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50 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 sexual health impacts physical functioning and the subsequent effects on social and psychological functioning. Finally, recent legislative measures provide opportunities to research the impact of abortion bans and transphobic policies on individual, familial, and communitywide feelings of security, safety, and freedom. As practitioners, we need to consider the components of well-being, how sexual health interacts with each component, and ask ourselves if we are missing opportunities to change generational patterns. Jones and Roy (2017) noted, “health development is not static, but is an emergent set of developmental capacities that unfold “continuously over the life span” (p. 1854). As a discipline, we should continuously unfold our understanding of sexual health for those we serve. In addition to research, we should advocate for sexual health across the lifespan. This advocacy could occur through FCS professionals assisting in educating individuals and families through the development of programming to address sexual health needs at each stage in the lifecycle. In addition, we should celebrate culture and diversity by highlighting what those in the field are doing to help support and uphold the sexual health needs of all individuals. Conclusion This literature review examined sexual health research throughout FCS journals. In the BOK, Nickols et al. (2009) note historical criticism of the profession as not being proactive in addressing contemporary issues. While a similar journal, Family Relations, has contributed to sexual health research and publications, there is a gap in the contribution from FCS professionals within FCS publications. While not explicitly stated, the BOK provides FCS practitioners with a path for studying sexual health by applying integrative elements and cross-cutting themes that guide the discipline. A lack of sexual health information impacts the lifespan; thus, research is needed to provide a multi-pronged approach to individual, family, and community well-being.

51 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 As of today, the FCS field is not keeping pace with the needs of sexual health as conceptualized through well-being. References American Home Economics Association. (1934). Bulletin of the American home economics association, 16(4), 1-12. Burke, K., Kazyak, E., & MillerMacPhee, A. (2022). LGBT employment nondiscrimination: Debating sexuality and citizenship. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 19(2), 470–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00561-2 Byers, E. S., & Sears, H. A. (2012). Mothers who do and do not intend to discuss sexual health with their young adolescents. Family Relations, 61(5), 851–863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00740.x Carr, J. B., & Packham, A. (2017). The effects of state‐mandated abstinence‐based sex education on teen health outcomes. Health Economics, 26(4), 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3315 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Sexual Health. https://www.cdc.gov/sexualhealth/Default.html Darling, C. A., Cassidy, D., & Rehm, M. (2020). The foundations of family life education model: Understanding the field. Family Relations, 69(3), 427–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12372 Dworkin, J., Gonzalez, C., Gengler, C., & Olson, K. (2011). Using newsletters to improve parents' communication with their early adolescents. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 103(1), 47-54.

52 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Frederick, H. (2016). Teaching about identity and sexuality in a technological era: promising practices for family and consumer sciences educators. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education, 33(2), 37–47. Grossman, J. M., Richer, A. M., Charmaraman, L., Ceder, I., & Erkut, S. (2018). Youth perspectives on sexuality communication with parents and extended family. Family Relations, 67(3), 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12313 HEARTH, Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, and History (n.d.). Cornell University Library. Digital Collections. http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/ Jones, M. M., & Roy, K. (2017). Placing health trajectories in family and historical context: A proposed enrichment of the life course health and development model. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21(10), 1853–1860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-017-2354-4 Levesque, R. J. R. (2018). Encyclopedia of adolescence. Springer International Publishing AG. Malacane,M., & Beckmeyer, J. J. (2016). A review of parent-based barriers to parent-adolescent communication about sex and sexuality: Implications for sex and family educators. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 11(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2016.1146187 Marston, H. R., Niles-Yokum, K., Earle, S., Gomez, B., & Lee, D. M. (2020). OK cupid, stop bumbling around and match me tinder: Using dating apps across the life course. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 6, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721420947498 Miller, A. M., Kismödi, E., Cottingham, J., & Gruskin, S. (2015). Sexual rights as human rights: A guide to authoritative sources and principles for applying human rights to sexuality and

53 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 sexual health. Reproductive Health Matters, 23(46), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhm.2015.11.007 Nickols, S. H., Ralston, P. A., Anderson, C., Browne, L., Schroeder, G., Thomas, S., & Wild, P. (2009). The family and consumer sciences body of knowledge and the cultural kaleidoscope: Research opportunities and challenges. Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 37(3), 266–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X08329561 Nogueira Avelar e Silva, R., van de Bongardt, D., Baams, L., & Raat, H. (2018). Bidirectional associations between adolescents' sexual behaviors and psychological well-being. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.08.008 Rue, L., Chandran, R., Pannu, A., Bruce, D., Singh, R., & Traxle, K. (2012). Evaluation of an abstinence based intervention for middle school students. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 104(3), 32–40. Russell, S. T., Mallory, A. B., Bishop, M. D., & Dorri, A. A. (2020). Innovation and integration of sexuality in family life education. Family Relations, 69(3), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12462 Toews, M. L., & Yazedjian, A. (2012). College students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding sex and contraceptives. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 104(3), 16– 23.

54 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 The Future of the Fashion Industry Must Be Sustainable Shweta L. Reddy, Ph.D. Leslie Browning-Samoni, M.A. Sally L. Fortenberry, Ph.D., CFCS Abstract This paper makes a case for how and why businesses in the fashion industry should adopt or consider sustainable processes and systems in their business models to support people, the planet, and profit. In this review of literature researchers address sustainable processes and systems being used currently in business models. This paper presents several examples of fashion business approaches to demonstrate evidence in support of adopting sustainable practices that create value for businesses, people, and the planet. Keywords: Value Creation, Lifecyle Assessment, Product Label/Digital Passport, Cradle-to-Cradle Introduction In the 4.6 billion years of the history of the planet earth, the first human ancestors (anatomically modern Homo sapiens) appeared somewhere between five million and seven million years ago (Windley, n.d.). About 50,000 years ago, a chance genetic mutation rewired the human brain resulting in advances in speech (Wilford, 2002), but it was not until the industrial revolution in Europe in the late 17th century - early 18th century that human activities began to have a tremendous impact on economic, social and environmental conditions. The industrial revolution impacted beyond one nation’s borders as colonization spread this approach to other cultures and countries (National Geographic Society n.d; Blakemore, 2019). Even countries and cultures that understood the value of utilizing environmental resources with care

55 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 and regard for ecology have shown disregard for the impact of human activities on the ecology (North Carolina State University, 2021). For more than two centuries, focus on the growth of commercial and economic activities has led to the misutilization of natural resources worldwide. In 2023, businesses and societies must focus on harnessing natural resources. The word exploitation represents a primitive thought and the belief in man’s supremacy over nature. The concept of humans as superior beings on planet Earth was demonstrated by controlling, dominating, or taming nature and natural resources. This thought and approach to dominating nature has led to reckless behavior and created a pattern (Greenfield, 2020) within many businesses and organizations to place value on economic growth over environmental loss and integrity (OECD, 2021). At present, creating products and materials that are harmful to the environment and people in the name of the development and growth of society is being reevaluated across many cultures and countries. William McDonough, author and the champion of the cradle-to-cradle approach says, “pollution and waste are the results of human errors; they are not an inevitable part of commerce. They signal design failure in product development, operations, and corporate strategy and call for dramatic changes in how leaders think and how companies make things” (McDonough, 2013, para. 8). The examples presented in this review of literature reveal practical solutions that have been implemented in the fashion industry to promote sustainability. United Nations Agenda In 2015, United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development 2030 agenda received support from all 193 United Nations Member States. The goals and targets established by this agenda were by far the most inclusive. The goals set by UN Sustainable Development 2030 propelled bold and transformative actions of critical importance to direct UN member states onto a

56 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 sustainable and resilient path by 2030 (United Nations General Assembly, 2015). With all parties to the Paris Climate Agreement (PCA) committing to the collaborative global response to climate change (United Nations, n.d.), the PCA has revitalized the UN Sustainability Development 2030 agenda with an apparent urgency to address the issues of health and wellbeing of planet Earth and its inhabitants. All countries and stakeholders must be compelled to act collaboratively in areas of critical importance (United Nations, n.d.) to fulfill the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the agenda of the Paris Climate Agreement. United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals, is the world’s largest corporate sustainability initiative that lays out a plan of action for people, the planet, and prosperity that has now been accepted worldwide. To meet the goals and objectives of the UNGC it is important for businesses to collaborate with all their stakeholders to ensure sustainable practices throughout a product’s lifecycle. Sustainability is Not Optional Anymore The business case for using sustainability practices is not a choice anymore, especially when the cost of unsustainable practices is to be borne by society and the environment. A business can only be sustainable if it can create value through business activities while being conscientious of its impact on people and the planet. One way that business justifies dispersing funds on projects under corporate social responsibility (CSR) is that it creates value for the business in the long term. Value creation can be described as activities a business engages in to “increase the value and worth of goods, services, workers, and other stakeholders in the supply chain” (Reddy et al., 2020, p. 7). A newer approach to understanding value creation is that activities intended to add value to the business may or may not necessarily be of economic nature

57 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 because sometimes the value created or captured may be from environmental improvements and social upliftment (Reddy et al., 2020). When any business/organization determines activities that would benefit the growth and development of the company/organization and its stakeholders, it creates goodwill, giving them a competitive edge over others. Some examples of this in the fashion industry are brands such as: Patagonia, Eileen Fisher, People Tree, and Stella McCartney that have demonstrated the value of doing good because it is the right thing to do. The Business of Fashion McKinsey survey (report labeled as ‘the state of fashion 2022’) finds support that other brands and companies are also considering the sustainability agenda seriously. The survey revealed that for 15% of the executives in the fashion industry, “the second most prominent challenge on executives’ minds is the sustainability gap” (Ahmed et al., 2022, p. 16). The survey also revealed that 12% of executives rated “sustainability as an opportunity” for businesses. The costs or challenges associated with improving a company's sustainability could offset the business benefits to the companies while positively impacting the environment and society (Ahmed et al., 2022). Embed Product Sustainability Through Quality in Design There is a belief intelligent design is an expensive way to create new products. However, designers and business managers can assess the cost-benefit of every decision (McDonough & Braungart, 2002). When quality is instilled in designs at the very start, as opposed to being an afterthought, then the early decisions such as, material selection, sourcing and manufacturing sites, elimination of toxic chemicals, and energy use, could be made to support producers, consumers, and the environment (Fiksel, 2009). In companies where business decisions are influenced by their drive towards sustainability, tools such as enterprise carbon management, carbon and energy footprint analysis, and life-cycle assessment are used to help identify the areas

58 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 of potential value addition within the pre-existing supply chains. Life-cycle assessment has been used by organizations such as Cotton Inc. and companies like Levi’s to gain in-depth understanding of resources used by the supply chain and areas of high consequence that, once improved are likely to have an obvious impact on improving product sustainability (Nidumolu et al., 2009). Braungart and McDonough’s ‘triple top line design question’ suggests that instead of companies investing their resources in the reduction of liabilities, they can support their resources to pursue solutions that enhance value by improving the health and wellbeing of workers, improving water and air quality, improving nutrition, can therefore improve cultural and communal wealth (McDonough, 2002). If businesses conform to the highest standard of sourcing, manufacturing, and production globally, it will likely save companies money. When companies comply with the minimum standards for sourcing, manufacturing, and production, they have to manage component sourcing, production, and logistics separately for each market because rules differ by country. This is more challenging than having one standard across all markets (Nidumolu et al., 2009). In addition to the legal minimum standards, enterprises also abide by general voluntary codes, such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, and sector-specific codes, such as the Forest Stewardship Council code, that nongovernmental agencies and industry groups have developed. The standards and codes developed by nongovernmental agencies and industry groups are more rigorous than most countries’ laws because they are relevant to crossborder trade (Nidumolu et al., 2009). Beyond Adhering to Regulations, and Compliance Standards Adhering to regulations and meeting compliance standards is necessary to ensure companies at least operate at baseline standards of manufacturing, production, and sourcing of

59 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 products. Traditional rules aim to limit environmental destruction; in other words, their goal is to do “less bad.” McDonough (2003) posits that “when regulations are relied on as the exclusive means of protecting the environment, they can become part of the problem, a way of diluting pollution without examining the design flaws at its source” (Tapping Innovation and Creativity to Preserve the Commons section, para. 2). In companies where design failures are commonplace, the management must ensure compliance with standards and regulations to protect air, water, and soil. McDonough (2003) suggests that the first step on this journey to achieving sustainable operations starts with a “commitment to environmental protection” throughout production systems across the supply chain (A New Paradigm for Re-design section, para. 1). Committed companies and brands do not aim ‘to simply reduce the release of dangerous chemicals’ but take the initiative “to eliminate waste and toxic emissions” from their manufacturing, production, and sourcing altogether (McDonough, 2003, A New Paradigm for Re-design, section, para. 1). Thus, rather than aim for compliance with conventional technical controls and standards, companies and brands can develop systems that will exceed regulatory requirements while adding value to the business and its product (McDonough, 2002). Fashion is a global business, where many brands move manufacturing operations overseas to countries that provide cheap labor and a less strict regulatory environment to expand the business. This primitive strategy needs to be re-considered because making less expensive products and providing too much availability of cheap products in the market aggravates social, environmental, and economic problems. The fashion industry needs to re-design its manufacturing model. The textile and apparel industries can adopt a manufacturing system that is “built on product quality, on design protocols founded on a thorough understanding of the chemistry, the value, and the beneficial effects of industrial materials” (McDonough, 2003,

60 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Innovation and Competitive Advantage section, para. 3). An example of this is an ecologically intelligent wool baby blanket developed by Pendleton Woolen Mills, Oregon. Pendleton worked with McDonough and Braungart Design Chemistry while developing the product to assess every ingredient in the dyeing and finishing processes resulting in the selection of materials and the development of specifications that led to the creation of “a completely safe, perfectly biodegradable product that infants can literally eat the blanket, and when it wears out, it can be tossed on the garden to become food for the soil” (McDonough & Braungart, 2002, para. 10). Use of Technology and Progress in Sustainability The UNGC website clearly states that businesses that engage in activities responsibly and actively seek opportunities to innovate around sustainability are the business leaders of tomorrow (UN Alliance for Sustainable Fashion, n.d.). Businesses know that “sustainability is a mother lode of organizational and technological innovations that yield both bottom-line and top-line returns” (Nidumolu et al., 2009, para.5). The older models of production and ways of doing business have resulted in the problem of waste, excess use of resources, and challenges of polluted air, water (inland and ocean), and land (flora, fauna, and soil health). There is a need to explore alternate ways of doing business by developing new business models with technology and innovations playing a vital role in the pursuit of sustainability (Nidumolu et al., 2009). WGSN predicts that it is the use of technology that will transform fashion from how it is designed, made, and governed, and even to how it is communicated and sold (Roberts, 2016). It is clear from the efforts being made to promote transparency in fashion supply chains that the use of technology is crucial for its success. Technologies today are capable of collecting, tracking, and maintaining data to promote transparency and traceability in supply chains and provide a

61 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 deeper insight into consumers (Gerretsen, 2021). Technology like blockchain that tracks the product throughout global supply chains may be the way forward. Technology also supports new developments like 3D printing techniques which reduces the time for product development, and prevents air freight for sample approvals, while also lessening inventory and inventory waste (Lim. & Cassidy, 2014). The shortening of the product development cycle by opting for additive manufacturing combined with the use of PLA (a biodegradable plastic) affords an alternate way to manufacture prototypes and reduce the waste of materials. Additive manufacturing enables one to build each item layer by layer (Lim & Cassidy, 2014). Similarly, the fashion industry’s efforts to reduce its environmental impact have resulted in the development of technologies to enable closed-loop recycling. Presently these technologies are in their nascent stage but aim to reduce the extractive production of virgin raw materials and decrease textile waste. These technologies will become more affordable when they are rolled out at scale and used by more companies. The widespread use and acceptance of these technologies depend on the scale at which the collection and sorting of materials can feed into the circular system of materials production (Ahmed et al., 2022). Product Label and Product Passport Support Sustainability Required labels such as care labels and product identification labels convey information to the consumer about the product. At present, individual businesses develop their own marketing labels, tags, and stickers to promote their product’s sustainability. The lack of “a single, well-defined, sustainable label” overwhelms consumers who want to buy sustainably but do not know how to make the decision (Brach et al., 2018, p. 254). The presence of many different labels like GOTS and OEKO-Tex, and the inclusion of multiple criteria, can be demanding on consumers’ abilities to assess various sustainable product certifications. A

62 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 uniform label to describe and establish the sustainability of textile and apparel products is necessary to make sustainability a widely expected and accepted criterion for consumer apparel consumption. Creating labels that serve as digital product passports can improve consumer trust when different retailers and brands in the fashion industry come together to agree on common standards (BoF Team, 2021). “Several brands are leveraging these product technologies to drive brand engagement, loyalty and repeat purchasing” (BoF Team, 2021, para.10). Digital labeling technologies and product passports afford detailed and standardized information of products that support a digitally enabled circular economy model reflecting product authentication and transparency (BSR, n.d.; BoF Team, 2021). Furthermore, comprehensive information of individual products and their component materials support the use of circular economy models by impacting product end-of-life decisions such as disassembly, recycling, repair, repurposing, and reuse. A digital passport for apparel products inherently supports continuous monetization of scarce resources through these circular business models (BSR, n.d.). The development of the CircularID™ Protocol, an initiative by EON with leading fashion brands and retailers such as Target, PVH, H&M, and other stakeholders ensure all product information necessary to support circular economy is embedded in individual products (BSR, n.d.). A study conducted by the American Apparel and Footwear Association (AAFA) (2022) found that counterfeit products contain dangerous chemicals and heavy metals that are extremely harmful to consumers. The hazardous chemicals found in the tested counterfeit products have been listed in the AAFA Restricted Substances List (RSL). In an effort to inform consumers, the AAFA is advocating for the use of digital labels in the U.S that provide transparency throughout the value chain of a product. The initiatives taken by AAFA and their support of the SHOP

63 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 SAFE Act and the INFORM Consumers Act make a strong argument for the need for digital product passports and is also being accelerated by the present United States government’s policies (American Apparel & Footwear Association, 2022). These efforts are complemented by the European Commission’s efforts to launch “a common European Dataspace for Smart Circular Applications to accelerate the digitalization of value chain and product information data” (BSR, n.d.). Using Cradle-to-Cradle Principles from Raw Materials to End of Product Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) principles, as developed, practiced, and showcased by Michael Braungart and William McDonough to design products and production systems, have supported the idea that opting for C2C is both economically efficient and also an environmentally and socially adequate way to achieve sustainability. C2C is both a design and production approach that is useful for companies and brands targeting zero emissions, eco-efficiency and minimizing the negative consequences of the production and consumption of the products. There is evidence that sustainable practices have been installed successfully in the apparel and textile industries. Interface Inc. and Shaw Industries are examples of interior textile manufacturers who were early adopters of cradle-to-cradle (C2C) principles and worked towards creating a closed-loop system of production (Interface, n.d.; Shaw Contract, n.d.). Both these companies are committed to making only C2C-certified products with a zero footprint. Interface and Shaw’s products are environmentally safe carpet tiles separable into component materials for carpet-to-carpet recycling. In addition, Interface’s carpet and flooring tiles are carbon neutral across their entire life cycle. The strategy to achieve this was to reduce net Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Interface Inc. is noted for determining the GHG percent per pound of product, establishing clear targets and goals for the company to achieve (United Nations Climate Change,

64 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 n.d.). While also making concerted efforts to reduce the energy usage per pound of product, the other aspect that allowed the company to achieve its targets was to steadily increase the use of renewable energy until their manufacturing sites were using 100 percent renewable energy (Interface, n.d). Through these practices, the company simultaneously reduced the types and amounts of waste produced at its facilities (Lovins, 2018). Both companies are examples of successful integration of sustainability efforts by adopting a production system that continuously improves the intended outcome to consistently upcycle valuable renewable materials and energy (McDonough, 2013). Companies such as Adidas, Timberland, Hermès, and Patagonia provide examples of materials and design related sustainability achievements within the fashion industry. German sportswear brand Adidas has made strides to design 100% recyclable sneakers. Adidas has set its Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) target such that by the year 2025, 9 out of 10 of its products will be manufactured using sustainable materials (Adidas, 2021). The company is engaging with the entire supply chain to improve its sustainability by promoting the use of recycled polyester, better cotton, and renewable energy in the production process. It has made a commitment to end plastic waste. Companies like Adidas have a billion shoppers walking through their stores each year. These practices provide an opportunity to inspire and educate consumers to be part of a more sustainable world (Galer, 2022). Similar to Adidas sourcing commitments, US brand Timberland has committed to sourcing cotton, leather, wool, and rubber from regenerative farms, focusing on responsible land management and positive ecological outcomes (Deeley, 2022). Luxury brand Hermès is working with a California-based start-up Myco Works to develop a new mushroom-based alternative to leather (Deeley, 2022). Stella McCartney has used alternates to leather for her accessory lines in the past, and though the

65 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 technologies need to develop further in this regard, the only way these technologies can grow is if the industry supports the development of new alternative materials. The financial feasibility of these alternate materials will be possible when this technology can be scaled (industrial scale), but the interest and initiative have to be taken on by the bigger industry players. Moving beyond focusing on the materials used within the fashion industry, the founder of the clothing brand Patagonia, Yvon Chouinard, and his immediate family have decided to transfer the ownership of the brand to a trust (Patagonia Purpose Trust) and a nonprofit organization. The family has taken this step to preserve the company’s independence and ensure that all the profits (approximately $100 million a year) will be used to combat climate change and protect undeveloped land around the globe (Gelles, 2022). This might be a unique example or the first of many who might be inspired to do the same by diverting their resources and efforts for one common cause of preserving this planet. Conclusions and Implications for AAFCS Professionals Sustainable practices are no longer a choice; rather the needs of the planet and society are forcing companies to rethink value creation as not only profits but as providing value through social upliftment and/or environmental improvement. The companies discussed in this paper offer examples for Family and Consumer Sciences students and professionals to guide discussion in the classroom about the implementation of sustainable practices through material selection, use of technologies, quality in design of products, and compliance standards such as labeling across a variety of industries, including textiles, apparel, footwear, and home furnishings. These types of discussion can help guide decision making to enhance human well-being, stakeholder relationships and environmental resource use to achieve optimal quality of life. In addition, these

66 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 innovative solutions provide new approaches to ensuring future prosperity for people, the planet, and businesses. References Adidas (2021). Adidas presents growth strategy ‘Own the game’ until 2025. Adidas Group. https://www.adidas-group.com/en/media/news-archive/press-releases/2021/adidaspresents-growth-strategy-own-the-game-until-2025/ Ahmed, I., Berg, A., Balchandani, A., Hedrich, S., Jensen, J. E., Straub, M., Rölkens, F., Young, R., Brown, P., Le Merle, L., Crump, H., & Dargan, A. (2022). The state of fashion 2022.BoF McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/retail/our%20insights/state%20 of%20fashion/2022/the-state-of-fashion-2022.pdf American Apparel & Footwear Association, (2022, March 23). Fashion industry study reveals dangerous chemicals, heavy metals in counterfeit products. American Apparel & Footwear Association Weekly Newsletter. https://www.aafaglobal.org/AAFA/AAFA_News/2022_Press_Releases/Fashion_Industry _Study_Reveals_Dangerous_Chemicals_Heavy_Metals_Counterfeits.aspx BoF Team. (2021, December 6). The year ahead: What product passports will do for brands? Business of Fashion Technology. https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/technology/the-state-of-fashion-2022-bofmckinsey-product-passport-technology-resale-luxury-counterfeit/ Blakemore, E. (2019). What is colonialism? National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/colonialism

67 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Brach, S., Walsh, G., & Shaw, D. (2018). Sustainable consumption and third-party certification labels: Consumers’ perceptions and reactions. European Management Journal, 36(2), 254-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2017.03.005 BSR. (n.d.). Digital passports for clothing. BSR Sustainable Futures Lab: The Fast Forward. https://www.bsr.org/en/emerging-issues/digital-passports-for-clothing Deeley, R. (2022, January 31). Fashion’s race for new materials. BoF. https://www.businessoffashion.com/case-studies/sustainability/materials-innovationtextiles-recycling-production/ Fiksel, J. (2009). Design for environment: A guide to sustainable product development (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. Galer, S. (2022, June 7). Adidas: Live your passion for sport and make the planet more sustainable. Forbes.com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2022/06/07/adidas-live-yourpassion-for-sport-and-make-the-planet-more-sustainable/?sh=4600a36b390b Gelles, D. (2022, September 21). Billionaire no more: Patagonia founder gives away the company. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/14/climate/patagonia-climate-philanthropychouinard.html Gerretsen, I. (2021, February 8). How blockchain could make fashion greener. CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/08/business/textilegenesis-blockchain-fashion-spcintl/index.html Greenfield, P. (2020, September 9). Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report. The Guardian.

68 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/10/humans-exploiting-anddestroying-nature-on-unprecedented-scale-report-aoe Interface (n.d.). Sustainability overview. Interface. https://www.interface.com/US/enUS/sustainability/sustainability-overview.html Lim. H-W., & Cassidy. T. D. (2014). 3D Printing technology revolution in future sustainable fashion. International Textiles & Costume Culture Congress (ITCCC) Conference. Sustainability in Textiles and Fashion, Seoul, Korea. Lovins, H. (2018, September 1). How Interface realized that the carpet business as usual wasn't sustainable. GreenBiz. https://www.greenbiz.com/article/how-interface-realized-carpetbusiness-usual-wasnt-sustainable McDonough, W. (2002). How much can I give for what I get? (2002). Greenpeace Business. https://mcdonough.com/writings/much-can-give-get/ McDonough, W. (2003). Regulation and re-design (2003). green@work. https://mcdonough.com/writings/regulation-re-design/ McDonough, W. (2013, August 19). Driving sustainable transformation via the power of design (2013). The Guardian. https://mcdonough.com/writings/driving-sustainabletransformation-via-power-design/ McDonough, W. & Braungart, M. (2002). Beyond the triple-bottom line. GreenMoney Journal. https://mcdonough.com/writings/beyond-triple-bottom-line/ National Geographic Society (n.d.). Industrial revolution and technology. National Geographic. Nidumolu, R., Prahalad, C. K., & Rangaswami, M. R. (2009). Why sustainability is now the key driver of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 87(9), 56-64. https://hbr.org/2009/09/why-sustainability-is-now-the-key-driver-of-innovation

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71 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Burnout: Exploring Opportunities for the Family and Consumer Sciences Profession to Address the Issue Sharon Hunt, Ph.D. Karen L. Alexander, Ph.D., CFCS Cynthia L. Miller, Ph.D., CFCS, CPFFE Kyle L. Roberson, Ph.D. Abstract Burnout is a prevalent issue impacting many. It is generally considered a multidimensional phenomenon resulting from chronic job-related stress that can lead to myriad issues for individuals and workplaces. Family and Consumer Sciences has historically emphasized the associations between individuals and their environment, including their worklife. As such, FCS is poised to help address this issue. This article will discuss the conceptualization of burnout to better understand this issue and explore opportunities for the FCS profession to be a resource to address burnout. Keywords: Burnout, Family and Consumer Sciences, FCS Body of Knowledge, Critical Science Approach Introduction Burnout is commonly identified as a phenomenon brought about by chronic occupational stress (Maslach & Schaufeli, 1993; Schaufeli et al., 2009). Further, burnout is widely considered a multidimensional construct involving three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or cynicism, and reduced personal accomplishment or efficacy (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993; Leiter & Maslach, 2016; Maslach, 1993). These dimensions revolve around

72 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 the decline in emotional resources and self-reported competence and achievement, in addition to a detachment from others or from one’s job, all of which occur over time, creating a state of exhaustion (Schaufeli et al., 2009). Burnout can lead to multiple physical, emotional, and mental issues. In addition to impacting the individual, burnout can impact the workplace, leading to increased costs, diminished productivity, and workforce shortages. Therefore, understanding this issue and strategies to prevent and address it are imperative. With its emphasis on families and work-life balance, the Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) field is well-positioned to address burnout. This paper will explore ways that FCS can be a resource to mitigate burnout. Review of Literature This literature review aims to explore the definition and conceptualization of burnout, discuss various associations and predictors of burnout, and describe how FCS aligns with addressing burnout. Conceptualizing Burnout Early research viewed burnout as a social problem impacting those who work with people and begin to experience emotional loss and fatigue due to feelings of inadequacy in their work with these individuals. (Freudenberger & Richelson, 1980; Maslach, 1978; Maslach & Schaufeli, 1993). It is most often viewed as a chronic, slow process, not a single, isolated event or crisis. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) codified burnout as “a syndrome conceptualized as resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed” (World Health Organization, 2019). In its classification of burnout, the WHO did not identify burnout as a medical condition but rather as an occupational phenomenon that can lead to various health conditions or illnesses (World Health Organization, 2019). Furthermore, the

73 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 WHO conceptualized this condition as a multidimensional syndrome (World Health Organization, 2019), consistent with much of the research on this topic. Dimensions of Burnout—A Multidimensional Model Based upon their empirical research, Maslach and Jackson viewed burnout as multidimensional, involving three components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or cynicism, and reduced personal accomplishment or professional efficacy (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993; Maslach, 1993, 1998). These constructs revolve around a decline in emotional resources and self-reported competence and achievement, as well as a detachment to others, occurring over time, leading to a state of exhaustion (Schaufeli et al., 2009). This multidimensional model views burnout on a continuum, with burnout on one end of the spectrum and engagement, involving energy and involvement, on the other end (Maslach & Leiter, 1997). Emotional Exhaustion The first construct of this model, emotional exhaustion, can occur when one feels emotionally overextended or experiences a depletion of emotional resources (Maslach, 2003). Various studies have found emotional exhaustion to be the strongest and most reported component of the multidimensional model (Elloy et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2013; Maslach, 1998). Overcommitment can lead to exhaustion and eventual burnout (Freudenberger & Richelson, 1980). It is important to note that this does not occur due to occasional stress, but as the response to chronic stress occurring on a routine basis that eventually begins to wear a person down, resulting in the diminution of emotional resources. Feelings of work overload can lead to emotional exhaustion, resulting in decreased motivation and interactions (Lee & Ashforth, 1993). Those experiencing burnout are not just tired and exhausted, they are also generally discouraged

74 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 and withdrawn (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Cynicism The second dimension of this model of burnout is cynicism, often referred to as depersonalization, referring to negative attitudes or detachment towards others or one’s job. Those suffering from burnout begin to feel cynical and negative towards those they are working with or trying to help, leading to reduced communication and avoidance (Maslach & Jackson, 1981a). People suffering from work overload often choose to isolate themselves from others, using detachment as a means of protectionism. This can lead to indifference and depersonalization (Maslach, 2003). Cynicism is often preceded by exhaustion (Portoghese et al., 2014) and can frequently suggest an inability to cope with job demands, leading to feelings of inadequacy (van Dierendonck et al., 2001). Professional Efficacy The final dimension, reduced professional efficacy or personal accomplishment, relates to feeling a decrease in personal competence or achievement with work or one’s profession (Maslach, 1998; Maslach & Jackson, 1981b). Individuals experiencing burnout often feel ineffective and unsatisfied with themselves or their work, leading to self-doubt and a lack of confidence. The inability to help others leads to feelings of inadequacy and not liking the person you’ve become, which can reduce perceived and/or actual personal accomplishments (Maslach, 2003). Organizational Factors Associated with Burnout: Areas of Worklife Work-related situational variables have been found to have a stronger relationship and to be more predictive of burnout than personal variables (Leiter & Maslach, 1999; 2000).

75 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Considering this, Leiter and Maslach developed the Areas of Worklife model (see Figure 1) to help frame the antecedents of burnout. Figure 1 The Six Areas of Worklife Burnout Model (Compson, 2015) The Areas of Worklife Model focuses on person-job mismatches in six key areas: workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Chronic mismatches between people and their job characteristics can lead to burnout (Boamah & Laschinger, 2016; Maslach & Leiter, 2016). The greater the mismatch, the higher the likelihood of burnout; conversely, lower levels of mismatch result in lower levels of burnout and higher levels of job engagement. Understanding the associations related to these mismatches can help explain how these contribute to burnout.

76 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Workload A chronic mismatch between the job and worker can create workload and role conflict issues. One aspect of this mismatch, work or role overload, occurs when workers feel they do not have the time to do their jobs effectively (Breaux et al., 2008; Leiter & Maslach, 2011). Increased workload has consistently been found to predict burnout, especially the emotional exhaustion component (Brom et al., 2015; Dall’Ora et al., 2020; Leiter & Maslach, 2009; McCormack & Cotter, 2013; Soto-Rubio et al., 2020). Excessive job demands themselves are not the issue, but rather the lack of time to accomplish the work leads to role overload and feelings of emotional exhaustion and cynicism. Furthermore, the inability to rest from these job demands can contribute to burnout. Often, people who have excessive job demands cannot escape or rest from these demands during their time off from work (Leiter & Maslach, 2011), as they may be just as busy personally with added responsibilities from personal schedules and/or taking care of children and aging parents (Maslach & Leiter, 2011). Control Job control is related to job autonomy, the capacity and authority to make work-related decisions about one’s job, and the availability of necessary resources. Research has consistently found correlations between lack of control and burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016; Nguyen et al., 2018). Low decision latitude, low autonomy, and low control are predictors of burnout (Dall’Ora et al., 2020) and are associated with diminished professional efficacy. People who strive to do their best, but work in an environment where they feel they have little control, are highly susceptible to burnout (Freudenberger & Richelson, 1980). Role ambiguity can also impact job control when employees are unsure of their work goals and how their goals can be accomplished

77 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 (Breaux et al., 2008; Peiro et al., 2001). Reward Reward refers to the reciprocal nature of work that occurs when an employee receives contributions or acknowledgment, either intrinsically or extrinsically, for the contributions they make to their employer. When rewards do not meet expectations, a mismatch occurs. Insufficient rewards can lead to burnout when there is a perceived equity imbalance in which inputs (workload, time, effort, skills, abilities) that one puts into a job do not match outputs or rewards (Leiter & Maslach, 1999; van Dierendonck et al., 2001). Adequate rewards that meet expectations based on inputs have been found to have a significant association with lower levels of burnout (Boamah & Laschinger, 2016). Community Community focuses on the job environment and social support from supervisors and coworkers and is associated with the three dimensions of burnout in various ways, with supervisor support being more associated with exhaustion and cynicism and coworker support more aligned with personal efficacy (Leiter & Maslach, 1999; Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Low social support, poor relationships, and negative team relationships are strong predictors of burnout (Dall’Ora et al., 2020; Leiter & Maslach, 1999), which is often more of an issue with the social environment in which people work rather than an individual problem (Maslach & Leiter, 1997). A poor work environment can result in job dissatisfaction, leading to increased cynicism and burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016; Rocha et al., 2019). Furthermore, research suggests a mismatch between expected and perceived work environment is associated with the exhaustion component of burnout (Boamah & Laschinger, 2016). Organizations that do not value an employee’s need for work-life balance can contribute to this mismatch, fostering an atmosphere

78 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 conducive to workaholism and burnout (Gorgievski & Hobfoll, 2008). Not only do conflicts with coworkers contribute to burnout, but poor supervisor support and poor leadership can also lead to burnout (Dall’Ora et al., 2020). Conversely, positive work environments and supportive relationships among coworkers and peers are associated with lower levels of burnout (Boamah & Laschinger, 2016). In fact, social support can have a positive, moderating impact on burnout and job-related stress, reducing symptoms of burnout and serving as a resource to help combat excessive job demands (Leiter & Maslach, 1999, 2016). Fairness Fairness involves a mutual trust between the organization and worker and the perception that decisions are fair, equitable, and just (Leiter & Maslach, 1999). Those who feel they are not treated fairly are more likely to become cynical and detached from their work, potentially resulting in burnout (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Studies have shown that mismatches in the area of fairness can lead to burnout. Those perceiving an incongruence or mismatch in expected fairness compared to perceived fairness tend to report greater symptoms of burnout, while those who feel a greater congruence between expected and perceived fairness exhibit stronger job engagement (Maslach & Leiter, 2008). Fairness is strongly associated with management decisions, leadership support, distribution of rewards, and recognition (Leiter & Maslach, 1999). Values The final organizational factor in the areas of worklife model is values, which refers to the priorities and ethics of an organization and the motivations and ideals that attract people to certain jobs and professions (Maslach & Leiter, 2016). A mismatch can result in a gap between what a worker feels called to do and what they are actually doing. Idealistic expectations,

79 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 especially among early careerists or those in the helping professions, can lead to greater vulnerability for burnout (Leiter & Maslach, 1999). Incongruence in the values of an organization and its employees can be a strong factor in job dissatisfaction, cynicism, and intent to leave. Implications of Burnout Research demonstrates the considerable impacts of burnout on individuals and organizations. Burnout can lead to numerous health problems and physical issues, such as gastrointestinal issues, headaches, tension, and chronic fatigue (Kalia, 2002; Maslach, 1998; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). It can also lead to increased substance abuse and personal conflicts (Maslach, 1998). In addition to physical impairments, burnout can also impact job performance. Feelings of burnout can cause a withdrawal from work and diminished job performance (Dall’Ora et al., 2020; Halbesleben & Bowler, 2007; Maslach & Leiter, 2016), increased absenteeism, reduced effort (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004), and decreased productivity (Bakker et al., 2004). Burnout is a significant predictor of turnover and is highly associated with turnover intentions (Dall’Ora et al., 2020; Leiter & Maslach, 2009; Schaufeli et al., 2009). While burnout may cause some employees to quit, others may continue out of necessity, with diminished productivity, impacting coworkers and the organization as a whole (Maslach, 1998). Job-related stress and burnout cost billions of dollars annually (Kalia, 2002). The Impact of Burnout on Family and Consumer Sciences Professionals Burnout has impacted numerous professions, most notably those serving in the health professions and education, which are two of the most researched disciplines in terms of burnout, as well as two fields in which workers have been found to be most susceptible to burnout (Durr

80 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 et al., 2021; Innanen, 2014; Restauri & Sheridan, 2020; Taylor et al., 2019). A recent study found that FCS teachers reported lower feelings of personal accomplishment and greater levels of depersonalization as compared to other content teachers (Durr et al., 2021). Durr et al. (2021) postulated that FCS teachers could be expected to be less impacted by burnout due to their exposure to coping strategies and their tendency to be more intrinsically motivated; however, their study sample did not follow this expectation, as they reported symptoms consistent with burnout. The authors did note that the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which likely impacted the results. Nevertheless, it is important to note that these teachers reported having difficulty balancing work and family life, a key component associated with burnout (Durr et al., 2021). FCS professionals working as extension agents and educators tend to have high job demands due to the multifaceted nature of their work; but also have high job resources and engagement, meaning they are more engaged with their work (Russell et al., 2018). High job demands have consistently been found to be negatively associated with job engagement, which is at the opposite end of the spectrum from job burnout, yet high job engagement and job resources can often mitigate job stressors and thus lessen the prevalence of burnout (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). A recent study of FCS extension educators found this to be the case (Russell et al., 2018). This study shows the importance of ensuring FCS educators feel valued and that they are contributing to their students in a positive way. Excessive job demands and limited job resources can negate positive work feelings, leading to increased susceptibility for burnout. Teaching is a high stress job brought about by substantial workloads and job demands that can be exacerbated by poor work environments, lack of support from education

81 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 administrators, and difficult relationships with students and parents (Taylor et al., 2019). With teacher workforce shortages continuing to escalate, particularly in the FCS and CTE content areas (U.S. Department of Education, 2016), it is imperative that FCS address this issue within its profession. Further research regarding FCS work environments and worklife balance will continue to inform the profession, providing opportunities to enhance efforts to decrease the prevalence of burnout in this population. Having a better understanding of the resources and support needed by FCS educators can lead those in these areas to work towards providing an enhanced environment resulting in higher job engagement. Family and Consumer Sciences Alignment with Addressing Burnout The complex issue of burnout is not easy to explain or conceptualize. In discussing burnout, Schaufeli et al. (2009) reasoned that “real problems tend to be messy and complex rather than clean and simple” (p. 5). FCS is known for its critical science approach to dealing with complex, perennial, practical problems that require a reasoned, reflective approach towards solving (Fabian, 2004; Nickols et al., 2009). Burnout is a multidimensional phenomenon requiring such an approach to better understand and respond to this issue. The FCS profession has historically emphasized the relationships between individuals, families, and communities, recognizing the varied ways these segments impact each other (Alexander & Miller, 2020; Felstehausen & Couch, 1989; Nickols et al., 2009). The human ecosystems model is a framework used by FCS to help conceptualize these integrated relationships. At its core are basic human needs, the essential needs that humans need to thrive effectually (Nickols et al., 2009). Quality of life and well-being can be measures of meeting basic human needs, and both are highly related to burnout. FCS professionals seek to improve

82 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 quality of life, using stress management as an essential strategy to address wellness (Rider & Riportella-Muller, 1999; Ritter et al., 2018), which is a cross-cutting theme of the human ecosystems model and the FCS Body of Knowledge (BOK) (see Figure 1.1) (Nickols et al., 2009). With chronic stress considered a significant antecedent of burnout (Maslach, 2003), FCS should continue developing applied research toward addressing this issue. Figure 2 Family and Consumer Sciences Body of Knowledge Model (Nickols, et al., 2009) Another area in which FCS aligns with addressing burnout is its emphasis on balancing work and family life (Alexander & Miller, 2020; Felstehausen & Couch, 1989). Family and worklife are highly interdependent, impacting each other reciprocally and impacting the quality of life (Felstehausen, 1990; Way, 1990). Balancing work and family life is essential to reducing job-related stress and helping to avoid burnout (Ensle, 2005; Hansen, 1991) and is a targeted area for the FCS profession, as demonstrated by its incorporation into the FCS-BOK. Research has

83 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 shown that burnout can affect those working within any occupation (Maslach & Schaufeli, 1993; Schaufeli et al., 2009). As such, FCS professionals are strategically positioned to target the issue of job-related burnout exacerbated by work-life balance mismatches. FCS can effectively use the reflective action of the critical science approach to impact challenges associated with juggling personal, family, and work demands (Fabian, 2004). Conducting research and providing education are two strategies FCS can use to address these challenges to help reduce the prevalence of burnout associated with these issues (Alexander & Miller, 2020; Rider & Riportella-Muller, 1999; Ritter et al., 2018). The FCS profession should continue to research the associations of worklife balance and burnout that can be used towards establishing resources to mitigate this perennial issue in a multitude of environments, including early education of future workers and early careerists, education of working parents, and educating those who will provide these resources and education to others. Discussion This review of literature provided a commonly used conceptualization of burnout, factors associated with burnout, and a discussion of the impacts of burnout. Furthermore, it presented information explaining the alignment of FCS with burnout, describing how this profession can be used to help address burnout. There are numerous implications for FCS. FCS professionals seek to address issues related to individuals, their communities, quality of life, and well-being, all of which impact and are impacted by burnout. As shown in Figure 3, multiple areas of association exist between the FCS-BOK Model (FCS model) and the Areas of Worklife Model of burnout (AWS model), demonstrating how FCS can effectually address burnout.

84 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 One of these associations involves the relationship between wellness and individual wellbeing in the FCS model to the overall burnout component in the AWS model. Burnout can negatively impact wellness and individual well-being (Kalia, 2002; Maslach & Leiter, 2016). Conversely, one’s wellness and well-being can impact whether one has adequate resources to offset demands, thus staving off burnout. The reciprocal relationship between these areas is clear, as is the need for individuals to have available resources to improve their well-being. Figure 3 Associations Between the FCS Body Knowledge Model and the AWS Model Note. The FCS Body of Knowledge Model is from “The Family and Consumer Sciences Body of Knowledge and the Cultural Kaleidoscope: Research Opportunities and Challenges,” S. Y. Nickols, et al., 2009, Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 37(3), 266–283, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X08329561. The Six Areas of Worklife Burnout Model is from “The CARE Heuristic for Addressing Burnout in Nurses,” by J. Compson, 2015, Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 5(7), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v5n7p63 To address the need for adequate resources, the FCS model includes resource development and capacity building, both of which involve development of resources that can be used to address the workload component of the AWS model. Burnout research consistently shows having adequate resources can mitigate burnout (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007; Hobfoll,

85 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 2011; Hu et al., 2011; Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). At the organizational level, these resources include things such as supervisory support, flexible scheduling, performance feedback, and job autonomy. On a personal level, resources include good nutrition, adequate sleep, and other means of self-care. Accordingly, FCS should focus on capacity building through education, conducting stress-management research, and promoting health and wellness (Ritter et al., 2018) as strategies to develop and enhance resources to diminish the prevalence of burnout. Another meaningful connection between the two models involves the FCS focus area of community vitality and the AWS model of the burnout component of community, referring to social support from coworkers, supervisors, and family. FCS addresses community vitality through education and research regarding social interactions, community involvement, and group cohesion (Nickols et al., 2009), as well as balancing work and family life (Alexander & Miller, 2020). Each of these areas contributes positively to the community component of the AWS model, thus helping to diminish the prevalence of burnout related to this aspect of work. Overarchingly, the FCS model conceptualizes individuals and their work environments, two core components of burnout, in a holistic nature, recognizing the intersectionality of these components and how they interact reciprocally with each other, as individuals impact their community and work environment and conversely the work environment impacts the individual. FCS professionals should continue researching this phenomenon to better understand how burnout manifests among unique individuals and how the work environment impacts this. Based on existing research, FCS has numerous actionable strategies to address burnout. First, considering that burnout is significantly related to health and well-being, FCS educators and researchers can collaborate with their counterparts in the health sciences professions to

86 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 further understand burnout and to seek joint funding opportunities to develop a curriculum that addresses this issue. This curriculum should be developed using a critical science approach, taking into consideration the context in which problems exist, the resources needed to address them, and the outcomes of decisions made, including both intended and unintended consequences that might arise (Rehm, 2020). The curriculum should begin with identifying and describing the issue of burnout, its antecedents and causes, and then progress to ways to address it. This will involve collaborative research and development to assimilate these factors into an actionable curriculum. This curriculum can be disseminated to various professions, including those working in higher education, health sciences, public-school teachers, Career and Technical Education (CTE) educators, those working in correctional facilities, and numerous others. Furthermore, county extension agents, often FCS-trained, can work closely with those living and working within their rural communities to deliver the curriculum through professional development and focus attention on burnout in these populations. This article provides information that can help FCS educators develop programs to target antecedents of burnout, such as job stress, work overload, and lack of social support. FCS educators work with pre- and early-careerists, a stage in which people are eager to learn and develop new skills and abilities. Providing them with education on ways to prevent and diminish burnout through awareness of the need to have a work-family life balance can impact them throughout their careers. Additionally, FCS professionals and educators themselves may experience symptoms of burnout. FCS associations, such as the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (AAFCS), can develop and provide educational programs for their

87 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 members to raise awareness of burnout, with strategies for coping with job-related stress. Burnout is a prevalent issue impacting many individuals in today’s workplace. Accordingly, there are a plethora of areas in which FCS can impact those affected by this issue. References AAFCS. (n.d.). What is FCS? https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/what-is-fcs Alexander, K. L., & Miller, C. L. (2020). Contributions of Family and Consumer Sciences Education to career development and preparation and opportunities for future research: A review of literature. TACFS Research Journal, 7(1), 24–34. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115 Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004 Boamah, S. A., & Laschinger, H. (2016). The influence of areas of worklife fit and work-life interference on burnout and turnover intentions among new graduate nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(2), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12318 Breaux, D. M., Meurs, J. A., Zellars, K. L., & Perrewe, P. L. (2008). Burnout in health care: When helping hurts. In J. R. B. Halbesleben (Ed.), Handbook of Stress and Burnout in Health Care (pp. 40–50). Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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95 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 U.S. Department of Education. (2016). Teacher shortage areas: Nationwide listing 1990-1991 through 2016-2017. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/pol/tsa.pdf van Dierendonck, D., Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2001). Burnout and inequity among human service professionals: A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.43 Way, W. L. (1990). Quality of life and ecological systems: Frameworks for examining workfamily relationships. Journal of Vocational Home Economics Education, 8(1), 64–74. World Health Organization (2019, May 28). Burn-out an ‘occupational phenomenon’: International Classification of Diseases. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019- burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases

95 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Synergy in Career Exploration and Preparation: The Intersection of Secondary Family and Consumer Sciences and Postsecondary Career Services Twyla D. Hough, Ph.D., CCSP, CFEI Arnessa Dotson, M.S. Karen L. Alexander, Ph.D., CFCS Abstract Secondary Family and Consumer Sciences educators and postsecondary Career Services professionals have an overlooked opportunity to combine their student-focused career exploration and preparation efforts. Both Family and Consumer Sciences educators and Career Services professionals have a responsibility to guide students in career development through strategies that involve career-oriented exposure to employers and industry professionals. An alliance between Family and Consumer Sciences and Career Services can foster collaboration on initiatives with employers that support career development. In this paper, we present considerations for such an alliance specific to career development, school and institutional support, employer engagement, and educator preparation programs. Keywords: Social Capital, Employer Relations, Employer Development, Career Planning, Career Development, Career Exploration, Educator Preparation Programs, Career Services Introduction Secondary Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) educators and postsecondary Career Services (CS) professionals have a common charge – they are responsible for supporting students in career development and employability (Cruzvergara et al., 2018; Harris & Gifford, 2019; Kelly & Filbeck, 2009; Palombit, 2019; Way, 2008). Individuals in these professions are expected to engage with industry partners and employer organizations to maximize the career

96 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 exploration and readiness experiences available to students, such as work-based learning and extended learning opportunities (Cruzvergara et al., 2018; Granovskiy, 2018; NACE, 2019). They are in an ideal position to help students build social capital that can strengthen their network of professional career connections and resources. Despite these commonalities, there is little indication in published literature that any formal alliances exist between FCS and Career Services. The authors of this article suggest that this lack of collaboration creates an opportunity loss that deprives students of enriched career exploration and preparation experiences. Much of the literature on youth-oriented career development recognizes a connection between secondary education, postsecondary institutions, and industry (Counts, 2017; Cushing et al., 2019; Granovskiy, 2018; Hersperger et al., 2013). However, few articles focus on strategic and productive alliances between FCS educators, CS professionals, and employers. One article published by the Association for Career and Technical Education (2019) encouraged Career and Technical Education (CTE) educators to bring Career Services professionals into the classroom to discuss career support at the college level. This publication was the extent of the literature that addressed a collaboration between Career Services and CTE/FCS educators. This article adds to the literature by highlighting joint efforts that: (a) streamline employer relations; (b) support student career development; and (c) facilitate an integrative approach to career awareness, exploration, preparation, and maintenance that extends from secondary school to postsecondary school. FCS and CTE faculty, school administrators, and school counselors in secondary schools can adapt and apply concepts presented in this paper to fit their school’s career-oriented initiatives. As a result, they will be better prepared to demonstrate connections between secondary and postsecondary education and industry in alignment with the Perkins Career and Technical Education Act (Cushing et al., 2019;

97 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 Hersperger et al., 2013). At the postsecondary education level, career advisors and college administrators can apply this information to their work in career development as part of their commitment to holistic student development. While meeting the needs of current students, they can also invest in future college students to better prepare them for postsecondary education and the world of work. Meeting Students Where They Are Students have the challenge of selecting and embarking upon their ideal career path. FCS educators support their students who, according to the literature on adolescent development, are growing in autonomy and self-initiative as they transition into early adulthood (Jones et al., 2014; Wray-Lake et al., 2010). These adolescents are influenced by parents, siblings, and peers during this development stage. As they continue to develop toward adulthood, social reorientation occurs, shifting the primary social influence on their development from parents to siblings, peers, and non-parent adults (Eccles et al., 2003; Lam et al., 2012; Tezler et al., 2018; Welborn et al., 2015). This shift means that FCS educators are in a prime position to increase their contribution to adolescent development as non-parent social agents through classroom and extracurricular engagement with students. Likewise, postsecondary Career Services professionals contribute to student development at the postsecondary level. They support students in numerous ways including one-on-one advising sessions, campus events, career exploration or preparation workshops, class presentations, career and education planning resources, and employer engagement. Their students are predominantly in the late adolescent and emerging adult stages of development (see Arnett, 2007; Eccles, 2003; Finan et al., 2018, for details). During these stages, CS professionals are positioned to support students in building career-related autonomy and competence that

98 TAFCS Research Journal 9(1), 2022 inspires personal value and intrinsic motivation as they navigate the career exploration and preparation process (Eccles, 2003). They can facilitate career exploration and decision-making learning experiences to empower students to become confident in their ability to communicate their employability, prepare for job interviews, and secure employment (Makela et al., 2014). They also help students increase their awareness of career opportunities related to their academic interests. CS professionals support students “in developing, evaluating, and/or implementing career, education, and employment exploration, decisions, and plans” as part of their professional commitment to career development (NACE, 2019, p. 8). FCS educators and CS professionals have the opportunity to influence students’ career development in a manner that extends from adolescence into adulthood. In fact, equipping students to successfully transition through varying stages of life is a significant outcome in the work of anyone in a career guidance role (Herr, 1996; Nickols et al., 2009; Super, 1980; Vondracek et al., 2019). This shared outcome further emphasizes the mutual benefit of FCS and CS collaboration in empowering students with knowledge, skills, experiences, and connections that will support career progression and fulfillment across multiple stages of life course development. Contributing to Life Course Development National FCS teaching standards and the FCS Body of Knowledge emphasize the importance of equipping individuals to thrive through different phases of the life cycle (Nickols et al., 2009; Way, 2008). Way (2008) highlighted the connection between Donald Super’s Life Span career development theory and the Career, Community, and Family Connections standard developed by the National Association of Teacher Educators for Family and Consumer Sciences to underscore the importance of this relationship in FCS education. The life cycle is a core