Aluminum Forest was commissioned as a show room for Stitching Aluminum Centrum and aluminum company headquartered in Utrecht, the Netherlands. This building is the first building in the world to feature an all aluminum structure coupled with an all aluminum facade and aluminum window mullions. Stitching Aluminum Centrum reached out to Abbink X de Haas Architecture in 1999 and commissioned them to design a building that stood out and was able to showcase what the company was about. The design of the Aluminum Forrest is inspired by the lightness and strength of aluminum. The elevated structure is a flood resilient design that can withstand 10 meters of storm surge and all the buildings aluminum is 100% recyclable in the event the building needs to be taken down. The aluminum legs that hold the building up are all at different angles, slightly in some cases and drastic in others and are designed to resemble trunks of trees growing in nature that make up a dense forest. The entrance to the building is located at the base and in the center of the forest of columns and features a glass elevator with aluminum supports with two sets of aluminum stairs.1 https://global.alucobond.com/mille-malle-bangkok 4.0 Case Studies Aluminum Forest Abbink X de Haas Architectures LOCATION Houten, Utrecht, the Netherlands COMPELETION 2002 DESIGN TEAM Micha de Haas (partner) Stephan Verkuijlen, Machiel Bakx (project team) STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING TNO-Bouw; D3BN Structural Engineers CLIENT Stichting Aluminum Centrum Section Floor Plan 13 101
Institute of Contemporary Art Diller Scorfidio + Renfro LOCATION Boston Massachusetts, USA COMPELETION 2006 DESIGN TEAM Elizabeth Diller, Ricardo Scorfidio, Charles Renfro (principals) Flavio Stigliano (project leader) Deane Simpson, Eric Howeler (project team) STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Arup New York, Marus Schulte CLIENT ICA Boston “All of our Architectural gestures respond to the conditions of being on the water” A quote utter by Charles Renfro when asked to speak about the design of the ICA. Renfro has claimed that the waterfront location proposed a blank slate for the architects working on the design for the ICA. Over 45 models were created by Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scorfidio when trying to design the ICA. One of the most unique models created which ended up being a main feature gallery of the building, was a vision study model done by Diller. She created a periscope model that when one looked inside the model they one would only see the water. This model would go on to utilize the angle of declination an pull down from the main structure leaving the end wall on an angle as well thus creating a live glass wall constantly using the water of the harbor as is media. The designer of the building refer to its shape as a valve through which they filter views through the gallery spaces and out onto the harbor front. The front of the building faces the harbor and the cantilevered massing acts as a canopy for a large seating area, creating an amphitheater for the water to entertain.1 4.0 Case Studies 14 102
4.0 Case Studies https://www.archdaily.com/897150/institute-of-contemporary-art-diller-scofidio-plus-renfro 15 103
Wave Garden Yusuke Obuchi LOCATION Southern California, USA COMPELETION 2002 (design) DESIGN TEAM Yusuke Obuchi CLIENT Masters Thesis, Princeton University Wave Garden by Yusuke Obuchi was first presented as a Master’s thesis project at Princeton University’s School of Architecture in 2002. Currently, it is part of the 2nd International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam (see The Flood Begins). Whether utopian or whimsical or both, it is grounded on a deep understanding of real materials and systems that it transcends its utopian trappings. One could be beguiled into thinking that it might just work.1 Floating off the California coastline, the Wave Garden is a prototype for a dual-function power plant and public park, oscillating with the ocean waves and cycles of energy demand. It is designed to succeed the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant after its 40-year license expires in the year 2026.1 As an alternative to nuclear and other conventional energy sources, the Wave Garden is an electric power plant that derives energy from the movement of ocean waves. Its piezo-electro membrane is a flexible electric generator, where bending the material or applying stress creates an electric charge. Conversely, applying electric current to the membranes causes it to deform.1 1: https://pruned.blogspot.com/2005/06/wave-garden-by-yusuke-obuchi.html 4.0 Case Studies 16 104
1: https://pruned.blogspot.com/2005/06/wave-garden-by-yusuke-obuchi.html 4.0 Case Studies 17 105
5.0 Radical Resilience Kustwerk Katwijk Katwijk aan Zee, Netherlands The little town of Katwijk, known better by its colloquial name Katwijk aan Zee which in Dutch translates to Katwijk on the sea is a small beach town in the Netherlands that faced two major problems, there town was constantly flooding both by parked cars in the town center and by water from the North Sea do to Storm Surge. The storm surge was getting so bad that the army corps of engineers were called to study and evaluate the situation. After multiple studies they decided that the best solution was to protect the town by calculating the level of storm surge for the 10,000 year storm and build up a dune reinforced with a dyke to its height. 18 106
https://www.archdaily.com/791812/underground-parking-katwijk-aan-zee-royal-haskoningdhv? Population: 65,816 Square Area: 31.13km2 Main Income: Tourism 19 107
5.0 Radical Resilience https://www.archdaily.com/791812/underground-parking-katwijk-aan-zee-royal-haskoningdhv? Army Corps of Engineers Solution The Issues... Royal HaskoningDHV Solution Flooding After the town saw what was proposed there was immediate back lash regarding this design. People where saying that this would put an end to there town. One person even said we will be know as “Katwijk achter de Duinen” which means Katwijk behind the Dunes. The biggest problem the people of Katwijk had with the plan was that it cut off there town from the beach and appeared uninviting and most of all it was not a place where “one could go to find love” With that in mind the ACE inlisted the help of a company who they had worked with North Sea 40’ Dune Street Katwijk North Sea 22’ Dune + Reinforcing dike Underground parking + Street Katwijk before on other resilient design solutions design solutions. Royal HaskoningDHV, an engineering firm studied the town of Katwijk and discovered what is in my opinion one of the most innovated resilient solutions the country has to date. There solution was take the datum of the 100 year storm and to create a park/resort that would integrate a 22’ dune reinforced with a dyke that was also reinforced with an underground parking structure. They took the opportunity not only to solve the towns, flooding problem but to use the project as an excuse to solve other issues the town itself was facing. Parking 20 108
5.0 Radical Resilience Katwijk Parking Dyke Dune Places for Love https://www.archdaily.com/791812/underground-parking-katwijk-aan-zee-royal-haskoningdhv? 21 109
5.0 Radical Resilience https://www.archdaily.com/791812/underground-parking-katwijk-aan-zee-royal-haskoningdhv? 22 110
5.0 Radical Resilience https://www.archdaily.com/791812/underground-parking-katwijk-aan-zee-royal-haskoningdhv? 23 111
The underground parking structure that sits along the coast of a small surf town of Katwijk in the Netherlands is the most successful example radical resiliency in the world for being an embracive architecture. Embracive architecture is an architecture that embraces storms, water, culture and nature to strengthen the community and Communities connection to nature and natures connection to it and uses a coastal protection project as an opportunity to give the town of Katwijk infrastructure that it desperately needed and that catered to its existing identity so successfully that the town itself has become known for this project. The Dutch for centuries have been waging a non-stop war against water and after one of the worst recorded storms to ever hit the country, the Dutch government decided that it would never again be on the losing side of this war and started spending millions of euros on research for a solution or solutions to the countries issue of constant flooding due to storm surge. Decades later, the country unveils its magnum opus in a tiny fishing and surfing town with a population smaller than the student body of Ohio state university. The project is a multi-faceted design implementation that serves both as continual coastal flood protection barrier and provides the town with more than adequate parking to serve its main economic industry. This project is the most successful example of Radical Resiliency in the world due to four simple factors. First, the design takes this “both and” approach towards the towns flooding problem, by also solving Katwijks parking issue. Katwijk sees thousands of tourists a day who flood their small narrow streets with their parked cars and bicycles making it almost impossible for the residents to drive anywhere and park anywhere in the town. Second, the design of the project was actually influenced by the Katwijker’s who would not settle for solutions that would disrupt the towns identity. Third, this project’s design eloquently dances around Ian McHarg’s Sea and Survival Commandments. Lastly, the design allowed this continual costal protection system and underground parking structure to serve as a functioning beach and wild life preserve that allows human habitation and encourages it by creating unique Flooded by a Sea of Cars, Katwijk aan Zee Essay on Radical Resiliency Figure 1: Oosterterschelde Storm Surge Barrier 1:Lundberg, Thomas. 2016. "Today in Dutch history: the 1953 North Sea flooding disaster." I AM EXPAT. January 31. 2:Water Technology. 2016. Water Technology. 10 6. Accessed 10 3, 2020. 3:Dutch Government. 2020. VVV Katwijk. 08 10. Accessed 10 03, 2020. walking paths that are “places for Katwijker’s to find love”. To better understand the Dutch Governments ideologies and the approaches taken towards the planning of their coastal infrastructure, we must first understand the drive behind this push for protection. In early February of 1953, A 100-year storm hit the coastline of the Netherlands and storm surge caused 5.6 Meters of flood water to flood 9% of the farm land drowning over 30,000 animals, damaging 47,300 building, completely destroying 10,000 buildings and killing a total of 2,551 people. The storms carnage completely radicalized the way the Dutch Government thought about water itself. It is as this point that Dutch Government officials weigh their options on how they proceeded forward following the great storm. They had two approaches, spend hundreds of millions of euro towards rebuilding there infrastructure the same or spending that money on studying, planning and innovating to form creative strategies that allows them to rebuild the country and allows them to adapt and learn from planning mistakes that lead to devastation. The ladder option clearly requires more money, time, resources and certainly a more rigorous evaluation of current tax payer spending then the former but the Dutch Government understood that they had an obligation to keep the people of their country safe and that took precedence over every argumentative strategy against said option. The Dutch would go on to publicly formalizes its respect for water, not only for its life sustaining capabilities, but also for its sublime and untamable nature. Studies of the Netherlands delta regions had started well before the great storm in 1953 and specifically looked into protection of areas around the estuaries of the Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. The Dutch Government decided it was time to take the findings of these studies serious and devise a comprehensive plan to protect their cities, infrastructure, culture and most importantly their people. In 1953 the Dutch government would go on to announce the Delta-Plan, a 50-year 5bn euro plan consisting of 13 projects along the coast within the delta of southern region in the Netherlands. These projects included barriers, sluices, locks, dikes, levees and large scale storm surge barriers to help reduce the size of the Dutch coastline to protect the areas within and around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from North Sea floods. The largest of these projects being the Oosterschelde Storm Surge Barrier (fig.1) being completed in 1986 and the final most peculiar project, the Maeslant Storm Surge Barrier (fig.2) being completed in 1997. Years later in, the Dutch government would fund a private entity, Deltares, in 2008 to manage the delta works projects, study there social, environment and economic impacts of said projects and study where future threats might exist in areas within the Netherlands that require similar flood protective infrastructure. Inevitably, 5.0 Radical Resilience 24 112
Figure 2: Maeslant Storm Surge Barrier Figure 3: Town of Katwijk Flood potential Figure 4: Katwijk’s Opening Day 4: McHarg, Ian. 1971. Design With Nature. Garden City: Doubleday: Natural History Press. 5: Royal HaskingsDVH. 2016. Kurstwerk Katwijk. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Katwijk aan Zee: Deltares this led Deltares in 2012 to study a town in the South Holland, Katwijk. Katwijk is a small coastal finish and surf town located in the Midwest part of the Netherlands is a total of 31.2 square kilometers of land area and is home to 65,000 Katwijker’s. Katwijk faced a flooding problem due to their its low elevation compared to sea level and the amount of storm surge the towns coastline receives(fig.3). Deltares enlisted the Army Corps of Engineers to outline a solution implemented along the coast of Katwijk to protect the town from flooding. The ACE devises a plan to implement a 12.5-meter dune reinforced with a dike. This datum was generated by calculating the maximum flood elevation of the 10,000- year storm. Katwijker’s were outraged by this proposal. This design would prevent the town from flooding but would sever the relationship between town and coastline that Katwijk was known for the connection that served as its primary generator of their economic stability. Without connection to the coast their identity as a city would be abolished. They claimed the ACE only was seeking to solve the problem without trying to mitigate a solution that would not disrupt the culture of Katwijk’s people. “This beach is where we go to find love, it is how we are able to continue on and grow as a community. You are allowing us to exist without fearing the flood, but what existence are we left with. There will be no be no town to protect when you are finished.” A famous comment made by an unnamed Katwijker who attended the towns initial hearing regarding the proposal. The beaches name itself “Katwijk aan Zee” translates to Katwijk by the Sea. Literally the beach gets its name for its relationship with the coastline and the long-standing argument brought up by residence was that this project would brand the beach “Katwijk achter de Duinen” which translate to Katwijk behind the dunes. After negative feedback from the projects initial proposed design, RoyalHaskingsDHV (the architects) hired OKRA Landscape Architects to perform a study of Katwijk and the proposed ACE plan. When OKRA studied the town, they found that there were more problems than just flooding. Katwijk being a surf town was quite the attraction for tourist on the evenings and weekends, leaving the towns streets filled with cars from out-of-towners seeking the beach. This created a severe lack of parking for the residents that needed to be addressed. They also went on to discover that the town had a seriously lack of public park infrastructure and that this coastal connection functioned as Katwijker’s primary access to green space. OKRA took this opportunity to produce a design for Katwijk aan Zee that would eloquently saunter around Ian McHarg’s commandments approaching dune and dike design. The Design acts primarily as a wildlife preserve, public park, and beach that can be utilized by the residence year-round even during flood. Secondary to this, hidden beneath the dunes is a large subterranean parking structure that would accommodate the volume of out-of-town visitors and could be used year-round. Tertiarily it functions as continual coastal protection that would prevent Katwijk from flooding. The project started in 2014 and was a massive undertaking that involved the drastic regrading of the site. Construction spanned 3 years and Katwijk aan Zee opened to the public in 2017(fig.4). The social implications of this projects radical approach to flood resilience are extremely evident when we look at the programing of the site being the towns primary access to green space and park infrastructure. The dune features a series of two interwoven paths (fig.5) strategically placed to allow humans to exist without disrupting the ecology of the dune. This is reinforced by public policy and laws prohibiting residence to meander from the paths themselves. Along the path are placards that explain the history of Katwijk’s involvement with WWII and they also describe sustainable features of the park. The dunes primary access point to the beach, OKRA has implemented bike parking, and seating for residence to take breaks from their walks and also provides pump stations for bicyclists to fill up and catch their breath. The creation of this interstitial space that slices through the dunes with permeable surfaces creates a natural node that becomes public entrance to the town main square. 5.0 Radical Resilience 25 113
5.0 Radical Resilience Figure 5: OKRA Site Plan of Katwijk aan Zee The planning and design of these spaces along and atop of the dune help foster the existing identity of Katwijk and creates a space that the residents respect and honor thus creating “spaces for love.” (fig.5) When we talk about Ian McHarg’s contribution to the understanding of what a dune and dike is and how they operate and naturally manifest themselves in coastal environments, one particular takeaway stands out among the rest. His commandments towards approaching design and human intervention that allows the dunes ecosystem to exist without threat of dissolution. McHarg’s First commandment “Thou shall not walk on the dune grasses” comes from the understanding that the complex root systems of the dune grass actually binds together to form a natural dike that reinforces the dune. The concept of dikes as we know them today are biomimetic derivatives formed by our understanding of how dune grass operates within the dune’s ecosystem. This commandment is crucial because dune grass is extremely susceptible to human interaction and is completely intolerant to trampling. The second commandment being “thou shall not develop on the primary dune” is a statement to the primary (first past the coast) dunes sacrificial nature taking the brunt of the storm surge and being the most curtail to obtain the first commandment. No successful development can be made on this frontal dune, in Ian McHarg’s eyes, in order for the dune itself to be successful. As Seen in OKRA’s site plan of Katwijk aan Zee(fig.5), the firm has found a way to manipulate McHarg’s rules to perpetuate the success of Katwijk aan Zee. We see that the park has two paths that weave through the top and the sides of the dune that stretch the entire length of the park. This is an inherent violation of the first commandment but upon closer inspection to the rule we see that it states the none shall walk on the dune grass, OKRA has designed these pathways to acts as a barrier between nature and human because of our inherent nature to blatantly disregard rules and regulations. OKRA understood that humans will indeed go where they are told they are not allowed, especially if these areas in question offer “sick views” in the age of the social media influence. Understanding this leads OKRA to plan pathways that allow people to break this rule and walk amongst the dunes without interrupting the ecology that exists along these pockets that are created in areas between the woven path. These areas left for ecology have become a wildlife preserve that is home to various native species of plant life including the blue sea thistle and marram grass as well as various species of wildlife including the nutty jack toad and the sand lizard, species that were on decline in population along the coastline of developed areas near public beaches. Although these spaces did take many years to create and this long construction period most likely lead to some degree to the disturbing of the existing wildlife and ecology pre construction, the amount of flooding and infiltration to the environment that sits beyond the dune was being distributed to a more alarming level. The towns planners had to limit the amount of internal urban green space it has because the infiltration of salt water during floods puts these green spaces at risk so the town does not spend money investing in them. The flora and fauna were relocated and preserved throughout the construction then reintroduced into a landscape they were familiar with. OKRA understood the importance of the dune’s ecology and protective features and found it important that one must not develop on the dune itself. This, one of the most innovative parts about Katwijk aan Zee, leads OKRA to pose the questions “if not on, how about under.” In order to preserve the landscape and ecology of the dune, OKRA would design a subterranean parking structure that completely respected this rule of developing on the primary dune while breaking it simultaneously. It was designed a way in which would allow pedestrians to access the parking structure on the dune buy gently lifting the landscape like lifting the drapes on a curtain to allowing for the integration of infrastructure seamlessly Figure 6: Parking Structure Entrance 26 114
5.0 Radical Resilience Bibliography Arch Daily. 2018. "Underground Parking Katwijk aan Zee / Royal HaskoningDHV." ArchDaily. 12 10. Accessed 10 03, 2020. https:// www.archdaily.com/791812/underground-parking-katwijk-aan-zeeroyal-haskoningdhv?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all Clark, Andy. 2019. High Water Common Ground. Directed by Andy Clark. Produced by The top of the Tree. Performed by Andy Clark. Accessed September 20, 2020. https://www.highwaterfilm.co.uk/common-ground. Dutch Government. 2020. VVV Katwijk. 08 10. Accessed 10 03, 2020. https://www.vvvkatwijk.nl/en. Lundberg, Thomas. 2016. "Today in Dutch history: the 1953 North Sea flooding disaster." I AM EXPAT. January 31. Accessed September 20, 2020. https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-expat-news/ today-dutch-history-953-north-sea-flooding-disaster#:~:text=The%20 biggest%20 natural%20disaster%20of,England%20and%20Scotland%20 were%20affected. McHarg, Ian. 1971. Design With Nature. Garden City: Doubleday: Natural History Press. Royal HaskingsDHV. 2016. Underground Parking Katwijk aan Zee / Royal HaskoningDHV. July 22. Accessed September 20, 2020. https:// www.chdaily.com/791812/underground-parking-katwijk-aan-zee-royalhaskoningdhv. Royal HaskingsDVH. 2016. Kurstwerk Katwijk. Vol. 1. 2 vols. Katwijk aan Zee: Deltares. Ryan, Zoe. 2010. Building With Water: Concept, Typology, Design. Basel: Birkhauser. Water Technology. 2016. Water Technology. 10 6. Accessed 10 3, 2020. https://www.water-technology.net/projects/delta-works-floodnetherlands/. as a part of the landscape (fig.6). The parking structure itself is integrated into the dike that reinforces the dune to yet add another layer of structure for protection. In short, the dike reinforces the dune and the parking structure reinforces the dike. This project has had an immense economic impact to the town of Katwijk. Katwijk aan Zee is a Dutch renown park and beachfront that people travel to just to see the coastal protection project. This allows the town operate under the same economic principles of being hospitality driven that the residence were accustomed to and also gives them vital parking infrastructure that solves their issue of not enough on street parking while being able to provide more parking to factor in future growth of their current successful hospitality industry. Notably so, Katwijker’s are more than zealous that the town’s identity is maintained, and they still indeed have a space for love that can be utilized year-round. The project allows them to use infrastructure that they funded through taxes regardless of flood conditions. Having the ability to create useful program that can be utilized in the event of a flood instead of creating sacrificial infrastructure that would be deemed uninhabitable during a flood helps create economic vitality through design. Katwijk Ann Zee is a landscape urbanism project that allowed new urbanist qualities to flourish in the town of Katwijk and this aspect makes the project truly radical. Its radicality comes from the folding of these two philosophies to create a symbiosis rarely seen today between the two. Followers of landscape urbanism and new urbanism, in the architectural community, are seen as mortal enemies. Not only did the introduction of this project to Katwijk allow Katwijk to remain protected from flooding but this project also allowed the town to function without being flooded by cars. By removing the parked car from the city, you get less cars in the city looking for parking and the city is left to the pedestrian. This harmony that allows the two styles to coexist with each other that helps make this project radical. New Urbanists hate the cars and actively promote walkable living environments, landscape urbanism loves the car because the car is how you travel to these large pockets of urban green space within and outside of major cities. This project is able to exploit the differences of these two philosophical styles of city planning and design for the benefit of both parties. A remarkably similar phenomena can be seen between these two apposing styles when we look at Boston’s Big Dig and Greenway. Adding a large urban green corridor to the city of Boston by burring what was a elevated highway quite literally is landscape urbanism to the T. The Affect that this had on Boston’s North end Neighborhood, over time has allowed it to become a thriving New Urbanist Community that is actively working on shutting down more of its streets to accommodate for its residence and its businesses. It is the folding of these two movements in Katwijk that add to this Idea of Radical Resilience. The Dutch have a history of turning their delta works projects and their flood resilient infrastructure into destinations that foster a sense of learning, longing and creativity which can be clearly seen in Katwijk aan Zee. OKRA, through study, listening and planning were able to take the essence of Katwijk dilute this essence into its constituent parts, and use this as a basis to formulate a program for the park itself to both preserve the towns identity, and accentuates this identity through design. The town of Katwijk is now known for this vital life sustaining project. Most flood resilient projects incorporate a curated section to them tailored to the projects themselves. Be it a museum, gallery or in the case of Katwijk, a memorial walk lined with placards. The Dutch hold the education of their young and old as the catalyst that allows them to further study the Netherlands dynamic coastline. Katwijks radicality stems from its embracive approach towards design. Through embrace of culture it extends out into the essence of the town and strengthens it. Through embrace of nature, the dune and dike begin to create lasting and its simultaneous coexisting connections with the built environment such that one meets the other with respect. Through embrace of water, the project can protect the town and its people. This embraciveness offers protection, solution, preservation, and communion, all interesting and unique characteristics most of which are not synonymous to any other flood resilience project in the world but is what has caused Katwijk to change forever. The town is now known for this project more than anything else, so much so that the project does not really have a formal name but merely is known as the parking at Katwijk aan Zee. 27 115
28 116
29 117
6.0 Performance Programing: Prelude: Waking up late to class was not the best look for the 3rd day at NJCIT and certainly would not impress Uncle Baldo (aka Bill Rawlings aka China travel studio instructor). As I roll out of bed and down to the cafeteria, I was stopped by one of the Chinese students in my class, his name was bob and he spoke broken English. Bob told me that our class would be canceled today and instead two students were taking us on a day trip to Si Fang. I asked what this place was simply told it was a museum that we had to see before leaving Nanjing. Entering Si Fang felt almost wrong, the bus pulled up to what felt like a gated community and guards had to let us in. Past the gate lay this long, narrow gravel driveway that lead up to, far in the distance, this odd contemporarian structure. Small in size but powerful in massing the building at first glance had no distinct front entrance bur the driveway would solve that mystery as it brings you right to a large familiar bit of storefront that made up part of the “front” façade. Understanding nothing of this place I was shocked to see this building. I was expecting something more grandiose for a museum. No tour guide, no docent, nothing. A second wave of thought comes over me and I wonder once again if we are indeed allowed to be here. Baldo turns to me and my 6 class mates and says we have 3 hours to wonder. Shocked at our time frame for such a small structure, I turn around to ask the obvious question when I see a in the distance an notice something odd about the landscape I notice rolling hills in the far distance, a dense forest a few hundred yards to the right, just before the forest I can see this large lake that shallows out int a river at the far side, and to my immediately left I see a concrete complex of Brutality modern buildings. The more I notice about the land scape the more I see little hits of buildings and structure. I have the sudden realization that this is “museum” extends beyond the confines of what one would classify was a museum. I realize that his is a museum of architecture. As I set off to explore the lingering thought of not belonging becomes more Erie. The first set of brutalist buildings in the complex that was to my left is fully furnished but as far as I could tell I we were the only ones here. If it were not for the furniture inside these buildings One could easily mistake them for something other than a residence, possibly civic or institutional. The sounds of our voices echo effortlessly off the concrete as we speak to each other. We were never given a map and we were all lost in it. As I continued further the buildings change Si Fang: A One to One scale architecture exhibit Nanjing, China 30 118
drastically. Now we are on a lake, and there is a wood house that lays long and low to the lake, I can tell by the roofing encloser that this is indeed a residence. Wood planks, bamboo rails, straw roof, and low lying. No were else on earth would you find such a building “down the block” from a Brutalist complex. As we head up to the hill’s things become increasingly strange. The buildings closer together now and more frequent, like a suburb hidden in the forest. The buildings have seemingly no identifiable language. Not one building communicate visually to another but they all seem to be in understanding of one another. Some lay partially buried, some lay completely underground, some are large and multi storied, others look unbailable like some strange UFO that has crash landed here. What is even more odd is that they all seem to be frozen in time. It was as if someone commissioned this place and the earth suddenly stood still. Some buildings were completely finished and furnished; others were merely an essence of structure. As we continued on to the top of the hill at the end of the forest stood a small house, we could hear music coming from one of the rooms. I noticed it right away, it was as if the absence of what felt should have been there made me more aware of the sign of its presence. This house was inhabited by an elderly couple, the house itself a cube with a cube cut into the middle of it revealing this interesting courtyard that was home to a koi pond. When the woman noticed me, she smiled and waved as if this was all normal. It is interesting to me that in a place so abandoned and devoid of humans that one could be so neutral and typical when running into one. As we continued back into the forest, we encountered scores of buildings all with different designs no two looked alike. Coming out of the forest we noticed that we had somehow looped back around to the small contemporary structure that we had started at. This structure now somehow felt normal. There was a sense of comfortability with it after wondering the campus of Si fang. Upon leaving the campus, I could not help but to think that there were no signs, no specific way finding, there was more than one path to choose and somehow, we still came back to were we started. Not once did I feel any sense of belonging, but yet after walking the grounds it somehow all made sense. Each building when trying to understand it without the context of its surrounding, even though its surrounds give no context, was bazar and made no sense. As a whole it was as if you took one building out the rest would seem out of place. 31 119
6.0 Performance Program As the boat rocks form one side to another, I find myself trying to spot the best spot off the coast to lay anchor, Its high tide which means the beach-goers at any other beach front would be gone by now, but as the weather changes, that’s when the real fun begins here. From the water it is almost impossible to spot just where the epicenter of infrastructure is. This building forms a perfect harmony with the sea, the beach, and the city they lay behind it. As I get closer the from becomes more evident. I can see people more clearly now and although the weather has changed it somehow this has not deterred the people. Even though its colder and dreary, this place brings about a warmth to it that almost brings people to it more during overcast than it does during full sunshine. As I approach closer my secret shrimpin spot behind the perimeter dune just off the shoreline near the marshes. When my father shrimped in New Orleans this spot never existed, I’m not sure it the shrimp got wiser or the reshaping of the landscape caused the abundance of shrimp but either way I was happy. This spot would have been my father’s favorite as well, it has the best view of the waterfall falling from the coastline data center. He always said the only thing New Orleans was missing was a water fall. He used to say, “we got water coming from everywhere else”. Although from this far away I can hear it I can still see it and it helps me pass the time while shrimpin. The way we changed how we shrimp down south my father would not like. Now all shrimps must be peeled at this research center on the shores of Lake Pontchartrain. Some Facility that turns shells into something else. All i know is this gets me more money. We call the place Étouffée (eh-too-FAY) A fancy French word that means smothered because when every you pull in, the building seemed smothered by the landscape you dont know where it stops and the building begins. Its hidden by what seems like grove roots but when you get close they you can evidently see they are a part of the building somehow. Étouffée : Smothered Buildings NEW ORLEANS in 2200 32 120
6.0 Performance Program Health & Wellness Curtural Contributions My thesis aims to look at the planning, design, and infrastructure in 3 southern united states cites, Galveston, New Orleans, and Miami to evaluate the current flood and storm surge preparedness. I will Grade them on various categories such as protection, impact, funding, planning, education, awareness, important infrastructure location to identify the most venerable city during hurricanes and tropical storms. Once this city is identified I will work to compose a 50-year main plan that would radically rethink the way America approaches coastal development with respect to the planning of large-scale infrastructure. I will be comparing these cities to the Netherlands as a country when looking at categories like education of sustainability and resiliency, funding, My thesis aims to create useful public park infrastructure that residence of this city will be able to use to recreate year-round and in the event of a flood. This park would be coupled up with a piece of life sustaining infrastructure that will inevitably also be flood resilient or floating. The project will be designed in a way that it aims to respect the history and sense of place or identity of the city its in, so much so that it in a way becomes an extension of that identity. The master plan will be created around a kit of parts approach applying various aquatic, ecological, and urban planning strategies centered around creating a flood resilient city of the future. Currently when major storms hit Southern USA communities, cities and important infrastructure are rendered useless due to poor planning and lack of funding to implement a lasting solution. Often times walls and levies are built to serve as a structure that will “protect” from flooding. No structure can outlast its counterpart in nature, The Dune. For when a dune is cared for properly, its ecosystem maintained, it in turn reinforces itself through natural processes. I seek to design in a way that caters to these natural process and embraces. This is something that may take years of constant monitoring and studying by educators and scientists for its proper success. After said floods, Residence are left without power for days, Infrastructure that can pe but into place powerplants operational even during floods and storms are vital to the cities fast recovery and response during or even post flood. Hospitals are another form of infrastructure that is completely shut off from cities who experience storm surge or flooding. How can people who are sick or need medical attention during or a flood have access to these if they are shut down. Major life sustaining infrastructure in areas prone to flooding must be built to embrace the flood, to embrace disaster. No new infrastructure should be built in these vulnerable areas without designing their ability to either withstand flooding or embrace flooding in order for this to happen. The state governments of these cities would have to in my opinion hire or private nonprofit organization to maintain any project built on, around or in the ecosystem of a newly constructed dune. 33 121
7.0 Sketch Model 34 122
35 123
7.0 Conceptual Models 36 124
7.0 Conceptual Models 37 125
6.0 Constructed Argument Building Technology When we talk about who is necessary for my Approach towards designing flood resilient cities to protect against storm surge the largest question is where we start. Bottom up, Or top down. In American, you either need to start from lower levels of government, grass roots organizations utilize this approach towards getting change and promoting their cause. The top down approach usually relies on money, who you know, closed door meetings and in most cases bribery. Unfortunately, the ladder is a stronger method to enact fast change that is implemented immediately. Its upsetting because not everyone has access to money to bribe officials or has the connections to get in on these closed-door meetings. Either way the results are the same, you must get to the top to enact large scale change quickly. My approach towards listing my key partners for this thesis will take on three structures, the first is a Bottom up approach. This will be starting at city scale involving city planners, mayors, communities where the thesis will be constructed and other low-level officials. In this case the implementation will be fairly small. Like a public park along the coast of a city with pockets of program to cater to the needs of the people and can pass the proverbial vibe check when it comes to how the thesis responds to the existing culture of the area its being used in. The second approach will be Top Down, the implementation would be that of an extremely large scale project that would span multiple states or an entire coast of America and would start with an enactment of specific policy when developing on vulnerable coastal edges. This would include state officials, governors, multiple universities, FEMA and other associated federal agencies. Primarily the funding would be from federal investment. The third approach will be a new kind of approach. I call it, Inside out. I’m not sure if it will be successful yet, but it would be a specific state reaching up to federal government and reaching down to a specific city within that state that needs protection, the stat itself would then enlist officials both federal, and city specific to push for changes to policy and procedure to how Americans develop there coastline. Bottom up, Top Down, or Inside out? 38
Bottom Up Mayor Universities within the city Local Environmental agencies Local cultural preservation agencies Community groups Local designers Local environmental organizations State Officials Army Corps of Engineers FEMA EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) USDA Rural Development USGS (United States Geological Survey) USGBC (United States Green Building Counsel) POTUS (possibly) State officials Army Corps of Engineers FEMA EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service) USDA Rural Development USGS (United States Geological Survey) USGBC (United States Green Building Counsel) Mayor Universities within the city Local Environmental agencies Local cultural preservation agencies Community groups Local designers Local environmental organizations Top Down Inside Out 39
8.0 Program and Matrix The architectural implementation will be situated along the waterfront of Lake Pontchartrain or in the Mississippi River in New Orleans, Louisianan. After studying the history, culture and needs of the people who live in New Orleans, I will find a parts of there infrastructure that are vital to the survive of there city during storm surge and in everyday life in general. No matter the piece of infrastructure, wither it be healthcare related or an educational building, or an institution of sorts, arts or science related, the building itself wild actively fold into the landscape so that it bares itself “natural” both with respect to nature and with respect to human nature. The Building or Landscape whichever it becomes more of will also feature a public park and or a monument that represents the city. This will be public space that Humans will be allowed to exist. In opposition to this, if humans are given space, so much humans give space. There will be an area where humans are not allowed and this is where ecology and wildlife will thrive. There may be points where Humans and ecology met but do not touch. If the building is where humans are meant to twist, blend or fold together with ecology, then there must be areas where they are opposing to balance out the architecture and the environment. One thing is for certain, The main building materials will be Sand, Glass, Steel, concrete, and Flora. The building or landscape will act as a protective barrier for the community wile adding to the existing urban fabric of the community. Park Wild Life Reserve Ecological Reserve Dune & Dike Education Center Parking Bicycle Parking Farm Community center Ecological Research Center Bike Transportation Vehicle transportation Docks Pedestrian Boardwalk Nature Support Spaces Paths Main Program Spaces Program: 40 128
Park Wild Life Reserve Ecological Reserve Dune & Dike Education Center Parking Bicycle Parking Farm Community Center Ecological Research Center Bike Transportation Vehicle transportation Boat Docks Pedestrian Boardwalk Directly Adjacent Program Matrix Bubble Diagram Near-ish 41 129
9.0 NEW ORLEANS 2220 42 130
43 131
9.0 NOLA 2200 While researching New Orleans, one of the first aspects of the city I found myself fascinated by was its population distribution. Having read Daanish Mustafa, Sara Ahmed, Eva Sarocha, and Heather Bell’s “Pinning Down Vulnerability: from narratives to numbers” I understood that NOLA’s population density drastically changed after Katrina in 2005 and has been slowly growing back ever since. The concept of population shift post natural disaster is something that I have a hard time trying to think about as personally I have never been put in the situation where I am a climate refugee. Being a Climate refuge in the 21st century is becoming more and more White Latin Black 300 People 4000 People Population Density of a reality for individuals around the world who live in vulnerable areas susceptible to the symptoms of climate change. Over the next few decades, Climate refugees are something that America will have to come to terms with as people will immigrate to the USA because there situation. Something that I believe America is not prepared for is having climate refugees from there own country seeking national relocation as some states become more and more uninhabitable. Residence of New Orleans in 2005 were some of the first modern day climate refugees and we are now just realizing this. NOLA will see a drastic shift in its population density as NOLA Population Density 2020 44 132
9.0 NOLA 2200 White vs. Black Density NOLA 2020 Population: 365,212 White Population Density NOLA 2020 Population: 132,423 Black Population Density NOLA 2020 Population: 232,789 it continues to see significant flooding do to storm surge and sea level rise. Understanding how the population of NOLA and the surrounding areas will look in the year 2200 with a 15’-0” SLR projection will be key to understanding the future of NOLA. With a decrease in land mass and an increase in flooding one could assume that the future of NOLA’s population would shift and redistribute along its new coastline. Furthermore one could assert with the same metrics that NOLA would see its economy to be continually dominated by the fishing and shrimping industry and this would most likely lead them to develop more advanced forms of controlled marine agriculture in the marshlands and brackish waters off the new coastline which could also be a contributing factor to NOLA’s future population distribution. With this thesis I am to use these assumptions based on demographic and geographic research to depict a new population density and distribution for New Orleans and the outlying areas in the year 2200. 45 133
9.0 NOLA 2200 Healthcare Facilities: 16 Louis Sullivan International Airport University Medical Center New Orleans NOLA Police HQ DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. CHARTER SCHOOL Education Facilities 25 Police Station 17 Airports/Helipads 17 46 134
9.0 NOLA 2200 New Orleans is project to have 2-3 feet of sea level rise in the year 2050. New Orleans is extremely venerable during storms due to average storm surge during peak storm season being 4’-0” in 2019. One could imagine what this statistic looks like 20 the year 2050 where the amount of storms that hit NOLA has increased, sea level has risen and storms are surging more furiously than ever before. Over the next few decades the City of New Orleans will be faced with some tough choices and their response will literally shape the city for better or worse. If nothing is done and the climate situation is not taken more seriously in the United States and resilient architecture is not mandated in flood risk areas then the NOLA could no longer exist in the year 2200. New Orleans 2200: SLR 15 FEET 47 135
0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 30° 3'33.26"N 89°57'59.30"W 30° 1'56.64"N 90° 3'43.20"W 29°58'35.16"N 90° 0'16.31"W 29°57'7.31"N 90° 3'46.35"W 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 30° 3'33.26"N 89°57'59.30"W 30° 1'56.64"N 90° 3'43.20"W 29°58'35.16"N 90° 0'16.31"W 29°57'7.31"N 90° 3'46.35"W NOLA Sectional Analysis 1VTF: vulnerable to Flood Little Woods 86% 70% Suburb at Lake Edge Population: 31,698 At Risk to Flooding At Risk to Flooding Population VTF1 : 27,300 Gentilly Population: 37,298 University of New Orleans Population VTF1 26,200 9.0 NOLA 2200 48 136
0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 30° 3'33.26"N 89°57'59.30"W 30° 1'56.64"N 90° 3'43.20"W 29°58'35.16"N 90° 0'16.31"W 29°57'7.31"N 90° 3'46.35"W 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 0ft 25ft 50ft 75ft 100ft 125ft 150ft 175ft 200ft 225ft 250ft 275ft 300ft 300ft 0ft 5ft 10ft 15ft 20ft 30° 3'33.26"N 89°57'59.30"W 30° 1'56.64"N 90° 3'43.20"W 29°58'35.16"N 90° 0'16.31"W 29°57'7.31"N 90° 3'46.35"W 100% 30% Lower 9th Ward At Risk to Flooding At Risk to Flooding Population: 5,560 Lower 9 Fruit Park Population VTF1 : 5,560 French Quater Population: 3,888 Woldenberg Riverfront Park Population VTF1 : 1160 9.0 NOLA 2200 49 137
NEW ORLEANS 2220 50 138
51 139
NOLA 2020 Currently, New Orleans has 192 miles of levees and 99 miles of flood-walls that protect it from Flooding along the Mississippi. In the 2020 storm season alone, New Orleans saw 6 Tropical storms and reports of flooding and sever damages in 4 out of 6 of those instances. NOLA 2200 (2ft SLR) Ony 2 feet of sea level rise would put almost all of the area surround New Orleans under water. The only thing keeping NOLA sage in this scenario is the existing Storm Surge protection strategies they currently have and what they currently have is not sufficient enough to protect them. NOLA 2200(15ft SLR) New Orleans in the year 2200 would be subjected to a number of tropical storms per year. The Number of tropical storms per year is steadily increasing and is projected to double by the year 2100. With 15ft of sea level rise and a tropical storm, virtually all of NOLA is flooded with average flood depths in the region reaching 15ft. 9.0 NOLA 2200 52 140
This thesis Aims to explore a version of the future were the dynamic landscape of New Orleans and its outlying areas in the year 2200 with 15’-0” of sea level rise. In the Year 2200, this area of the US is hit on average with 10 tropical storms during peak season causing vast amounts of flooding. The key to NOLA 2200 lays within the shrinking of NOLA’s coastline and reinforcing said coast line with Barrier islands to break the wake and act as continual storm surge protection. The red line is the infrastructural line which is highlighting the areas along the coast that would need coastal protection projects and infrastructural development to keep the water calm to reduce flooding. The urbanization of NOLA in 2200 aims to protect historic areas and optimal fishing habitats. The orange dots are representative of Marine Agriculture and controlled fish farming. This is the main economic driver that develops the urbanization of NOLA in the year 2200. The solid blue lines are how the cities of the future are connected. This blue line represents a hyperloop that would be either underground or above ground connecting these communities. The dashed blue line indicates a newly develop aquatic mass transit system that helps connect the furthers most points of land that are closer to each other but separated by water. Note a new City at what used to be the Mississippi Delta, this is inhabited by mainly shrimp fishers who resisted the changing landscape and re-urbanization and have created a resilient city of the future that is home to research facility. Littered within the brakish marsh lands on the inside of the barrier island line are floating communities. Some stilted well above the water, some are truly floating with no land mass per say. What was once Lake Maurepas is now a man made island that was served as the first tests to how NOLA studied the effects of dredging and silting before they perfected this technique and started to build up the barrier islands. New Orleans Lafayette Provocant Golf Port 53 141
Infrastructure Urbanization 9.0 NOLA 2200 54 142
Marine Agriculture Population Visibility from ISS 9.0 NOLA 2200 55 143
This material would be laid in tiers across a body of water and would actively and adaptively stretch and compress with the rising water level. This is only meant to slow the rate of flooding to allow residents more time to react, prepare, or evacuate. The materials would allow fish and aquatic creatures to pass through it even when it is compressed. While it is compressed, residents can use this as a bridge similarly to how people currently treat a breakwater or jetty. 9.0 NOLA 2200 56 144
9.0 NOLA 2200 57 145
10.0 Annotated Bibliography Books Publications Design With Nature Kustwerk Katwijk MacHarg, Ian L. “Sea and Survival.” In Design with Nature. Garden City: Doubleday, Natural History Press, 1971. Deltares, Coastal Work Katwijk, 2016. In Ian MacHarg book “Design with Nature” (1971) he goes into incredible detail about design, architecture, engineering, societal, political and planning problems that humans are constantly trying to resolve but points out very obviously that nature itself has provided solutions to many of these problems for millions of years. Specifically in his chapter Sea and Survival, he talks about how natural forming dunes and dikes have been the solution to flooding in deltas or coastal areas for hundreds of yeas and cites the Dutch to be on the for front of the design study and careful manipulation of this process. In this chapter he breaks down this dune and dike system into sections and rates them on there habitability for humans and points out preferred areas of development. In do this he is able to create the “Sea and Survival Commandments” which is a set of rules that society must adhered for continued development along venerable coastal areas. He points out very evidently that a large part of the success of these rules are there enforcement through public policy and through education at an early stage to help bring about a mutual understanding. He cites New Jersey Shore as a case study to point out why this system is hard to implement in America but is very successful in the Netherlands. The Deltares book, “Coastal Work Katwijk”(2016) outlines the study of a small town of Katwijk aan Zee in the Netherlands and the its historic problem with two things, flooding due to storm surge and lack of parking. This book walks you through the story from initial proposed design solutions to the final implementation of one of the best and most successful flood resilience solutions in the world the Katwijk PARKing Garage, A piece of vital infrastructure to the town thats both a multi level underground parking structure and a continuous coastal protection park. This book outlines all of the efforts taken by the ACE(Army Corps of Engineers) to ensure that this small beach town never flood again. The reason that this project is one of the most successful flood resiliency projects in the world is because they used this opportunity to not only solve one problem that the town was facing but two problems. I choose this book to study because of this unique “Both, And” type of design solution. Its great to have coastal protection but at what cost? We should be able to admire the beauty that is the coast line and the sublimity that is the ocean and seas that adorn it if we design walls and barriers that form a disconnect to these things then we are setting ourselves up for failure. Its human nature to want to go where you are not supposed to be, and creating the zones of our coast lines that are “uninhabitable” we are playing a dangerous game with human nature. NEVER design against Human nature! Eco-literacy, Ethics, and Aesthetics in Natural Design: The Artificial as an Expression of Appropriate Participation in Natural Process Daniel C. Wahl, “Eco-literacy, Ethics, and Aesthetics in Natural Design: The Artificial as an Expression of appropriate Participation in Natural Process”, European Academy of Design Conference: Design System Evolution, Bremen, Germany, March 2005, Paper No. 92 In Daniel C. Wahl’s Paper, “Eco-literacy, Ethics, and Aesthetics in Natural Design: The Artificial as an Expression of appropriate Participation in Natural Process” (2005) He writes of the vast importance that the education system plays in understanding the harsh reality of climate change and its effects. He goes on to talk about how the USA does not even teach the importance of protection from the natural elements until high school where much of the UK and the EU are taught in the very early on in there education and its a constant topic that the education systems in Europe expand upon each year. This term Eco-literacy is used to describe the level of understanding one has about the earth, its global climate and climate related issues such as flooding, sea level rise, global temperature rise, drought, forest fires, earth quakes, tornado, hurricanes, tropical storms, monsoon, typhoons and cyclones. I have selected this research paper because of the narrative it forms when speaking of the United States lack of Eco-literate adults that is a product of its poor representation in the countries education system. Joan Busquests, Felipe Correa, New Orleans: Stratagies for a city in soft land”, Harvard GSD Studio 2005. This Book is a publication out of Harvard’s GSD from the year 2005 and was a direct response to Hurricane Katrina at the time. (Work was conducted in the fall semester of 2005 just after Katrina hit New Orleans. The book begins to outline strategies that work with the water instead of against the water. The Authors state that New Orleans is a ticking time bomb and call it “The city in Soft Land”. The Book beings to look at a base set of tools that form a tool kit to propose new flood resilient building typologies in the Mississippi. This Publication was found post topic selection and has served as my inspiration to come up with a comprehensive strategy and toolkit to mitigate flooding in New Orleans. A lot of these projects are landscape urbanism projects that I do not see as successful in a place like New Orleans where these landscape elements must somehow appeal to the historical and urbanest quality that New Orleans is known for. My aim with my thesis will be to understand how projects such as the ones proposed in this thesis can be successful from an urban standpoint not only from a performative standpoint. 58 146
Disaster (2009 -20011) Wiley Blackwell Phong Tran, Rajib Shaw, Guillame Chantry and John Nortan, “GIS and local knowledge in disaster anagment: a case study of flood risk mapping in Viet Nam”, Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 33, Pg. 152-168, January 2009. In this paper, the authors listed above explore how the use of GIS data to help graphically quantify local knowledge to identify at risk areas in Viet Nam during storm seasons. They were able to come up with a mathematic equation to calculate flood risk on a per resident or per build bases. They employ a systems thinking approach to identifying visually areas at risk due to flooding and storm surge. They found their approach toward the combination of data analytics to local data processing successful in acquiring meaningful and relent data that they could then quantify and map out for a various of graphic needs associated. Rabindra Osti, Shingenobu Tanaka, Toshikazu Tokioka, “The importance of mangrove forest in tsunami disaster mitigation”, Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 33, Pg. 202-212, April 2009. In this paper, the authors found through their research that ecology and aquaculture are extremely imperative and highly recommended as a mitigation technique to storm surge and adaptive flood management plans. They found that the root like structure of the mangrove tree when in a forest with other mangrove trees, create a network of interwoven individual roots systems that form a strong base for breaking up floodwater and storm surge, and strengthening the wetland of coastal regions prone to flooding. Various specifies of mangrove trees Mangrove trees thrive in both fresh and saltwater conditions making them perfect candidates for coastal mitigation strategies. Andrew Curtis, Bin Li, Brian D. Marx, Jacqueline W. Mills and John Pine, “A multiple additive regression tree analysis of three exposure measures during Hurricane Katrina”, Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 35, Pg. 19-33, January 2011. This Study affectively uses multiple data collection and graphic techniques in order to help graphically represent and identity areas in New Orleans that surfed them most damage shortly after Hurricane Katrina in August of 2005. The methods at which they attempted this were through graphing emergence calls from August 29th - September 5th 2005 to understand which neighborhoods in New Orleans suffered the most collateral damage as a result of Hurricane Katrina. Through this study they found that New Orleans 9th Ward’s African American community was hit the hardest out of any community in New Orleans. Daanish Mustafa, Sara Ahmed, Eva Sarocha, and Heather Bell, “Pinning Down Vunerability: from narratives to numbers”, Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 35, Pg. 19-33, January 2011. The authors of this publication set up guidelines and metrics to help quantify Social, Environmental, and Economic vulnerabilities it areas prone to natural disaster of all kinds. The Authors being with bringing up the SWOT Format of assessment. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Using the lens of SWOT one can begin to understand existing and future stresses caused to coastal cities by disaster. Craig E. Colten, “An Unnatural Metropolis: Wrestling New Orleans From Nature”, Louisiana state university press Baton Rouge, 2005 Mary Pat McGuire, Jessica M Henson, :Design Research for inland Water Territories”, Applied Research Design Publishing, 2019 Films High Water, Common Ground Andy Clark, “High Water, Common Ground” 59 147
60 Mary-Elise Manuell, MD, MA, FACEP, “Mother Nature versus human nature: Public compliance with Evacuation and Quarantine” Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 35, Pg. 417-436, April 2011. This publications looks at existing life sustaining infrastructure and how prepared said current infrastructure is for quarantine and evacuation. Ultimately they found that compliance in communities where infrastructure that was able to “fluctuate” between uses during times of mass evacuation or quarantine were more successfulness than that of areas where communities had no Resilient infrastructure with respect to project use type and its ability to adapt to current situations. Arinae L. Rung, Stephine T. Broyles, Andrew J.Mowen, Escaping to and being active in neighborhood parks: Parks use in a post disaster setting” Disaster, WhileyBlackwell, Vol. 35, Pg. 389-403, April 2011. The Authors of this publication explore how public parks can act as performative landscapes during flooding to allow for both flood protection and act as a physical barrier to protect communities. This publication also explores these landscapes also as areas for the public to escape during situations like flash flooding or sudden storm surge. Christopher Burton, Jerry T. Mitchell, Susan L. Cutter “Evaluating Post Katria Recovery in Mississippi using repeat Photography”, Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 35, Pg. 488-509v, July 2011. This study explores the use of repeat imagery or repeat photography to systemically track and categorize the progress of healing the built environment in a Post Katrina New Orleans. Repeat Areal Photography is used to measure and document ecology, wildlife and landscapes over long periods of time. RAP is intented to be a prescriptive way to track progress and recovery but is only affective is images are taken in the same spot, at the same altitude, during similar weather conditions. Ruben B. Jongenjan, Ira Helsloot, RalfJ,J, Brerens, Jan K. Vrijling, “How Prepaird is Prepared enough?”. Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 35, Pg. 130-160, January 2011. In this paper the authors explore the metrics behind an approach that can quantify awareness as a percentage. In this study, multiple factors were looked at , including strategies and systems for pre, in, and post flooding. Ultimately those areas and cities that had multiple systems that were not just infrastructure but stemmed beyond infrastructure into social and economic systems that strengthened the community were the ones who were most prepared and it was discovered that the most prepared individuals had comprehensive plans that involved positive growth in the environment as a protective Measure. Jacques Henry, “Community, Social Change and Katrina”. Disaster, Whiley-Blackwell, Vol. 35, Pg. 220-242, January 2011. This study argues that social changes must happen before any kind of actual resilient change can happen. The authors write how social change can be brought out by disaster only if disaster only if there is significant damage done during diastase and even then social change is more likely to exist in the communities that can afford it. The Authors break down into detail the change that was existing in New Orleans Post Katrina and inevitably cited the Lower 9th Ward as one of the most venerable districts in New Orleans and this is an area where social change would occur the quickest but it would be the most impactfull for the community 10.0 Annotated Bibliography 148
61 10.0 Annotated Bibliography 149
150