blue science portfolio

Blue Science Portfolio

Directions: Y​ ou have been asked to create a digital science portfolio that represent your growth
towards specific skills throughout the year. The portfolio will showcase your lab reports,
assessments and presentations that you will complete in science class. You will be expected to
edit and revise the additions to the portfolio throughout year. The final project will be submitted
to h​ ttp://anyflip.com/​ in June.

Topic List

Scientific Method
1. Scientific Discoveries Presentation
2. QUIZ: Scientific Method
3. Reflection
4. Science Articles: Cassini Spacecraft

Scientific Method

Directions: ​Read the following description of an experiment and complete the
components of the scientific method.

Experiment:
Option #1: ​Patrick believed that fish would become smarter and complete a maze
faster if they ate food that was placed in a microwave first. He had 100 fish that he
could use for the experiment. He evaluated their intelligence based on their time to
complete the maze.

Option #2:​ Mr. Smithers believed that Caffeine may make people more alert. Mr.
Smithers tested 100 people by using their scores in the same video game. Devin had 3
different brands of drinks with 10 g, 20 g, and 30 g of caffeine respectively. He
measured their scores on a video game that had a range of 0-1000 points. Some of the
players were not given caffeine drinks. on the game

*Help Mr. Smithers design an effective experiment and write a conclusion that analyzes
your results.

Problem Statement
What is the effect of people's reaction time when exposed to caffeine

Hypothesis
I think that it will not make them be more alert

Independent Variable The people that were How much caffeine

The brand of caffeine The time they were not given caffeine did each drink
given to play the
game

Dependent Variable The game they are playing
The people's scores

Constants​ (Pick 2)
The amount of people

Control
The people that are drinking caffeine and the people that are not drinking caffeine

Basic Procedures​:
(List 5-8 steps)

1.25 people that did not drink caffeine play the game afterwards record their scores
2.25 people that drank 10 g of caffeine play the game,record their scores
3.25 people that drank 20 g of caffeine play the game,record their scores
4.25 people that drank 30 g of caffeine play the game,record their scores
5.take the first group of peoples scores and fined a average time, then do the same thing for
10 g, 20 g, 30 g,

Data Table:​ (Place data table here) Scores
516 points
The g of caffeine people drank 654 points
No caffeine 800 points
10 g of caffeine 956 points
20 g of caffeine
30 g of caffeine

Graph:​ (Place graph here)

Conclusion:
Purpose, Hypothesis, Description, Data or evidence, Improvements, Conclusion

The purpose of this experiment was to see the effects that caffeine had on a person's reaction
time my hypothesis was wrong because the more caffeine they had they would have a faster
reaction time and get more points.first we had 100 people we split them into 4 groups of 25
people then we made the first group of people play without caffeine they we had the other group
play with

​Problem Statement:
What is the effect of the sands ability to hold water
when peat moss is added?

Hypothesis:
If sand is added to peat moss will is still absorb

IV: ​the amount water the sand holds

DV: s​ and
Constant:​The amount of water
Control: A​ mount of sand and peat moss

Textbook:
Problem Statement:

What is the effect of the textbook when a certain
number of pencils are put under it while it is
moving?

Hypothesis: The more pencils there are the farther
it will go.

16.5 with no pencils
26 with 2 pencils, 34.5 with 4 pencils, 43.8 with 6 pencils,
45 with 8 pencils, 49 with 10 pencils, 56 with 12 pencils

Number Distance Distance
of pencils the
pencils
were from

No 16.5 cm each
pencils other

2 pencils 26 cm 1 in
2in
4 pencils 34.5 cm 3in
2.5 inches
6 pencils 43.8 cm 2 inches

8 pencils 45 cm

10 pencils 49 cm

12 pencils 56 cm 1.5 inches

https://docs.google.com/a/cheshire.k12.ct.us/presentation/
d/1egxocfyyZGwstQw7jzU9g1xObXuzX4M7nJI8e-10nMw/
edit?usp=sharing

Cassini spacecraft : ​https://www.space.com/38153-cassini-huygens-saturn-mission-titan.html
Metric Measurement

1. Research the history of the Metric System.

The first one came in the french revolution when the first one was in dispute
2. What are the Base Units for Length, Mass, Volume and Temperature?

length=meter mass=gram volume=liter
3. Why is the Metric System easier to use?

Because the increments are smaller
4. Measure the Length and Width of your desk in m, cm, and mm. Construct a Data Table
to record the information.

137 cm 274 mm 1.37 meters 61 cm 122 mm .61m

length 137 cm 274mm 1.37m
width 61 cm 122 mm .61m

5. What is the area of your desk in square cm? Include in the data table.
6. Measure the height of 3 classmates in meters. Record on a data table.
7. What is the area of a cabinet door in square cm?
8. How many km is it from NY to LA? How many meters?
4,499.2 km, 44992000 m
9. How many km from the Earth to the Sun? How many meters?
149.6 million km, 1496000 million km
10. What is the length of 3 objects of your choice in the classroom?
11. How many meters long was the Titanic? How many kilometers?
269m, 0.269

Density

Density simulator ​https://www.simbucket.com/density/

Name:Jeremy
Class: science 2
Teacher: lopez
Date 9/28/2017

Investigation Title:density

I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:
Identify these unknown metals by their density

B. Hypothesis:
If density is known then the metal can be identified

C. Independent Variable: x
Levels of IV

copper tin bronze brass zinc alumminm

D. Dependent Variable:y
Density

E. Constants: The temperature of the water The surface of the table
Triple beam balance

F. Control:
Density of the water

G. Materials: (List with numbers)
1.Copper
2.Tin
3.Bronze
4.Brass
5.Zinc
6.Alumminm
7.Copper
8.Alumminm

H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1.we put a random amount of water

2.we found the mass of the metal we picked

3.we put the metal in graduated cylinder
4.write down how much the water raised
5.divide mass by volume to find density

II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations:if the metal is bigger it does not mean it will have more density

B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data Table

copper 38.7 60 63 3 12.9
tin 29.5 29 33 4 7.37
bronze 267 27 9.84
brass 68.3 70 78 8 8.53
zinc 28.9 42 46 4 7.22
alumminm 29.5 55 66 11 2.68
copper 72.3 40 48 8 9.03
alumminm 30 38 8 2.75
22
2. Graph

3. Calculations

Show 3 Math Examples

Copper

D = m/v

D= 27 g
3 cm3

D = 9 g/cm3​

1.D= m/v
D=29.5/4 g
D=7.37 g/cm3

2.D = m/v
D= 28.9g/4 cm3
D= 7.22 g/cm3

3.D=m/v
D= 68.3g/8 cm3
D=8.53

III. Data Analysis/Conclusion
The problem statement of this experiment was to identify the unknown metals using density.
The hypothesis was right because when we found the density we were able to identify the
unknown metals. The independent variables are all the metals,copper (12.9 g/cm3),tin (7.37
g/cm3),bronze (9.84 g/cm3),brass (8.53 g/cm3),zinc (7.22 g/cm3) and aluminum (2.68 g/cm3)
and the dependent variable is density. The constants were the triple beam balance, the
temperature of the water and the surface of the table the constant was the density of the water.

IV. Research and Applications
5 6-8 sentences about your topic
*How does Density relate to Plate Tectonics?
Density relates to plate tectonics by convection.​Convection is the process by which less dense
material rises and more dense material
Plate tectonics are E​ arth's outer shell but divided into several plates that fit kind of like a puzzle
piece that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard
and rigid shell compared to ​Earth's mantle.​
V. References and Citations

● 2 or 3 web links
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/the-dynamic-earth/plate-tectonics/

http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/geo/geosphere/topics/2plate_tectonics.html

Research for Density Lab

Provide resources and Diagrams
1. How does Density12 relate to Plate Tectonics?

force behind plate tectonics is buoyancy. Buoyancy arises
from density differences. In the mantle, density differences
are a function of variations in temperature.

2. What is Plate Tectonics?
a theory explaining the structure of the earth's crust and
many associated phenomena as resulting from the
interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly
over the underlying mantle.

1 "What is Plate Tectonics? | Plate Tectonics - Live Science." 21 Mar. 2016,
https://www.livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html.​ Accessed 4 Oct. 2017.
2 "Difference Between Continental & Oceanic Plates | Sciencing." 25 Apr. 2017,
https://sciencing.com/difference-between-continental-oceanic-plates-8527794.html.​ Accessed 4 Oct.
2017.

3. What forces in the mantle make the plates move
towards each other and away from each other?

occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each
other. Along these boundaries, lava spews from long
fissures and geysers spurt superheated water.

4. How are Oceanic Plates different from Continental
Plates?

tectonic plates, at a convergent boundary between a
continental plate and an oceanic plate, the denser plate
usually subducts underneath the less dense plate. It is
well known that oceanic plates subduct under continental
plates. and so oceanic plates are more dense than
continental plates

The density of an object is ​*

Mass divided by the volume D = m/v
Volume divided by the mass D = v/m
same as its weight
same as the size of the object

If two objects have the same volume but one has a greater mass, the
one with greater mass ​*

has a lower density
has a higher density
will float
will sink

If two objects have the same volume but one is made up of smaller
and heavier atoms, the one with small heavy atoms will *​

be larger than the other

ne less dense than the other
be more dense than the other
have the same density

If you cut a wooden block in half, each half would have *​

half the density of the original piece
twice the density of the original piece
the same density as the original piece
no density at all

If two objects have the same mass but different volumes ​*

the one with the larger volume has the lowest density
they must have the same density
the one with the larger vilume has the higher density
the one with the larger volume is twice as dense.

If the density of water is 1 gram/cm3, this means that the mass of 100
cm3 of water should be ​*

100 grams
50 grams
1000 grams
1 gram

Density is a characteristic property of a substance. This means that
the density of water *​

changes depending on the volume
stays the same regardless of the volume
is greater for a greater mass of water
is less for a smaller mass of water

Woof floats in water. If you measured the mass of the same volume of
wood and water *​

the water would have a greater mass
the water would have a lower mass
the mass of the wood and water would be the same
the mass of the wood and water would both be 100 grams

A carrot floats in salt water but sinks in fresh water. This is because *​

salt water is more dense than fresh water
fresh water is more dense than salt water
the carrot is more dense than salt water
a larger piece of carrot has a different density

A tiny piece of sand is very light but sinks in water. This is because *​

sand is a solid
sand is less dense than water
there is more water than sound
sand is more dense than water

The density of hot an cold water are different mainly because ​*

the molecules in hot water move slower and are slightly cloder together
the molecules in hot water are larger
the molecules in hot water move faster and are slightly further apart
the molecules in cold water move faster and are further apart

Pure Gold has a Density of 19.32 g/cm3. How large would a piece of
gold be if it had a mass of 318.97 g? ​*

26.5 cm3
36.5 cm3
16.5 cm3
0.06 cm3

Calculate the density of sulfuric acid if 35.4 mL of the acid is 65.14 g. ​*

6.35 g/mL
1.84 g/mL
10.75 g/mL
25 g

28.5 g of iron hot is added to a graduated cylinder containing 45.5 mL
of water. The water level rises to the 49.10 mL mark. From this
information, calculate the density of iron. *​

8.5 g/cm3
18.75 g/cm3

29 g/cm3
7.92 g/cm3
50 g

The density of silver is 10.49 g/cm3. If a sample of pure silver has a
volume of 27 cm3, what would be its mass? ​*

1235 g
283.2 g
58 g
94 .5 g

A student finds a rock on the way to school. In the laboratory he
determines that the volume of the rock is 34.5 cm3, and the mass is
48.3 g. What is the density of the rock? *​

2.4 g/cm3
3.4 g/cm3
1.4 g/cm3
8.9 g/cm3

SUBMIT 

3. Activity: Phase Change of Water

Directions:
● Melt the ice water and record the temperatures every 30 seconds until you reach the
boiling point of water.
● Record the temperatures on the following data table:
​ ​Construct a graph of your results. *U​ se Link on Classroom
● Respond to the Critical Thinking Questions

Graph:

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. When did the temperatures stay the same on the graph? Why did the
temperatures stay the same at 2 points during the lab?

At 0 to 7 minutes

At 16 to 20 minutes

2. How would the graph be different if we tried this experiment with Gold?
Explain:

It would take more heat or energy to melt it because the melting point of gold
and is different

3. What is the role of energy during the phase changes?
To increase or decrease the heat of the object

4. Describe the motion of the molecules throughout the experiment. Find
diagrams that show the motion.

5. How does the Average Kinetic Energy change throughout the experiment?
(Be specific)

Near the beginning the heat will take a while to start but after a while
6. Suppose you had 200 mL of ice in one beaker and 400 mL of ice in another

beaker. Compare and explain the following in the beakers after they have
reached the boiling point:
A. Heat Energy
B. Te​ mperature

C. Average Kinetic Energy
D. Specific Heat
E. Latent Heat (Define it)

7. Why do we put water in a car’s engine? Explain:

So that the pipes in the car does not melt from the heat

QUIZ REVIEW * SH

Calculate Heat Energy: Boiling Heat of
Pt. (​ C) Vaporization
Apply the following Equations:
Heat = Mass * Heat of Fusion (cal/g)
Heat = Mass * Change in Temperature
Heat = Mass * Heat of Vaporization
Data Table:

Metal Mass Heat of Melting Specific Heat
Fusion Pt.​ (C) Heat Energy
(cal/g) (cal/gC) (cal)

Water 65 g 80 0 100 540 1

Aluminum 65 g 95 660 2467 2500 0.21

Gold 65 g 15 1063 2800 377 0.03

Copper 65g 49 1085 2562 183 38.5

*SHOW ALL MATH STEPS
Math Steps (____ out of 4)
A. Aluminum
Heat=M x H Fusion
Heat = 65 g * 95 cal/g
Heat = 6175 cal

● I melted the aluminum and made it a liquid by adding heat energy

Heat = m * change in temperature * SH

Heat = 65 g * 1807 C * 0.21 cal/gC
Heat = 24665.55
Heat = mass * H​vaporazation
Heat = 65 g * 2500 cal/g
total = 6175 + 24665.5 +162500
Total = 213340.5 cal

B. Gold
Heat = mass * heatf​ usion
Heat = 65 g * 15
Heat = 975

Heat = mass * change in temperature * SH
Heat = 65 g * 1737 * 0.03
Heat =3387.15
Heat = m * H​vaporazation
Heat = 65g * 377 cal/g
Heat = 24505
Total = 24505 + 3387.15 + 975
Total = 28867.15 cal/gC

C. Water

D. Copper
Heat=M * H fusion
Heat = 65g * 49 cal/g
Heat =3185
Heat = mass * change in temperature * SH
Heat = 65 * 1477 * .092
Heat = 8832.46 cal

Heat = mass * heat vaporization
Heat = 65g * 183
Heat = 11895

Graph your Results:

Questions:
1. How are the substances different?
2. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature?
3. Place your Heat Energy results in Scientific Notation.
4. Why do metals have such low specific heats? How does this relate to Conductors?

5. How are Heat and Temperature different for the following pictures of​ ​boiling

water? Explain:​ (Hint: Use the Heat equation)

QUIZ: Phase Changes 2017

Calculate Heat Energy:

Apply the following Equations:
Heat = Mass * Heat of Fusion
Heat = Mass * Change in Temperature * SH
Heat = Mass * Heat of Vaporization
Data Table:

Metal Mass Heat of Melting Boiling Heat of Specific Heat
Fusion Pt.​ (C) Pt. ​(C) Vaporization Heat Energy
(cal/g) (cal/gC) (cal)
(cal/g)

Water 37 g 80 0 100 540 1

Silver 37 g 26 961 2212 2356 0.057

Directions: ​Determine the Heat Energy required to completely evaporate the substances in the
data table.

*SHOW ALL MATH STEPS
Math Steps (____ out of 4)
A. Water
Heat = mass * Heat of Fusion
Heat = 37g * 80 cal/g
Heat = 2960 cal

Heat = mass * change in temperature * SH
Heat = 37g * 100 * 1
Heat = 3700 cal

Heat = mass * Heat​vaporization
Heat = 37g * 540
Heat = 19980

Total = 26640 calories

Scientific Notation:2.66 X 10
B. Silver

H = Mass * HeatF​ usion
H = 37g * 26 cal/g
H = 962 calories
H = Mass * Change in temperature * SH
H = 37g * 1251C * 0.057 cal/gC
H = 2638.359
H = Mass * Heat​vaporazation
H = 37g * 2356 cal/g
H = 87172 calories
Total = 90772.359

Scientific Notation:90.77 X 10

Graph your Results:

Writing (_____ out of 4)
Questions:

1. How are Heat and Temperature different for the following pictures of​ ​boiling​ ​water?

Explain:​ (Hint: Use the Heat equation) ​ it would take a lot more heat energy to boil the
ocean because the ocean has more mass than the water in the beaker

2. How can you use the unit (cal/gC) to explain the difference between Water and Silver?

3. Would it be possible for there to be solid oxygen on another planet? Explain:
Oxygen Melting Point: -218 C
Oxygen Boiling Point: -183 C

Law Of Conservation of mass

Isotopes Date:
QUIZ:​ Isotopes
Name: jeremy roles
Directions​ construct a graph that will help you determine the age of fossils.

I​ sotope A Percent Isotope
Years 100
0 50
5730 25
11,460 12.5
17,190

22,920 6.25

28,650 3.125

34,380 1.06

40,110 .5

45,840 .25

51,570 .125

57,300 0

Hint: Remember to add gridlines

Graph: (​ place graph here

Questions: (Use your graph above to answer the questions below)
1. How old is the following fossil?
Fossil A - 73% of Isotope A remaining
3000 years

2. How old is the following fossil?
Fossil B - 15% of Isotope A remaining
14000 years old

3. What percentage of Isotope A is remaining if the fossil is 1200 years old?
(Use your graph)
35%
Average Atomic Mass Calculations

1. Naturally occurring chlorine that is put in pools is 75.53 percent 35Cl (mass = 34.969

amu) and 24.47 percent 37Cl (mass = 36.966 amu). Calculate the average atomic mass

of chlorine.

26.4120857

+

9.0455802 35.45amu

75.53 x 0.349969 = 26.4120857
24.47 x 0.36966 = 9.0455802

2. Calculate the atomic mass of silicon. The three silicon isotopes have atomic masses and
relative abundances of 27.9769 amu (92.2297%), 28.9765 amu (4.6832%) and 29.9738
amu (3.0872%).

25.8028151 + 15.57027448 + 9.200725078 =51 amu

27.9769 + 0.922297 = 25.8028151
28.9765 + 0.46832 = 15.57027448
29.9738 + 0.30872 = 9.200725078

Writing:
Use one of the examples above to discuss how you determine the number of neutrons for each
isotope. You also need to discuss how the %abundance contributed to the Average Atomic
Mass of the element. (HINT: Think of the M&M Lab!)

To find how many neutrons are in a isotope you first need to look at what the mass of the
element is normally after that you can take the mass of the isotope and multiply that by the
abundance or percent of it you can find in the wild then you add it to the normal element and
you get the average atomic mass.

QUIZ: Inclined Plane
QUIZ: W​ ednesday and Thursday

Directions: A​ nalyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:

How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage? Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using
data.

Hypothesis: ​(Use proper form!)
If the Angle of the inclined plane is less than the output work then
the machine is impossible.

Diagrams of Inclined Planes:​ (Use DRAWING - Label Diagrams)

210​ ​ 460​ ​ 130​

Angle Chart: h​ ttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations (​ Examples):

IMA AMA Efficiency
IMA=Effort/Height AMA=Output Force/Effort Efficiency=Work
IMA=300 m/ 70 m AMA=12n/4 output/work input * 100
IMA=4.28 AMA=3n Efficiency=840/1200 * 100
Efficiency=70
IMA AMA
IMA=Effort/Height AMA=Output Force/Effort Efficiency
IMA=200 m/ 70 m AMA=12n/6 Efficiency=Work
IMA=2.85 AMA=2n output/work input * 100
Efficiency=840/1200 * 100
IMA AMA Efficiency=70
IMA=Effort/Height AMA=Output Force/Effort
IMA=100m/70m AMA=12n/8 Efficiency
IMA=1.42 AMA=1.5 Efficiency=Work
output/work input * 100
Efficiency=840/800 * 100
Efficiency=105

Data Table: ​(Located on Google Classroom)

Trial Output Output Output Input Input Input IMA AMA Efficie

Force (N) Dist. (m) Work (J) Force Dist. Work ncy
3n 70
Angle = 12 70 840 4 300 1200 4.28 2n 70
70 1.5n 105
Angle = 12 70 840 6 200 1200 2.85

Angle = 12 840 8 100 800 1.2

Graph:​ (​ Angle and Mechanical Advantage)

Conclusion:

Option #1 Write a Conclusion.
***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible
and why?

1. Discuss purpose
2. Restate hypothesis - angle and mechanical advantage
3. Data to support hypothesis
4. Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using research on

the Law of Conservation of Energy (Support with research - Use
Explore Tool research - INLINE CITATIONS )3
5. Use this source to explain the relationship of this machine to
Newton’s First Law of Motion.

The purpose of this experiment was to see if the angle of a inclined plane
can affect the mechanical advantage. My hypothesis was if the angle of
the inclined plane is less than the output work then the machine is
impossible, to prove that this is right i did input force multiplied by input
distance and i was able to find out that the triangle with 46​0​ was
impossible because the input work was smaller than the output work. If
we use the law of conservations of energy then the machine could not get
the object up the inclined becuase you put in 800n of energy and you
want to get 840n.

3 "Introduction to mechanical advantage (video) | Khan Academy."
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-
m
echanical-advantage​. Accessed 9 Apr. 2018.

GPE/KE:

QUIZ REVIEW 2:​ GPE/KE

Scenario:​ You are an engineer for a major engineering firm that will design the lift motor and
safety restraints for the next roller coaster on the planet Hoth in Star Wars. Hoth has a gravity
equal to 37% greater than Earth’s. The Star Wars Theme Park needs to provide you with the
velocity of the roller coaster on this planet to help you with your design. Your roller coaster will
be called the Millenium Falcon and will have a height of 125 m. Your roller coaster will “The
Falcon” will have a mass of 7000 kg. You will need to compare the needs for safety on Earth to
the needs on Hoth. Explain your reasoning for the changes on Hoth.

Hoth:​

Directions:​ Provide a data table showing the comparisons between the Millenium Falcon Roller
Coaster on Earth and Hoth. Describe the types of restraints that you would need on the faster
coaster.

Calculations:

Earth Hoth
GPE=m*g*h
GPE=m*g*h GPE=7000*13.4*125
GPE=7000*9.8*125 GPE=11725000 J
GPE=8575000 J
11725000=.5mv2​
8575000=.5mv2​ V=52.1 11725000=.5(7000)v2​
8575000=.5(7000) 11725000=3500v2​
8575000=3500V2​ 3424.2/59.2=58 v=58

2928.31/56.2=52.1

Data Table: Gravity Height Mass GPE velocity
Planet 9.8 125
Earth 7000 8575000 52.1

Hoth 13.4 125 7000 11725000 58

Graph:

Conclusion:in conclusion the roller coaster that will need more safety measures is the
hoth roller coaster because the hoth roller coaster has the higher velocity than on earth

Potential Energy Project
Due: Friday 3/17

Define and make note cards or QUIZLET for the following words:

Energy ​energy is the  Joules S​ I unit of work  Chemical Potential Law of Conservation
or energy, equal to 
property that must be  the work done by a  Energy C​ hemical  of Energy t​ he law of 
transferred to an object  force of one newton  potential energy is  Conservation of 
in order to perform  when its point of  the energy stored in  Energy states that 
work on, or to heat, the  application moves  the chemical bonds  the total energy of 
object. one meter in the  of a substance. an isolated system 
direction of action of  remains constant
the force, equivalent 
to one 3600th of a 
watt-hour.

Kinetic Energy Kilojoules Elastic Potential Gravity t​ he force that 
energy that a body
possesses by virtue A kilojoule is a unit  Energy attracts a body toward 
of being in motion. of measure of  the center of the earth, 
energy, in the same  is Potential energy  or toward any other 
way that kilometres  stored as a result of  physical body having 
measure distance deformation of an  mass. For most 
elastic object, such  purposes Newton's 
as the stretching of  laws of gravity apply, 
a spring with minor 
modifications to take 
the general theory of 
relativity into account.

Potential Energy Gravitational Mechanical Energy

the energy  Potential Energy mechanical energy 
possessed by a body 
by virtue of its  is energy an object  is the sum of 
position relative to  possesses because  potential energy 
others, stresses  of its position in a  and kinetic energy
within itself, electric  gravitational field
charge, and other 
factors.

Resource: h​ ttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

Determine the Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) of 3 different masses (g) at 3 different
heights.
3 objects: ​You, African Elephant, Chevy Camaro (research the masses)
*2.2 lbs = 1 kg

Data Table:

Object mass (kg) gravity (9.8 m/s2) H1 = 5 m GPE
.275g 9.8 5 13.5
1 0.4111 9.8 5 20.1
2 0.1516 9.8 5 7.4
3

Object mass (kg) gravity (9.8 m/s2) H2 = 15 m GPE
1 0.3795 9.8 15 56
2 0.6 9.8 15 88.2
3 0.3 9.8 15 44.1

Object mass (kg) gravity (9.8 m/s2) H1 = 25 m GPE
1 1984.013 9.8 25 486083.185
2 243041.59
3 992.0065 9.8 25 121520.735
496.003 9.8 25

​Atomic Structure and Periodic Table:

1. History of the Atom
Link: h​ ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSAgLvKOPLQ&t=490s
Link2:

a. Dalton. English chemists,p​ hysicist, and meteorologist​/Known for proposing the
modern atomic theory

b. Thomson - V​ ideo​/​Sir Joseph John Thomson OM PRS was an English physicist
and Nobel Laureate in Physics, credited with the discovery and identification of
the electron; and with the discovery of the first subatomic particle.

c. Rutherford/​Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS was a
New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be known as the father of
nuclear physics

D. Bohr N​ iels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational
contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he
received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.
2. Structure of the Atom
Video
Video2
Nucleus : t​ he positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and 
neutrons and containing nearly all its mass.​,

protons:​A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p+ , with a positive electric charge
of +1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron.

Neutrons: T​ he neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0 , with no net electric
charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton​,
electrons:​The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β− , whose electric charge
is negative one elementary charge

a. Atomic Mass:t​ he mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic 

mass units.
b. Charge: T​ he electron is defined to have an electric charge of -1; the protons in an

atomic nucleus have charge of +1, and the neutrons have charge of 0

c. Valence Electrons:​a valence electron is an outer shellelectron that is associated
with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the
outer shell is not closed

d.
***Use models to explain the difference between​ Sodium Chloride​ and M​ agnesium Chloride
or S​ odium sulfide​ and ​Calcium Sulfide

Velocity

Speed and Velocity Problems

1. If a car moves with an average speed of 60 km/hr for an hour, it will travel a distance of
60 km. How far will it travel if it continues this average rate for 4 hrs?
D=V*T
D=60*4
D=240m

2. A runner makes one lap around a 200 m track in a time of 25.0 s. What was the runner's
average speed? Answer: 8.0 m/s

3. Light and radio waves travel through a vacuum in a straight line at a speed of very nearly
3.00 ×​ ​ 10​8​ m/s. How far is light year (the ​distance​ light travels in a year)? Answer: 9.50
\ 3.15* 10) ×​ 101​ 5​ m.
4.
D= V*T
5. D= (3.00*10) (

A motorist travels 406 km during a 7.0 hr period. What was the average speed in km/hr
and m/s? Answers: 58 km/hr, 16 m/s.

V= D/T
V= 406/7.0
V= 58 Km/Hr
A bullet is shot from a rifle with a speed of 720 m/s. What time is required for the bullet
to strike a target 3240 m away? Answer: 4.5 s.
T=D/V
T=3240/720
T=4.5 s.

6. Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. The speed of light is 3.0 ×​ ​ 10​8​ m/s.

In kilometers, how far is the earth from the sun? Answer: 1.5 ×​ ​ 10​8​ km.

D=V*T

D=(3.0 x 108​ )​ x(8.3)

D= 1.5 x 108​ ​ m/s

7. *An auto travels at a rate of 25 km/hr for 4 minutes, then at 50 km/hr for 8 minutes, and

finally at 20 km/hr for 2 minutes. Find the total distance covered in km and the average

speed for the complete trip in m/s. Answers: 9 km, 10.7 m/s.

D=V*T D=V*T

D=25*4
D=100 km
8. *If you traveled one mile at a speed of 100 miles per hour and another mile at a speed of
1 mile per hour, your average speed would not be (100 mph + 1 mph)/2 or 50.5 mph.

What would be your average speed? (Hint: What is the total distance and total time?)
Answer: 1.98 mph.
V=D/T
V=100/50.5
V=1.98 mph
9. *What is your average speed in each of these cases?
a. You run 100 m at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk 100 m at a speed of 1.0

m/s.
b. V=D/T
V= 100/5.0

V=20 mph
You run for 100 s at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk for 100 s at a speed of 1.0 m/s.
Answers: 1.7 m/s, 3.0 m/s.

10. *A race car driver must average 200 km/hr for four laps to qualify for a race. Because of
engine trouble, the car averages only 170 km/hr over the first two laps. What average
speed must be maintained for the last two laps?

11. *A car traveling 90 km/hr is 100 m behind a truck traveling 50 km/hr. How long will it
take the car to reach the truck? T=D/V
T=100m/50 km/hr
T=2 seconds

Thermal (Heat) Energy Project
Chapter 6 (pg. 156-180)

1. Vocabulary - Define and make note cards or quizlet

Conduction ​process  Heat t​ he quality of Insulator a​ thing or Calorie e​ ither of
by which heat or  being hot; high substance used for two units of heat
electricity is directly  temperature.
transmitted through  insulation, in energy.
a substance when 
there is a difference  particular.
of temperature or of 
electrical potential 
between adjoining 
regions, without 
movement of the 
material.

Convection Temperature ​ is Second Law of Turbine
Thermodynamics a machine for
Convection is the measured with a producing

heat transfer due to thermometer,

bulk movement of historically the branch of continuous power
molecules within calibrated in physical science in which a wheel or
fluids such as various that deals with the rotor
gases and liquids, temperature scales relations between
including molten and units of heat and other
rock. measurement forms of energy

Radiation Heat Engine Specific Heat Generator
the emission of a device for the heat required to ​generator is a
energy as producing motive raise the device that
electromagnetic power from heat temperature of the converts motive
waves or as moving unit mass of a power into electrical
subatomic particles given substance by power for use in an
a given amount. external circuit.

First Law of Conductor Kinetic Energy
Thermodynamics A material or an energy that a body
the branch of object that possesses by virtue
physical science conducts heat, of being in motion.
that deals with the electricity, light, or
relations between sound.
heat and other
forms of energy

2. Provide a diagram showing molecular motion in Solids, Liquids, and gases.

*How are they different?
Solid is together in a organized order, liquid is not organized and gas is spread
out and hardly hit each other .
3. Discuss the energy needed to change a 15 gram ice cube into steam. Use a
graph and one calculation from our unit on Phase Changes.
Heat = m * Change * SH
Heat = 15 g * 1000​ ​c * 1 cal/g​0​C
Heat = 1500

Heat = m * Heat vapor
Heat = 15 g * 2257 J

Heat = 33855 J

Heat = m * Heat fusion
Heat = 15 g * 333.55 J
Heat = 5003.25 J

Heat final = Heat + Heat vapor + Heat fusion
Heat = 1500 cal + 33855 J + 5003.25 J
Heat = 40358.25

4. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature? Provide a definition,
picture and video link to help you review. T​ emperature is a measure of the average 
heat and heat is how hot the object is 

5. Construct a graph showing the average monthly temperatures in Hartford, CT.,
a city on the equator and a city in the Southern Hemisphere.
Hartford CT

Month Temperature

January 18

February 21

March 29

April 39

May 49

June 58

July 64

August 63

September 54

October 42

November 34

December 24

Singapore Temperature
76
Month
January

February 76
March 77
April 78
May 79
June 78
July 78
August 78
September 77
October 77
November 77
December 76

Month Temperature

January 66

February 67

March 64

April 58

May 53

June 49

July 47

August 48

September 52

October 57

November 60

December 64

Sydney Australia

Questions:
1. What do you notice about the temperatures?

I noticed that singapore has the highest temperatures and it is the on the equator
and hartford had the lowest numbers, so places that are close or on the equator
has a higher monthly Temperatures average

2. How is heat transferred throughout the Earth?
Energy is transferred between the earth's surface and the atmosphere via
conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the process by which heat
energy is transmitted through contact with neighboring molecules

4. How is Steam used to create electricity in Power Plants?
A. Coal Plant
water is turned into steam, which in turn drives turbine generators to produce
electricity.
B. Natural Gas Plant
In a boiler power plant, electricity is generated by heating water toproduce steam
which, via a turbine, powers a generator.
C. Nuclear Plant
Fuel produces heat, which is used to boil water to make steam. Steam spins a
turbine.
D.​ Where did Fossil Fuels originate?

formed of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs 
E. What is the difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of energy?
Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are
available in limited supplies.

Science Portfolio Reflection

1. What was your favorite science activity or topic this year? Why did you enjoy this
activity? Be specific

My favorite topic is electricity Because of timeline that i learned a lot about I also like
the circuit builder.

2. Which topic or skill did you find to be the most challenging? Explain
The hardest for me was the solubility graphs and trying to understand them

3. Provide an example of 3 types of graphs that were used this year in science? Why did
it make sense to use these graphs for those activities?
Line graph for data over time, pi graph to show percentages, and bar graph to show
progress

4. What were the key tips you remembered about solving math problems in science this
year? Word problems? Provide an example from this portfolio of a science math
problem that was challenging to solve this year.
25.8028151 + 15.57027448 + 9.200725078 =51 amu

27.9769 + 0.922297 = 25.8028151
28.9765 + 0.46832 = 15.57027448
29.9738 + 0.30872 = 9.200725078
This was from trying to clculate the atomic mass of silicon

5. Which lab conclusion or sample of writing are you most proud of in this portfolio?
I am most proud of the Inclined Plane quiz conclusion

6. What are you excited to learn about in science next year? Do you want to pursue a
career in the sciences? Explain

To learn more about cell structure i would like to try to find out how old fossiles are.