b-X‑n-\p t‑i-j‑w {‑S-]‑v s‑a‑m-¯‑w 6420 I-Å-
¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-s‑¯ G-s‑d-¡‑p- §Ä ]-d-ª‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v C-X‑v Ì‑m-ä‑n-Ì‑n-I-‑vk‑m-W.‑v ]-c-k‑y
s‑d a‑p-g‑p-h-\‑m-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m- {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h-\-I-t‑f‑m S‑z‑o-ä‑p-I-t‑f‑m B-b‑n 6420 \‑p-W-IÄ.
\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v \‑o-s‑N-b‑p-s‑S F-¶‑v s‑h-¨‑mÂ‑, \‑n-t‑X‑y-\ \‑p-W-IÄ ]-d-b‑p-¶ H-c‑m-
A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-¯‑n k-X‑y-¯‑n- f‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w. H-c‑p \‑n-X‑y \‑p-W-b³. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³
s‑â N-c‑n-{‑X‑w F-¶-X‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-k‑n-U-ï‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v C-§-s‑\ ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, A-X‑v
\‑o-ï \‑mÄ \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w i-à-a‑m-b P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-
\‑p-W-b‑p-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑Xam-W.‑v \‑n- d‑n-¨‑p I‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¡-W‑w. t‑]-S‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑,
§Ä H-c‑p \‑p-W ]-d-ª‑m F-¶‑m I¬-a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p h-k‑v-X‑p-X-b‑m-W-X.‑v C-X‑v
P-\‑w \‑n-§-s‑f h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p- H-c‑p h‑n-{‑`-a-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a-Ã. A-b‑mÄ-¡‑v h-f-s‑c h-e‑n-b H-c‑p
I-b‑n-Ã. c-ï‑m-a-X‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä h‑n-`‑m-K‑w ]‑n-´‑p-W-¡‑mÀ D-ï.‑v P-\-§-f‑m sXc-s‑ª-
A-X‑p X-s‑¶ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. P-\‑w S‑p-¡-s‑¸-« H-c‑p {‑]-k‑n-U-ï‑m-W‑v A-b‑mÄ. H-c‑p ]-«‑m-f
h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑n-Ã. a‑q-¶‑m-a-X‑p‑w \‑m-e‑m-a-X‑p‑w A-«‑n-a-d‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S `-c-W‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨-s‑X‑m-¶‑p-a-Ã. l‑n-ä‑v-e-d‑p‑w
A-©‑m-a-X‑p‑w \‑n-§-f-X‑v ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ `-c-W-¯‑n h-¶-X‑v ]-«‑m-f-s‑¯ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-Ã; s‑X-c-
A-X‑n h-à h‑m-k‑v-X-h-h‑p‑w D-t‑ï‑m s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W.‑v A-X‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑v P-\-h‑n-[‑nbmÂ
F-¶‑v A-hÀ k‑w-i-b‑n-¡‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑p- \-½Ä h-k‑v-X‑p-X‑, k-X‑y‑w‑, \‑p-W C-h-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ t‑hÀ-
¶‑p. \‑n-§-f-X‑v \‑q-d‑p-h-«‑w ]-d-b‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶ A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-s‑f t‑\-S‑p-s‑a-¶‑v h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-
A-X‑v k-X‑y-a‑m-t‑W‑m F-¶‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n- ¡‑p-¶-X‑v s‑h-d‑p-s‑X-b‑m-W.‑v \-½Ä A-X‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-I
t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v P-\-¯‑n-\‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑p- X-s‑¶ t‑h-W‑w.
¶‑p. B-b‑n-c‑w h-«‑w B-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑m-t‑e‑m‑,
\‑n-§Ä \‑p-W-s‑b t‑\-c‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-¶‑p. k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X A-X‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑pX-s‑¶ ]‑n-d-I‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å
^‑m-k‑n-Ì‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]-X‑n-h‑p c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑n-X.‑v H-c‑p I‑z‑m-ï‑w I‑p-X‑n-¸‑m-W.‑v a‑m-²‑y-a`‑m-j-b‑n A-X‑n-\‑m-
C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v A-hÀ k-X‑y-§-s‑f \‑nÀ- e‑m-W‑v k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X I-]-S-h‑mÀ-¯-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑NÀ-¯‑v
½‑n-¨‑p t‑]‑m-c‑p-¶-X.‑v H-c‑p h‑w-i‑w D-X‑v-I‑r-ã- h‑m-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X:‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-
s‑a-t‑¶‑m \‑n-I‑r-ã-s‑a-t‑¶‑m B-c‑y-·‑m-c‑mem- §Ä-¡‑v t‑i-j‑w A-h-X-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ \-h a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑I-a-
W‑v k‑w-k-‑vI‑r-X‑n-IÄ D-ï‑m-b-X‑v F-t‑¶‑m ¯‑nÂ. \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-]-c‑n-k-c-¯‑v k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X k‑z-Ñ-h‑n-
H-s‑¡ A-hÀ-¡‑v Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑m³ C-§-s‑\
k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-§-s‑\‑, G-ä-h‑p‑w Z‑oÀ-
L-I‑m-e‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ \‑p-W-b‑p-s‑S
N-c‑n-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n k-X‑y‑w a‑m-d‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, k-X‑y‑w
X-s‑¶ C-{‑X-b‑p‑w B-]-X‑v-I-c-a‑m-b H-¶‑m-
b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X F-´‑m-
W‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v
D‑u-l‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑p.
s‑U‑m-WÄ-U‑v {‑S‑w-]‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶ h‑n-`‑m-
K‑o-b-a‑m-b t‑e‑m-I-h‑o-£-W-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p
]-d-b‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n h-f-s‑c h‑y-à‑n-\‑n-
jT‑v -a‑m-b H-c‑p t‑e‑m-I-h‑o-£-W-a‑m-W-X.‑v
A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nen-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶
I-Å-§Ä A-hÀ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑nenc‑n-¡‑p-
¶‑p F-¶ H-ä I‑m-c-W‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v H-c‑p
58 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
l‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑m-W.‑v I‑m-c-W‑w‑, \-½Ä h‑n-N‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v I-b‑m-W.‑v A-X‑n A-Z‑v-`‑p-X-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã.
h‑n-]-c‑o-X-a‑m-b‑n‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä _-l‑p-P-\-h-X‑v-¡-c‑n-¡-s‑¸- t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-e‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-{‑X-b‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
S‑p-I-b-Ã. a-d‑n-¨‑v I‑q-S‑p-X i‑n-Y‑n-e‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w BÄ k-Z-Ê‑n C-Ã‑m-¯ a‑o-ä‑n-§‑p-I-f‑nÂ
h‑y-à‑n-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-W.‑v R‑m³ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v H-c‑p b-Y‑mÀ-°
A-´-c‑o-£-¯‑n k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n s‑]-
_-l‑p-P-\-a‑m-[‑y-a‑w F-¶-X‑v C-¶‑v H-c‑p s‑X-ä‑m-b h‑n-f‑n-t‑¸- c‑p-a‑m-d‑m\p-Å h-g-¡‑w P-\-§Ä D-t‑]-
c‑m-W.‑v C-\‑n \-a‑p-¡‑v _-l‑p-P-\-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä C-Ã. F¬- £‑n-¨‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡-b‑m-W.‑v
]-X‑p-I-f‑n D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑X‑m-®‑q-d‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S B-Z‑y
]‑m-Z-¯‑n-e‑p‑w H-c‑p P-\-¡‑q-«‑w I‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑mcm-bpï‑v F-¶ \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v A-b-Y‑mÀ-°-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â
X-e-¯‑n _-l‑p-P-\ a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-\‑v H-cÀ-°apï‑m- I-W-Î‑n-h‑n-ä‑n ]-c‑n-N‑n-X-a‑m-W.‑v \‑n-§Ä
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. X-½‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-à F-¶-Ã.
{‑]-X‑o-X‑n-b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-¯‑n-s‑â _-Ô-s‑¸-
C-¶‑v D‑u-¶Â I‑n-«‑p-¶-X‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-c‑w-K-¯‑n-s‑â i-I-e‑o-I- S‑p-¯-e‑n \‑n-§Ä `‑m-K-`‑m-¡‑m-W.‑v B
c-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w i‑n-Y‑n-e‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p-a‑m-W.‑v \-½Ä F-Ã‑m‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑m-W‑v k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X h‑n-f-b‑p-
a‑m-[‑y-a h‑y-h-l‑m-c-¯‑n ]-¦‑m-f‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v, ]-t‑£ \-½Ä ¶-X.‑v I‑m-c-W‑w‑, F-s‑â h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-{‑I-a‑w‑,
]-¦‑p-s‑I‑m-Å‑p-¶-X‑v X‑m-´‑m-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v t‑^‑m¬ A-s‑X-{‑X i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-a‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w s‑X-ä‑m-b‑m-
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W.‑v s‑N-d‑p-X‑m-b‑n s‑N-d‑p-X‑m-b‑n e‑p‑w A-X‑v G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡‑m³ X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n-«‑p-Å
h-c‑p-¶ k‑n-\‑n-a‑m-i‑m-e-IÄ B-W‑v \-½Ä I‑m-W‑p-¶-X.‑v I‑q-S‑p-X I‑q-S‑p-X t‑]-s‑c I-s‑ï-¯‑m³
h-e‑p-X-Ã‑, \‑q-t‑d‑m C-c‑p-\‑q-t‑d‑m t‑]-s‑c a‑m-{‑X‑w s‑I‑m-Å‑m- {‑]-X‑o-X‑n-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. A-§-s‑\
h‑p-¶ X‑n-b-ä-d‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v aÄ-«‑n-]‑v-s‑f-I-‑vk‑p-IÄ. t‑_‑m-I-‑v A-c‑n-¸-IÄ h-¨‑v \‑n-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-[‑z-\‑n-b-
k‑v H‑m-^‑n-k‑v k‑n-\‑n-a-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑p-j‑v-I-e-I‑m-e-¯‑v h-e‑n-b d-IÄ \‑nÀ-½‑n-¡‑p‑w. A-h-b‑n G-s‑X-
k‑n-\‑n-a‑m-i‑m-e-I-s‑f-¸-ä‑n \‑m‑w N‑n-´‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-t‑¸‑mÄ ¦‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-t‑e‑m X-¯‑z-
A-h hÀ-¤‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ‑, ]-W‑w h‑n-\‑n-a-b‑w s‑N-¿‑m- N‑n-´-b‑n-t‑e‑m B-i-b-¯‑n-t‑e‑m B-ª‑v
\‑p-Å I-g‑n-h-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v, X-c‑w X‑n-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-s‑c \-½Ä I-ï‑p-a‑p-«‑p‑w.
A-h-c‑p-t‑S-X‑v H-c‑p X-c‑w A-Ô-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-
A-X‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑v \-S-¸‑p-I‑m-e‑w h‑y-à‑n-K-X-a‑m-b X‑n-c‑n-h‑p-IÄ- a‑m-I-b‑m H-c‑p a‑m-X‑n-c‑n-s‑¸-« i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b
¡‑v {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑p. \-½Ä t‑NÀ-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p b‑p-à‑n-b‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-§-s‑f
t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å a‑o-ä‑n-§‑p-IÄ h‑n-c-f-a‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 59
C-f-¡‑m³ ]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-a‑m-h‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-X‑v B-i-b-¡‑p-g-¸‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨-X‑m-W.‑v A-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v i‑m-
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p I‑p-X‑n-¸‑m-W.‑v H-c‑p k‑v-{‑X‑o-b s‑X-f‑n-h‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S e‑n-ä‑v-a-k‑v ]-c‑o-£-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
a‑p-\-¼‑n-s‑â A-ä-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑p-Å a‑q-V-a‑m-b t‑]‑m-t‑I-ï-X;‑v B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S D-]-I-c-W-§Ä D-]-
H-c‑p I‑p-X‑n-¸.‑v \‑n-§-f-X‑v C-ã-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w t‑b‑m-K‑n-t‑¡-ï-X.‑v c‑m-a‑m-b-W-¯‑n H-c‑p s‑s‑h-Z‑y-c‑o-X‑n
s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p‑, \‑n-e-¯‑v s‑N-¶‑n-S‑n-¡‑p‑w h-s‑c. I-ï-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑h-Z-I‑m-e-¯‑v k-h‑n-t‑i-j-a‑m-b i-k‑v-
C-S‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v \‑n-§Ä-s‑¡-´‑m-W‑v {‑X-{‑I‑n-b-IÄ \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v ]-d-b-c‑p-X.‑v ]‑p-j‑v-
k‑w-`-h‑n-¨-X‑v F-¶‑v \‑n-§Ä a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m- ]-I-h‑n-a‑m-\‑w F-¶‑v t‑IÄ-¡‑p-¶ D-S-s‑\ A-hÀ-¡‑v s‑P-
¡‑p-¶-X.‑v C‑u ]-d-ª {‑]-{‑I‑n-bbv-¡‑n- ä‑v s‑{‑]‑m-]Â-j³ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p‑w s‑s‑h-a‑m-\‑n-I
S-b‑nemW‑v k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X A-X‑n-s‑â X-¯‑z-§-f‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v ]-d-b-c‑p-X.‑v
k‑z-X-{‑´ h‑n-l‑m-c-¯‑n GÀ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X.‑v
_-l‑p-P-\-k‑z-`‑m-h‑w C-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n- a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p {‑]-i‑v-\‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑m-W.‑v b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-s‑¯
c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑, h‑y-à‑n-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p ]-I-c‑w {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w
{‑]-X‑n-[‑z-\‑n-b-d \‑nÀ-½‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w D-X‑v- s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«-X‑v b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-a‑m-I‑p-¶ A-h-Ø-b‑m-W.‑v C-X‑v
]-¶-a‑m-b‑, \-h-a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑I-a-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n- c-ï‑p‑w X-½‑n \-à h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑p-ï.‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â
k-c-§Ä \-½Ä I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n a-\-Ê‑n- ]-¦‑v F-´‑n-s‑\-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑v {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w
e‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v P-\-§Ä-¡‑p a‑p-¶‑n s‑N-¿‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W.‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ \‑n-§Ä-¡‑m-b‑n h‑n-
A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑m-i-b‑w h-c‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-t‑W‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-[À-½‑w? A-X‑n-\‑v H-c‑p
C-X‑m-W:‑v k-X‑y-s‑¯ I‑m-]-S‑y-¯‑n-\‑p‑w \‑n-È- IÀ-¯‑r-X‑z `‑m-K‑w \‑nÀ-Æ-l‑n-¡‑m\p-ï.‑v A-X‑n-s‑â ]-W‑n
Ð-X-b‑v-¡‑p‑w F-X‑n-s‑c ]‑n-S‑n-¨ H-c‑p I‑m-e‑w t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ \‑n-§Ä-¡‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-®-b‑n-¡e-Ã. t‑e‑m-I‑w
D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. "k-X‑y‑w \‑n-È-Ð-X-b‑m F-´‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w F-¶‑v \‑n-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v ]-d-b‑m\pÅ-X-Ã
a‑m-ä‑n-s‑h-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ B \‑n-È-Ð-X a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä. a‑m-[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v- A-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w
H-c‑p \‑p-W-b‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p" F-¶‑v d-j‑y- s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-a-{‑K‑n-I-f‑p‑w ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-h‑p‑w C-Ã. \‑n-
b‑n-s‑e a-l‑m-I-h‑n-I-f‑n H-c‑m-f‑m-b s‑b- §Ä F-´‑v s‑N-¿-W‑w‑, F-´‑v h-k‑v-{‑X‑w [-c‑n-¡-W‑w‑,
h‑v-X‑p-j-t‑¦‑m ]-d-ª‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v a-s‑ä‑m-cÀ-°- F-´‑v I-g‑n-¡-W‑w‑, F-´‑v I-g‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v, G-X‑v h-k‑v-{‑X‑w
¯‑n ]-d-ª‑m k-X‑y‑w ‑']-d-b‑p-h‑m³‑' [-c‑n-¨‑m _-l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-s‑a-s‑¶‑m-¶‑p‑w ]-d-t‑b-ï
D-Å-X‑m-W.‑v a‑m-[‑y-a t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v A-[‑n-I‑m- I‑m-c‑y‑w a‑m-²‑y-a-§Ä-¡‑n-Ã.
c-t‑¯‑m-S‑v k-X‑y‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v H-c‑p
[‑o-c-\‑m-b ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-s‑â [À-½‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä I‑q-S‑p-X I‑q-S‑p-X \‑nÀ-®-t‑b‑m-·‑p-J-a‑m-
F-¶‑p R-§Ä ]-d-b‑m-d‑p-ï.‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ b‑n a‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§-f‑p‑w I-aâ‑p-I-f‑p‑w
A-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w B-i-b‑w F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n h-k‑v-X‑p-X-I-s‑f A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å-h-b‑m-b‑n-
NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑m³ t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w ]-ä‑n-Ã. c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-§-s‑\ \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑y-à‑n-\‑n-jT‑v -a‑m-b
A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§Ä k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n a‑m-
k-X‑y‑w \‑n-È-Ð-X-b‑m a‑m-ä‑n-s‑h-b‑v-¡-s‑¸- [‑y-a-§-f‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p t‑]‑m-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑v b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p
S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ B \‑n-È-Ð-X H-c‑p \‑p-W-b‑m- A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-h‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ \‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑y-b i‑m-k‑v-{‑X
I‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑p t‑h-f‑, H-c‑p I‑z‑m-ï‑w I‑p-X‑n- s‑X-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑p-I-f‑m-W.‑v {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-§Ä t‑a‑m-
s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑v, k-X‑y-s‑¯ \-½Ä \‑p-W-b‑m i-a‑m-s‑W-¶-à R‑m³ ]-d-b‑p-¶-X.‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-bm-S‑n-¯-
a‑m-ä‑n s‑h-¨‑m-t‑e‑m? \‑n-È-Ð-X-s‑b k-X‑y‑w dbp-Å {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑, s‑]‑m-X‑p \-·-b‑v-¡‑v D-X-I‑p-¶
F-¶‑v h‑y-J‑y‑m-\‑n-t‑¡-ï B-h-i‑y-a‑n-s‑Ã- {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑, C-s‑X‑m-s‑¡ \‑m‑w ]‑n³-]-t‑ä-ï-X‑v
¶‑p h-¶‑m-t‑e‑m? A-h‑n-s‑S \‑n-È-Ð-Xbn-Ã. X-s‑¶-b‑m-W.‑v a-d‑n-¨‑v H-c‑n-¡Â \-i‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p F-¶‑v \‑m‑w
k-X‑y‑w \‑p-W-b‑mem-W‑v a‑m-ä‑n-s‑h-¡-s‑¸-S‑p- h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨ ]‑n-´‑n-c‑n-¸³‑, ]-g-©³ B-i-b-§-f‑p-s‑S
¶-X.‑v k-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â a-d‑p-]‑p-d‑w \‑p-W-b‑m- X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h-c-h‑v \‑m‑w {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡-W‑w.
b‑m-W‑v I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X.‑v \‑p-W þ \‑o-t‑¨
]-d-ª-X‑v t‑]‑m-s‑e þ B-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑v B-hÀ- \-½‑p-s‑S s‑]‑m-X‑p C-S-§-s‑f t‑\‑m-¡‑p-I. F-´‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v
¯‑n-¨‑v H-S‑p-¡‑w k-X‑y-§-f‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c-X h‑r-²‑n {‑]‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v \-a‑p-¡‑v a-\-
A-X‑n-\‑m C‑u I‑m-ä-K-d‑n h-f-s‑c h-f-s‑c Ê‑n-e‑m-I‑p‑w. \-½Ä C-¶‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p‑w t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å
s‑]‑m-X‑p-C-S‑w F-¶-X‑n-s‑â I-c‑p-¯‑p‑w B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-h‑p‑w \‑m‑w
60 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
A-f-¡‑p-¶-X‑v s‑]‑m-X‑p _‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n- C-¯-c‑p-W-¯‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä A-h-c‑p-s‑S
s‑â t‑X‑m-X‑n \‑n-¶‑m-W.‑v {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\ [À-a-¯‑n ]‑n-g-h‑v h-c‑p-¯‑p-
I-b‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p C-S‑w F-¶ B-i-b-s‑¯
]-t‑£ s‑]‑m-X‑p C-S-¯‑n-s‑e _‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n X-s‑¶ C-I-g‑v-¯‑n-¡-f-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p
B-c‑m-W?‑v s‑]‑m-X‑p _‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n F-¶‑m F-¶‑v A-\‑p-a‑m-\‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n h-c‑p‑w. A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-
\‑m‑w D-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v B-s‑c-b‑m-W?‑v a‑m-[‑y- s‑e X-s‑¶ B-hÀ-¯‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ \‑p-W
a-§-f‑n \‑m‑w C-¶‑v I‑m-W‑p-¶ s‑]‑m-X‑p F-¶ t‑^‑mÀ-a‑m-ä‑v a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-
_‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑v H‑mÀ-¯‑v t‑\‑m-¡‑q. ¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ]-s‑¯‑m-¼-X‑m‑w
A-Y-h‑m‑, H-c‑p ]‑m-S‑v t‑]-t‑c‑m-S‑v k‑w-h-Z‑n-¡‑m³ \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑e {‑]-i-k‑v-X X-¯‑z-N‑n-´-I³
H-c‑p ]‑m-S‑v t‑]-s‑c X-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p ^‑y‑p-hÀ-_‑m-I.‑v a-X-¯‑n-s‑â
t‑IÄ-¸‑n-¡‑m³‑, A-h-k-c‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I ]-¦‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å X-s‑â
B-s‑c‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-W‑v F-t‑¶‑mÀ-¯‑p t‑\‑m-¡‑q. a‑n-¡-h‑m-d‑p‑w B-i-b-§Ä a‑mÀ-I-‑vk‑v I-S‑w
s‑]‑m-X‑p _‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â‑, B h‑y-h- s‑I‑m-ï‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v C-t‑±-l-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑m-W.‑v
l‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â‑, [‑m-c-I-s‑f a‑p-g‑p-h³ BÄ- {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w b-Y‑mÀ-°-a‑m-b-X‑n-s‑\ a‑m-
s‑s‑Z-h-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w k‑n-\‑n-a‑m X‑m-c-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w ä‑n s‑h-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-§‑n-s‑\ F-¶‑v ^‑y‑p-hÀ
s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑m-ä‑n {‑]-X‑n-jT‑v ‑n-¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- _‑m-I‑v ]-t‑ï F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v b‑q-¡‑m-c‑n-Ì‑v
¶‑p‑, a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä. F-¶ D-Z‑m-l-c-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-t‑±-l‑w C-X‑v
h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑o-b-X-b‑nÂ
H-c‑p D-]-{‑K-l‑w h‑n-t‑£-]‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-s‑â i-c‑o-c‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-l‑n-X-s‑â
D-s‑ï-¦‑n D-S-s‑\ P-¤‑n h‑m-k‑p-t‑Z-h‑v, {‑i‑o i-c‑o-c-h‑p‑w h‑o-ª‑v {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-s‑â c-à-h‑p‑w
{‑i‑o c-h‑n-i-¦À X‑p-S-§‑n-b BÄ-s‑s‑Z-h-§-f‑p- A-¸‑w {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-s‑â a‑m‑w-k-h‑p‑w B-I‑p-
s‑S A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w t‑X-S‑n-t‑¸‑m-I‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä. ¶‑p. F-´‑n-\‑m-W‑v C-§-s‑\ H-c‑p b‑q-¡-c‑n-Ì‑v
A-hÀ-¡‑v A-X‑n-s‑\-¸-ä‑n F-´-d‑n-ª‑n-«‑m-W?‑v h‑y-h-Ø? {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-h‑n-s‑\ {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑m-\‑w
F-\‑n-¡‑v a-\-k‑n-e‑m-I‑p-¶‑n-Ã. C-´‑y {‑I‑n-¡- s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-f-f X-§-f‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w
ä‑v a‑m-¨‑v P-b‑n-¨‑m-e‑p‑w t‑X‑m-ä‑m-e‑p‑w C-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v B-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v ]-Å‑n C-X‑p h-g‑n
A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w t‑X-S‑p‑w. I‑q-S‑w-I‑p-f‑w B-W-h- s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X.‑v A-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v ]-Å‑n C-{‑X-
\‑n-e-b‑w þ X-a‑m-i ]-d-b‑p-I-b-Ã þ A-X‑n-s‑\- b‑p‑w h-e‑n-b H-c‑p Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶-X.‑v
¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w C-h-t‑c‑m-S‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n- ]-Å‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-Ã‑m-s‑X t‑\-c‑n-«‑v {‑I‑n-k‑v-X‑p-
¡‑p‑w. P-Ã‑n-s‑¡-«‑v þ C-h-c‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w h‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v k‑w-h-Z‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¡‑n-Ã. H-c‑p
t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p‑w. A-h-c‑p-s‑S a-\-Ê‑n D-Z‑n-¡‑p- t‑h-f C-¡‑m-c-W-¯‑m-e‑m-W‑v s‑{‑]‑m-«-Ìâ‑v
¶-X‑v P-\-§-f‑n A-´À-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-¹-h‑w D-ï‑m-b-X.‑v A-hÀ ]-d-ª-X‑v ]-Å‑n-
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-h‑p‑w X-¯‑z-h‑p‑w k-X‑y-h‑p‑w B-b‑n b‑p-s‑S `‑o-a³ a‑m-[‑y-Ø‑y‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑n-Ã‑,
a‑m-d‑p‑w. a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä s‑h-ï-¡‑m A-£-c- R-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑Z-h-t‑¯‑m-S‑v t‑\-c‑n-«‑v k‑w-k‑m-
¯‑n A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑a‑m-g‑n-IÄ \‑n-c-¯‑p‑w. c‑n-¡‑m³ R-§Ä-¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w F-¶‑m-W.‑v
A-t‑X k-a-b‑w H-c‑p s‑]‑m-X‑p-_‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n
C‑u h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n F-s‑´-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-`‑n- a-X-¯‑n-s‑â‑, s‑s‑_-_‑n-f‑n-s‑â‑, s‑I‑m-d‑m-s‑â‑,
{‑]‑m-b‑w ]-d-ª‑m A-X‑v A-h-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸- K‑o-X-b‑p-s‑S D-Z‑v-t‑_‑m-[-\-§-f-à t‑IÄ-¡-
S‑p-I-t‑b‑m DÄ-t‑¸-P‑p-I-f‑n F-h‑n-s‑S-s‑b-¦‑n- ï-X.‑v A-X‑n-s‑\ B-[‑m-c-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-Ã
e‑p‑w H-X‑p-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑p‑w. s‑]‑m-X‑p h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-§Ä {‑I-a-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¯-ï-X.‑v A-X‑v
C-S-§Ä s‑s‑l P‑m-I‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ \‑n-§Ä A-aÀ-X‑y s‑k³
s‑]‑m-X‑p-_‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n C-¶‑v h‑w-i-\‑m-i `‑o-j- ]-d-ª B I‑z‑m-ï‑w I‑p-X‑n-¸‑v \-S-¯‑p-I-
W‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ H-c‑p P‑o-h‑n hÀ-¤‑w B-W.‑v b‑m-W.‑v A-t‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑m-W‑v \-½‑p-s‑S \-S-¸‑p
BÄ-s‑s‑Z-h-§-f‑p‑w k‑n-\‑n-a‑m X‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w I‑m-e-¯‑n-s‑â B-]-¯.‑v
A-h-c‑p-s‑S C-S-§Ä I-¿-S-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
]-c‑n-`‑m-j: A-cp-¬-em-Â- -sam-tIcn
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 61
IÀ-j-I a‑mÀ-¨‑p‑w
k-a‑q-l a‑m-²‑y-a-h‑p‑w
tUm. h‑n-P‑p I‑r-j‑v-W³
62 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
k- X‑y‑m-\-´-c I‑m-e-¯‑v \-S-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ k-a-c-§-f‑n B-f‑p-I-s‑f
I‑q-«-a‑m-b‑n A-W‑n-\‑n-c-¯‑p-¶-X‑n k-a‑q-l-a‑m-²‑y-a-§Ä h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶
]-¦‑v h-f-s‑c {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-«-X‑m-W.‑v K‑o-_Â-k‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w K‑o-_Â-
k‑y³ {‑]-N‑m-c-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S ]-e X-h-W B-hÀ-¯‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ H-c‑p
\‑p-W k-X‑y-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v B-f‑p-IÄ I-c‑p-X‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w \-½Ä
]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w \-½‑p-s‑S {‑]-k‑w-K-§-f‑n ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï.‑v X-§-f‑p-
s‑S A-P-ï a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n \-½‑p-s‑S c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b
{‑]-X‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-IÄ G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å \‑p-W-s‑b B-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-
t‑¼‑mÄ \-½Ä ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w A-§-s‑\ s‑N-¿‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m.
D-bÀ-¶ Ø‑m-\-§Ä h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-f‑p-IÄ A-§-s‑\ \‑nÀ-e-Ö‑w
\‑p-W-IÄ B-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-h-W-X I-g‑n-ª G-X‑m-\‑p‑w hÀ-j-
§-f‑n hÀ-²‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n F-¶‑v \‑m‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. h³
t‑X‑m-X‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-¨ \‑p-W-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w b‑p-K-a‑m-W‑n-
X.‑v \‑p-W ]-d-ª‑m X-§Ä ]-c‑n-l‑m-k‑y-c‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p‑w F-¶ t‑]-
S‑n H-«‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X-b‑m-W‑v B-f‑p-IÄ \‑p-W-IÄ ]-d-b‑p-¶-X.‑v I-g‑n-ª
I‑m-e-¯‑v, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑p‑w‑, I-g‑n-ª A-©‑p hÀ-j-§-f‑n \-½‑p-s‑S
c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w A-¯-c‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑n h-e‑n-b hÀ-[-
\-hp-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v F-¶‑m I‑p-t‑d-¡‑m-e‑w ]‑n-¶‑n-t‑e-¡‑v, l‑n-ä‑v-e-d‑p-s‑S
I‑m-e-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v X‑n-c‑n-ª‑p-t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑m A-t‑±-l-¯‑nsâ s‑a-b‑n³
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 63
I‑m‑w-^‑v F-¶ B-ß-I-Y-b‑n ]-¨-\‑p-W- ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n H-c‑p _‑o-s‑P-]‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ
I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w ]-¨-\‑p-W F-§-s‑\ \‑n-e-h‑n h-¶‑p. F-¶‑m G-X‑m-\‑p‑w a‑m-k-§Ä-¡‑v
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w a‑p-\‑v-]‑v \‑n-X‑n³ K-Z‑v-I-c‑n H-c‑p {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h-\ \-S-¯‑n-b-X‑v
]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v A-§-s‑\ \‑p-W D-]-t‑b‑m- \-½Ä t‑IÄ-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. Z-i-I-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p-¼‑v l‑n-ä‑v-
K‑n-¨‑m k-X‑y-s‑¯ A-{‑X \‑n-µ‑y-a‑m-b eÀ \-S-¯‑n-b {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h-\-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑m-a‑y-a‑p-Å H-¶‑m-
c‑o-X‑n-b‑n h‑n-I‑r-X-a‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å a-c‑y‑m- b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-X:‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n h-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑v R-§Ä
Z-t‑I-S‑v H-c‑mÄ I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v B-c‑p‑w H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã‑, A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-
h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑n-Ã-s‑{‑X. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]-¨ ¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ X‑n-I-¨‑p‑w A-h‑n-i‑z-k-\‑o-b-a‑m-b h‑m-K‑v-
\‑p-W D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I‑, A-§-s‑\ s‑N-b‑v- Z‑m-\-§Ä \Â-I‑m³ R-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
X‑m A-¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ F-¶‑m-W-t‑±-l‑w ]-d-ª-X.‑v A-X‑v X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v A-hÀ
H-c‑mÄ C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å \‑p-W ]-d-b‑p-s‑a- s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑p‑w. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v ^-ï‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w a‑m-[‑y-a-§-
¶‑v B-f‑p-IÄ h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑n-Ã. f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S s‑I‑m-S‑p-¼‑n-c‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï C‑u
{‑]-N‑m-c-W-s‑¯ G-s‑d ^-e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-b‑n P-\-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
I-g‑n-ª A-©‑p hÀ-j-§-f‑m-b‑n \‑m‑w F-¯‑n-¡‑m³ A-hÀ-¡‑v I-g‑n-ª‑p.
I-ï‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v C-¯-c‑w k‑w-
`-h-§-f‑m-W.‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n {‑]-[‑m-\a- kÀ-¡‑mÀ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n h-¶ D-S³-X-s‑¶ R-§Ä
{‑´‑n X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\ ]-¦‑ph-l‑n-¡‑p- I‑r-j‑na-{‑´‑n-s‑b s‑N-¶‑p I-ï-t‑¸‑mÄ A-t‑±-l‑w I‑m-c‑y‑w
¶-X.‑v IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-Ø‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n X‑p-d-¶‑p-]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\-§Ä \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-
_-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑n N‑n-e-X‑v ¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p R-§Ä k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ
R-§Ä c-ï‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑n-¸-X‑n-\‑m-e‑v t‑a-b‑v A-t‑±-l‑w s‑]-s‑«-¶‑v C-S-s‑]-«‑v ]-d-ª‑p: "A-s‑X‑m-s‑¡
a‑m-k‑w a‑p-XÂ X-s‑¶ D-¶-b‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n- X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v I‑m-e-s‑¯ h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\-§-f-t‑Ã‑, \‑n-§-s‑f-
c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v c-ï‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑n-¸-X‑n-\‑m-e‑v ´‑n-\‑m A-X‑v K‑u-c-h-¯‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X?‑v t‑h‑m-«‑v I‑n-«‑m³
sXc-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-\‑p a‑p-¼‑v {‑]-N‑m-c-W-¯‑n- R-§Ä H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\-§Ä \Â-I‑m-d‑p-ï.‑v C-X‑p‑w
e‑p-S-\‑o-f‑w B-hÀ-¯‑n-¡-s‑¸-« H-c‑p {‑]-i‑v- A-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑m-W.‑v ‑' kÀ-¡‑mÀ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-t‑a-d‑n
\‑w IÀ-j-I B-ß-l-X‑y F-§-s‑\ H-c‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑p-Å‑n-e‑m-W‑o k‑w-`-h‑w. C‑u kÀ-¡‑mÀ A-t‑X
A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m‑w F-¶-X‑p‑w A-hÀ- \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v X‑p-S-c‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v
¡‑v F-§-s‑\ I‑r-j‑n-s‑¨-e-h‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â
A-¼-X‑p i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w a‑n-\‑n-a‑w X‑m-§‑p-h‑n- k-X‑y‑m-\-´-c‑w F-¶ h‑m-¡‑v 1992e‑m-W‑v F-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-
e-b‑m-b‑n \Â-I‑m‑w F-¶-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑mÄ B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-X‑v F-¶‑v R‑m³
C-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v a‑p-¶‑q-d‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. _‑m-_-c‑n a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑v s‑]‑m-f‑n-¨-X‑p‑w A-t‑X
t‑b‑m-K-§Ä \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w hÀ-j-a‑m-W‑v-. _‑m-_-c‑n a-k‑v-P‑n-Z‑v s‑]‑m-f‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑p‑w B
_‑o-s‑P-]‑n {‑]-I-S-\-]-{‑X‑n-I-b‑n A-X‑v k‑w-`-h-¯‑n-\‑v- a‑p-¼‑p‑w ]‑n-¼‑p‑w X³-s‑d c-Y-b‑m-{‑X-b‑n-e‑q-
DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. a‑p-¶‑q-d‑v s‑S a-\‑p-j‑y-¡‑p-c‑p-X‑n \-S-¯‑n-b-X‑n-\‑p‑w D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-b‑m-b
t‑b‑m-K-§-s‑f t‑a‑m-Z‑n A-`‑n-k‑w-t‑_‑m-[-\ h‑y-à‑n F-¶ FÂ s‑I A-Z‑z‑m-\‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-Ñ‑m-b-s‑b
s‑N-¿‑p-I a‑m-{‑X-a-à A-t‑±-l‑w P-\-§Ä- 92\‑v t‑i-j‑w F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v s‑h-Å ]‑q-i‑n-b-s‑X-¶‑p‑w
¡‑v C‑u h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\‑w \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑nsâ D-c‑p-¡‑p-a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑m-b‑n N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-s‑X-¶‑p‑w \-a‑p-
C-t‑a-P‑p-IÄ {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v- ¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w. A-t‑X-t‑]‑m-s‑e K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑n-s‑e \-c-l-X‑y-¡‑v
X‑p. ]-e k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w A-hÀ-¡‑v ]-e X-c-¯‑n-e‑p‑w D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-b‑m-b \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S
h-e‑n-b t‑X‑m-X‑n IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S ]‑n-´‑p-W {‑]-X‑n-Ñ‑m-b-s‑b 2002 \‑v t‑i-j‑w s‑h-Å ]‑q-i‑n h‑n-I‑m-k‑v
e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v A-X‑v k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-b‑n. ]‑p-c‑p-j-\‑m-b‑n N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v F-§-s‑\-b‑m-s‑W-
¶‑p‑w \‑m‑w I-ï-X‑m-W.‑v A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v C-¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p
l-c‑n-b‑m-\-b‑m-W‑v H-c‑p D-Z‑m-l-c-W‑w. k‑z‑m- b‑p-K-¯‑n B-f‑p-I-s‑f I‑q-«-a‑m-b‑n A-W‑n-\‑n-c-¯‑p-¶-
X-{‑´‑y-¯‑n-\‑p t‑i-j‑w A-t‑¶-h-s‑c H-c‑p X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v \-½Ä k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v
_‑o-s‑P-]‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ C-Ã‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶ A-h‑n-
s‑S {‑K‑m-a-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å h³ Fsâ A-\‑p-`-h‑w ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n R‑m³ s‑s‑h-
I‑n-b‑m-W‑v {‑]-X‑o-X‑n C-S-¯‑n (virtual space) h-¶‑v
64 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
k-a‑q-l-a‑m-[‑y-a {‑]-N‑m-c-W-¯‑n C-S- G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w k‑w-L-S‑n-X {‑]-Ø‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-a‑p-
s‑]-S‑p-¶-X.‑v 2015 e‑m-W‑v R‑m³ t‑^-k‑v- Å-hÀ t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]‑p-X‑n-b N‑n-e I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-
_‑p-¡‑v F-s‑¡‑u-ï‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X.‑v A-X‑v IÄ c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w N‑n-e Z‑r-i‑y-§Ä P-\-{‑i-²-b‑nÂ
X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w s‑s‑h-I‑n-b‑m-W.‑v F-¶‑m s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑n-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑X‑m-s‑S a‑q-¶‑m‑w Z‑n-h-k‑w a‑p-
C‑u-b‑n-s‑S-b‑m-b‑n R-§Ä k‑m-a‑q-l‑ya‑m²‑y- X k-a-c-¯‑n-\‑v- I-h-t‑d-P‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m³ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä
a-§-f‑n C-S-s‑]-«‑v {‑]-N‑m-c-W‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑v \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n. a‑m-[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑m-b AÂ-¡‑m
s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v I-g‑n-ª hÀ-j‑w Z‑p-¡À F-S‑p-¯‑, \-S-¡‑p-¶ B-f‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S
\‑m-k‑n-I‑v a‑p-XÂ a‑p‑w-_-b‑v- h-s‑c \-S-¯‑n-b I‑m-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-IÄ-¡‑v h-e‑n-b k‑z‑m-[‑o-\-a‑p-
"I‑n-k‑m³ t‑e‑m-§‑v- a‑m-c‑v-N‑v' k-a-b-¯‑m-W‑v ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-h-c‑n ]-e-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]‑m-Z-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v
k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b H-c‑p C-S-s‑]-S \-S-¯‑n- c-à-s‑a‑m-e‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. N‑n-e-c‑p-s‑S ]‑m-Z-§Ä
b-X.‑v B-Z‑y-s‑¯ c-ï‑p Z‑n-h-k-§-f‑n {‑h-W‑w h-¶‑p h‑oÀ-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-t‑X-t‑]‑m-s‑e {‑^‑o-e‑m³-k‑v
R-§Ä-¡‑v t‑Z-i‑o-b a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä I-h- t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-{‑K‑m-^À C-{‑µ-\‑o Z‑m-k‑v-K‑p-]‑v-X F-S‑p-¯ k‑p-I‑p
t‑d-P‑v \Â-I‑n-b‑n-Ã. ]-s‑£ R-§Ä-¡‑v `‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S ]-g‑p-¯‑p h‑oÀ-¯ ]‑m-Z-§-f‑p-s‑S N‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w
I‑p-t‑d s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑m-c‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C‑u {‑i-²‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä A-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-
{‑]-N‑m-c-W-s‑¯ R-§Ä-¡‑v F-§-s‑\ b‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w {‑i-²‑n-¡‑p-¶ a-[‑y-hÀ-K-¡‑m-c‑m-b H-c‑p h-e‑n-b
^-e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S a-\:k‑m-£‑n-s‑b C‑u N‑n-{‑X-§Ä
F-¶‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e C-S- i-c‑n-¡‑p‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-e-¡‑p-Ib‑p-ï‑m-b‑n.
s‑]-SÂ F-§-s‑\ R-§-s‑f k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑p
F-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v R‑m³ \‑n-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v h‑n-h-c‑n- k-a-c‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑v ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n \‑m-\‑m-h‑n-`‑m-
¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v R-§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-b K-§-f‑nÂ-s‑¸-«-hÀ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑v h-¶‑p. a‑mÀ-¨‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-hÀ-
N‑n-e A-\‑p-`-h-§-f‑p‑w R‑m³ ]-d-b‑m‑w. ¡‑v c-à‑w Z‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p‑w s‑N-c‑n-¸‑p-IÄ \Â-I‑m-\‑p‑w
s‑h-Å‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p‑w k-a-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å h‑n-h-c‑w
Adbusters Group "h‑mÄ k‑v-{‑S‑o-ä‑v I-¿-S-¡‑p- {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w A-hÀ X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n. A-§-s‑\ R-§Ä-
I‑'(Occupy Wall Street) F-¶ B-l‑z‑m-\‑w ¡‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ k‑z‑o-I‑m-c‑y-X e-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w d‑n-¸-»‑n-I‑v
\-S-¯‑n-b-X‑n-s‑\-¯‑p-SÀ-¶‑v Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e‑w S‑o-h‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä k-a-c-¯‑n-\‑v- I-h-t‑d-P‑v
\‑o-ï‑p-\‑n-¶ H-c‑p {‑]-Ø‑m-\‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-« s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m³ \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-c‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-
I‑m-c‑y‑w \-a‑p-¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w. A-d-_‑v h-k-´- S‑v S‑z‑n-ä-d‑n-e‑p‑w t‑^-k‑v _‑p-¡‑n-e‑p‑w R-§Ä I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n
¯‑n-e‑p‑w X‑m-l‑nÀ k-‑vI‑z-bÀ t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å C-S-s‑]-«‑p. B {‑i-a‑w X‑p-S-c‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v S‑z‑n-ä-d‑n-e‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w t‑Z-
k‑w-`-h-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w N‑n-e kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-I-s‑f X‑q- i‑o-b-a‑m-b s‑{‑S³-U‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m³ R-§Ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-ª‑n-
s‑¯-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n B-f‑p-I-s‑f A-W‑n- «‑p-ï.‑v ]-s‑£ C‑u {‑]-Ø‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-c-¯‑p-¶-X‑n t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b H-c‑p _-Ô-s‑¸-«-hÀ-¡‑n-S-b‑n H-c‑p X-c‑w B-ß-k‑w-X‑r-]‑v-X‑n
]-¦‑v h-l‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. t‑e‑m-§‑v- a‑mÀ- k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w C-X‑v h-g‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p-¡‑n F-¶‑v a-\-k‑n-e‑m-
¨‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v R-§Ä-¡‑p-ï‑m-b t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v t‑\-c-s‑¯ S‑z‑n-ä-d‑n-s‑e s‑{‑S³-U‑n c-ï‑m‑w
A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä ]-d-b-s‑«. B-Z‑y-s‑¯ Ø‑m-\-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ R-§Ä N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ H-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-
c-ï‑v Z‑n-h-k-§Ä t‑Z-i‑o-b a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \-¯‑p h-c‑p‑w.
R-§Ä-¡‑v I-h-t‑d-P‑v \Â-I‑n-b‑n-à F-¶‑v
R‑m³ ]-d-ª‑p. F-¶‑m A-X‑n-\‑p t‑i- F-¶‑m t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b‑m {‑]-N‑m-c-W-¯‑n R-§-
j‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n h‑mÀ-¯‑m s‑f k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ I-c‑p-X‑p‑w C‑u t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§-f‑p-s‑S
{‑]-f-b-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w t‑e‑m- h‑n-P-b-s‑¯ \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w C‑u
I-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w h‑n-h‑n-[ `‑m-K-§-f‑n s‑X‑m- t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b‑m {‑]-N‑m-c-W-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-W.‑v I‑m-c‑y-
g‑n A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v §Ä C-§-s‑\ s‑N-¿-W‑w‑, C-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-X‑v
b‑p-h‑m-¡Ä a‑mÀ-¨‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« Z‑r- s‑N-t‑¿-ï-X‑v F-s‑¶‑m-s‑¡ A-hÀ N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-
i‑y-§Ä I‑m-W‑m-\‑n-S-b‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w R-§- W‑n-¡‑p‑w. F-¶‑m C‑u t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§Ä I‑p-t‑d-¡‑m-e-s‑¯
f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v k-l‑m-b‑w h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\‑w ]-c‑n-{‑i-a‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-S‑n-¯-«‑n \‑n-¶‑v k‑q-£‑v-a-a‑m-b‑n
s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. A-h-c‑n ]-e-c‑p‑w s‑I-«‑n-¸-S‑p-¯-X‑m-W.‑v {‑]-X‑o-X‑n C-S-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w A-S‑n-
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 65
c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I- ¯-«‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \‑n-§Ä t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ‑, b-Y‑mÀ-°
¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w h‑n-h‑n-[ C-S-¯‑n \‑n-§Ä k-P‑o-h-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ‑, A-´‑n-a-
`‑m-K-§-f‑n s‑X‑m-g‑n a‑m-b‑n C‑u t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§Ä \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑m³ k‑m-[‑y-a-Ã.
A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m@‑n-c‑p-¶ F-¦‑n h-e-X‑p-]-£-¯‑n-\‑v A-s‑X-§-s‑\ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶‑p
H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v b‑p-h‑m-¡Ä F-¶‑v \‑n-§Ä t‑N‑m-Z‑n-t‑¨-¡‑m‑w.
a‑mÀ-¨‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«
Z‑r-i‑y-§Ä I‑m-W‑m-\‑n-S-b‑m- A-s‑X‑, k-a‑q-l-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w {‑]-t‑h-
h‑p-I-b‑p‑w R-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n i-\-a‑p-ï.‑v BÀ-¡‑p t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X³-s‑d k-t‑µ-i‑w
_-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v k-l‑m-b‑w H-c‑p h-e‑n-b I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v A-b-¡‑m‑w. F-¶‑mÂ
h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑p C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n N‑n-e \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§-f‑p-ï.‑v h-e-X‑p-]-
-a‑p-@‑m-b‑n. A-h-c‑n £‑w A-X‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v A-X‑n-e‑p‑w G-s‑d h‑n-]‑p-
]-e-c‑p‑w G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w e-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W.‑v A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-h-i‑w h-¼‑n-¨
k‑w-L-S‑n-X {‑]-Ø‑m-\-h‑p- h‑n-`-h-§-f‑p-ï.‑v C‑u {‑]-N‑m-c-W-§-f‑n A-X‑n-s‑â I‑q-S‑n
a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-a‑p-Å-hÀ k‑z‑m-[‑o-\-a‑p-ï.‑v
t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
t‑a‑m-Z‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ A-©‑p hÀ-j‑w ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n.
B-Z‑y-s‑¯ a‑q-¶‑p hÀ-j-h‑p‑w A-h-k‑m-\-s‑¯ c-ï‑p
hÀ-j-h‑p‑w ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑m H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-I‑p‑w.
A-h-k‑m-\-s‑¯ c-ï‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-\‑p‑w
A-X‑n-s‑â ]-c‑m-P-b-§Ä-¡‑p-s‑a-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ
a‑o-U‑n-b‑m {‑]-N‑m-c-W-§Ä-¡‑v a‑qÀ-¨ I‑q-S‑n-b-X.‑v A-S‑n-¯-
«‑n A-X‑n-\‑p-Å k‑m-l-N-c‑y-s‑a‑m-c‑p-§‑n-b-X‑v A-t‑¸‑m-g‑m-
W‑v- F-¶-X‑m-W‑v I‑m-c-W‑w. \‑m-k‑n-I‑v-þ-a‑p‑w-_-b‑v- a‑mÀ-N‑v
\-S-¯‑n-b-X‑n-\‑p t‑i-j‑w ]‑n k‑m-b‑n-\‑m-Y‑n-s‑\-t‑¸‑m-e‑p-
Å-h-c‑p-s‑S C-S-s‑]-S-e‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n \-h‑w-_À 29‑,30
X‑o-b-X‑n-I-f‑n h‑o-ï‑p‑w H-c‑p I‑n-k‑m³ a‑p-à‑n a‑mÀ-¨‑v
Z‑n-Ã‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-S-¯‑m-\‑p-Å \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑w D-b-c‑p-I-b‑p-
ï‑m-b‑n. F-¶‑m a‑mÀ-¨‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v I‑z‑n-ä‑v- C-´‑y‑m {‑]-
Ø‑m-\ h‑mÀ-j‑n-I-¯‑n H‑m-K-Ì‑v 9 \‑v R-§Ä P-b‑nÂ
\‑n-d-¡Â k-a-c-¯‑n-s‑â X‑n-c-¡‑n-e‑m-b‑n. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑nsâ
h‑n-h‑n-[ `‑m-K-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w A-©‑p e-£‑w B-f‑p-IÄ
A-X‑n ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
s‑k-]‑v-ä-¼À 5 \‑v R-§Ä a-k‑v-Z‑qÀ I‑n-k‑m³ k‑w-LÀ-j‑v
d‑m-e‑n k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p‑w
IÀ-j-I-c‑p‑w IÀ-j-I-s‑¯‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-I-f‑p-a-S-§‑p-¶ c-ï‑p
e-£-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d B-f‑p-IÄ A-¶‑v Z‑n-Ã‑n-b‑n H-¯‑p-I‑q-
S‑n. C‑u {‑]-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-a‑p-à `-S-·‑mÀ
]‑n-´‑p-W \Â-I‑n. \-h‑w-_À 29‑,30 X‑o-b-X‑n-I-f‑n c‑m-
{‑ã‑w IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n (Nation for Farmers) F-¶
s‑F-I‑y-Z‑mÀ-V‑y {‑K‑q-¸‑v c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑v A-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-b H-c‑p
I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b‑m {‑]-N‑m-c-W-¯‑nÂ
C‑u {‑K‑q-¸‑v G-s‑d k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. Z‑n-Ã‑n-b‑nÂ
a‑mÀ-¨‑v X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v h‑n-h‑n-[ kÀ-Æ-I-e‑m-i‑m-e-
I-f‑n H-c‑p a‑m-k-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d I‑m-e‑w \‑o-ï‑p-\‑n-¶ t‑k‑m-
j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b‑m {‑]-N-c-W‑w \-S-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S
66 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
Z‑p-c‑n-X-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w k-a-c-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-a‑p-Å ]-e-X-c‑w t‑\‑m-«‑p-\‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\‑m-\-´-c I‑m-e-¯‑v
h‑o-U‑n-t‑b‑m-IÄ {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ C-§-s‑\ k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v t‑k‑m-
\-à {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W‑w e-`‑n-¡‑m³ A-X‑v R-§-s‑f k-l‑m- j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W.‑v t‑\‑m-«‑p
b‑n-¨‑p. IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ‑, \‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\‑w h-s‑c {‑K‑m-a-§-f‑n-s‑e IÀ-
IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å A-[‑y‑m-]-IÀ‑, IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v j-I-c‑n-s‑e K-W‑y-a‑m-b H-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w
t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å t‑U‑m-I‑v-äÀ-a‑mÀ‑, IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å I-c‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v 15 e-£‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S
A-`‑n-`‑m-j-IÀ-þ-þ-A-§-s‑\ h‑n-h‑n-[ s‑F-I‑y-Z‑mÀ-V‑y {‑K‑q- F-s‑¡‑u-ï‑n h-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W.‑v C-X‑v
¸‑p-IÄ C‑u {‑]-N-c-W‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑m³ ]-W-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v B-L‑m-X-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p‑w
t‑h-ï‑n k‑z-´-a‑m-b \‑n-e-b‑n {‑]-X‑o-X‑n C-S-¯‑nÂ‑, F-¶‑v B-f‑p-IÄ ]-d-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑a‑m-Z‑n-
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n C-S-s‑]-S‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. A-X‑v P‑n \-½‑p-s‑S F-s‑¡‑u-ï‑p-I-f‑n ]-W‑w
R-§Ä-¡‑v h-f-s‑c-t‑b-s‑d k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-b‑n. F-¯‑n-¡‑p‑w. Xsâ A-©‑p hÀ-j-¡‑m-
]-s‑£‑, h³ \‑p-W-IÄ t‑IÄ-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑mÄ {‑]-[‑m-\-a- e-s‑¯ `-c-W-¯‑n-\‑p t‑i-j‑w sXc-s‑ª-
{‑´‑n-¡‑v A-§-s‑\-s‑b‑m-¶‑v ]-d-b‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-s‑X-§-s‑\ S‑p-¸‑n-\‑v s‑X‑m-«‑p a‑p-¼‑v A-t‑±-l‑w {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-
F-¶‑v k-t‑µ-l‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v R‑m³ ¨-X‑v c-ï‑v s‑l-I‑v-ä-d‑n X‑m-s‑g `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-Å
X‑p-S-¡-¯‑n k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-´‑y-s‑b-t‑¸‑m- H‑m-t‑c‑m IÀ-j-Isâ-b‑p‑w F-‑¡‑u-ï‑nÂ
e‑p-Å H-c‑p c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n³-s‑d {‑]-[‑m-\a-{‑´‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v B-d‑m-b‑n-c‑w c‑q-]-b‑n-S‑p‑w F-¶‑m-W.‑v C-X‑nsâ
\‑p-W-b‑m-h‑m-\‑n-S-b‑n-Ã F-¶‑m-W‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-I. H-c‑p h-e‑n-b ]‑n-¶‑n-e‑p-Å \‑p-W F-´‑m-W?‑v A-X‑v \‑n-
h‑n-`‑m-K‑w B-f‑p-IÄ C-½-«‑n-e‑m-W‑v N‑n-´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v D-Z‑m- §Ä s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v IÀ-j-I-\‑v H-c‑p
l-c-W-a‑m-b‑n H-c‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑p-Å‑n 85 e-£‑w i‑u-N‑m-e-b- h-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑m-I‑p-¶-s‑X-§-s‑\ F-¶-X‑m-W‑v
§Ä ]-W‑n-X‑p F-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w _‑o-l‑m-d‑n s‑h-¨‑p t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w. H-c‑p s‑l-I‑v-ä-d‑n-\‑p G-I-t‑Z-i‑w
{‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. B {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h-\ I‑q-e-¦- \‑m-e‑v S¬ s‑\-Ã‑v IÀ-j-I-\‑v I‑n-«‑p-¶‑p
j-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑m H‑m-t‑c‑m a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n-e‑p‑w 5059 F-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-I. a‑n-\‑n-a‑w X‑m-§‑v h‑n-e 1750
i‑u-N‑m-e-b-§Ä‑, H‑m-t‑c‑m a‑n-\‑p-«‑n-e‑p‑w 84 i‑u-N‑m-e-b- B-b-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v \‑m-e‑v S-®‑n-\‑v G-I-t‑Z-i‑w
§Ä ]-W‑n-X‑p F-¶‑m-W-X‑n-s‑â AÀ-Y‑w. F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w 70000 c‑q-] I‑n-«-W‑w. ]-s‑£ k‑w-`-c-W‑w
C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p h-e‑n-b h‑n-`‑m-K‑w B-f‑p-IÄ t‑a‑m-Z‑n‑! \-S-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-X‑n \‑n-¶‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ
t‑a‑m-Z‑n ‑!t‑a‑m-Z‑n‑! F-¶‑v D-c‑p-h‑n-S‑p-¶‑p. A-h-c‑n H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v ]‑n-·‑m-d‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. 1750 c‑q-] F-¶-X‑v
t‑]À-¡‑v \-¶‑m-b-d‑n-b‑m‑w‑, A-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w k-X‑y-a-s‑Ã-¶.‑v \‑m-a-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b X‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v
A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v P-\-§Ä ]-©-k‑m-c
B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-«-t‑¸‑mÄ A-b‑mÄ H-c‑p X‑p-
ï‑v I-S-e‑m-k‑n ""]-©-k‑m-c‑'‑' F-s‑¶-
g‑p-X‑n A-hÀ-¡‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑p F-¶‑m-W‑p
X-a‑n-g‑v \‑m-«‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å H-c‑p IÀ-j-I
t‑\-X‑m-h‑v R-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª-X.‑v B
I-S-e‑m-k‑v X‑p-ï‑n-\‑v a-[‑p-c‑w \Â-I‑m-t‑\‑m
A-hÀ-¡‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑n B-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å
]-©-k‑m-c \Â-I‑m-t‑\‑m I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã-t‑Ã‑m.
A-t‑¸‑mÄ A-X‑m-W‑v- \-½‑p-s‑S kÀ-¡‑mÀ
h-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-¦.‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ k‑w-`-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑n s‑l-Î-d‑n-s‑e \‑m-e‑v S-®‑n-\‑v
1750 c‑q-] F-¶-X‑n-\‑v ]-I-c‑w G-g‑m-b‑n-c‑w
c‑q-] IÀ-j-I-\‑v I‑n-«‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-´‑y-
b‑p-s‑S a‑n-¡ `‑m-K-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑mÀ k‑w-
`-c-W-a‑n-Ã. _‑o-l‑m-d‑n IÀ-j-IÀ DÂ-
]-¶-§Ä h‑y‑m-]‑m-c‑n-IÄ-¡‑v h‑nÂ-¡‑m³
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 67
C-¯-c‑w \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-c‑m-h‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v t‑¢-i-I-c-a‑m-b h‑n-e‑v-]-\-b‑m-W-X.‑v
\‑p-W-IÄ A-X‑m-b-X‑v s‑l-Î-d‑n-\‑v 40000 F-¶ t‑X‑m-X‑n IÀ-j-I-s‑â
s‑]‑m-f‑n-¡‑m³ \-ã‑w 30000 c‑q-]-b‑m-W.‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n C-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑n-\‑n-a‑w X‑m-
t‑h-@‑n-b‑m-W‑v §‑p-h‑n-e G-X‑m-ï‑v 2650 c‑q-]-b‑m-W.‑v C-h‑n-s‑S k‑w-`-c-W-¯‑nÂ
I-g‑n-ª A-©‑p t‑Ì-ä‑v h-f-s‑c \-¶‑m-b‑n C-S-s‑]-S‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v _‑o-l‑m-d‑n IÀ-j-
hÀ-j-a‑m-b‑n R-§Ä IÀ-¡‑v A-X‑v D-d-¸‑v h-c‑p-¯‑n-b‑m s‑\-Ã‑n-\‑v 66000 c‑q-] A-[‑n-
t‑]‑m-c‑m-S‑n-s‑¡‑m-@‑n-c‑n- I‑w I‑n-«‑p‑w. F-¶‑m 6000 c‑q-] k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¨‑m-f‑q F-¶‑m-W‑p
¡‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑p-W-I-f‑p- \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶-X.‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n I-f‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b H-c‑p
s‑S A-S‑n-¯-d-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v h‑m-K‑v-Z‑m-\-a‑m-W-X.‑v A-½-«‑n-e‑m-W‑v {‑]-N-c-W‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v C‑u
t‑I-{‑µ kÀ-¡‑mÀ {‑]-N‑m-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n B-b‑n-c-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v t‑I‑m-S‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v
s‑I-«‑n-¸-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X.‑v A-X‑v H-c‑p D-Z‑y-a-a‑m-W.‑v `-c-W hÀ-K-
¶-X‑v. B \‑p-W-IÄ §-f‑p-s‑S \-b-§Ä-¡‑p-Å P-\-k-½-X‑n k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å D-Z‑y-
X-IÀ-¡‑m³ t‑h@‑n- a-a‑m-W‑v F-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v
b‑m-W‑v R-§-f‑p-s‑S
t‑]‑m-c‑m-«‑w. C-¯-c‑w \‑p-W-IÄ s‑]‑m-f‑n-¡‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v I-g‑n-ª
A-©‑p hÀ-j-a‑m-b‑n R-§Ä t‑]‑m-c‑m-S‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v
\‑p-W-I-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-¯-d-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v t‑I-{‑µ kÀ-¡‑mÀ s‑I-«‑n-¸-
S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v B \‑p-W-IÄ X-IÀ-¡‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-W‑v
R-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m-c‑m-«‑w. F-´‑m-W‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑v
\‑n-§Ä I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v \‑m-e‑v-]-¯-©‑p hÀ-j-§Ä-¡‑p-Å‑n-
s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶ s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a \‑n-c-¡‑m-W‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ.
I-g‑n-ª ]-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p hÀ-j-§Ä-¡‑p-Å‑n I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h-c‑p-a‑m-
\-¯‑n-s‑â h-fÀ-¨ G-ä-h‑p‑w X‑m-W A-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-W‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ.
]-s‑£ C-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w t‑h-ï c‑o-X‑n-b‑n ]‑p-d-¯‑v h-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
a‑p-S‑n-ª \‑p-W-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-h-c-¡-W-¡‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
A-h-Ø C-X‑m-W.‑v \‑m-j-\Â k‑m-¼‑nÄ kÀ-s‑Æ H‑m-^‑o-k‑v
t‑i-J-c‑n-¨ Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-h-c-¡-W-¡‑p-IÄ Ø‑n-X‑n-K-X‑n-IÄ h‑n-e-
b‑n-c‑p-¯‑m³ \-½-s‑f k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p‑w. B h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p‑w A-hÀ
]‑p-d-¯‑v h‑n-S‑p-¶‑n-Ã. h‑n-h-c-§-f‑n h-e‑n-b t‑X‑m-X‑n I‑r-{‑X‑n-
a‑w I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v
C-t‑¸‑mÄ IÀ-j-I B-ß-l-X‑y‑m h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ ]‑p-d-¯‑p h-¶‑p
s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑X‑m-®‑q-ä‑n-b-©‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w a‑q-¶-c e-£-
¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d IÀ-j-IÀ B-ß-l-X‑y s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v h‑n-h‑n-[
kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-IÄ h‑n-h-c-§-f‑n I‑r-{‑X‑n-a‑w I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v
D-Z‑m-l-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v ]-©‑m-_‑n c-ï‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑n C-c‑p-\‑q-d‑v B-ß-
l-X‑y-IÄ \-S-¶‑p. C-X‑n I‑p-S‑n-I‑n-S-¸‑p-I‑m-c‑m-b H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v IÀ-
j-I k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑n-Ã. F-¶‑m C-c‑p-\‑q-d‑p t‑]
À a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v B-ß-l-X‑y s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ
A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X.‑v
R-§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n k‑q-£‑v-a-a‑m-b‑n‑, ]-X‑p-s‑¡-s‑b-¦‑n-
e‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S C-¡‑m-c‑y‑w X‑p-d-¶‑p I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-
X‑n-\‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ R-§Ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-
ª‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v a-[‑y-hÀ-K h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-e‑n-b t‑X‑m-X‑nÂ
F-¯‑n-s‑¸-S‑m³ R-§Ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. R-§-f‑p-s‑S
68 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v s‑F-I‑y-Z‑mÀ-V‑y‑w {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W.‑v C-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w R-§-f‑p-s‑S
A-hÀ B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-S‑p-¯ I‑m-e-¯‑v R-§Ä {‑]-N‑m-c-W {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑n P-\-§-
\-S-¯‑n-b H‑m-t‑c‑m C-S-s‑]-S-e‑n-e‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b s‑f k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v
t‑]‑m-k‑n-ä‑o-h‑m-b ]-¦‑v h-l‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v R-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n H-c‑p
_-Ô-h‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯-h-c‑p‑w IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S A-h-Ø-b‑n ]-s‑£ k-a‑q-l-a‑m-[‑y-a {‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ A-S‑n-
DÂ-¡-WT‑v -b‑p-Å-h-c‑p‑w k-X‑y‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³‑, A-X‑v ¯-«‑n IÀ-j-I-s‑c A-W‑n-\‑n-c-¯‑p-I
A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v ]-d-b‑m³ B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p S‑o‑w F-¶ h‑n-j-b‑w A-X‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n k-P‑o-h-a‑m-W.‑v « IÀ-j-IÀ-¡‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S k‑w-L-S-
\-IÄ-¡‑p‑w h‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡-W‑w. C-X‑v
A-§-s‑\ H-c‑p-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v h‑y-à‑n-I-f‑p-ï.‑v A-S‑n- {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W.‑v
¯-«‑n R-§Ä \-S-¯‑n-b t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
I-f‑p-s‑S ]-c‑m-P-b‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p A-´-c‑o-£‑w k‑r- H‑mÄ C-´‑y‑m I‑n-k‑m³ k-`-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-
ã‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v R‑m³ I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p. c‑m-P-Ø‑m-\‑n-e‑p‑w \‑n-[‑n F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v R‑m³ C‑u
a-[‑y-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-e‑p‑w O-¯‑o-k‑v-K-U‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p- t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b-X.‑v ]-s‑£ t‑]‑m-
¶-X‑v \‑m‑w I-ï‑p. a‑p-J‑y {‑]-X‑n-]-£-a‑m-b t‑I‑m-W‑v-{‑K-k‑v c‑m-«‑w k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ã-b‑n-s‑e
\-S-¯‑n-b t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§Ä I‑m-c-W-a-à C-§-s‑\ k‑w-`-h‑n-¨- IÀ-j-I-c‑m-W.‑v h‑n-]‑p-e-a‑m-b t‑X‑m-X‑n-e‑p-Å
X.‑v C‑u k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑p‑w t‑I‑m-W‑v-{‑K-k‑v IÀ-j-I {‑]-N‑m-c-W-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p; a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑v a‑mÀ-
k-a-c-§Ä \-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã. F-¶‑m H‑mÄ C-´‑y I‑n-k‑m³ ¨‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n H-c‑p a-\‑p-j‑y³ H-c‑p
k-` t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ IÀ-j-I k-a-c-§Ä e-£-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑d P-\-§Ä-¡‑v F-§-s‑\
\-S-¯‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C‑u t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§-f‑p-s‑S B-i-b-§Ä {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\-a‑m-b‑n F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-a‑p-bÀ-¶‑n-
{‑]-k-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑p‑w s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\ t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-¯‑n-e‑p‑w c‑p-¶‑p. R-§-f‑p-s‑S k-a-c-¯‑n-s‑â B
C‑u c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑e b‑p-h‑m-¡Ä [‑m-c‑m-f‑w k-l‑m-b‑w s‑N-b‑v- L-«-¯‑n A-¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p {‑]-N-c-W‑w
X‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑n N‑n-e-X‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y‑w k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-h‑m‑w. ]-s‑£‑,
I‑m-W‑n-¡‑m³ t‑Z-i‑o-b a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-a‑m-h‑p- A-X-à k-X‑y‑w. t‑]‑m-c‑m-«‑w s‑I-«‑n-¸-S‑p-¯-
¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w A-X‑v k-l‑m-b-I-a‑m-b‑n. C-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w k‑z-X-{‑´ X‑v H-c‑mÄ X-\‑n-¨-Ã. I-g‑n-ª A-©‑p
C-´‑y-b‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n I‑mÀ-j‑n-I {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-s‑b a‑p-J‑y hÀ-j-§-f‑m-b‑n‑, A-s‑Ã-¦‑n A-X‑n-e‑p-t‑a-
{‑i-²-b‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑m³ R-§Ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p- s‑d-¡‑m-e-a‑m-b‑n IÀ-j-IÀ t‑\-c‑n-«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-
¶‑p. s‑X‑m-®‑q-ä‑n-s‑b‑m-¶‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w \‑n-c-h-[‑n IÀ-j-I c‑n-¡‑p-¶ P‑o-h-·-c-W {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å
B-ß-l-X‑y-IÄ \-S-¶‑p. B-ß-l-X‑y s‑N-b‑v-X-h-c‑p-s‑S X‑p-SÀ-¨-b‑m-b C-S-s‑]-S-e‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\‑w.
I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-§Ä-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w Z‑n-Ã‑n-b‑n R-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[‑w A-X‑v H-c‑p I‑q-«‑m-b ]-c‑n-{‑i-a-a‑m-W.‑v t‑k‑m-
\-S-¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¨‑n-Ã. j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b‑m B-Î‑n-h‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ C‑u
F-¶‑m I-g‑n-ª H-c‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ h-k‑v-X‑p-X X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-t‑b-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n F-¶‑v \‑m‑w a-\-Ê‑n- \-h e‑n-_-d \-b-§Ä-s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å
e‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑nsâ ]‑n-¶‑n c-ï‑p L-S-I-§-f‑p-ï.‑v t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-¯‑nÂ‑, F-Ã‑m‑w h‑y-à‑n-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
A-S‑n-¯-«‑n R-§Ä-¡‑v F-§-s‑\ h³ t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-§Ä N‑p-c‑p-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p-Å
\-S-¯‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑p‑, \‑y‑m-b-a‑m-b h‑n-e-b‑p‑w I-S-¯‑n t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-¯‑n Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-
\‑n-¶‑p-Å t‑a‑m-N-\-h‑p‑w F-¶‑p-Å {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä D-bÀ-¯‑n- ¯‑n A-X‑v X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑m \-a‑p-¡‑v
¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-§Ä a‑m-ä‑n-s‑h-¨‑v I‑q-S‑p-X h‑n-P-b‑w s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-
C-c‑p-¶‑q-d‑n-t‑e-s‑d k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑F-I‑y‑w s‑I-«‑n-¸- b‑p‑w. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e B-I‑v-
S‑p-¡‑m³ F-§-s‑\ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p‑, C‑u k-a-c-a‑p-bÀ-¯‑p-¶ ä‑n-h‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ B I‑m-c‑y-h‑p‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-
B-h-i‑y-§-s‑f s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\ k-a-c {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p-a‑m- t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v R‑m³ I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p.
b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n I‑q-S‑p-XÂ P-\-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v F-¯‑n-
¡‑m³ H-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w P-\-§Ä k‑m-a‑q-l‑y a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n ]-c‑n-`‑m-j: A-P‑n-X‑v- \-c‑n-¡‑p-\‑n
R-§-s‑f F-§-s‑\ k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑p F-¶-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w h-f-s‑c
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p‑w
\‑n-j‑v-{‑I‑n-b-X‑z-h‑p‑w
a‑n-k‑v-c‑n-b s‑j-b‑v-J‑v A-e‑n
a‑m- À-¨‑v 31 \‑v, C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p G-X‑m-
\‑p‑w a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑p-IÄ-¡‑p a‑p³-]‑v \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑n F-s‑â
kÀ-h-I-e‑m-i‑m-e‑m I‑m-¼-Ê‑n-e‑q-s‑S R‑m³ \-S-¡‑m-\‑n-d-
§‑n. H-c‑p ¥‑m-k‑v ]-¨-{‑Z‑m-h-I‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v F-t‑´‑m
s‑N-¿‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ c-ï‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n-I-s‑f R‑m³
{‑i-²‑n-¨‑p. H-c‑p h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-°‑n k‑v-^-S‑n-I ¥‑m-k‑v a‑p³-]‑nÂ
s‑h-¨‑v I‑p-¼‑n-«‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶‑p; a-ä-h³ F-t‑´‑m H-c‑p D-]-
I-c-W‑w s‑s‑I-¿‑n ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶-h-\‑v
N‑p-ä‑p‑w H‑m-S‑p-¶‑p. C-s‑X‑m-c‑p H-c‑p k-b³-k‑v I‑m-¼-k‑v
B-b-X‑n-\‑m R‑m³ h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-I-s‑f k-a‑o-]‑n-¨‑v A-hÀ
h-Ã ]-c‑o-£-W-h‑p‑w \-S-¯‑p-I-b‑m-t‑W‑m F-¶‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑n-
¨‑p. C-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-h-c‑p-s‑S a-d‑p-]-S‑n: "C-X‑v H-c‑p P-\-
t‑d-j³ k‑w-K-X‑n-b‑m-W.‑v R-§Ä a‑o-a‑p-IÄ D-ï‑m-¡‑p-I-
b‑m-W‑v'. h‑m-k‑v-X-h-¯‑nÂ‑, A-hÀ ]-d-ª-X‑v "R-§Ä
C-t‑¸‑mÄ ]-c‑o-£-W-§Ä \-S-¯‑m-d‑n-Ã‑, a‑o-a‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v
D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v'‑ F-¶-X‑m-W.‑v
Z‑r-i‑y-k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-a‑m-h‑p-¶
k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä
C-¯-c-¯‑nÂ‑, t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b F-{‑X t‑a-e‑m-W‑v
\-½‑p-s‑S s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\ {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-I-f‑p‑w
\‑nÀ-Æ-N‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v! t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S X‑p-S-
70 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
¡‑w a‑p-X-t‑e \-½Ä H-c‑p ontological shift t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶‑p-ï;‑v {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-
k‑z-´‑w A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z‑w \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å k‑n-²‑m-´‑w s‑X‑m- ¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w Z‑pÀ-º-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-h-
«‑v, \-½Ä F-§-s‑\ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p; F-§-s‑\ s‑c `-c-W-\‑nÀ-Æ-l-W-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-
k‑w-L-S‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v \-½Ä c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v h‑y-h-Ø-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-c-L-S-\-b‑v-¡‑v
F-¶-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w a‑m-ä-¯‑n-\‑v h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-h‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v _‑u-²‑n-I I‑q-S‑p-XÂ h‑n-t‑[-b-c‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.
]-c‑n-k-c-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p U‑n-P‑n-ä L-S-\-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w C-§-s‑\ h‑n-t‑b‑m-P‑n-¸‑p-IÄ \‑n-È-Ð-a‑m-¡-
{‑I-a-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-IÄ \‑o-§‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, I‑q-«‑m-b‑v- s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w `-c-W-I‑q-S-§-f‑p-s‑S aÀ-±-t‑\‑m-
a-I-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å \-½‑p-s‑S [‑m-c-W-IÄ‑, {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑w‑, ]‑m-[‑n-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w
A-\‑p-K‑p-W‑w F-¶‑n-h \‑n-c-´-c‑w s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p- s‑N-¿‑p-¶ H-c‑p A-´-c‑o-£‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡-s‑¸-
I-b‑m-W.‑v I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-I-f‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X-b‑m-W‑v \-½Ä I‑q-«‑p S‑p-¶‑p. A-d-_‑v h-k-´-¯‑n C-X‑m-W‑v
I‑q-S‑p-¶-X‑v, {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑w I‑q-S‑m-s‑X-b‑m-W‑v \-½Ä s‑N-d‑p- \‑m‑w I-ï-X.‑v
¯‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶-X‑v, \-½-f‑p-s‑S A-\‑p-c‑q-]-X-s‑b {‑]‑m-]‑v-
X-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å A-[‑n-I‑m-c-s‑¯ X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m-s‑X A-d-_‑v h-k-´-h‑p‑w
\-½Ä A-\‑p-c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. aÀ-±-t‑I‑m-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p‑w
t‑e‑m-I-h‑y-h-Ø {‑I-a-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-h‑m-\‑m-b‑n c‑q-]-IÂ-¸-\
s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-Å \‑n-b-a-§Ä U‑n-P‑n-ä t‑e‑m-I-h‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å a‑n-U‑n C‑u-Ì‑n-s‑e G-I‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑, t‑k‑z-
a‑p-J‑m-a‑p-J-§-f‑n D-e-ª‑p X-I-c‑p-¶‑p. \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑m-b‑n Ñ‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-c‑m-b 2011
H-c‑p ]‑u-c-\‑v I‑n-t‑«-ï k‑w-c-£-W‑w U‑n-P‑n-ä t‑e‑m-I-{‑I- s‑e {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-§-f‑p-s‑S H-c‑p ]-c-¼-c-b‑m-
a-¯‑n F-§‑n-s‑\ A-«‑n-a-d‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-d-_‑v h-k-´‑w. k-a-c-¯‑nÂ
t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-X-s‑b k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p-Å B-i- t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b b‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑w
¦-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-Å A-h-k-c-§-f‑n \-½Ä {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[ I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-IÄ k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-
I-ï‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑m-W.‑v a-d‑p-h-i-¯‑v, U‑n-P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v- ¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-s‑b X-s‑¶ a‑m-ä‑n-a-d‑n-¨‑p. a‑n-
{‑S-I‑v-N-d‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å `-c-W‑w P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S þ-þ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n- U‑n C‑u-Ì‑n-s‑e kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-I-f‑n H-c‑p
¨‑v, K-h¬-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â h‑n-t‑h-N-\ {‑]-h-c‑v-¯-\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑w B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]‑u-c-·‑mÀ t‑k‑m-
\-b-§Ä-¡‑p‑w F-X‑n-s‑c {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S þ-þ
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 71
j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n ]-c-k‑v-]-c‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w H-c‑p
{‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑m-b‑n k‑z-b‑w D-c‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {‑]-X‑n-
t‑j-[-¡‑m-s‑c k-a‑m-l-c‑n-¨-X‑p‑w. F-¶‑m {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑m-
s‑c t‑\-c‑n-«‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n K-h¬-s‑aâ‑v a‑p-J‑w
X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑p‑w t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b
s‑{‑]‑m-s‑s‑^-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑]‑m-Ì‑p-I-f‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ
I‑m-c‑y-§Ä a‑m-d‑n. t‑k‑z-Ñ‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y `-c-W-I‑q-S-¯‑n-s‑\-
X‑n-s‑c ]-S-s‑b‑m-c‑p-¡‑w \-S-¯‑m³ {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑mÀ D-]-
t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ D-]-I-c-W-s‑¯-¯-s‑¶ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨
`-c-W-I‑q-S‑w I-e‑m-]-¯‑n-s‑â D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³
{‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S X-e-b‑n s‑I-«‑n h-¨‑p.
a‑n-U‑n C‑u-Ì‑n-s‑e
kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-I-f‑n H-c‑p
a‑m-ä‑w B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶
]‑u-c-·‑mÀ t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ
a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n ]-c-k‑v-]-c‑w
X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w H-c‑p
{‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑m-
b‑n k‑z-b‑w D-c‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-b‑p-I-
b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ
a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑m-s‑c
k-a‑m-l-c‑n-¨-X‑p‑w.
© AFP or licensors
P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h-X‑v-I-c-W-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p
D-]-I-c-W‑w F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n D-bÀ-¯‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¡-s‑¸-«
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑v-¡‑v s‑]‑m-S‑p-¶-s‑\ H-c‑p t‑k‑z-Ñ‑m-
[‑n-]-X‑y-a‑m-\‑w s‑s‑I-h-¶‑p ({‑K‑n-K-d‑n‑, 2012). A-d-_‑v
h-k-´‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä
i‑p-²-a‑m-b H-c‑p t‑e‑m-P‑n-¡Â h-g‑n-b‑m-W‑v/c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W.‑v
A-X‑v F-§-s‑\ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-s‑h-¶‑p‑w A-X‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-
K‑n-¨-X‑v B-c‑m-s‑W-¶-X‑n-\‑p-a-k-c‑n-¨‑v A-i‑p-²-a‑m-I‑p-¶
H-c‑p D-]-I-c-W‑w. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑v-¡‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-
a‑p-ï‑v, A-X‑n-s‑â c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑w \‑nÀ-Æ-N‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v A-h
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã A-h-s‑b-b‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ {‑]-X‑y-b-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨-h-c‑p‑w
I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v (Winner, 1980).
72 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â I-S-¶‑p-h-c-h‑v s‑k³-t‑d‑m-d‑n-b (Senosria) b‑p-s‑S
I-S-¶‑p-h-c-h‑v:
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b F-¶-X‑v Z‑r-i‑y‑,{‑i-h-W k‑w-k‑v-
I‑m-c-§-f‑m c‑q-]-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p a-Þ-e-a‑m-W.‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ I‑m-g‑v-N-I-f‑p‑w i-Ð-h‑p‑w t‑k‑m-
a‑o-a‑p-I-f‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w t‑]‑m-Ì‑p-I-f‑m-b‑m-e‑q‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S AÀ- j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å C-S-s‑]-S-e‑p-
°-§Ä h‑y-à-a‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b- I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S \‑m‑w A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p.
b‑n {‑]-t‑h-i‑n-¡‑m³ \-½Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ D-]- C-¶-s‑¯ s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n-IÄ e-£‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-
I-c-W-§-f‑n-s‑e {‑i-h-W-þ-Z‑r-i‑y-X-e-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W.‑v ¶-X‑v I‑m-g‑v-N-þ-{‑i-h‑y k‑w-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S \-½Ä BÀ-Ö‑n-¡‑p-¶ e-`‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶ k-a-{‑K-h‑p‑w B-IÀ-j-W‑o-
AÀ-°-§Ä \-½‑p-s‑S t‑e‑m-I-h‑o-£-W-§-s‑f a‑m-{‑X-a-à b-h‑p-a‑m-b D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑r A-\‑p-`-h-a‑m-W.‑v
\-½‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑n-X-t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ X-s‑¶ \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑m³ U‑n-P‑n-ä D-]-I-c-W-¯‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡-
{‑]‑m-]‑v-X‑n-b‑p-Å-X‑m-W.‑v H-c‑p k‑v-]À-i-¯‑n-s‑â A-I-e‑w s‑¸-S‑p-¶ `-£-W-¯‑n-s‑â \‑n-d-h‑p‑w i-Ð-
a‑m-{‑X-t‑a \-½-f‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-h‑p‑w X-½‑n D-Å‑q. A-X‑m-b-X‑v, h‑p‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑m H-c‑p h‑n-`-h-¯‑n-s‑â
h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S _‑m-l‑p-e‑y-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w H-c‑p k‑v-]-Ài- c‑p-N‑n A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑m³ D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑n-
¯‑n-s‑â A-I-e-t‑a-b‑p-Å‑q F-¶‑p I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W.‑v h‑n-h-c- \‑v I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑p‑w i-Ð-h‑p‑w h-g‑n
k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-b‑p-K‑w e-£‑y‑w s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¡‑m-¯ b‑m-{‑´‑n-I N‑n-e k‑w-t‑h-Z-\-£-a-a‑m-b A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä
{‑]-X‑y‑pÂ-]‑m-Z-\-¯‑n D‑u-¶‑p-¶‑p. A-h-c‑p-s‑S k-X‑y‑w‑, D-ï‑m-¡‑p-h‑m³ _‑n-k‑n-\-k‑p-I-s‑f \‑y‑q-t‑d‑m
k‑m-[‑p-X‑, \‑n-b-a-k‑m-[‑p-X F-¶‑n-h-s‑b \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶ k-b³-k-k‑v, cognitive k-b³-k-k‑v
h‑n-h-c-h‑p‑w \‑n-b-a-h‑p‑w a‑m-\-Z-Þ-§-f‑p‑w ]‑p-\-c‑pÂ-¸‑m-Z‑n- F-¶‑n-h-b‑n-s‑e I-s‑ï-¯-e‑p-IÄ k-l‑m-
¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p kn²‑m-´-hÂ-¡-c‑n-¡‑p-¶- b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑v a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-
X‑n-\‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w a‑p³-]‑v X-s‑¶ \-a‑p-¡‑v X‑n-\‑v a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã. C‑u b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y-s‑¯
a‑p-¶‑n U‑n-P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-¨À A-X‑n-s‑â X-\-X‑v O‑n-¶-`‑n-¶-a‑m-¡‑n \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¨‑v, a‑p-X-e‑m-
{‑]‑u-V‑n-b‑n ]-SÀ-¶‑p ]-´-e‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v I‑m-W‑m-\‑m-h‑p- f‑n-¯-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ senosria s‑b-¡‑p-
¶‑p. C-S-X-S-h‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X h‑n-I-k‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ U‑n- d‑n-¨‑p-Å H-c‑p A-X‑n-k‑q-£‑v-a c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b
P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-N-d‑n-e‑p‑w h‑n-h-c i‑r‑w-J-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v C-X‑n A-´À-e‑o-\-a‑m-b‑n I‑n-
k-X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â DÂ-]‑m-Z-\-s‑¯ \‑nÀ-Æ-N‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑X- S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v `-£‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶ {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n
f‑n-h‑p-IÄ t‑X-S‑p-¶-X‑v A-]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v i‑m-k‑v- t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, H-ä-t‑\‑m-«-¯‑n s‑k³-t‑k‑m-d‑n-
{‑X‑o-b-a‑m-b‑n s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑m-W.‑v C‑u b-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v {‑]-t‑h-i-\-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ N‑n-e
{‑Z‑p-X-K-X‑n-b‑n DÄ-]-c‑n-hÀ-¯‑n-X-a‑m-I‑p-¶ U‑n-P‑n-ä A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä‑, C-¶-s‑¯ D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑r-
C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-N-d‑p-I-s‑f kn-²‑m-´-hÂ-¡-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n- t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p‑w i-Ð-h‑p‑w D-ï‑m-
\‑v {‑]-b‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-e‑p-]-c‑n-b‑m- ¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S e-`‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-¶-s‑¯
b‑n‑, {‑]-I-S-a‑m-b s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-b‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑p C‑u U‑n-P‑n-ä D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑r k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑n-
C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-NÀ t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ A-\‑p-`-h-t‑h-Z‑y-a‑m-¡³ e‑p‑w i-Ð-¯‑n-e‑p‑w A-`‑n-c-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
(sense) \-s‑½ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W.‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä A-t‑X-k-a-b‑w A-h-s‑b O‑n-¶-`‑n-¶-a‑m-¡‑n
k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑e DÂ-]-¶-¯‑n-s‑â/s‑a-ä‑o-c‑n-b-e‑n-s‑â/]‑p- k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ \‑n-a-Ö-\‑m-\‑p-`-h-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S
c‑m-h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S b‑m-{‑´‑n-I-a‑m-b-]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑w‑, I‑m- k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b [‑m-c-W-b‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
g‑v-N-s‑b (sight) X‑r-]‑v-X‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w {‑]-t‑h-i-\-h‑p‑w k‑p-K-aa‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. U‑n-P‑n-
N‑p-ä‑n-¡-d-§‑p-¶-X‑v, A-X‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w ä D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯
A-[‑o-\-s‑¸-«‑v, P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑e k-I-e {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-I-f‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-b‑n I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑p‑w i-Ð-
P‑o-h‑n-X-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w C‑u {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-¯‑n t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I- h‑p‑w a‑m-\-I‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I h-g‑n D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑r
c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v R‑m³ I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑p-s‑S {‑I-a‑o- ]-c‑n-N-b‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-
I-c‑n-¡Â F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v C‑u {‑I-a‑o-I-c‑n-¡-e‑m- I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w b‑m-{‑´‑n-I
W‑v C-¶‑v \-s‑½ H-c‑p Z‑r-i‑y-k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n D-d-¸‑n-¨‑p {‑]-X‑y‑p-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\‑w I‑m-c‑y-£-a-h‑p‑w k‑m-¼-
\‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶-X.‑v ¯‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n ^-e-{‑]-Z-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶‑p.
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 73
`-£-W-i‑m-e-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑d-ä‑n‑w-K‑v, A-´- C-W-¡-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w {‑]‑m-]‑y-a‑m-b‑n-h-c‑p-¶ N‑n-e s‑s‑h-
c‑o-£‑w‑, `-£-W-c‑o-X‑n X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h- I‑m-c‑n-I‑m-\‑p-`-h-§-s‑f C-Ã‑m-X‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v h‑n-j‑zÂ
s‑b‑m-s‑¡ t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v C-¶‑v \‑m‑w H-c‑p k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w h-©-\-b‑v-¡‑v F-f‑p-¸‑w h-f‑w s‑h-¡‑p-¶‑p.
`-£-W-i‑m-e-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑]‑m-I‑m³ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-
\‑n-¡‑p-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v N‑n-{‑X-§Ä \-½Ä-¡‑v B b-Ã-¸-b‑p-s‑S I-S-¶‑p-h-c-h‑v
Ø-e-¯‑n-s‑â A-\‑p-`-h-h‑p‑w A-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯
`-£-W-¯‑n-s‑â K‑p-W-h‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h-t‑h- {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-Z-¯ N‑m-b-a‑m-b C³-U‑n-t‑K‑m-b‑p-s‑S A-h-k‑m-
Z‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-§-s‑\‑, I‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑p‑w i-Ð- \-s‑¯ {‑S-Ì‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p B-{‑Ô-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n P‑o-h‑n-
¯‑n-\‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n c‑q-]-IÂ-¸-\ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑, ¨‑n-c‑p-¶ b-Ã-¸. b-Ã-¸ h‑n-S-]-d-ª-t‑X‑m-s‑S \-a‑p-¡‑v
F-¶‑m A-t‑X-k-a-b‑w k-¼‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b \-ã-s‑¸-«-X‑v k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I N‑m-b‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å h-g‑n-
s‑k³-t‑k‑m-d‑n-b A-\‑p-`-h‑w D-WÀ- IÄ a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ A-d‑n-b‑m-\‑p-Å H-c‑p t‑h-d‑n-«
¯‑p-¶‑, DÂ-]-¶-§-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-]-\-s‑¯ h-g‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑s‑I-s‑I‑m-ï‑p s‑X‑m-«‑p t‑\‑m-¡‑n {‑Z‑m-h-
U‑n-P‑n-ä t‑e‑m-I‑w t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. I-¯‑n-s‑â D‑u-j‑v-a‑m-h‑v A-f-¡‑m-\‑p‑w a-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑m-
s‑k³-t‑k‑m-d‑n-b A-\‑p-`-h-s‑¯ I‑m-g‑v-N- {‑µ-X I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w s‑s‑I-¸-W‑n s‑s‑h-Z-K‑v-²‑y‑w D-]-
b‑p‑w i-Ð-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑hÀ-]‑n-c‑n-¨‑v N‑n-X-d‑n-¨‑v t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ I‑r-j‑n-b‑p-s‑S X-t‑±-i‑o-b-a‑m-b A-d‑n-h‑n-s‑â
H‑mÀ-a-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-\‑p-`-h-s‑¯ ]‑p-\:k‑r- ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-«-b‑m-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-t‑±-l‑w (h‑n-i‑z-
ã‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ D-X-I‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-a‑m-b‑m- \‑m-Y³‑, 2014). a-\‑p-j‑y-i-c‑o-c-t‑¯‑m-S‑p C-S-s‑]-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
W‑v C-¶-s‑¯ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n- N‑m-b‑w A-X‑n-s‑â A-f-h‑p-t‑I‑m {‑]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. X-t‑±-i‑o-b
s‑b \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p-I. I‑m-W‑p-I-b‑p‑w I-c-‑I‑u-i-e h‑n-Ú‑m-\‑w i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S s‑s‑I-a‑m-ä‑w
t‑IÄ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï N-S-§‑m-W.‑v s‑S-Ì‑v D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑nÂ
t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ {‑K-l‑n-¡‑m³ \-½Ä k‑m-h-[‑m- I-®‑p-IÄ s‑I‑m-ï‑v h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³ t‑h-ï I-W-¡‑p-I-f-Ã
\‑w ]-c‑n-i‑o-e‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v \-½‑p-s‑S A-f-h‑p-IÄ. C-X‑v i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I-a‑m-b H-c‑p A-\‑p-`-h-a‑m-W.‑v
\‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n-\‑v A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v, a-ä‑p C-{‑µ‑n- A-¶-]‑qÀ-® a‑m-a‑p-S‑n-¸‑p-U‑n (Annapurna Mamidipudi
b-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑a-s‑e N‑n-e C-{‑µ‑n-b-§Ä a‑m- 2016) F-g‑p-X‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, "s‑\-b‑v-¯‑p-I‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w N‑m-
{‑X‑w B-[‑n-]-X‑y-i-à‑n s‑s‑I-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-¶ b‑w a‑p-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑p‑w k‑v-]À-i-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h-
H-c‑p h‑n-N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-b s‑k³-t‑k‑m-d‑n-b ¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w a-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w k‑w-J‑y-IÄ ]-d-b‑m³
H‑mÀ-UÀ k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑n-e‑m- I-g‑n-b‑p‑w; A-hÀ C-t‑¸‑m-f‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v F-®‑p-
W‑v \‑m-a‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ. Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n- ¶-X‑v' A-X‑v A-X‑n-`‑u-X‑n-I-a‑m-b (s‑a-ä‑m-^‑n-k‑n-¡Â‑)
s‑â a-k‑v-X‑n-j‑v-I-i‑n-i‑p-¡-f‑m-b U‑n-P‑n-ä I-g‑n-s‑h‑m-¶‑p-a-Ã‑, F-¶‑m A-d‑n-h‑n-s‑â h-g‑n-b‑n-s‑e N‑n-e
C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-N-d‑p-IÄ C-t‑a-P‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\ A-\‑p-`-h ]‑mT-§-f‑m-W-h; H-c‑p h‑n-Ú‑m-\
s‑a-¡‑m-\‑n-¡Â ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-½‑m-W-¯‑n-e‑q- k‑n-²‑m-´-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\ k‑m-²‑y-X. A-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m-
s‑S C‑u ‑'I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑p-s‑S G-I‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-¡Â‑' ¸‑w \-ã-s‑¸-«-t‑X‑m H-c‑p P‑o-h‑n-X-c‑o-X‑n-b‑p‑w H-c‑p P‑o-h‑n-
k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, U‑n-P‑n-ä X-¡‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å A-h-k-c-h‑p‑w.
C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-N-d‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑\-ä‑v hÀ-¡‑v
s‑k‑m-s‑s‑k-ä‑n-b‑m-b t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b- ]‑qÀ-W-X-b‑n F-¯‑n-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶
s‑b‑, Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â s‑a-¡‑m- Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k‑v-¡‑m-c‑w
\‑n-¡Â ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-½‑m-W-¯‑n-s‑â H-c‑p
D-X‑v-]-¶-h‑p‑w D-]-I-c-W-h‑p-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v I-W- Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-h‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h-§-f‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w
¡‑m-t‑¡-ï-X.‑v C‑u h‑n-j‑z k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c- \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å ‑'C-¶‑v'‑, H-c‑p \‑n-e-h‑m-c-{‑I-a-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-
¯‑nÂ‑, k‑v-]À-i‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-b‑n e‑n-s‑â (standardisation) {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑n-e‑m-W.‑v Z‑r-i‑y-þ-{‑i-
s‑X‑m-«-d‑n-t‑b-ï-X‑m-b H-c‑p {‑]-t‑X‑y-I A-\‑p- h‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑p-s‑S B-h‑nÀ-`‑m-h-t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑, s‑k³-
`-h-¯‑n-s‑â A-\‑p-`‑q-X‑n \-ã-s‑¸-«‑p-t‑]‑m-h‑p- t‑k‑m-d‑n-b t‑hÀ-X‑n-c‑n-¨‑v h‑n-`-P‑n-¨‑v `‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w
¶‑p. a-W‑w‑, c‑p-N‑n‑, k‑v-]À-i‑w‑, F-¶‑n-h-b‑n- A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑p-Å Ø-e-§-f‑nÂ‑,
e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-N‑, i-Ð‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S Ì‑m³-t‑UÀ-s‑s‑U-k‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-« c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å \-S-]-
S‑n-I-f‑p‑w ^-e-§-f‑p‑w k‑w-`-h-§Ä A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v
74 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
"s‑\-b‑v-¯‑p-I‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w X-s‑¶ d-±‑p-s‑N-¿‑p‑w. Assembly s‑s‑e³ DÂ-¸‑m-Z-\‑w h-g‑n
N‑m-b‑w a‑p-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑p‑w {‑I-a-s‑¸-S‑p-¯Â t‑{‑]‑m-k-k‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-s‑b-¡‑mÄ‑,
k‑v-]À-i-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w h‑y‑m-h-k‑m-b‑n-I k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â B-g-¯‑n-e‑p-Å A-{‑I-a-
A-\‑p-`-h-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w a‑m-W‑v s‑k³-t‑k‑m-d‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-h‑m-c‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v
a-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w k‑w-J‑y- I‑m-g‑v-N {‑I-a-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑k³-t‑k‑m-d‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S s‑l-t‑K‑m-t‑a‑m-
IÄ ]-d-b‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w; W‑n-I‑v {‑I-a‑w k‑wk-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n³ I‑o-g‑n {‑]‑m-_-e‑y-¯‑nÂ
A-hÀ C-t‑¸‑m-f‑p‑w a-\-Ê‑p- h-c‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v, A-Û‑p-X-Z‑r-i‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S/ I‑m-g‑v-N-{‑]-[‑m-\-
s‑I‑m-@‑m-W‑v F-®‑p-¶-X‑v' a‑m-b Z‑r-i‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S (spectacles) ]‑p-\-c‑p-Ö‑o-h-\-¯‑n-s‑â
A-X‑v A-X‑n-`‑u-X‑n-I-a‑m-b H-c‑p t‑e‑m-I‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v Spectacle IÄ A-c-§‑p
(s‑a-ä‑m-^‑n-k‑n-¡Â‑) I-g‑n- h‑m-g‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, AÀ-°-§Ä s‑s‑I-a‑m-ä‑w-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p‑, Z‑r-
s‑h‑m-¶‑p-a-Ã‑, F-¶‑m i‑yk‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-j-b‑w/ IÀ-X‑r-X‑z‑w c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
A-d‑n-h‑n-s‑â h-g‑n-b‑n-s‑e N‑n-e (Foucault, 1995 35). U‑n-P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-NÀ N‑n-e
s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\ A-\‑p-`-h k‑v-a-c-Wm-\‑p-`-h-§-s‑f C-Ã‑m-X‑m-¡‑n‑, I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑v-¡‑p k-h‑n-
]‑mT-§-f‑m-W-h; H-c‑p t‑i-j t‑aÂ-t‑¡‑m-b‑v-a \Â-I‑n‑, h‑n-{‑`-a‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ C-S-§Ä
h‑n-Ú‑m-\ k‑n-²‑m-´-¯‑n- k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑v-, spectacles k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w I-c‑v-X‑r-X‑z-§Ä
s‑â s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\ k‑m-²‑y-X. \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑m³ C-S‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e IÀ-X‑r-X‑z-§Ä.
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b F-Ã‑m-h-s‑c-b‑p‑w - A-X‑v H-c‑p `-c-W-h-
I‑p-t‑¸‑m H-c‑p kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-X-c k‑w-L-S-\-t‑b‑m A-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ
]‑u-c-t‑\‑m B-I-s‑«-þ-þ D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑m-b‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p-
¶-X.‑v C-¶-s‑¯ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑p H-g‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-S‑m-\‑m-h‑m-¯
I‑m-c‑y-§-s‑f/ h‑n-`‑m-K-§-s‑f A-X‑v H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. _‑u-²‑n-I
t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e h‑n-`‑m-K-§Ä/categories U‑n-P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-
k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-N-d‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S-¶‑p-s‑N-Ã‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, A-h X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-b
standardization A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑n-s‑â D-t‑±-
i‑y-¯‑n-\-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-NÀ B-i-b
h‑n-\‑n-a-b‑w‑, I-Y-IÄ‑, H‑mÀ-½-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h c‑q-]-IÂ-]-\
s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. senosrial X-e-¯‑nÂ‑, U‑n-P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-k‑v-{‑S-
I‑v-N-d‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n C-S-s‑]-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, H-c‑m-f‑p-s‑S s‑N-h‑n-IÄ‑,
I-®‑p-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b-Ã‑m-s‑X k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑m³
{‑i-a‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v F-¶‑v ]-c‑n-i‑o-e‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v C-X‑v H-c‑p
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b D-]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-h‑m-I‑m-\‑p-Å B-Z‑y-]-S‑n-
b‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. C-{‑µ‑n-b-§-f‑p-s‑S X-IÀ-¨-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-X‑v
H-c‑p bi-senosrial t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
s‑F-Uâ‑n-ä‑n-b‑p-s‑S X-e-¯‑nÂ‑, U‑n-P‑n-ä C-S‑w F-¶-
X‑v D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑n-s‑â t‑e-_-e‑n-\‑v I‑o-g‑n `‑n-¶‑n-¸‑p-IÄ
G-I‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« Ø-e-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w‑, k-‑vI‑o-t‑k‑m-
t‑{‑^-\‑n-b \‑n-e-\‑n-e‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X-s‑¶ C‑u C-S‑w
`‑n-¶-X-IÄ s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑p-J-c‑n-X-a‑m-b XÀ-¡-`‑q-a‑n-b‑m-b‑n X‑p-
S-c‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. D-]-t‑`‑m-à-X‑m-h‑v F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑nÂ
s‑h-d‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑p I‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑m-c-\‑m-b‑n X-c‑w X‑m-g‑v-¯-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p;
N‑p-ä‑p-a‑p-Å F-Ã‑m h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w \‑n-j‑v-{‑I‑n-b k‑z‑o-IÀ-
¯‑m-h.‑v H-c‑p I‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑m-c³ F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n I‑n-«‑p-¶ H-c‑p
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 75
a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-a‑mÀ F-´‑m- {‑]-t‑X‑y-I a‑p³-K-W-\‑, s‑b-Ã-¸-b‑p-t‑S-X‑v t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å
t‑W‑m A-h-c‑p-s‑S D-]-t‑`‑m- k-a‑p-Z‑m-b-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑s‑i-e‑n-I-s‑f a-\-
à‑m-¡Ä I‑m-W-W-s‑a- Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-s‑X-b‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. I‑m-W‑m-\‑p‑w t‑IÄ-
¶‑v D-t‑±-i‑n-¨-X‑v A-X‑n-s‑â ¡‑m-\‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w ]-c‑n-i‑o-e‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v,
]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-IÄ-¡‑p- a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p `‑m-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S ZÀ-i-\-§Ä‑, h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X `‑m-h-\-IÄ
Å‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ \-½Ä F-¶‑n-h-s‑b h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑m-h‑m-s‑X t‑]‑m-h‑p-¶‑p.
X-f-¡-s‑¸-S‑p‑w F-¶‑v a‑p-X-e‑m-f‑n-a‑mÀ F-´‑m-t‑W‑m A-h-c‑p-s‑S D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡Ä
a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, A-hÀ A-h-c‑p- I‑m-W-W-s‑a-¶‑v D-t‑±-i‑n-¨-X‑v A-X‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-IÄ-¡‑p-
s‑S D-]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-¡Ä Å‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ \-½Ä X-f-¡-s‑¸-S‑p‑w F-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑,
I‑m-W-W-s‑a-¶‑v B-{‑K- A-hÀ A-h-c‑p-s‑S D-]-t‑b‑m-à‑m-¡Ä I‑m-W-W-s‑a-¶‑v
l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v a‑q-e-[-\‑w B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v a‑q-e-[-\‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-s‑W-¶-X‑p‑w B-W‑v
a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-s‑W-¶-X‑p‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑w D-c‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-ª‑p h-c‑p-¶-X.‑v a‑q-e-[-\-¯‑n-s‑â
B-W‑v A-h-k‑m-\‑w D-c‑p- ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑n-e-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑nÂ
¯‑n-c‑n-ª‑p h-c‑p-¶-X‑.v N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-I-S-\‑w k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-h‑m-h‑p-¶-X.‑v Z‑r-i‑y h‑y-
h-l‑m-c-§-s‑f t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p Adele Clarke
(2005, 209) \-S-¯‑n-b ]-c‑y-t‑h-£-W-§-f‑n C-X‑p
h-f-s‑c h‑y-à-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑m‑w:
"\-½Ä P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ ""k‑v-s‑]-I‑v-ä-¡‑n-f‑p-I-f‑m \‑nÀ-W-
b‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ k-a‑q-l-¯‑nÂ‑, spectacle X-s‑¶ a‑q-e-[-
\-a‑m-b‑n k‑z-c‑q-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ A-f-h‑n H-c‑p {‑]-X‑n-Ñ‑m-b
B-b‑n a‑m-d‑p‑'‑'t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w a‑q-e-[-\-¯‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-I-X-s‑b
t‑k-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w F-¶‑m A-X‑n-s‑â i-à‑n-s‑b a-d-
¨‑p-s‑h-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑m-b k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-_-Ô-§-s‑f mediate
s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p'.
]-c-a-a‑m-b spectacle a‑q-e-[-\-a‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ‑, t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ
a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e a-s‑ä-Ã‑m C-S-s‑]-S-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w / N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p‑w
a‑q-e-[-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å \-½-f‑p-s‑S C-S-s‑]-S-e‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑o-I-
a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. C‑u {‑]-X‑o-I‑m-ß-I-X t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-
b-b‑p-s‑S i-à‑n-s‑b a‑q-S‑n h-¨‑v, t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑nÂ
I‑m-W‑p-¶ a‑q-e-[-\‑w perform s‑N-¿‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³
]-c‑n-i‑o-e‑n-¡-s‑¸-« h‑n-t‑i-j‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c-a‑p-Å I‑m-g‑v-N-¡‑m-c‑m-
b‑n \-s‑½ a‑m-ä‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-hÀ F-¶
\‑n-e-b‑nÂ‑, P‑o-h‑n-X-t‑e‑m-I-§-sf-b‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S Ú‑m-\-
k‑n-²‑m-´-]-c-h‑p‑w a-t‑\‑m-h‑n-t‑Ç-j-W-]-c-h‑p‑amb \‑nÂ-\‑n-
¸‑n-s‑â A-h-i‑n-ã-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w a‑m-b‑v-¨‑p-I-f-b‑p-¶-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w
\-½Ä A-d‑n-b‑p-¶-t‑X-b‑n-Ã. P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S I-ã-¸‑m-S‑p-I-
f‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ \‑n-È-Ð-a‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ
a‑o-U‑n-b‑, \-a‑p-¡‑v I‑m-t‑W-ï-X‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w \-½-f‑p-s‑S h‑mÀ-
¯‑m-^‑o-U‑n-t‑e-¡‑v {‑]-t‑£-]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p (]‑m-ä‑v-a‑m³ 2016‑, x).
Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-j-b-§Ä
t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-t‑c-s‑b‑m-c‑p h-g‑n I‑m-
WÂ a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑v h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, A-c‑n-I‑p-hÂ-¡-
76 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« A-\‑p-`-h-k-¼-¯‑v, I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-IÄ F-¶‑n-h W AÀ-°-¯‑n A-d‑n-ª-f-¶ k-¦‑oÀ-
\-ã-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-§s‑f-¶‑p‑w H-c‑p t‑a- ®-X I-d‑p-¯ I-®‑m-S‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¶-h-®‑w a‑m-
[‑m-h‑n-X‑z-]-c-a‑m-b Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â N-c‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w b‑v-¨‑p I-f-ª‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑v- H-c‑p \‑m-K-c‑n-I
t‑]-d‑n-b‑m-W‑v D-bÀ-¶‑p h-¶‑n-«‑p-Å-X.‑v \‑n-c‑o-£-W-§Ä k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w k‑z-b‑w \-ã-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑p
A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ H-c‑p I-Y-]-d-¨‑nÂ-I‑m-c\v B-h-i‑y- k‑w-t‑h-Z-\‑m-ß-I D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n k‑v-]
a‑p-Å i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-h‑p‑w h‑n-j‑z k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w H-c‑p À-i‑w-a‑m-d‑p-¶ a‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑v, s‑k³-t‑k‑m-d‑n-b
B-[‑n-]-X‑y-]-Z-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑X‑w ]-¦‑p-s‑h-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-h‑m-Z-]-c-a‑m-b D-]-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-
k‑q-£‑v-a-ZÀ-i‑n-\‑n‑, s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-k‑v-t‑I‑m-¸‑v, s‑S-e‑n-k‑v-t‑I‑m-¸‑v, t‑e-¡‑v N‑p-c‑p-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p (Benjamin,
t‑_‑m-U‑n C-t‑a-P‑n‑w-K‑v s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n F-¶‑n-h-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S 2008, 49).
`‑u-X‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑, P‑o-h-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑, t‑P‑y‑m-X‑n-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w‑,
F-¶‑n-h s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¨ t‑\-«-§Ä‑, D-Z‑m-¯-a‑m-b i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-s‑¯
\‑n-c‑o-£-W-§-f‑p-s‑S c‑q-]‑m-´-c‑o-I-c-W-t‑¯-b‑p‑w A-X‑n- ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p
s‑e \‑n-K‑q-V-a‑m-b k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑p-¯-§-t‑f-b‑p‑w
X-S-ª‑p. A-d‑n-h‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\ a‑mÀ-¤-§Ä I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑n A-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-a‑m-
A-[‑n-Ø‑n-X-a‑m-b-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, C-{‑µ‑n-b-t‑I-{‑µ‑n-X-a‑m-b \‑n-c‑o-£- b‑p-Å \-½‑p-s‑S C-S-s‑]-SÂ‑, k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-
W-§Ä I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑p-s‑S B-N-c-W-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä‑, ]‑mÀ-i‑zÂ-¡-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p
H-X‑p-§‑n (Carry, 1990). Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â‑, k‑z-b‑w ]‑mÀ-i‑z-
h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑m-¯ ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑mÂ
A-d‑n-h‑v t‑\-S‑m-\‑p-Å G-I a‑mÀ-K‑w \‑n-c‑o-£-W-h‑p‑w i‑m- \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡-s‑¸-t‑S-ï-X‑m-W‑v-. k‑m-a‑q-l‑y
k‑v-{‑X-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v F-¶ a‑m-²‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑e N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S A-\-´-
c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-¶‑p i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b `‑m-h-\ c‑q-]-IÂ-¸-\ a‑m-b _‑m-l‑p-e‑y‑w a‑q-e-[-\-s‑¯ k‑q-N‑n-
s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-Å-X.‑v Senosrial A-d‑n-h‑n-s‑\ N‑n-X-d‑n-¨‑m-W‑v ¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p a‑m-{‑X‑w D-X-I‑p-¶ H-c‑p
i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b-X A-X‑n-s‑â ]‑m-c-¼-c‑y-s‑¯ h-fÀ-¯‑n-s‑b- a‑m-[‑y-a-{‑I-a-¯‑n C-S-s‑]-S \-S-t‑¯-
S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑z-b‑w-`-c-W‑m-h-I‑m-i‑w t‑\-S‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-I- ï-X‑v a‑q-e-[-\-¯‑n-s‑â ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑nÂ
b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X.‑v A-X‑n-s‑â A-\-´-c-^-e-a‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-h‑v B-b‑n-c‑n-¡-c‑p-X.‑v h‑n-j‑zÂ‑, H‑m-U‑n-ä-d‑n A-d‑n-
\‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑w N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑n t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. Z‑r-i‑y k‑w- h‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å C‑u senosrial X‑n-c‑n-h‑v
k-‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e C-t‑a-P-d‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S H-c‑p `-c-W‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c-h‑p‑w `-c-W-h‑p‑w I‑m-]‑n-ä-e‑n-
DÂ-]-¶-a‑m-W‑v `‑m-h-\. t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ \‑m‑w a-\-k‑n-e‑m- Ì‑p a‑m-Ê‑v DÂ-]‑m-Z-\-h‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â
¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-I-s‑f A-X‑v B-[‑n-]-X‑y-]-c-a‑m-b‑n \‑y‑q-\‑o-I- _-l‑p-a‑p-J s‑s‑i-e‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑v s‑b-Ã-¸-s‑b-b‑p‑w a-ä‑p s‑s‑I-s‑¯‑m-g‑n Ã‑m-b‑v-a-b‑m-W.‑v ]‑m-Ý‑m-X‑y i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b
I-e‑m-I‑m-c-·‑m-s‑c-b‑p‑w C-Ã‑m-X‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]-g-b-I‑m-e-s‑¯ k‑z-b‑w-{‑`-a-¯‑m ]-c‑n-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑, A-S‑n-
\‑m-t‑S‑m-S‑n-¡-Y‑m-]‑m-{‑X-§-f‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. ¨-aÀ-¯‑p-¶ h‑n-Ú‑m-\-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑v-¡‑v
H-c‑p {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑p-ï.‑v A-X‑n-
I-d‑p-¯ I-®‑m-S‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑v-t‑{‑I‑m-f‑n‑w-K‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v \‑mÂ‑, s‑b-Ã-¸-b‑p-s‑S A-d‑n-h‑v ]‑m-c-k‑v-]-
h‑y-h-Ø‑m-\‑p-k‑m-c-a‑m-b a‑m-b‑v-¡-e‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S B-Z‑y A-\‑p- c‑y-¯‑n k‑w-c-£‑n-¡-s‑¸-t‑S-ï H-¶-Ã‑,
jT‑v ‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. C‑u bi-senosrial t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v C-S- ]‑m-Ý‑m-X‑y B-[‑n-]-X‑y i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑nÂ
s‑]-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å H-c‑p A-¨-S-¡ ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-\-a‑m-W‑n-X.‑v \‑n-¶‑p-Å H-c‑p h‑n-t‑a‑m-N-\ i-à‑n-b‑m-W.‑v
C‑u bi-senosrial t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v C-S-s‑]-S‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S‑, ]-c‑n- i‑n-h‑v h‑n-i‑z-\‑m-Y(2018)s‑â h‑m-¡‑p-I-f‑nÂ
{‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]-¦‑p-t‑N-c‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S‑, \‑m‑w C-X‑v ""i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑m-Ý‑m-X‑y `‑m-h-
\-½‑p-s‑S a-ä‑v C-{‑µ‑n-b-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v A-I-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-h‑p-¶‑p \-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-s‑¯ c-£‑n-
F-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, P‑o-h-s‑â-b‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-X-c‑o-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ¡-e‑m-W.‑v ‑'‑'
\‑n-c-h-[‑n a‑mÀ-¤-§-s‑f h‑y-h-Ø‑m-]‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n C-Ã‑m-X‑m-
¡‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. I-c-I‑u-i-e-¡‑m- C‑u e-£‑y-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-¡‑m³ \-a‑p-¡‑v
c‑p‑w s‑s‑I-s‑¯‑m-g‑n I-e‑m-I‑m-c-·‑m-c‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ A-h-c‑p-s‑S H-c‑p k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-s‑a-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n U‑n-P‑n-
I-®‑v ‑, a‑q-¡‑v, s‑s‑I F-¶‑n-h s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ ]‑qÀ- ä k‑w-X‑r-]‑v-X‑n-¡‑v A-¸‑p-d-¯‑p-Å‑, Z‑r-i‑y
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 77
{‑i-h‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-\-¸‑p-d-a‑p-Å‑, H-c‑p `‑m- _-l‑p-h‑n-[-h-g‑n-I-f‑n \‑m‑w \-½‑p-s‑S _-Ô-§Ä Ø‑m-
j t‑h-W‑w. A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑n-¡-W‑w. {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-¯‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w D‑u-¶‑n-b‑p-Å
X-\‑n-t‑Ñ-Z-§-s‑f D-bÀ-¯‑m³‑, A-X‑m-b-X‑v senosriab‑p-s‑S {‑I-a-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-e‑p‑w O‑n-¶-`‑n-¶-a‑m-I-e‑p‑w
A-S‑n-¨-aÀ-¯‑m-\‑p-Å H-c‑p D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡-s‑¸-S-W‑w; h‑n-j‑z k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â
A-S‑n-¨-aÀ-¯-s‑¸-« H-c‑p D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b {‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-h‑p‑w senosria b‑p-s‑S U‑n-P‑n-s‑s‑ä-
`‑m-j t‑h-W‑w. C-¶-s‑¯ t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o- t‑k-j-\‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-W.‑v A-¯-c‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b
U‑n-b-s‑b Z‑r-i‑y-h‑p‑w \‑n-c‑o-£-W-h‑p-s‑a‑m- _-Ô-§Ä ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v, A-X‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-
s‑¡-b‑m-W‑v \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä a‑n-X‑n-IÄ N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä C³-{‑^‑m-
a‑m-²‑y-a-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S \-a‑p-¡‑v s‑s‑I-a‑m-d‑p-¶ k‑v-{‑S-I‑v-N-d‑n-s‑â kÀ-h-Ú-a‑m-b {‑]-Ñ-¶-t‑h-j-]-t‑c-U‑v
a‑m-ä-§-f‑n-s‑e b-Y‑mÀ-° I‑m-g‑v-N I‑m-W‑m³ \-½Ä k-P‑o-h-a‑m-b‑n s‑N-d‑p-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ
I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑v A-k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-W.‑v C-¶‑v t‑k‑m- a‑o-U‑n-b {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w Z‑r-i‑y-þ-{‑i-h‑y k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-a‑m-W.‑v
j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n GÀ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-I- C‑u Ø-e-§-f‑n t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ P-\-§-s‑f
s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å \-½‑p-s‑S k‑n-²‑m-´‑w s‑X-ä‑m- \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w `-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ aÀ-±-I-s‑â
b‑n h-t‑¶-¡‑m‑w. C-¶-s‑¯ B-Î‑n-h‑n-k‑w‑, s‑s‑I-¿‑n-s‑e ]-e D-]-I-c-W-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑n-X.‑v A-S‑n-
A-X‑n-s‑â c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b B-h-i‑y-§Ä ]‑p-\À- ¨-aÀ-¯-s‑¸-«-h-c‑p-s‑S H-c‑p D-]-I-c-W-a‑m-b‑n t‑k‑m-j‑yÂ
\‑nÀ-Æ-N‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑nÂ‑, {‑]-X‑o-I‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b a‑o-U‑n-b-s‑b N‑n-{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑v A-S‑n-¨-aÀ-¯-s‑¸-
]-¦‑m-f‑n-¯-¯‑n-\‑p‑w _-Ô‑n-¸‑n-¡-e‑n-\‑p-a- «-h-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-s‑¯ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v A-X‑n-s‑\
¸‑p-d‑w I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-IÄ k‑w-L-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n- k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-S‑n-¨-aÀ-¯-s‑¸-« P-\-§-f‑p‑w aÀ-±-
\‑p-Å‑, k-a‑m-l-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å‑, X-{‑´-§Ä I-s‑â H-c‑p D-]-I-c-W-h‑p-a-S-§‑p-¶ `-h-\-a‑m-W‑n-X.‑v H‑m-
s‑a-s‑\-t‑b-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v A-X‑v Z‑r-i‑y k‑w-k-‑v U‑v-s‑d t‑e‑mÀ-U‑v (Audre Lorde 1984) ]-d-ª-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w
I‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â B-g-¯‑n-e‑p-Å b‑m-Y‑mÀ-°‑y- "b-P-a‑m-\-s‑â ]-W‑n-b‑m-b‑p-[-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑v H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w
§Ä I‑m-t‑W-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v b-P-a‑m-\-s‑â h‑o-S‑v s‑]‑m-f‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑n-Ã. k‑z-´‑w I-f‑n-
b‑n A-b‑m-s‑f X‑mÂ-I‑m-e‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n t‑X‑mÂ-¸‑n-¡‑m³
t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b F-¶-X‑v k-a‑m-l-c‑n- X-§-s‑f A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-t‑¨-¡‑m-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w b-Y‑mÀ-° a‑m-ä‑w
¡‑m-\‑p-Å H-c‑p D-]‑m-[‑n-b‑m-W‑v, A-Ã‑m-s‑X h-c‑p-¯‑m³ A-hÀ H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w A-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¡‑n-Ã.'
I‑q-«‑m-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑p-s‑S I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b-Ã‑,
I‑q-«‑m-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-\‑p-Å I‑m-c-W-h‑p- ]-c‑n-`‑m-j: ^‑m-¯‑n-a C.h‑n
a-Ã. A-d‑n-h‑p-I-f‑p‑w k‑w-t‑h-Z-\-h‑p‑w F-¶
a‑n-k‑v-c‑n-b s‑j-b‑v-J‑v A-e‑n: C´‑y-b‑n-e‑p‑w A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ s‑F-I‑y\‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å h‑n-h‑n-[ \‑p-¢‑o-bÀ-þ-h‑n-c‑p-²
k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-a‑p-t‑¶-ä-§-f‑n-s‑e k-P‑o-h k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y-a‑m-b a‑n-k‑v-c‑n-b s‑j-b‑v-J‑v A-e‑n‑, \‑n-e-h‑n \‑y‑q t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑n-s‑e
s‑d-\-Ê-fÀ t‑]‑m-f‑n-s‑S-I‑v-\‑n-I‑v- C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n K-t‑h-j-W‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶‑p. B-t‑K‑m-f X-e-¯‑nÂ‑, h‑n-i‑n-j‑y‑, a‑p-
X-e‑m-f‑n-¯ h‑y-h-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑n Senosrial A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä-¡‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§Ä‑, i‑m-k‑v-{‑X ]-²-X‑n-f‑p-s‑S
A-[‑n-I‑m-c-L-S-\-I-f‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø‑n-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w‑, \-h-_‑u-²‑n-I-h‑m-Z-§Ä‑, s‑s‑h-I-e‑y ]T-\-§Ä‑, k-a-I‑m-e‑o-\
C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑w‑, a-X-]-c-a‑m-b ]T-\-§Ä F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v a‑n-k‑v-c‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S K-t‑h-j-W X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-§Ä.
]‑n.F-¨.‑v U‑n. ]T-\-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n s‑kâÀ t‑^‑mÀ Z‑n Ì-U‑n H‑m-^‑v t‑\‑m-f-P‑v k‑n-Ì‑w-k‑v, H.]‑n.
P‑n³-U‑m t‑¥‑m-_ b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n‑, F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n t‑P‑m-e‑n-s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑p‑w AFSPA b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑nÂ
a-W‑n-¸‑q-c‑n C-´‑y³ s‑k-I‑y‑q-c‑n-ä‑n t‑k-\-b‑p-s‑S P‑p-U‑o-j‑yÂ-þ C-X-c (extra judicial) s‑I‑m-e-]‑m-X-I-§Ä
t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v a-W‑n-¸‑qÀ B-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p-Å EEVFAMa‑mb‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-
X‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v s‑U-¡‑m¬ s‑l-d‑mÄ-U‑v, H‑u-«‑v-e‑p-¡‑v a‑m-K-k‑n³‑, s‑^‑u-ï³ C-¦‑v, ^-Ì‑v t‑]‑m-Ì‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑nÂ
t‑e-J-\-§Ä {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v t‑k‑m-W‑n-s‑]-ä‑n-s‑e {‑S‑q-¯‑v B³-U‑v d‑n-t‑I‑m¬-k‑n-e‑n-t‑b-j³ {‑K‑q-¸‑n-e‑p‑w
^‑y‑q-¨À-k‑v {‑K‑q-¸‑n-e‑p‑w A‑w-K-a‑m-W.‑v
h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯:
{‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n-s‑â
k‑n-²‑m-´-h-X‑v-I-c-W‑w
A-Z‑n-X‑n
k‑o-\‑n-bÀ d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v A-t‑k‑m-k‑n-t‑b-ä‑v,
P‑nâ‑m e‑m k-‑vI‑qÄ
C‑u h‑n-j-b‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v F-s‑â k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑n H-c‑m-
f‑p-a‑m-b‑n R‑m³ \-S-¯‑n-b H-c‑p k‑w-`‑m-j-W‑w ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-
¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑p-S-§-s‑«. h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-s‑b k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³
]-ï-s‑¯ B B-\-b‑p-s‑S c‑q-]-I‑w R‑m³ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
¡‑m-\‑n-S-b‑m-b‑n: I-®‑v a‑q-S‑n-s‑¡-«‑n-b I‑p-«‑n-IÄ B-\-s‑b
s‑X‑m-«‑p-t‑\‑m-¡‑p-¶ D-Z‑m-l-c-W‑w. H-c‑mÄ B-\-b‑p-s‑S h‑mÂ
]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p‑, a-t‑ä-b‑mÄ s‑N-h‑n-b‑p‑w. C-c‑p-h-c‑p‑w I-c‑p-X‑p-
¶-X‑v X-s‑â [‑m-c-W-b‑m-W‑v i-c‑n F-¶‑m-W.‑v ]-t‑£ a‑p-
¶‑n-e‑p-Å B-\-s‑b A-h-c‑n-c‑p-h-c‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
R‑m-\‑n-X‑v ]-d-ª-t‑¸‑mÄ H-c‑p k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I³ C-S-
s‑]-«‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v ]-d-ª‑p: h‑y‑m-P h‑mÀ-¯ F-¶ B-i-
b‑w h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ B-\ F-¶ c‑q-]-I‑w a-X‑n-b‑m-h‑n-Ã.
I‑m-c-W‑w B c‑q-]-I-¯‑n-\‑v H-c‑p Ø‑n-c-X‑m-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-ï.‑v
h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-s‑b k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ h-g‑p-X‑n-a‑m-d‑p-¶ H-c‑p
B-c aÂ-k‑y-a‑m-W‑v t‑h-ï-X‑v, s‑X‑m-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ \‑n-§-s‑f
I-S‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p aÂ-k‑y‑w. i-c‑n-b‑m-W.‑v a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v B-cÂ
aÂ-k‑y-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v R‑m-\‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. B aÂ-k‑y‑w
X-g-¨‑p h-f-c‑p-¶ CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v F-¶ k-a‑p-{‑Z-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v
]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑p-S-§‑m‑w.
h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ CâÀ-
s‑\-ä‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-h‑n-]‑v-f-h‑w F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
k‑w-K-X‑n-t‑b-b‑p‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã. h‑n-h-c-§-s‑f \-½Ä
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 79
t‑\‑m-¡‑n-¡‑m-W‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-s‑b‑, t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â \‑m-\‑m `‑m-K-§-
f‑n \‑n-¶‑v h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-s‑b CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v
a‑m-ä‑n-a-d‑n-¨‑p. F-{‑X-t‑b‑m hÀ-j-§-f‑m-b‑n h‑n-h-c-t‑a-J-e G-X‑m-
\‑p‑w B-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-¯-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v h-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S DÂ-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-« C‑u h-k‑v-
X‑p-\‑n-jT‑v -X-s‑b s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-¨‑v X-§-f‑p-t‑S-X‑m-b k-X‑y-§Ä
h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-]-d-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v \‑m-\‑m-h‑n-[ {‑]-X‑n-k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä
D-bÀ-¶‑p h-c‑n-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w s‑]‑m-S‑p-
¶-s‑\ H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑n-b AÀ-°‑w s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¨‑p. B-i-b-§-f‑p-s‑S
N-´-b‑n I‑q-S‑p-X B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c-§Ä F-¶-X‑n-s‑â AÀ-
°‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ k-X‑y‑w F-¶‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b
B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä X-½‑n-e‑p-Å t‑]‑m-c‑m-«-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-S‑p-h‑n k-X‑y‑w
h‑n-P-b‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w \‑m‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m t‑e‑m-
I-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-h‑n-[ `‑m-K-§-f‑n k‑w-`-h‑n-¨ X‑p-SÀ-¨-b‑m-b
X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v ]-c‑m-P-b-§Ä-¡‑v k‑m-£‑n-I-f‑m-b \-a‑p-¡‑v
D-d-¸‑n-¨‑p ]-d-b‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w‑, A-§-s‑\-s‑b‑m-¶‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-
¨‑n-Ã F-¶.‑v
C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n F-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v ]‑n-g-¨-X‑v F-¶-d‑n-b‑m³ I‑q-
«‑m-b H‑mÀ-½(collective memory) F-¶ k-¦Â-]-\‑w F-´‑m-
s‑W-¶‑v \‑m‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v \-½-f‑n a‑n-¡-hÀ-¡‑p‑w
80 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
A-X‑v X‑n-I-¨‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-jT‑v -h‑p‑w k-a‑m-\-k‑z-`‑m-h-a‑p- N‑n-e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-f‑n k‑m-a‑q-l‑y k-µÀ-
Å-X‑p-a‑m-b H-c‑p k-¦Â-]-\-a‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m.h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ `-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-c‑n-W‑m-a‑w k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑h-
F-´‑m-s‑W-¶‑v \-½-t‑f‑m-S‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶‑, h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-a‑m-b ï‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b k‑m-a‑q-l‑y‑mÀ-°-§Ä k‑r-
G-X‑m-\‑p‑w t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p‑, ]-g-b h‑n-h- ã‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-§-s‑\ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y
c-L-S-\-I-f‑nÂ. P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑q-«‑m-b H‑mÀ-½-s‑b c‑q-]- L-S-\-I-f‑n N-e-\‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b k‑m-
s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v A-t‑X t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑m-W.‑v B a‑q-l‑y C-S-s‑]-SÂ k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑n k-X‑y‑w/I-]-S‑w F-¶ Z‑z-µ‑z-¯‑n-s‑â s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n N‑n-´‑n-¡‑p-I F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. Z‑r-V‑o-I-c‑n-¨ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-IÄ h-k‑v-X‑p-X-I-
A-¶‑v `‑n-¶k‑z-`‑m-h-a‑p-Å {‑]-X‑n-k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä D-ï‑m- s‑f F-§-s‑\ a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑p‑w D-]-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-à F-¶-Ã‑, A-X‑n-s‑â AÀ-°‑w. F-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m- t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑p‑w k-¦Â-]‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
e‑p‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å {‑]-_-e-a‑m-b B-J‑y‑m-\-s‑¯ s‑h-Ã‑p- h‑n-i‑z-k-\‑o-b-a‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑m-
h‑n-f‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å A-h-b‑p-s‑S t‑i-j‑n-s‑b a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S \‑p‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-\‑p‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b
A-[‑n-I‑m-c k-a-h‑m-I‑y-§Ä ]-c‑n-a‑n-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑z‑m-[‑o-\‑w G-X‑m-\‑p‑w ‑'h‑n-Z-K‑v-[À‑'¡‑v a‑m-
C‑u k-¦Â-]-\-¯‑n-s‑â c-ï‑m-a-s‑¯ A-Ø‑n-c L-S- {‑X-a‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X.‑v A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
I‑w(variable) B-i-b-I-h-N-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-Å k‑w-h‑m- h-k‑v-X‑p-X-IÄ-¡‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S-
Z-h‑p‑w h‑n-\‑n-a-b-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑p s‑]‑m-X‑p X-e-a‑p-Å m\‑m-h‑m-¯ H-c‑p h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-jT‑v -X e-`‑n-
k-a‑qÀ-¯-a‑m-b h-k‑v-X‑p-X-I-f‑n A-[‑n-jT‑v ‑n-X-a‑m-b ¨‑p. H‑m-t‑c‑m {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n-\‑p‑w \‑n-b-X-a‑m-b‑,
B-ß-\‑n-jT‑v [‑m-c-W-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑n h‑n-\‑n-a-b-§Ä I-d‑p-t‑¸‑m s‑h-f‑p-t‑¸‑m B-b D-¯-c-§-f‑p-
t‑{‑]‑mÂ-k‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p D-t‑±-i‑n-¨‑n- ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-h-c-§Ä \Â-I‑p-h‑m-\‑m-
c‑p-¶-X.‑v h‑n-h‑n-[ k-a‑q-l-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑n k‑m-a‑q-l‑y a‑q- b‑n Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-h-c-¡-W-¡‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å
e-[-\_-Ô-§Ä h-g‑n h‑n-h-c h‑n-\‑n-a-b‑w \-S-¯‑p-I a‑m-ä‑w C‑u {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑v-¡‑v h‑o-ï‑p‑w B-¡‑w
F-¶ s‑s‑P-h‑n-I {‑]-{‑I‑n-b ]‑mT-¯‑n-\‑v(text), A-X‑m-b- I‑q-«‑p-I-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. N‑n-{‑X-a‑p-{‑Z-W-¯‑n-s‑â
X‑v e-`‑y-a‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑n-¶‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-`‑n-¶-a‑m-b ]‑p-¯³ a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä C‑u k‑w-K-X‑n-s‑b
k-µÀ-`-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑n h‑n-\‑n-a-b‑w k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑p-K-a-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 81
CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z-k-\‑o-b-h‑p-a‑m-b B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-
k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w ¶-X‑n-\‑v X‑p-W-b‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. k-¦‑p-N‑n-X-a‑m-b
h‑n-h-c-e-`‑y-X F-f‑p-¸ C‑u I-Å‑n-I-f‑n s‑]-S‑m-¯ k‑q-£‑v-ah‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-§-
-a‑m-¡‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S f‑p‑w k‑z-X-{‑´ \‑n-c‑o-£-W-§-f‑p‑w A-h-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-
I‑n‑w-h-Z-´‑n-I-f‑p‑w I-b‑p‑w A-§-s‑\ P-\-{‑]‑n-b B-J‑y‑m-\-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-§-f‑p‑w A-{‑]-X‑y-£-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. {‑]-X‑n-k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-
a‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑p‑w c-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ _-l‑nÀ-K-a-\-h-g‑n-I-f‑p-Å
A-]-h‑m-Z-§-f‑p‑w CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑p‑w ]‑p-¯³ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w {‑I-t‑a-W-b‑p-Å
s‑F-X‑n-l‑y-§-f‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-{‑]-k-c-W‑w h-g‑n C‑u A-h-Ø-¡‑v a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p-
t‑I-«‑p-t‑IÄ-h‑n-b‑p-s‑a-Ã‑m‑w ¯‑p-s‑a-¶‑v \‑m‑w I-c‑p-X‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m C‑u
h‑n-h-c t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n. A-\‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v h‑n-c‑p-²-a‑m-b ]‑p-¯³ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-
f‑p-s‑S H-c‑p A-Ø‑n-c L-S-I‑w \‑m‑w a-d-¶‑p: k‑u-I-c‑y-
h‑p‑w(convenience) A-X‑n \‑n-¶‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-¶ H-c‑p-X-c‑w
B-e-k‑y-h‑p‑w. A-X‑m-b-X‑v \‑n-Ý-eL-S-\-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑u-
I-c‑y-h‑p‑w s‑]-s‑«-¶‑v X‑oÀ-¸‑v IÂ-]‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶
B-i-b-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑u-I-c‑y-h‑p‑w.
]‑p-¯³ a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-]‑p-e-\‑w h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S
e-`‑y-X-b‑p‑w {‑]-k-c-W-h‑p‑w X‑z-c‑n-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å
h‑n-i‑m-e-a‑m-b ]‑m-X-I-s‑f‑m-c‑p-¡‑n. ]-t‑£ A-§-s‑\
s‑N-¿‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å N‑n-´‑m-{‑]-{‑I‑n-b-s‑b
A-X‑n-\‑v t‑{‑]‑mÂ-k‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n h-¶‑p. Z‑z-µ‑z-§-f‑p-
s‑S k‑p-K-a-a‑m-b B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä t‑I-«‑p-h-fÀ-¶ H-c‑p
P-\-X-b‑p-s‑S X‑mÂ-]-c‑y-s‑¯ A-X‑n-\‑v t‑k-h‑n-t‑¡-ï-
X‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-§-s‑\ s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å k‑u-I-c‑y-
¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n H‑m-t‑c‑m I-Y-b‑n-e‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶ a‑m-{‑X-b‑nÂ
h‑m-N‑m-t‑S‑m-]‑w(rhetoric) X‑n-c‑p-I‑n-¡-b-d-d‑n. C-t‑¸‑mÄ
G-X‑v h‑m-Z-h‑p‑w B-h‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n h‑m-N‑m-t‑S‑m-
]‑w {‑]-[‑m-\ L-S-I-a‑m-W.‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b h‑r-¯-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w
h‑mÀ-¯‑m a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w A-X‑v X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-
b‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b k-¦Â-]-s‑a‑m-¶‑p-a-Ã. F-¶‑m B-Ý-
c‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p‑w h‑n-[‑w F-®-a-ä t‑X‑m-X‑n I-S-s‑ª-
S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑, h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-jT‑v -s‑a-¶‑v t‑X‑m-¶‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u
B-J‑y‑m-\-§-s‑f k-X‑y‑w/I-Å‑w F-¶ Z‑z-µ-¯‑n-s‑â
N-«-¡‑q-S‑n {‑]-X‑n-jT‑v ‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c‑m-b
P-\-§-s‑f {‑[‑p-h‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v h-e‑n-b k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-
ï.‑v A-h k-X‑y-s‑¯ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ h‑n-i‑m-e-h‑p‑w C-X-c-s‑c
DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-¶ h‑n-[-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v
k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b-Ã‑, a-d‑n-¨‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ \-a‑p-s‑¡-Ã‑m‑w
k‑p-]-c‑n-N‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n-¡-g‑n-ª H-c‑p I‑p-g-ª‑p a-d‑n-ª
A-h-Ø (chaos) k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X.‑v
C‑u I‑p-g-ª‑p a-d‑n-ª A-h-Ø-b‑n h-k‑v-X‑p-X-
b‑p-s‑S k‑z-`‑m-h‑w X-s‑¶ h‑n-I-e-a‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï.‑v
C-§-s‑\ k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å H-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ I‑m-c-W‑w
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-X-s‑b I-]-S-a‑m-b‑n A-\‑p-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-
82 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
]-c-k‑v-]-c‑w C-S-]-g-I‑n b‑p-¶ t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-IÄ h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b-X‑m-W.‑v CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑p‑w
_-l‑p-k‑z-c-Xbv-¡‑v i-à‑n k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-e-`‑y-X F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-¡‑n-b-
]-I-c‑m-\‑m-b‑n h‑n-`‑n-¶ t‑X‑m-s‑S I‑n‑w-h-Z-´‑n-I-f‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-§-f‑p‑w a‑n-¯‑p-I-f‑p‑w
‑"k-X‑y-§Ä‑' h‑n-`‑n-¶-a‑m-b‑n A-]-h‑m-Z-§-f‑p‑w s‑F-X‑n-l‑y-§-f‑p‑w t‑I-«‑p-t‑IÄ-h‑n-b‑p-s‑a-
B-J‑y‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I F-¶ Ã‑m‑w h‑n-h-c t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑m-b‑n.
{‑]-X‑o-£-b‑m-W‑n-h‑n-s‑S
X-I-c‑p-¶-X‑.v a-d‑n-¨‑v, \-½-f‑n a‑n-¡-h-c‑p‑w h‑mÀ-¯-s‑b B-g-¯‑n A-]-
h‑y-à‑n-K-X-a‑m-b {‑K-Y‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W‑w k‑u-
B-J‑y‑m-\-h‑p‑w AÀ-² I-c‑y-a‑m-W.‑v A-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n s‑]-s‑«-¶‑v a-\-Ê‑nÂ
k-X‑y-§-f‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S ]‑m-ª‑p-I-b-d‑p-¶ D-t‑Z‑z-K-P-\-I-a‑m-b I-Y-IÄ t‑aÂ-s‑s‑¡
F-X‑nÀ-]-£-§Ä- t‑\-S‑p-¶‑p. G-X‑p c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-h-c-h‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â
¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-Å ]‑n-fÀ-¸‑n-\‑v h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w (hermeneutics) F-´‑m-b‑m-e‑p‑w h-k‑v-
B-g‑w I‑q-«‑p-h‑m-\‑m-b‑n X‑p-X F-¶ t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-¡‑p t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å k-a-c-¯‑nÂ
X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. GÀ-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ‑"h‑mÀ-¯‑' F-¶-X‑n-s‑â t‑b‑m-K‑y-X-s‑b-
¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å k-¦Â-]-\-s‑¯ h‑n-I-e-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-
¿‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â A-´‑n-a-^-e‑w. C-X-c-s‑c
F-f‑p-¸‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-I F-¶ k‑u-I-c‑y-s‑¯ C‑u k-a-
h‑m-I‑y-t‑¯‑m-S‑v I‑q-«‑n-t‑¨À-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ I‑m-c‑y‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
h-j-f‑m-h‑p-¶‑p. {‑]-k-à-a‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§Ä e-`‑n-¡‑p-h‑m-
\‑p-Å k‑u-I-c‑y-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n X-\‑n-¡‑v A-k‑p-J-I-c-s‑a-¶‑v
t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶ A-Y-h‑m N‑n-´‑n-¡‑m³ X-s‑¶ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶
G-X‑p h‑n-t‑b‑m-P-\-t‑¯-b‑p‑w X-S-ª‑v H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m³ ]‑p-
¯³ a‑m-[‑y-a D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-h‑n-\‑v F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑v
c-k-I-c‑w X-s‑¶. C‑u ]‑v-f‑m-ä‑v-t‑^‑m-a‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑w-]‑y‑q-«À
t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K‑m-a‑n‑w-K‑p-IÄ (algorithms) C-X‑v D-d-¸‑m-¡‑p‑w h‑n-[‑w
c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-h-b‑m-W.‑v ]-c-k‑v-]-c‑w C-S-]-g-I‑n _-l‑p-
k‑z-c-Xbv-¡‑v i-à‑n ]-I-c‑m-\‑m-b‑n h‑n-`‑n-¶ ‑"k-X‑y-§Ä‑'
h‑n-`‑n-¶-a‑m-b‑n B-J‑y‑m-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p-I F-¶ {‑]-X‑o-£-b‑m-
W‑n-h‑n-s‑S X-I-c‑p-¶-X.‑v a-d‑n-¨‑v, h‑y-à‑n-K-X-a‑m-b B-J‑y‑m-
\-h‑p‑w AÀ-² k-X‑y-§-f‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S F-X‑nÀ-]-£-
§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-Å ]‑n-fÀ-¸‑n-\‑v B-g‑w I‑q-«‑p-h‑m-\‑m-b‑n
X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. t‑^‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑j‑m-¸‑p-IÄ‑, a‑o-a‑p-IÄ‑,
h‑o-U‑n-t‑b‑m F-U‑n-ä‑n‑w-K‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b ]‑p-¯³ D-]‑m-[‑n-IÄ
h-g‑n h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶ A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b
L-S-I‑w I‑q-S‑n C-X‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v t‑N-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-¡‑v
h‑o-ï‑p‑w B-g‑w I‑q-S‑p-¶‑p. k-a‑q-l-a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑n I‑m-
c‑y-§Ä \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v XÂ-£-W-a‑m-W.‑v N-©-e-a‑m-b
[‑m-c-W-IÄ Z‑r-V-h‑p‑w i-à-h‑p-a‑m-b k‑m-a‑q-l‑y‑mÀ-°‑w
s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-¡‑v C‑u XÂ-£-W-X D‑uÀ-P‑w
]-IÀ-¶‑p. s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y-a‑mÀ-¶ k-µÀ-`-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-c-k‑v-]-c
h‑n-\‑n-a-b-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S X-e-§Ä k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v k-a-b-
h‑p‑w ]-c‑n-{‑i-a-h‑p‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¦‑n a‑m-{‑X-t‑a
A-X‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p t‑]‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q. F-¶‑m ]‑p-¯³
a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e‑w \‑o-ï‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ B-t‑e‑m-
N-\-¡‑p‑w h‑n-aÀ-i-\‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b h‑y-h-l‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑p‑w A-h-
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 83
k-c‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-]‑v-t‑U-ä‑p-I-f‑p-t‑S- h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w H‑m-t‑c‑m D-Z‑m-l-c-W-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
b‑p‑w B-h‑r-¯‑n-I-f‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w (frequencies) Ø‑m-]-\-]-c-a‑m-b h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-a‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a-b‑p‑w A-t‑§-b-ä‑w
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ h‑n-h- {‑I-a-hÂ-I‑r-X-h‑p-a‑m-b(standardized) A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§-f‑p‑w
c-{‑]-k-c-W‑w h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X.‑v I‑m-W‑m‑w. s‑X-ä‑m-b h‑n-h-c-§-t‑f-b‑p‑w h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-t‑b-
]‑p-X‑n-b {‑]-h-W-X-b‑m-b ‑"h‑n-h-c-h‑n-t‑\‑m- b‑p‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ C-´‑y³ k-a-h‑m-I‑y-s‑¯ C-h‑n-S‑p-s‑¯
Z‑w‑' (infotainment) B-h‑nÀ-`-h‑n-¨-t‑X‑m-s‑S Z‑pÀ-_-e-a‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-aL-S-\-IÄ h‑o-ï‑p‑w _-e-s‑¸-S‑p-
B-f‑p-IÄ-¡‑v D-S-\-S‑n s‑s‑_-ä‑p-IÄ \Â-I‑p- ¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. Reporters Without Borders F-¶
¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n h‑n-h-c-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑n-¶‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p F³ P‑n H ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v
]‑m-f‑n-IÄ A-h-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w e-`‑y- X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b k‑q-N‑n-I {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 180 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n C-´‑y-
a‑m-b H‑m-]‑v-j-\‑p-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v B-f‑p-IÄ b‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w 136 B-W‑v F-¶ h-k‑v-X‑p-X C-´‑y³
C-ã-a‑p-Å-X‑v k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-h-Ø k‑w- ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-¯‑n-s‑â X‑m-g‑v-¶ K‑p-W-\‑n-e-h‑m-c-s‑¯-
P‑m-X-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. XÂ-^-e-a‑m-b‑n b‑m-W‑v h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X.‑v
H-«‑p‑w B-g-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w N-©-e-a‑m-b
D-Å-S-¡-t‑¯‑m-S‑v I‑q-S‑n-b B-t‑h-i-P-\-I- A-¨-S‑n‑, s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b h‑y-h-Ø‑m-]‑n-X t‑{‑k‑m-
a‑m-b B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä F-f‑p-¸‑w Z-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-Ê‑p-IÄ h-g‑n-b‑p-Å h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w H-g‑p-¡‑n-s‑\
s‑s‑_-ä‑p-I-f‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. C‑u \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w K‑p-W-\‑n-e-h‑m-c‑w D-d-¸‑p h-c‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-
B-J‑y‑m-\-§-s‑f A-b-Y‑mÀ-°-a‑m-b t‑h- a‑p-Å ^-e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-b \‑n-b-a‑m-h-e‑n-I-f‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w N-«-¡‑q-S‑p-I-
K-X-b‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b AÀ-°-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v f‑p-t‑S-b‑p‑w A-`‑m-h-a‑p-ï.‑v D-t‑Z‑z-K-P-\-I-a‑m-b B-J‑y‑m-\-§Ä-
c‑q-]-a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p- ¡‑v {‑i-²-b‑p‑w t‑d-ä‑n-§‑p‑w I‑n-«‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m k‑m-{‑¼-Z‑m-b‑n-I
a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-X‑n-c‑m-J‑y‑m-\-§-f‑m- a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯‑m I-Y-IÄ-¡‑p‑w
h-s‑« A-X‑m-X‑v {‑]-X‑n-[‑z-\‑n A-d-I-f‑n X-«‑n-¸‑n-\‑p‑w A-S‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. t‑\‑m-«‑p-\‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\-¯‑n-s‑â
H-X‑p-§‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-§-s‑\ B-g-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n C-X‑v \-½Ä I-ï-X‑m-W.‑v ]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X
D-d-¨ A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§Ä k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑n A-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ A-h-I‑m-
C-S-b‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. i-h‑m-Z-§Ä-¡‑v C-§-s‑\ B-¡‑w I‑q-«‑p-¶‑p. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X
a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v D-S-a-IÄ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n
H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-\‑v \‑n-§Ä \Â-I‑n-b X‑o-{‑h- A-S‑p-¯ _-Ô‑w Ø‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-I h-g‑n a‑n-¡ h‑mÀ-¯‑m
h‑p‑w B-g-¯‑n Ø‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑p-a‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¸‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-g-e‑q-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑m-
AÀ-°‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-I F-¶-X‑v b‑n a‑m-d‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. t‑aÂ-¸-d-ª {‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-
i-{‑X‑p-X D-f-h‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w h‑n-t‑b‑m-P-\‑w §-s‑f {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n t‑Ì-ä‑v D-S-a-b‑n-
]-c‑n-l-k‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. P-\‑m- e‑p-Å h‑mÀ-¯‑m k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w A-{‑X h‑n-P-b-I-c-h‑p-a-Ã.
[‑n-]-X‑y-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å I-]-S-a‑m-b A-S‑p-¸‑w
h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-jT‑v -a‑m-b s‑s‑h-Z-K‑v-[‑y-¯‑n-s‑â h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-I-s‑f k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ k-¦-e‑v-]-\-s‑¯
t‑{‑i-W‑n-s‑b A-«‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w X-{‑´-]- k‑n-²‑m-´-hÂ-¡-c‑n-¡‑m³ \‑m-e‑v A-Ø‑n-cL-S-I-§-
c-a‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯‑m-s‑s‑_-ä‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n- s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p-s‑S
Ø‑m-\-¯‑n k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-a‑m-b ]‑n-fÀ-¸‑p- {‑Z‑p-X-K-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å k‑r-ã‑n-b‑p‑w D-]-t‑`‑m-K-h‑p‑w‑, X‑mÂ-]-
I-f‑p-s‑S B-g‑w I‑q-«‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑¸‑mÄ c‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯-X‑v H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å k‑u-I-c‑y‑w‑, h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-
`-c-W-I‑q-S-L-S-\-IÄ-¡‑p‑w k‑m-a‑m-\‑y-P-\-X- s‑S N-©-ek‑z-`‑m-h‑w‑, Z‑pÀ-_-e-a‑m-b a‑m-[‑y-a L-S-\-IÄ.
¡‑p-a‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-Å _-Ô-¯‑n-s‑â D-d-h‑n-S-a‑m- {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n-s‑â K‑u-c-h-h‑p‑w k-¦‑oÀ-W-X-b‑p‑w F-S‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-
W‑v h‑n-h-c-§Ä F-¶ k-¦-e‑v-]‑w X-s‑¶ W‑n-¡‑m³ C‑u L-S-I-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡-W‑w.
X-I-c‑p-I-b‑m-W.‑v h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ k‑r- P‑o-h-\-£-a-a‑m-b H-c‑p {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W-¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑m-\‑p-Å
ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-¡‑v G-I-a‑mÀ-K‑w {‑]-i‑v-\-s‑¯ A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-
]‑n-¶‑n-e‑p-Å {‑]-[‑m-\ I‑m-c-W‑w C-X‑m-W.‑v W.‑v A-X‑n-s‑\ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m³ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ IÀ-i-\-a‑m-b
\‑n-b-a-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c-W‑w F-¶ B-hÀ-¯-\-h‑n-c-k-
C-X‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑m-a‑q-l‑y k-µÀ- a‑m-b B ]-g-©³ ]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑n \-a‑p-¡‑v
`‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X P-\-X-I-s‑f k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¡‑m‑w. h-k‑v-X‑p-X-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-Å
84 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
(crisis of facts) B-t‑K‑m-f {‑]-X‑n-I-c-W-§Ä ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-
[‑n-¨‑m s‑k³-kÀ-j‑n-¸‑v h-g‑n ‑"I‑q-S‑p-X B-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m- (simulation game) H-c‑p D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-
c‑'s‑¯ ‑"AÂ-]‑m-h‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c‑w‑'s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-I F-¶ W.‑v A-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ
a‑mÀ-K-a‑m-W‑v C-t‑¶-h-s‑c A-h-e‑w-_‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v F-¶‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-s‑b I‑q-S‑p-XÂ a-\-
I‑m-W‑m‑w. C‑u Z‑n-i-b‑n PÀ-a-\‑n H-c‑p {‑i-a‑w \-S-¯‑n- Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ H-c‑p a‑mÀ-K-a‑p-ï.‑v \‑n-§Ä
b‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ-s‑¡-X‑n-c‑m-b \‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-a‑m- k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯‑m h-e-b-s‑¯
W‑w \-S-¯‑n-b B-Z‑y c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n H-¶‑m-W‑v PÀ-a-\‑n. A-\‑p-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v I-g‑n-b‑p-¶‑p.
F-¶‑m H-c‑p P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n s‑k³-kÀ- H-c‑p B-J‑y‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â D-Å-S-¡-s‑a-´‑m-
j‑n-¸‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ A-]-I-S-§Ä A-h-K-W‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-{‑X b‑m-e‑p‑w G-Pâ‑p-a‑mÀ-¡‑v G-X‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b
\‑n-Ê‑m-c-a-Ã. I‑m-c‑y-§Ä ‑"B-c‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p‑w‑' F-¶ {‑]-Ø‑m-\-s‑¯-b‑m-W‑v A-hÀ ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑v-
{‑]-i‑v-\‑w C-´‑y-s‑b k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑p‑w aÀ-a-{‑]- ¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶-s‑X‑m-¶‑p‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑m-s‑X
[‑m-\-a‑m-W.‑v h‑n-i‑n-j‑y‑, ]-e I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w Ø‑m-]-\-]- B B-J‑y‑m-\-s‑¯ \‑n-j‑v-{‑]-b‑m-k‑w F-®-
¯‑n A-t‑\-I-a-S-§‑m-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p‑w.
c-a‑m-b k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w I‑p-d-ª‑p-h-c‑p-¶ k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑nÂ
C‑u {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑n {‑i-²-t‑b‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b H-c‑p k-´‑p-e-\‑w A-¯-c-s‑a‑m-c‑p {‑]-{‑I‑n-b F-{‑X-
]‑m-e‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§-t‑f-b‑p‑w t‑Ì-ä‑n-t‑\-b‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w \‑n-j‑v-]-£-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w
A-h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-J‑y‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v {‑]‑m-a‑p-J‑y‑w I‑q-S‑p‑w. F-¶-X‑v k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑v C‑u I-f‑n
G-X‑v c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑p-Å \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑m-b \‑n-b-{‑´-W-h‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä-¡‑v B-g-¯‑n-e‑p-Å DÄ-
h-Ã‑m-s‑X t‑h-K-X I‑p-d-ª-X‑p‑w ]-c‑n-a‑n-X-h‑p-a‑m-b-X‑n-\‑m ¡‑m-g‑v-N X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-
]‑p-¯³ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p-s‑S A-X‑n-i‑o-{‑L-X-t‑b‑m-S‑p‑w A-h- ¶‑p F-¶-X‑v A-X‑n-s‑â H-c‑p t‑a-·
b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ A-\-´-c-^-e-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p‑w aÂ-k-c‑n-¡‑m³ X-s‑¶. F-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w t‑I-h-e‑w
I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã F-¶ I‑m-c‑y-h‑p‑w A-d‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï.‑v k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-¡‑p‑w I‑w-]‑y‑q-
h‑mÀ-¯‑m-I-Y-I-s‑f X‑p-d-¶‑p-I‑m-«‑m³ N‑n-e k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n- «À t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K‑m-a‑n‑w-K‑n-\‑p‑w C-¡‑m-
I-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-§Ä A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï.‑v c‑y-¯‑n k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b H-c‑p ]-c‑n-
A-a‑mâ h‑m-WÀ X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b A-\‑p-I-c-W-¡-f‑n l‑m-c‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã.
D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡Ä F-¶ \‑n-e-
b‑n-e‑p‑w \‑n-b-´‑m-X‑m-¡Ä F-¶
\‑n-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ
F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w H-c‑p B-J‑y‑m-
\-¯‑n-s‑â L-S-I-§Ä a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-
¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W.‑v h‑n-
h-c-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n k-X‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S
_‑m-l‑p-e‑y-t‑¯-b‑p‑w \‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑m-ß-I-h‑p‑w
t‑\-c‑n-b h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-§-f‑p-Å-X‑p-a‑m-b _-l‑p-
k‑z-c-X-t‑b-b‑p‑w \-½Ä A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-
ï-X‑p-ï.‑v \‑m‑w NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¶ B-cÂ
aÂ-k‑y-s‑¯ s‑a-c‑p-¡‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p‑w \‑n-e-
h‑n-e‑p-Å h-k‑v-X‑p-X‑m {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v
{‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w N‑n-´-s‑I‑m-ï‑v a-d‑n-I-S-
¡‑m-\‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p-s‑S L-S-\‑m-]-c-a‑m-b
N-«-¡‑q-S‑n-s‑\ A-\‑m-h-c-W‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-]-c-a‑m-b C‑u X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-h‑p-IÄ
aÀ-a-{‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-W.‑v
]-c‑n-`‑m-j: A-Pn-Xv \-cn-¡p-\n-
k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-X-b‑p-s‑S `-c-W‑w:
k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v k‑n-ä‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e
I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑p-I-f‑p‑w
_‑n-K‑v U‑m-ä-b‑p‑w
e‑n-t‑b‑m¬ s‑a‑m-s‑s‑d-\-k‑v
C‑u t‑e-J-\‑w A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v c‑m-k‑q-{‑X-W-¯‑n-\‑p-Å `‑n-¶‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑m-i-b-a‑m-¡‑m‑w
a‑) I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑p-IÄ F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. A-t‑X k-a-b‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-Ø‑n-
{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑n-[‑w b‑) X‑n-s‑b A-§-s‑\ X-s‑¶ \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶-X‑v \-K-c-¯‑n-s‑e
s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\‑w A-h-s‑b I‑m- Z-c‑n-{‑ZÀ-¡‑v H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä D-ï‑m-¡‑n-t‑b-¡‑m‑w.
W‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n c‑) b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑n A-h
F-´‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v d‑) A-h G-X‑v c‑o- a) H-c‑p I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâÀ F-§-s‑\
X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v \-K-c-§-s‑f {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑o-I-c‑n- {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p?
¡‑p-¶-X‑v e‑) and f‑) \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n
F-´‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w C-´‑y-¡‑v A-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v H-c‑p s‑kâ-d‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w "U‑m-j‑v t‑_‑mÀ-U‑n-e‑q-s‑S-
F-´‑v ]T‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-s‑ï-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v. \‑n-e-h‑n b‑m-W‑v, G-s‑d-¡‑p-s‑d H-c‑p h‑n-a‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â t‑I‑m-I‑v-]‑n-ä‑v.'
t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e F-Ã‑m {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä-¡‑p- \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-I h‑n-h-c-§Ä H-ä-b-S‑n-¡‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³
a‑p-Å H-ä-a‑q-e‑n F-¶ \‑n-e-¡‑m-W‑v _‑n-K‑v I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ Z‑r-i‑y-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I h‑n-Z‑y-I-f‑m-b t‑K-P‑p-IÄ‑,
s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n-s‑b I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑S‑m-^‑n-I‑v s‑s‑e-ä‑v \‑n-d-§Ä‑, a‑o-ä-d‑p-IÄ‑, B-t‑c‑m-IÄ‑,
F-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e h‑n-aÀ-i-IÀ _‑mÀ N‑mÀ-«-d‑p-IÄ {‑K‑m-^‑p-IÄ a‑p-X-e‑m-b-h D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¨-X‑v "A-h-b‑p-s‑S D-t‑±-i‑n-¡-s‑¸-« ¨‑v \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-I h‑n-h-c-§Ä G-t‑I‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ {‑i-a‑n-
h‑n-¹-h-I-c-a‑m-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p-s‑S ¡‑p-¶-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-W‑v.
Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e {‑]-`‑m-h‑w b-Y‑mÀ-°-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e Ø‑n-X‑n I‑q-S‑p-X D-d-¸‑n- C‑u \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-I-h‑n-h-c-§Ä a‑n-¡-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w "\‑m-K-c‑n-I
¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. C-\‑n-b-Y-h‑m A-h-c- k‑q-N-\-I-f‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m' "H-c‑p k‑v-X‑w-`-\‑m-h-Ø-b‑p-s‑S h‑y-
X‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v A-{‑X-t‑b-s‑d \‑n-i‑n-X-a‑m-b à-a‑m-b N‑n-{‑X‑w \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\‑m \‑m-K-c‑n-I-{‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-
a‑mÀ-K-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-b‑m t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w. C‑u a-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\‑m t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å \‑n-c-´-c-a‑m-b
t‑e-J-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S R‑m³ h‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-®-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-Å \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m' c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑m-
I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑n-s‑\ F-§-s‑\ \‑m-K- b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. (Kitchin et al‑, 2016‑, p.22‑)
86 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
C‑u \‑m-K-c‑n-I-k‑q-N-\-IÄ K-h-s‑×â‑v I-X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑p t‑a h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-X-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
G-P³-k‑n-IÄ‑, s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â-t‑^‑m¬ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w ¢‑m-h‑v ]‑p-X-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑n-
H‑m-¸-t‑d-äÀ-a‑mÀ‑, B-¸‑v s‑U-h-e-t‑¸À-k‑v, c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w h‑n-h-c-k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-c-h-[‑n h‑n-
CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v I-¼-\‑n-IÄ‑, [-\-I‑m-c‑y Ø‑m- aÀ-i-IÀ I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¨‑p I‑m-W‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v
]-\-§Ä‑, N‑n-Ã-d h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-i‑r‑w-J-e-IÄ‑, U‑m-ä F-¶-X‑v "]-e t‑N‑m-b‑v-k‑p-I-f‑p‑w \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§-f‑p‑w
\‑n-c‑o-£-W / s‑k-I‑y‑q-c‑n-ä‑n Ø‑m-]-\- H-c‑p N‑n-´‑m-h-k-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e-t‑¡‑m k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Ú‑m-\‑w
§Ä F-¶‑n-h \Â-I‑p-¶ h-e‑n-b A-f- a‑q-e-t‑a‑m s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑m-b-t‑X‑m c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-t‑a‑m B-b A-`‑n-
h‑n-e‑p-Å U‑m-ä /_‑n-K‑v-t‑U-ä F-¶‑n-h-s‑b {‑]‑m-b‑w a‑q-e-t‑a‑m [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-]-c‑n-K-W-I-t‑f‑m \‑n-b-{‑´-W-
B-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W‑v (kitchin et.al‑). ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-t‑b‑m ^-ï‑n-t‑§‑m h‑n-`-h-§-t‑f‑m I‑m-c-W‑w
C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å h-e‑n-b A-f-h‑n-e‑p-Å c‑q-]‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-I‑p-¶ H-c‑p D-e‑v-]-¶-a‑m-W‑v' F-¶‑m-W‑v.
U‑m-ä‑m s‑k-ä‑v h‑n-h‑n-[ X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å k‑z- (kitchin et al‑, 2016‑, pp 20-21‑) C-X‑v I‑q-S‑m-s‑X C-§-s‑\
I‑m-c‑y AÂ-t‑K‑m-c‑n-X-§Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ t‑U-ä H-c‑p h-e‑n-b-t‑X‑m-X‑n d‑n-U-I‑v
]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-h G-I-a‑m-b-t‑X‑m j-\‑n-Ì‑v A-W‑p-{‑]‑m-b-a‑m-¡‑p-¶ i‑r‑w-J-e‑, B-I-k‑v-a‑n-I-
H-c‑p I‑q-«-a‑m-b-t‑X‑m B-b \‑m-K-c‑n-I-k‑q-N- a‑m-b _-Ô-§Ä F-¶‑n-h-s‑b e-f‑n-X-a‑m-b G-I-t‑{‑i-
I-§Ä D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. W‑o-I‑r-X-a‑m-b A-s‑Ã-¦‑n G-t‑I‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-« H-c‑p
b-Y‑mÀ-Y h‑n-Ú‑m-\-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-s‑¯ B-{‑i-b‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
b‑) C‑u t‑I-{‑µ-§-s‑f-¸-ä‑n
\-½-s‑f-´‑p h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p? CâÀ-s‑\-ä‑v \‑n-c‑q-]-I-\‑m-b F-h‑v-P-\‑n t‑a‑m-t‑d‑m-t‑k‑m-h‑v
C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å d‑n-U-I‑v j-\‑n-k-s‑¯-¸-ä‑n a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-
s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑m-b [‑m-c-W‑, t‑i-J-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ ¸‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v : "A-f-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-
U‑m-ä {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑mÂ- b‑p-¶ k‑q-N-I-§Ä X‑m-t‑g-¡‑v X‑q-§‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ ]‑m-e‑w
¯-s‑¶ h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-a‑m-b-X‑p‑w {‑]-X‑y- t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑m-W‑v. ]-d‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑m³ F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-\-S‑n-a-s‑¸-«-X‑p-a-Ã F-¶‑m-W‑v. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ X‑o-{‑h‑m-{‑K-l-a‑p-Å H-c‑p k‑n-ä‑n-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑e
AÂ-K-c‑n-X-§Ä \‑n-j‑v-]-£-h‑p‑w h-k‑v-X‑p- B-f‑p-I-f‑p‑w F-§-s‑\ P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¸-ä‑n
\‑n-j‑vT-h‑p-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w. C‑u I‑p-t‑d-¡‑q-S‑n Ø‑n-c-X-b‑p-Å {‑i-a-§-s‑f A-h A-I-ä‑n
c‑o-X‑n-b‑n I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-t‑d‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑n-t‑b-¡‑m‑w.'
k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v-k‑n-ä‑n H-c‑p {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I
Lugne‑, Ayala‑, Masvin F-¶‑n-h-c‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-{‑]-I‑m-
{‑]-X‑y-b i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-]-c-a-Ã‑m-¯‑, h‑n-h‑n-[-§- c‑w "C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-s‑h-bÀ ]‑m-t‑¡-P‑p-IÄ
f‑m-b k‑n-ä‑n-IÄ t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä k‑n-ä‑n-s‑b t‑\‑m-¡‑n-¡‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å \‑q-X-\-h‑p‑w s‑X-
s‑s‑I-I‑m-c‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑m³ k‑m-aÀ-Y‑y-a‑p-Å c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑p-a‑m-b a‑mÀ-K-§Ä h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I
H-c‑p k-a‑o-]-\-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. (kitchin etal a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v, a-d‑n-¨‑v H-c‑p ]-c‑n-]‑m-e-\ {‑]-hÀ-
‑,2016‑, p29‑). NDNC I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑p-IÄ ¯-\-c‑o-X‑n-s‑b-¶ \‑n-e-b‑v-¡‑v, \‑m-K-c‑n-I-{‑]-i‑v-\-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w
C-¯‑n-c‑n-I‑q-S‑n s‑a-ä‑m-^‑n-k‑n-¡Â B-W‑v, I‑p-ä-§-t‑f-b‑p‑w ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-a‑n-¨‑v A-X‑n-s‑â c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-s‑¯
A-h-c‑p-s‑S A-h-I‑m-i-h‑m-Z‑w‑, \-K-c-§-f‑p- H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-c‑p-¶
s‑S-b‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w AÂ-K-c‑n-X-§-s‑f h-k‑v-X‑p-\‑n-j‑vT-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n-
H-t‑c-s‑b‑m-c‑p k-X‑y-t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑m-b‑n ICCC s‑e-¯‑n-¨-X‑p‑w A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w.
a‑m-d‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑v. (New Delhi Muncipal
council 2017‑, P. 6‑) t‑U-ä k-bâ‑n-Ì‑v, I‑m-¯‑n H‑m-j‑n H-c‑p ]-S‑n I‑q-S‑n I-S-
¶‑v A-h-s‑b "H-c‑p t‑I‑m-U‑n A-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
C-h‑n-s‑S‑, G-I-k-X‑y-s‑a-¶ I‑m-c-W-t‑¯‑m- A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-§Ä' F-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n-f‑n-¨-X‑v. (O‑'Neil‑, 2016‑).
S‑p I‑q-S‑n‑, I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑p-IÄ t‑Ì-ä‑n- Weapon of Math Detsruction F-¶ X-s‑â ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-
\‑v \‑n-b-a-{‑]‑m-_-e‑y‑w‑, `-c-W-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w‑, ¯‑n A-hÀ AÂ-K-c‑n-X-§-s‑f WMD F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-
h‑n-S-h‑m-§Â‑, t‑k-h-\-h‑n-X-c-W-§Ä ¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. I‑m-c-W‑w A-h kÀ-Æ-h‑y‑m-]‑n-b‑m-W‑v (wide‑
F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« \‑nÀ-W‑m-b- spreader‑)‑, K‑q-V-a‑m-W‑v (Mysterious‑)‑, h‑n-\‑m-i-I-c-a‑m-W‑v.
(detsructive‑) a‑n-¡-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w C‑u AÂ-t‑K‑m-c‑n-X-§Ä-¡‑v
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 87
I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑p‑w A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b e-£‑y-§Ä
D-ï‑m-I‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑n-s‑\‑m-c‑p I‑m-c-W‑w
A-h-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-\‑m-i-I-c-a‑m-b ^‑o-U‑v-_‑m-
¡‑v e‑q-¸‑p-IÄ B-W‑v. D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-b‑n
t‑£-a-]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-I-f‑m-b t‑e‑m-k‑v G-©Â-
k‑n-s‑e Homless Management System
F-S‑p-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v.
c‑) I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑p-IÄ C-t‑¸‑mÄ \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w X-s‑¶
F-´‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v ? "t‑X‑mÂ-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑y-X C-Ã‑m-¯ t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w s‑N-¿-s‑¸-
S‑m³ k‑m-[‑y-X C-Ã‑m-¯ A-s‑Ã-¦‑n ]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«
Homless Management Information (Los h‑m-Z-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-c‑m-W‑v.'
Angels‑) t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å P-\-t‑£-a-]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-I-
f‑n k‑n-Ì‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ d) I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑p-IÄ
AÂ-t‑K‑m-c‑n-X-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-b‑p-à‑n- I‑m-W‑p-¶-s‑X-§-s‑\?
s‑b-¶-X‑v Z‑pÀ-_-e-c‑m-b Ø‑n-c-a‑m-b‑n h‑o-S‑n-
Ã‑m-¯-hÀ-¡‑v h‑o-S‑p-s‑h-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑m- I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâ-d‑p-I-s‑f-¸-ä‑n c-ï‑m-a-s‑X‑m-c‑p t‑]‑m-b‑nâ‑v
W‑v. A-hÀ-¡‑v X‑mÂ-¡‑m-e‑n-I `-h-\-§-t‑f‑m I‑q-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑v. A-h-b‑p-s‑S A-{‑X-t‑b-s‑d A-`‑n-\-µ‑n-¡-s‑¸-«
a‑m-\-k‑n-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-t‑I-{‑µ-§-t‑f‑m s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡- U‑m-j‑v-t‑_‑mÀ-U‑p-IÄ \‑m-K-c‑n-I k‑q-N-I-§-s‑f {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-
I-t‑b‑m P-b‑n-e‑n-e‑n-S‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v [‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑n-\‑v ]-I-c-a‑m-b‑n a-s‑ä-Ã‑m a‑mÀ-K-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w
]-I-c-a‑m-b-X‑p‑w F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-b-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v. C-X‑v H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v k‑n-ä‑n-s‑b {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X-c-¯‑n t‑\‑m-
c-ï‑p-I‑m-c‑y-§-f‑m-W‑v h‑o-S‑n-Ã‑m-¯ ]‑m-h-§- ¡‑n-¡‑m-W‑p-h‑m³ \‑nÀ-_-²-c‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n
t‑f‑m-S‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑y-à‑n-I-s‑f A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-I‑m-c‑y‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å t‑N‑m-t‑Z‑y‑m-¯-c-
Z‑uÀ-_-e‑y-¯‑n-s‑â t‑X‑m-X-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v X-c‑w §Ä-¡‑v c‑q-]‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.
X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w
k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v h‑o-S‑n-Ã‑m-¯-h-s‑c H-c‑p \-K-c-§-s‑f {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑q-
I‑q-«‑w F-¶-\‑n-e-b‑n ]-e-h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑m- s‑S C-¯-c‑w k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä H-c‑p t‑{‑]-
b‑n a‑m-ä‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. A-§-s‑\ H-c‑p c‑m-{‑ã‑o- t‑X‑y-I-X-c‑w \-K-c-§-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-¶‑v
b-a‑m-b A-W‑n-\‑n-c-¡Â k‑m-[‑y-a-Ã‑m-s‑X I‑m-W‑m‑w. D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-b‑n COR s‑â I‑m-c‑y-¯‑nÂ
h-c‑n-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-§Ä H-c‑p "k‑z-t‑X A-S-§‑n-b
{‑]-X‑o-£' D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. X-Õ-a-b‑w \-K-c-¯‑n-s‑e
c-ï‑m-a-X‑m-b‑n s‑{‑]‑m-^-j-WÂ a-[‑y-hÀ-K- F-Ã‑m-Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v H-c‑p-X-c‑w Ø‑n-c-a‑m-b
¯‑n-\‑v C-X‑p-a‑q-e‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ a-t‑\‑m-`‑m-h‑w A-S‑n-b-´‑n-c-L-«-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v. \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e H-c‑p \‑n-a‑n-j-¯‑n-
k-l‑m-b‑w e-`‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-h-s‑c‑m-g‑n-¨‑v _‑m-¡‑n s‑â-t‑b‑m {‑]-h‑r-¯‑n-b‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m a‑m-X‑r-I‑m-]-c-a‑m-b \‑n-e
F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p‑w X-s‑¶ AÀ-l-X-b‑n-Ã‑m-¯-h- F-¶-X‑v A-S‑n-b-´‑n-c‑m-h-Ø-b‑m-s‑W-¶-X‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p
t‑c‑m {‑I‑n-a‑n-\-e‑p-I-t‑f‑m B-s‑W-¶-X‑m-W‑v. F-¶-X‑p‑w C-S-s‑]-S-e‑n-s‑e {‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I {‑i-²‑m-t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-b‑n
t‑e‑m-k‑v G-©Â-k‑n-s‑e HMIS t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p F-¶-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v. (Lungue-Ayala-Marvin 2015‑) C-X‑v
]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S `‑m-h‑n F-´‑m-W‑v? H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å‑, k-a-I‑m-e‑n-X-b‑v-¡‑p {‑]‑m-[‑m-
s‑N-d‑n-b {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v k‑z-I‑m-c‑y ^-ï‑n-t‑§‑m- \‑y‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ \‑m-K-c‑n-I \‑nÀ-h-l-W-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.
S‑p-I‑q-S‑n H-c‑p s‑s‑]-e-ä‑v s‑{‑]‑m-P-I‑v-ä‑v F-¶ C‑u {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑n \‑m-K-c‑n-I k‑q-N-I-§Ä {‑I-a‑m-\‑p-k-c-
\‑n-e-b‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K‑m‑w \‑m-e‑v hÀ- W-a‑m-W‑v. \-K-c-s‑a-¶‑p-Å-X‑n-s‑\ k‑m-µÀ-`‑n-I-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-
j-¯‑n-\‑p-Å‑n K-h-s‑×â‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶ t‑e‑m-
k‑v G-©Â-k‑v, B-ï‑n ]-¯‑p a‑n-e‑y¬
B-f‑p-IÄ-¡‑v t‑k-h-\-§Ä \Â-I‑p-¶ H-c‑p
k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n h-fÀ-¶‑p.
88 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
¶-X‑m-¡‑n "H-c‑p B-g-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑o-I-c-W'a‑m-¡‑n ¯‑n-s‑â k-a-b-h‑p‑w Ø-e-h‑p‑w {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑p-
N‑p-c‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑w-J‑y-I-f‑p-s‑S H-c‑p I‑q-«‑w‑, N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n ¶‑p. PredPol  I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§Ä I‑m-ä-K-d‑n
\‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑hÀ-]‑n-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I h‑y-h- s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v, c-ï‑p c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v.
Ø-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑p I‑m-W‑m‑w. (Talk at google‑, 2016‑)‑, NDMC Part I Â \-c-l-X‑y‑, h‑n-j‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
RFP C-X‑v I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑p‑w s‑X-f‑n-h‑v-k-l‑n-X‑w I-a‑m³-U‑v ¡‑p-¶-X‑v, B-{‑I-a-W‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑p‑w Part
s‑kâ-d‑p-IÄ k‑w-`-h-h‑n-I‑m-k-§Ä {‑I-a‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v II  A-e-ª‑p-X‑n-c‑n-bÂ‑, `‑n-£‑m-S-\‑w‑,
k-l‑m-b-I-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑p‑w h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑p-Å a-b-¡‑p-a-c‑p-¶‑n-s‑â h‑n-e‑v-]-\-b‑p‑w D-]-t‑`‑m-
s‑a-¨-s‑¸-« B-k‑q-{‑X-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m-s‑a-¶‑p‑w X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-¡‑p- K-h‑p‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑p‑w A-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
¶‑p. (New Delhi Muncipal Council‑, 2017‑)
Part-2 I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w X-s‑¶ "i-e‑y-
H-c‑p ]-s‑£ H-c‑p P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-s‑b H-c‑p I-a‑m³- §-f‑m-b I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§Ä' F-¶‑m-W-d‑n-
U‑v s‑kâÀ G-ä-h‑p‑w A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. C-h a‑n-¡-X‑p‑w \-¶‑m-b‑n
{‑]-h-N-\‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑m-I-W‑w. D-Z‑m-l-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v NDMC t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v k‑w-c-£-W-a‑p-Å‑, Z-c‑n-{‑Z-a‑m-b
I-a‑m³-U‑v s‑kâÀ \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å F-Ã‑m {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« N‑p-ä‑p-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n
t‑U-ä-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-h‑p-Å‑, \‑nÀ-®-b \-S-¡‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑v. Part-1 I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§Ä
{‑]-h-N-\ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-I-s‑f-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w X-s‑¶ a‑p-X- I‑p-d-ª-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p‑w Z‑q-c-Ø-e-§-f‑nÂ
s‑e-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p‑w h-f-s‑c h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X-a‑m-b k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑n I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p‑w A-{‑X s‑]-s‑«-¶‑v
D-ï‑m-h‑p-¶‑, D-ï‑m-t‑b-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-§-s‑f ]‑n-´‑p- {‑]-h-N‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p‑w Pred‑
W-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑p‑w X‑m-e‑v-]-c‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v . Pol  A-h-s‑b {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-
X‑v k-a‑m-\-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e-Ã. C-X‑n-s‑â
X‑p-S-¡-¯‑n C-X‑v A-]-I-S-I-c-a-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n t‑X‑m-¶‑m- ^-e-a‑m-b‑n C‑u-b‑n-S-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
h‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-W‑v. N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ K‑p-W-I-c-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑n-s‑\ h‑n-\‑y-k‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w XÂ-^-
t‑X‑m-¶‑m‑w. h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X-a‑m-b k‑m-l-N-c‑y-§-f‑n e-`‑y-a‑m-b e-a‑m-b‑n I‑q-S‑p-X A-d-Ì‑v D-ï‑m-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w
k-I-e t‑U-ä-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-§Ä s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.( O‑'Neil‑, 2016b‑, P.171‑)
D-ï‑m-¡‑p-I. ]-s‑£ C-X‑v i-c‑n-¡‑p‑w F-´‑m-W‑v? C-s‑X-
§-s‑\ {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p? PredPol s‑â h‑n-i-I-e-\-¯‑n Cathy
O‑'Neil C-§-s‑\ F-g‑p-X‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v : "t‑]‑m-
D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-b‑n‑, A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e s‑]³-k‑nÂ-h‑m-\‑n-b- e‑o-k‑v h‑n-\‑y‑m-k‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑U-ä k‑r-ã‑n-
b‑n-s‑e d‑o-U‑n-M‑nÂ‑, PredPol F-¶ k‑m-´‑m-{‑I‑q-k‑v (I‑m- ¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w XÂ-^-e-a‑m-b‑n C-X‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
e‑n-t‑^‑mÀ-W‑n-b‑) s‑e H-c‑p _‑n-K‑v U‑m-ä I-¼-\‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨ t‑]‑m-e‑o-k‑v h‑n-\‑y‑m-k-s‑¯ \‑y‑m-b‑o-I-c‑n-
I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y {‑]-h-N-\ t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-s‑h-bÀ {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸- ¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑n-\‑m X-s‑¶
S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. PredPol `‑q-I-¼ k‑w-_-Ô‑n-b‑m-b t‑k‑m- \-½‑p-s‑S P-b‑n-e‑p-IÄ C-c-I-f‑n-Ã‑m-¯ I‑p-ä-
^‑v-ä‑v-s‑h-b-d‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w I-S‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑v, N-c‑n-{‑X-]-c-a‑m-b §-f‑p-s‑S \‑n-c-h-[‑n I‑p-ä-h‑m-f‑n-I-s‑f-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v
t‑{‑i-W‑n-IÄ ]‑n-´‑p-SÀ-¶‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-S‑p-¯ I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y- \‑n-d-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-h-c‑n a‑n-¡-h-c‑p‑w
Z-c‑n-{‑Z N‑p-ä‑p-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑v h-c‑p-¶-
h-t‑c‑m I-d‑p-¯-hÀ-K-¡‑m-t‑c‑m l‑n-k‑v-]‑m-
\‑n-t‑¡‑m B-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. C-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
C-\‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p a‑m-X‑r-I hÀ-W‑m-Ô-a‑m-s‑W-
¦‑n t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-s‑a-¶-X‑v
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ U‑m-ä a‑n-I-¨ U‑m-ä F-¶ h‑n-
i‑z‑m-k‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-h‑p‑w. h-b-eâ‑v
s‑s‑{‑I-a‑p-I-f‑n t‑^‑m-¡-k‑v s‑N-¿‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
N‑n-X-d‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v N‑p-
a-c‑n s‑X-f‑n-b‑p-¶-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w i-e‑y-a‑m-b
I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-§-s‑f DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020 89
I‑p-t‑d-¡‑q-S‑n I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑, h‑y-à-a‑m-b h‑mÀ-¯-b-S-¡‑w -d‑n-«-bÀ s‑N-b‑v-X s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n P-U‑v-
\-K-c-¯‑n-s‑e \‑n-b-a-c‑m-l‑n-X‑y-s‑¯-¸-ä‑n- P‑n K.S ]‑p-«-k‑z‑m-a‑n X-s‑â PIL b‑n \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v
b‑p-Å N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v s‑X-f‑n-b‑p-I. A-¯-c- C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v :
¯‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-[‑n-\‑y‑m-b-§-f‑n D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶
k-¦-S-I-c-a‑m-b I‑m-c‑y‑w‑, A-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å "F-t‑¸‑m-s‑g‑m-s‑¡ \‑n-§Ä B-[‑mÀ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-t‑¶‑m‑,
I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y‑w {‑S‑m-¡‑v s‑N-¿‑p-I Z‑m-c‑n-{‑Z‑y-s‑¯- A-t‑¸‑m-s‑g‑m-s‑¡ UIDAI U‑m-ä‑m-t‑_-k‑n \‑n-§Ä h‑n-
b‑m-s‑W-¶-X‑m-W‑v.' h-c-§Ä _‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-¡‑n-t‑¸‑m-h‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. C-X‑n-\À-°‑w
\‑n-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑a-U‑n-¡Â ]À-t‑¨-k‑v a‑p-XÂ h‑o-U‑n-t‑b‑m
A-¯-c‑w {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-s‑e I‑q-S‑n-b A-d- N‑m-ä‑n-M‑v h-s‑c-b‑p-Å h‑n-h-c-§Ä K-h-s‑×â‑n-\‑v s‑s‑I-
Ì‑v \‑n-c-¡‑v k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-e‑p-Å a-[‑y-hÀ- b‑n s‑h-¡‑m-s‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑v. C-§-s‑\ k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-IÄ
K/D-bÀ-¶ hÀ-K-¯‑n-e‑p-Å B-f‑p-IÄ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑kâ-d‑p-IÄ-¡‑v B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b _‑n-K‑v
h-¨‑p ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑p-¶ s‑]‑m-X‑p-[‑m-c-W D-d- U‑m-ä D-ï‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶‑p.'
¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-t‑X-b‑p-Å‑q. H-c‑p \-K-c-¯‑n-s‑e
I‑p-ä-§Ä-¡‑p‑w {‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä-¡‑p I‑m-c- f‑) C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å AÂ-K-c‑n-X-§Ä s‑UÂ-l‑n-t‑]‑m-
W‑w A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-Å ]‑m-h-§Ä X-s‑¶- e‑p-Å k‑v-a‑mÀ-«‑v k‑n-ä‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e ]‑m-h-§-s‑f e-£‑y-a‑m-¡‑n-
b‑m-s‑W-¶‑p-Å-X‑m-W-X‑v. (O‑'Neil‑, 2016b‑, b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p k‑w-i-b-h‑p-a‑n-Ã.
pp 171-177‑) PredPol t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å {‑]-h-N- t‑N-c‑n-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n-s‑e B-f‑p-I-s‑f a‑n-¡-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w {‑I‑n-a‑n-\-
\-k‑z-`‑m-h-§-f‑p-Å t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-s‑h-b-d‑p-IÄ e‑p-I-f‑m-b‑p‑w s‑s‑e‑w-K‑n-I \‑y‑q-\-]-£-§-s‑f t‑c‑m-K‑n-I-f‑m-
K-h-s‑×â-I-s‑f k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑n-S-t‑¯‑m-f‑w b‑p‑w I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w a-X \‑y‑q-\-]-£ h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑p-s‑S
B-IÀ-j-I-a‑m-W‑v. I‑m-c-W‑w \-K-c-`-c-W- `-£‑y-i‑o-e-§-s‑f {‑]-X‑y-£-¯‑n-e‑p‑w ]-t‑c‑m-£-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
¯‑n-\‑v t‑b‑m-P‑n-¡‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v K-h-s‑×â‑v e-£‑y-a‑n-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w A-h-K-W‑n-
F-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p N‑n-{‑X‑w A-h ¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w N‑n-e-t‑¸‑m-s‑g-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-b‑n a‑p-{‑Z-I‑p-
\Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. ¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. C-¯-c-¯‑n-s‑e h‑n-t‑h-N-\‑w
\‑n-b-{‑´-W k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑v t‑h-ï U‑m-ä-b‑m-b‑n
e‑) C-´‑y-¡‑p-Å ]‑mT-§-f‑p‑w a‑m-d‑p-¶‑p. B-[‑m-d‑n-s‑e h‑n-h-c-§Ä Z‑p-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑w s‑N-
X‑p-e‑y-c‑q-]-§-f‑p‑w ¿-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X I‑q-S‑m³ H-c‑p I‑m-c-W‑w A-h
H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v t‑£-a ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-
\‑n-e-h‑n C-´‑y-b‑n B-[‑m-d‑n-t‑\‑m-s‑S‑m-¸- ¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. ]‑m-h-s‑¸-«‑, ]‑mÀ-i‑z-h-X‑v-¡-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«
a‑p-Å H-c‑p a‑mÀ-K-a‑p-ï‑v. B-[‑mÀ I‑m-c-W‑w H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v t‑]-s‑c C-X‑n-\‑m X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-b‑m-\‑p‑w t‑£-a-
s‑N-¿‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ H-c‑p I‑q-«‑w I‑m-c‑y-§- K‑p-W-§Ä \‑nÀ-¯‑n-s‑h-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v C-c-I-f‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑m-
f‑p-s‑S \‑o-ï \‑n-c X-s‑¶-b‑p-ï‑v. ]‑qÀ-W- \‑p‑w ]-ä‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v. Center For Internet and Socitey
a‑m-b‑n B-[‑mÀ I‑m-c-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑v. R‑m³ a‑p-I-f‑n ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¨ {‑]-i‑v-\-§-s‑f-¸-ä‑n NÀ-¨
G-t‑I‑m-]‑n-X i‑n-i‑p k‑w-c-£-W k‑v-I‑o‑w‑, s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
D-¨-`-£-W K‑p-W-§Ä‑, t‑`‑m-¸‑m K‑y‑m-k‑v
Z‑p-c-´ C-c-IÄ‑, ¢º‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e B-l‑m- Virgin Eubanks {‑]-h-N-\ t‑k‑m-^‑v-S‑v!s‑h-b-d‑p-I-s‑f-¸-ä‑n-
c‑w‑, kÀ-h-i‑n-£‑m A-`‑n-b‑m-s‑â I‑o-g‑n b‑p-Å A-h-c‑p-s‑S h‑n-i-I-e-\-¯‑n h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b
h-c‑p-¶ `‑n-¶-t‑i-j‑n-¡‑mÀ‑, I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h‑n-f H-c‑p I-s‑ï-¯Â \-S-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e {‑]-h-N-\
C³-j‑p-d³-k‑v B-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å IÀ-j-IÀ‑, h‑n-i-I-e-\-h‑p‑w ]-s‑¯‑m-¼-X‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑e s‑s‑h-Z‑y-
`-£‑y-[‑m-\‑y - k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I k-l‑m-b-§Ä- i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-a‑p-t‑¶-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-a‑m-b‑n i-h-i-c‑o-c-§-f‑p-s‑S
¡‑m-b‑p-Å k-_‑v-k‑n-U‑n B-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å-hÀ ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n
F-¶‑n-h-c‑m-W‑v. (Suprem Court of India‑, _-Ô-a‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v .
2017‑) C-X‑v `‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b H-c‑p e‑n-Ì‑v B-W‑v.
A-[‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n NÀ-¨-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑m-¯ H-¶‑v i-h-i-c‑o-c-§-f‑p-s‑S B-h-i‑y-a-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v A-h a‑m-´‑n-s‑b-
- B-[‑m-d‑n-s‑e h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑N‑mÀ-¯‑p-¶- S‑p-¡Â I‑q-S‑n-b-X-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v i-h-§Ä t‑a‑m-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶-
X‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v A-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑S h-¶ X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c \‑n-b-a‑w \‑n-e-h‑nÂ-h-¶‑p. F-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w
t‑U‑m-ÎÀ-a‑m-c‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w B-i‑p-]-{‑X‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p-a‑p-Å
90 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
k-½À-±‑w a‑q-e‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑w B-c‑p‑w A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑m- c-ï‑p k-h‑n-t‑i-j \-b-§-f‑p-ï‑v. h‑m-N‑m-
¯-X‑p‑w P-b‑nÂ-h‑m-k‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w i-h-i-c‑o-c-§Ä D-]- t‑S‑m-]-a‑m-b ]‑p-\À-h‑n-h-c-W‑w a‑q-e‑w A-¯-
t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n. A-hÀ A-h- c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å \‑o-¡-§-s‑f B-{‑I-a‑n-¡‑p-I.'
k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v: a-[‑y-hÀ-K-¯‑n-\‑v
N‑n-´‑n-¡‑m³ ]-ä‑m-¯-X-c‑w a-\‑p-j‑y-i-c‑o-c-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å "`‑n-£'‑, "B-{‑i-b-X‑z‑w' F-¶‑o h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ
s‑]-c‑p-a‑m-ä‑w ]-s‑£ ]‑m-h-s‑¸-«-hÀ-¡‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-s‑b-¶-X‑v ]‑m-h-
k‑w-`‑m-h-\ s‑N-¿‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n. C-¶-s‑e \-½Ä s‑¸-«-h-c‑p-s‑S ]-W‑w D-ï‑m-h‑p-I G-t‑X‑m
]‑m-h-§-f‑p-s‑S i-h-§-f‑n ]-c‑o-£-W-§Ä \-S-¯‑n‑, c‑o-X‑n-b‑n A-h-c‑p-s‑S [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-X-s‑b-b‑p‑w
C-¶‑v \-½Ä A-h-c‑p-s‑S `‑m-h‑n-b‑n A-ä-I‑p-ä-¸-W‑n-IÄ D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-£-a-X-s‑b-b‑p‑w t‑a‑m-i-a‑m-¡‑n-t‑b-
X‑oÀ-¡‑p-¶‑p. B-[‑mÀ s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑p‑w C-X‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v, ¡‑p‑w F-¶ a-«‑n-e‑m-W‑v. I‑p-d-¨‑p I‑q-S‑n A-\‑p-
A-h K-h¬-s‑aâ‑n-\‑v ]‑m-h-s‑¸-«-h-s‑â `‑m-h‑n-b‑n ]-c‑o- t‑b‑m-P‑y-a‑m-b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p X-c‑w \-b-§-f‑p-ï‑v;
£-W‑w \-S-¯‑m³ A-\‑p-h‑m-Z‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. `-£‑y‑m- {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-b ]-c‑n-K-W-\-I-s‑f-¸-ä‑n
h-I‑m-i-¯‑n I-W-s‑¡-S‑p-¯ U‑m-ä-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w B-[‑m-d‑p‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-I. B X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å ]‑n-´‑p-W ]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w {‑]-i‑v- k‑v-I‑o-a‑p-IÄ B-f‑p-IÄ-¡‑p X‑m-§‑m-h‑p-¶-
\-§Ä I‑m-c-W‑w I-g‑n-ª a‑q-¶‑v hÀ-j-¯‑n 25 t‑] X‑m-s‑W-¶‑p F-§-s‑\ D-d-¸‑p h-c‑p-¯‑p‑w?
À a-c‑n-s‑¨-¦‑n-e‑p‑w k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n s‑_-©‑v A-X‑n-s‑\ A-h I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n i-c‑n-b‑m-b K‑p-W-t‑`‑m-
]‑m-h-s‑]-«-h-·‑m-c‑p-s‑S t‑a s‑h-¨‑p-s‑I-«‑m-h‑p-¶ H-¶‑m-b‑n- à‑m-¡-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v F-¯‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v
¯-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v I-ï-X‑v. P-Ì‑n-k‑v k‑n-{‑X‑n B-[‑m-d‑n-s‑\ F-§-s‑\ a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-I‑p‑w? k‑q-£‑v-a-k‑m-
I-ï-X‑v "K‑p-W-I-c-a‑m-b \‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-½‑m-W‑w' F-¶ \‑n-e- ¼-¯‑n-I h‑y-h-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑n-c-X-b‑p-
¡‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-s‑S t‑£-a‑w B-[‑m-d‑n-s‑â D-X‑v-]-¶-¯‑n-t‑e a‑m-b‑n A-h-s‑b F-§-s‑\ H-¯‑p t‑NÀ-
A-S‑n-b-´‑n-c-L-«-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v. ¡‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w? A-h I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n i-c‑n-b‑m-b
K‑p-W-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v F-¯‑p-¶-
"b‑p-à‑n-]-c-a‑m-b h‑n-t‑h-N-\‑w' F-¶ h‑m-¡‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n- s‑X-¶‑v F-§-s‑\ a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-I‑p‑w? ]-s‑£
¨‑m-W‑v H‑m-k‑v-I‑mÀ K‑m³-U‑n Ì‑m-ä‑n-Ì‑n-¡Â c‑o-X‑n-IÄ a‑n-¡-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w A-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å b-Y‑mÀ-
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ N‑m-b‑v-h‑p-I-f‑m-b hÀ-K‑w‑, °-{‑]-i‑v-\-s‑¯ H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-¶
h‑w-i‑w‑, a-X-h‑p‑w P‑m-X‑n-b‑p‑w F-¶‑n-h H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-]-t‑b‑m- B-b‑p-[-§-f‑m-b‑n a-ä‑m-d‑m-W‑v ]-X‑n-h‑v.
K‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-s‑b h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. (Gardy‑,
2016‑) L-S-\‑m-]-c-a‑m-b A-k-a-X‑z-§-s‑f t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶-X‑n- Z‑m-c‑n-{‑Z‑y \‑nÀ-a‑mÀ-P-\-¯‑n-s‑\-¸-ä‑n ]-d-ª‑p
\‑p‑w X-IÀ-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w ]-I-c-a‑m-b‑n A-h-b‑p-s‑S t‑X‑m- s‑I‑m-ï‑v C-X‑v D-]-k‑w-l-c‑n-¡‑m³ B-{‑K-l‑n-
X‑p‑w h‑n-i-I-e-\-h‑p‑w C‑u N‑m-b‑v-h‑p-I-s‑f b‑p-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S ¡‑p-¶‑p. \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑nÂ
t‑h-j-a-W‑n-b‑n-¨‑v X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w h-e‑p-X‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w h-e-X‑p-]-£‑w F-Ã‑m-b‑v-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w ]‑m-h-s‑¸-
s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. a‑p-t‑¶ R‑m³ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑p t‑]‑m-s‑e «-hÀ ]-c‑m-Z-§-f‑m-s‑W-¶‑p ]-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w
h‑w-i‑o-b-h‑p‑w hÀ-K‑o-b-h‑p‑w P‑m-X‑o-b-h‑p-a‑m-b a‑m-\‑p-j‑n-I C-S-X‑p-]-£‑w c-£‑m-IÀ-X‑r-k‑z-`‑m-h-t‑¯‑m-
a‑q-e‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑{‑i-W‑n-I-s‑f DÂ-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¨‑v- ]‑m-h-s‑¸-«-h-s‑c S‑p I‑p-S‑n A-h-c-h-c‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â
e-£‑y-a‑n-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w i‑n-£‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S‑m- A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³
¸‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑y _-Ô-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y ]-¦‑m-f‑n- ]-ä‑m-¯-h-c‑m-b‑n ]‑m-h-§-s‑f I‑m-W‑p-I-b‑p‑w
¯-k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑n s‑h-Å‑w t‑NÀ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. Poor people‑'s movements‑,
a-[‑y-hÀ-K-¯‑n-\‑v [‑mÀ-a‑n-I-a‑m-b A-I-e-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w Regulating the poor F-¶‑o ]‑p-k‑v-X-I-
s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p. §-f‑nÂ‑, F-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑m-b Francis Fox
Piven‑, Richard Cloven F-¶‑n-hÀ "F-t‑¸‑m-
F-t‑â-X‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å N‑n-e B-I‑p-e-X-IÄ C-´‑y³ g‑m-t‑W‑m ]‑m-h-s‑¸-«-hÀ H-s‑¯‑m-c‑p-a‑n-¨‑v
F-I‑v-k‑v-{‑]-k‑n-s‑â oped t‑I‑m-f-¯‑n {‑]-X‑m-]‑v `‑m-\‑p A-h-c‑p-s‑S A-h-I‑m-i-§Ä-¡‑p t‑h-ï‑n
s‑a-l‑v-¯-b‑p‑w D-bÀ-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-t‑±-l‑w F-g‑p-X‑p-¶‑p: t‑]‑m-c‑m-S‑p-¶-X‑v A-t‑¸‑mÄ A-hÀ h‑n-P-b‑n-
"H-ä-b-S‑n-¡‑v C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e Z‑m-c‑n-{‑Z‑y \‑nÀ-a‑mÀ-P-\‑w F-¶ ¡‑p‑w' F-¶‑m-W‑v ]-d-ª-X‑v. (1978‑, 2012‑)
G-s‑X‑m-c‑p ]-²-X‑n-b‑p‑w \-½‑n ]-e-c‑n-e‑p-a‑p-Å B-´-c‑n-
I-k‑z-`‑m-h-s‑¯ ]‑p-d-¯‑p s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-h‑n-s‑S ]-c‑n-`‑m-j: entIjv Fw-.hn-.
-tIc-f- kÀ-¡m-À-
kmw-kvIm-cn-I- h-Ip-¸v
സസൗാംധസ്ംകാരിക
2020 \-hw-_-À- 2\v -sshIpt¶cw- 3 a-Wn-¡v
A-\-´-hn-em-kw- -sIm«m-c-¯n-Â-
hn-hn-[- ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-Ä-¡v Xp-S-¡-am-Ip-¶p-
kmw-kvIm-cn-I- D-¶-X-kan-Xn- Hm-^o-kv D-ZvLm-S-\w-
Sn-.-sI.cm-a-Ir-jvW-³- lm-Ä- D-ZvLm-S-\w-
kmw-kvIm-cn-I-h-Ip-¸v U-b-d-Îtdäv -t^m-t«mKym-e-dn- D-ZvLm-S-\w-
-tIc-f- e-fn-X-I-em- A-¡m-Z-an- B-À-Sv Kym-e-dn- D-ZvLm-S-\w-
]p-cm-tcJm-h-Ip-¸v -tIc-f- hm-kvXp-hn-Zym-
Kp-cp-Ip-ew- N-cn-{X- Nn-{Xo-I-c-W- {]-Im-i-\w-
kmw-kvIm-cn-I- D-¶-X-kan-Xn- _p-Å-än-³- {]-Im-i-\w-
D-ZvLm-S-\w-/{]-Im-i-\w-:
{io-. F-.-sI. _m-e-³-
_-lp-.]-«n-I-Pm-Xn]-«n-I-h-À-¤-, ]n-¶m-¡- kap-Zm-b- -t£a-,
\n-b-a-, kmw-kvIm-cn-I- ]m-À-esaâ-dn- h-Ip-¸p-a-{´n-
A-²y-£-X-
{io-. cm-a-N-{µ-³- I-S-¶-¸-Ån-
_-lp-. Xp-d-ap-J-, ayq-kn-bw-, ]p-cm-h-kvXp- kw-c-£-W- h-Ip-¸p-a-{´n-
A-S‑p-¯ 92 k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-It‑I-c-f‑w ● HItv Sm-_À 2020
e-¡-¯
‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ/kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-X-c
k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-I Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\ s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-h-c-W‑w
k‑m‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c‑n-I Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä
X‑m-s‑g-¡‑m-W‑p-¶ h‑n-e‑m-k-¯‑nÂ
a‑m-ä-d‑p-IÄ A-b-¨‑p X-c‑m³ X‑m-X‑v-]-c‑y‑w
{-i-o.- ]-n-W-d-m-b-n h-n-P-b³
-_-l-p.- a-p-J-y-a-{-´-n
{-i-o. F. s-I. _-m-e³
_-l-p.]-«-n-I-P-m-X-n- ]-«-n-I-hÀ-¤-, ]-n-¶-m-¡ k-a-p-Z-m-b t-£-a-,
\-n-b-a-, k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I ]-mÀ-e-s-aâ-d-n h-I-p-¸-p a-{-´-n,
s-N-bÀ-a-m³-, k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I D-¶-Xk-a-n-X-n
k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I-t-I-c-f-w
k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I D-¶-Xk-a-n-X-n-b-p-s-S h-mÀ-¯-m-]-{-X-n-I
F-U-n-t-ä-m-d-n-b t-_-mÀ-U-v
FUnäÀ: tUm. {]`mIc³ ]gÈn
k-l-m-b-n-IÄ: h-n i-i-n-I-p-a-mÀ, t-K-m-]-I-p-a-mÀ F-k-v, s-I.s-P. h-n-t-\-m-Z-v, Z-o-]-m-d-m-W-n
I-h-À- -s]bn-ânw-Kv: Growing Elephant II; S]um-{e‑Xsh‑mK-[a‑nm-]bÀal‑,lur
]p-kvX-I- cq-]o-I-c-Ww: tKmUvs{^bvkkv {‑mK‑wm-k^n‑vI-Ivk‑m-cv ‑n-I t‑I-c-f‑w
A¨Sn: Hmd©v {]ntâgvkv ss{]häv enanäUkv, ‑mX‑wnc-kph‑v-I\´‑m-c]‑n-Ipcw D-¶-X k-a‑n-X‑n
k-z-I-m-c-y h-n-X-c-W-¯-n-\-p a-mA-{-X-w-\-´-hn-em-kw- -sIm«m-c-w
t-e-J-I-c-p-s-S A-`-n-{-]-m-b-§Ä A-h-c-p-t-S-Xt-p‑^a-m-{‑m-XÀ-a-m-«-W‑v ]-v. ‑n.H.
k-m-t-¦-X-n-I ]-Z-_-l-p-e-a-m-b `-m-j h-n-hÀ-¯-\-t-¯-b-p-w F-U-n-ä-n-w-KX-n-t‑n-\-c-b‑p-h-p-w -\_--´m-[-n-¡-]-m‑p³-c‑wk6-m-²95-y-X0-b2-p3-ï-v.
k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I D-∂-Xk-a-n-X-n
d-m-W-n t-P-mÀ-P-v IAS- t-U-m. {-]-`-m-I-c³ ]-g-È-n S-n.BÀ.k-Z-m-i-n-h³ \-m-bÀ-
s-k-{-I-«-d-n-, s-k-{-I-«-d-n k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I
k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-n-I h-I-p-¸-v h-I-p-¸-p U-b-d-ÎÀ
s-s-h-k-v s-N-bÀ t-]-g-vk³ I¬-h-o-\À
A-t-i-m-I³ N-c-p-h-n c-R-vP-n ]-W-n-¡À
c-m-t-P-j-v I-p-a-mÀ knwKv IAS- t-U-m.s-I.]-n.t-a-m-l-\³ F³.c-m-[-m-I-r-j-vW³ \-m-bÀ
-{-]n³-k-n-¸Â s-k-{-I-«-d-n- -s-k-{-I-«-d-n t-I-c-f -s-k-{-I-«-d-n t-I-c-f k-w-K-o-X
A-Uo-jWÂ- No-^v sk{I-«-dn- k-m-l-n-X-y A-¡-m-Z-a-n \-m-S-I A-¡-m-Z-a-n
[-\-I-m-c-yh-I-p-¸-v
]-n.h-n._-m-e³ I-o-t-¨-c-n c-m-L-h³
-s-k-{-I-«-d-n t-I-c-f -s-k-{-I-«-d-n t-I-c-f
e-f-n-X-I-e-m A-¡-m-Z-a-n t-^-m-I-v t-e-mÀ A-¡-m-Z-a-n
Government of Kerala
Printed and published by Dr. Prabhakaran Pazhassi, Secretary, Apex Council for Culture
Government of Kerala. For private circulation only.
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samskarika keralam Oct 2020 final
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