ZOOLOGY Secret World of Animals

CLASPERS A structure in some male COUNTERSHADING A type of ECHOLOCATION A method of sensing plates that meet at flexible joints. This
invertebrates used to hold the female camouflage pattern in which an nearby objects by using pulses of high- kind of skeleton cannot grow, and has
during mating; or a pair of modified animal is typically darker above and frequency sound. Echoes bounce back to be shed and replaced (ecdysis) at
pelvic fins in some male fishes, such as lighter beneath. It tends to counter the from obstacles and other animals, periodic intervals. See also Endoskeleton.
sharks, used to direct sperm into the effect of shadows, making the animal allowing the sender to build up
female’s reproductive tract. See also more difficult to see. a “picture” of its surroundings. FAMILY A level used in classification.
Pelvic fins. Echolocation is used by several groups In the sequence of classification levels,
COVERT A feather that covers the base of animals, including mammals and a a family forms part of an order and is
CLASS A level used in classification. In of a bird’s flight feather. small number of cave-dwelling birds. subdivided into one or more genera.
the sequence of classification levels, a
class forms part of a phylum and is CRYPTIC COLORATION Coloration ELYTRON (pl. ELYTRA) A hardened FEMUR (pl. FEMORA) The thigh bone 400 • 401 glossary
subdivided into one or more orders. and markings that make an animal forewing in beetles, earwigs, and some in four-limbed vertebrates. In insects,
difficult to see against its background. bugs. The two elytra usually fit the femur is the third segment of the
CLOACA An opening toward the rear together like a case, protecting the leg, immediately above the tibia.
of the body that is shared by several DACTYLUS In insects, one or more of more delicate hindwings underneath.
body systems. In some vertebrates— the tarsal joints following the first, FERTILIZATION The union of an egg
such as bony fishes and amphibians— modified joint. In crustaceans, the EMBRYO A young animal or plant in a cell and sperm, which creates a cell
the gut, kidneys, and reproductive movable finger of a pincer, which rudimentary stage of development. capable of developing into a new
systems all use this single opening. swivels up to open and down to close animal. In external fertilization, the
the claw. See also Pincer. ENDOPARASITE An animal that lives process occurs outside the body
CLONE An asexually produced animal, parasitically inside another (host) (usually in water), but in internal
genetically identical to its parent. DEWLAP A fold of loose skin hanging animal’s body, either by feeding fertilization, it takes place in the
from an animal’s throat. directly on its host’s tissues or by female’s reproductive system.
CLOVEN-HOOFED Having hooves stealing some of its food. Endoparasites
that look as if they are split in two. DIASTEMA A wide gap separating frequently have complex life cycles, FIBULA (pl. FIBULAE) The outermost of
Most cloven-hoofed mammals, such as rows of teeth. In plant-eating involving more than one host. the two lower leg or hind limb bones.
deer and antelope, actually have two mammals, the diastema separates See also Tibia.
hooves, arranged on either side of a the biting teeth, at the front of the ENDOSKELETON An internal skeleton,
line that divides the foot in two. jaw, from the chewing teeth at the typically made of bone. Unlike an FILTER FEEDER An animal that eats by
rear. In many rodents, the cheeks exoskeleton, this kind of skeleton can sieving small food items from water.
COCOON A case made of open, woven can be folded into the diastema, to grow in step with the rest of the body. Many invertebrate filter feeders, such
silk. Many insects spin a cocoon before shut off the back of the mouth while as bivalve mollusks and sea squirts, are
they begin pupation, and many spiders the animal is gnawing. EPITHELIUM Covering or lining tissue stationary animals that collect food by
spin one to hold their eggs. that forms sheets and layers around pumping water through or across their
DIGIT A finger or toe. and within many organs and other bodies. Vertebrate filter feeders, such
COLONY A group of animals, tissues in animals. as baleen whales, collect their food by
belonging to the same species, DIGITIGRADE A gait in which only the trapping it while they are on the move.
that spend their lives together, fingers or toes touch the ground. See EVOLUTION Any change in the
often dividing up the tasks involved also Plantigrade, Unguligrade. average genetic makeup of a FLAGELLUM (pl. FLAGELLA) A long,
in survival. In some colonial species, population of living things between hairlike projection from a cell. A
particularly aquatic invertebrates, DIPLOSEGMENT A pair of fused one generation and the next. The flagellum can flick from side to side,
the colony members are permanently segments in the body of some “theory of evolution” is based on the moving the cell along. Sperm cells use
fastened together. In others, such as arthropods, such as millipedes. idea, supported by various lines of flagella to swim.
ants, bees, and wasps, members evidence, that such genetic change
forage independently, but live in DORSAL On or near an animal’s back. is not random but largely the result FLIGHT FEATHERS A bird’s wing and
the same nest together. of natural selection, and that the tail feathers, used in flight.
ECHINODERMS A major group of operation of such processes over time
COMPOUND EYE An eye that is marine invertebrates that includes can account for the huge variety of FLIPPER In aquatic mammals, a
divided into separate compartments, starfishes, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea species found on Earth. paddle-shaped limb. See also Fluke.
each with its own set of lenses. lilies, and sea cucumbers. Echinoderm
Compound eyes are a common feature bodies have radial symmetry. They EXOSKELETON An external skeleton FLUKE A rubbery tail flipper in whales
of arthropods. The number of have chalky protective plates under that supports and protects an animal’s and their relatives. Unlike the tail fins
compartments they contain varies their skin and use hydraulic “tube body. The most complex exoskeletons, of fish, flukes are horizontal, and they
from a few dozen to thousands. feet” to move and to catch prey. formed by arthropods, consist of rigid beat up and down instead of side to side.

FOOD CHAIN A food pathway that HOST An animal on or in which a LARVA (pl. LARVAE) An immature MIMICRY A form of camouflage in
links two or more different species, parasite feeds. but independent animal that looks which an animal resembles another
in that each forms food for the next completely different from an adult. animal or an inanimate object, such
species higher up in the chain. In INCISOR TOOTH In mammals, a tooth A larva develops the adult shape by as a twig or a leaf. Mimicry is very
land-based food chains, the first link is at the front of the jaw, used in biting, metamorphosis; in many insects, the common in insects, with many
usually a plant. In aquatic food chains, slicing, or gnawing. change takes place in a resting stage harmless species imitating those
it is usually an alga or other form that is called a pupa. See also Cocoon, that have dangerous bites or stings.
of single-celled life. INCUBATION In egg-laying animals, Metamorphosis, Nymph.
the period when a parent sits on the MOLAR TOOTH In mammals, a tooth
FORCIPULE In centipedes, the eggs and warms them, allowing them LEK A communal display area used by at the rear of the jaw. Molar teeth may
modified pincerlike first pair of legs, to develop. Incubation periods range male animals—particularly birds— have a flattened or ridged surface used
which are used to inject venom. from under 14 days to several months. during courtship. The same location for chewing vegetation. The sharper
See also Pincer. is often revisited for many years. molar teeth of meat-eaters can cut
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION In through hide and bone.
FURCULA The forked, springlike reproduction, a form of fertilization MANDIBLE The paired jaws of an
organ attached to a springtail’s that takes place inside the female’s arthropod, or a bone that makes up all MOLLUSKS A major group of
abdomen. body. Internal fertilization is a or part of the lower jaw in vertebrates. invertebrate animals that includes
characteristic of many land animals, gastropods (slugs and snails), bivalves
GASTROPODS The group of mollusks including insects and vertebrates. See MANTLE In mollusks, an outer fold of (clams and relatives), and cephalopods
that includes snails and slugs. See also also Sexual reproduction. skin covering the mantle cavity. (squids, octopuses, cuttlefishes, and
Mollusks. nautiluses). Mollusks are soft-bodied
IRIDOPHORE A type of specialized MELON A bulbous swelling in the and typically have hard shells,
GENUS (pl. GENERA) A level used skin cell that contains light-reflecting heads of many toothed whales and although some subgroups have lost
in classification. In the sequence of guanine crystals. These are found dolphins. The melon is filled with a the shell during their evolution.
classification levels, a genus forms in some species of crustaceans, fatty fluid, and is believed to focus
part of a family and is subdivided cephalopods, fishes, amphibians, and the sounds used in echolocation. MOLT Shedding fur, feathers, or skin
into one or more species. reptiles, such as chameleons. so that it can be replaced. Mammals
METABOLISM The complete array and birds molt to keep their fur and
GILL An organ used for extracting JACOBSON’S ORGAN An organ in the of chemical processes that take place feathers in good condition, to adjust
oxygen from water. Gills are usually roof of the mouth that is sensitive to inside an animal’s body. Some of these their insulation, or so that they can be
positioned on or near the head, or— airborne scents. Snakes often employ processes release energy by breaking ready to breed. Arthropods—such as
in aquatic insects—toward the end this organ to detect their prey, while down food, while others use energy insects—molt in order to grow.
of the abdomen. some male mammals use it to find by making muscles contract.
females that are ready to mate. MONOCULAR VISION A type of
GRAZING Feeding on grass. See also METACARPAL In four-limbed animals, vision in which each eye is used
Browsing. KEEL In birds, an enlargement of one of a set of bones in the front leg independently, such as in chameleons.
the breastbone that anchors the or arm, forming a joint with a digit This gives a wide field of vision but
GUARD HAIR A long hair in a muscles used in flight. at the end. In most primates, the limited depth perception. See also
mammal’s coat, which projects beyond metacarpals form the palm of Binocular vision, Stereoscopic vision.
the underfur to protect it and help KERATIN A tough structural protein the hand.
keep the animal dry. found in hair, claws, and horns. NEMATOCYST The coiled structure
METAMORPHOSIS A change in body within the stinging cell of a jellyfish or
HERBIVORE An animal that feeds on KINGDOM In classification, one of shape shown by many animals— other cnidarian that shoots out and
plants or plantlike plankton. the six fundamental divisions of the particularly invertebrates—as they injects toxin via a dartlike tip.
natural world. grow from juvenile to adult. In insects,
HIBERNATION A period of dormancy metamorphosis can be complete or NEUROMAST Sensory cells that form
in winter. During hibernation, an LATERAL LINE SYSTEM The body incomplete. Complete metamorphosis part of the lateral line system in fishes.
animal’s body processes drop to a mechanism by which fishes detect involves a total reorganization of the They are stimulated by the motion of
low level. movement, vibration, and pressure organism during a resting stage, called water to help fishes detect movement.
underwater. Canals running under the a pupa. Incomplete metamorphosis See also Lateral line system.
HORN In mammals, a pointed growth skin channel water to move sensory embraces a series of less drastic
on the head. True horns are hollow cells back and forth, which then changes; these occur each time the NOSE LEAF A facial structure in some
sheaths of keratin covering a bony triggers them to send nerve impulses young animal molts. See also Chrysalis, bat species that focuses sound pulses
horn core. to the brain. Cocoon, Larva, Nymph. emitted through the nostrils.

NICHE An animal’s place and role ORDER A level used in classification. parthenogenetically only during backbone. The bones of the pelvic 402 • 403 glossary
in its habitat. Although two species In the sequence of classification levels, summer months, when food is girdle are often fused, forming a
may share the same habitat, they an order forms part of a class, and is abundant. A few species always weight-bearing ring called the pelvis.
never share the same niche. subdivided into one or more families. reproduce in this way, and form
all-female populations. Unfertilized PENTADACTYL The characteristic
NOCTURNAL Active at night and ORGAN A structure in the body, parthenogenetic eggs typically already of having five digits—toes or fingers—
sleeping during the day, as opposed composed of several kinds of tissues, have two copies of each chromosome. common to many four-limbed
to diurnal—active during the day. that carries out specific tasks. See also Asexual reproduction. vertebrates, or having evolved from
such. See also Digits, Tetrapods.
NOTOCHORD A reinforcing rod OSSICLE A minute bone. The ear PATAGIUM In bats, the flap of double-
that runs the length of the body. ossicles of mammals, which transmit sided skin that forms the wing. This PHEROMONE A chemical produced
The notochord is a distinctive feature sound from the eardrum to the inner term is also used for the parachutelike by one animal that has an effect
of chordates, although in some it ear, are the smallest bones in the body. skin flaps of colugos and other gliding on other members of its species.
is present only in early life. In mammals. Pheromones are often volatile
vertebrates, the notochord becomes PALPS Pairs of long, sensory substances that spread through the air,
incorporated into the backbone during appendages that stem from near PECTORAL FINS The pair of fins triggering a response from animals
the development of the embryo. the mouths of arthropods. Similar to positioned toward the front of a fish’s some distance away.
antennae, they have touch sensors and body, often just behind its head.
NYMPH An immature insect that serve a variety of purposes, including Pectoral fins are usually highly mobile PHOTORECEPTOR A type of
looks similar to its parents but that touch and taste, and some are used for and are normally used for steering but specialized, light-sensitive cell that
does not have functioning wings predation. See also Pedipalps. sometimes for propulsion too. forms the retinal layer at the back
or reproductive organs. A nymph of animals’ eyes. In many animals
develops the adult shape by PAPILLA (pl. PAPILLAE) A small, fleshy PECTORAL GIRDLE In four-limbed photoreceptor cells contain different
metamorphosis, changing slightly protruberance on an animal’s body. vertebrates, the arrangement of bones pigments, which allow for color vision.
each time it molts. Papillae often have a sensory function; that anchors the front limbs to the See also Ommatidia, Retina.
for example, detecting chemicals that backbone. In most mammals, the
OLFACTORY LOBE The area of the help pinpoint food. pectoral girdle consists of two clavicles, PHOTOSYNTHESIS A series of
brain that receives and processes scent or collar bones, and two scapulae, or chemical processes that enable plants
information from the olfactory nerves. PARAPODIUM (pl. PARAPODIA) A shoulder blades. to capture the energy in sunlight and
In most vertebrates it is situated at the leg- or paddlelike flap found in convert it into chemical form.
front of the brain. some worms. Parapodia are used PEDICEL The region of the skull from
for moving, or for pumping water which antlers grow and from which PHYLUM (pl. PHYLA) A level used
OMMATIDIA The facets of light- past the body. they are shed at the end of the mating in classification. In the sequence of
receiving cells that make up the lenses season. See also Antler. classification levels, a phylum forms
of a compound eye, such as those PARASITE An animal that lives on or part of a kingdom and is subdivided
common to many arthropods. See inside another animal (its host), and PEDIPALPS In arachnids, the second into one or more classes.
also Compound eye, Photoreceptor. that feeds either on its host or on pair of appendages, near the front of
food that its host has swallowed. The the body. Depending on the species, PINCER In arthropods, pincers are
OMNIVORE An animal that eats both majority of parasites are much smaller they are used for walking, sperm pointed, hinged organs used for
plant and animal food. than their hosts, and many have transfer, or attacking prey. See also feeding or defense, such as the
complex life cycles involving the Claspers, Palps. mandibles of an insect, or the chelae
OPERCULUM A cover or lid. In some production of huge numbers of eggs. of crustaceans. See also Dactylus.
gastropod mollusks, an operculum is Parasites often weaken their hosts, PELVIC FINS The pair of rear fins in
used to seal the shell when the animal but generally do not kill them. See fish, which are normally positioned PINNA (pl. PINNAE) The external ear
has withdrawn inside. In bony fish, also Endoparasite. close to the underside, sometimes near flaps found in mammals.
an operculum on each side of the the head but more often toward the
body protects the chamber that PARATOID GLAND In amphibians, a tail. Pelvic fins are generally used as PHARYNX The throat.
contains the gills. gland behind the eyes that secretes stabilizers. In some species, such as
poison onto the surface of the skin. sharks, they are also used to transfer PLACENTA An organ developed by an
OPISTHOSOMA The abdomen, or sperm. See also Claspers. embryonic mammal that allows it to
back part of the body, behind the PARTHENOGENETIC Relating to absorb nutrients and oxygen from its
prosoma of arthropods including reproduction from an unfertilized egg PELVIC GIRDLE In four-limbed mother’s bloodstream, before it is
arachnids, such as spiders, and cell. Females of some invertebrates, vertebrates, the arrangement of bones born. Young that grow in this way are
horseshoe crabs. See also Prosoma. such as aphids, produce young that anchors the back limbs to the known as placental mammals.

PLACENTAL MAMMAL See Placenta. PROSOMA The front part of the body ROSTRUM In bugs and some other sexes, males and females always differ,
before the opisthoma in arthropods insects, a set of sucking mouthparts but in highly dimorphic species, such
PLANKTON Floating organisms— such as arachnids and horseshoe crabs. that looks similar to a beak. as elephant seals, the two sexes look
many of them microscopic—that drift See also Cephalothorax, Opisthosoma. different and are often unequal in size.
in open water, particularly near the RUMINANT A hoofed mammal that
surface of the sea. Planktonic PTEROSTIGMA A colored, weighted has a specialized digestive system, with SEXUAL REPRODUCTION A form of
organisms can often move, but most panel near the leading edge on some several stomach chambers. One of reproduction that involves fertilization
are too small to make any headway insects’ wings, such as dragonflies. these—the rumen—contains huge of a female cell or egg, by a male cell
against strong currents. Planktonic numbers of microorganisms that help or sperm. This is the most common
animals are collectively known PUPIL The hole in the center of the eye to break down the cellulose in plant form of reproduction in animals. It
as zooplankton. that allows light to enter. cell walls. To speed this process, a usually involves two parents—one of
ruminant usually regurgitates its either sex—but in some species
PLANTIGRADE A gait in which the RADIAL SYMMETRY A form of food and rechews it, a process called individual animals are hermaphrodite.
sole of the foot is in contact with the symmetry in which the body is “chewing the cud.” See also Asexual reproduction.
ground. See also Digitigrade, Unguligrade. arranged like a wheel, often with
the mouth at the center. RUTTING SEASON In deer, a period SHELL A hard, protective outer
PLASTRON The lower part of the shell during the breeding season when casing found in many mollusks and
in tortoises and turtles. RADULA A mouthpart that many males clash with each other for the crustaceans, as well as some reptiles—
mollusks use for rasping away at food. opportunity to mate. the turtles and tortoises.
POLYP In cnidarians, a body form that The radula is often shaped like a belt,
has a hollow cylindrical trunk, ending and armed with many microscopic SALIVA A watery fluid secreted by the SILK A protein-based fibrous material
in a central mouth surrounded by toothlike denticles. salivary glands in the mouth to aid produced by spiders and some insects.
a circle of tentacles. Polyps are chewing, tasting, and digestion. Silk is liquid when it is squeezed out
frequently attached to solid objects RESPIRATION This refers to both of a spinneret but turns into elastic
by their base. the action of breathing itself and SALIVARY GLAND Sets of paired fibers when stretched and exposed to
to cellular respiration, which is glands in the mouth that produce air. It has a wide variety of uses. Some
PREDATOR An animal that catches the biomechanical processes that take saliva. See also Saliva. animals use silk to protect themselves
and kills others, known as its prey. place within cells, which break down or their eggs, to catch prey, to glide on
Some predators catch their prey by food molecules—usually by combining SCALES The thin horny or bony plates air currents, or to lower themselves
lying in wait, but most actively pursue them with oxygen to provide energy that cover and protect the skin of fishes through the air.
and attack other animals. See also Prey. for an organism. and reptiles. Scales are typically
arranged so that they overlap. SIPHONOPHORE A group of
PREHENSILE Able to curl around RETINA A layer of light-sensitive cells cnidarians that live as floating colonies
objects and grip them. lining the back of the eye that converts SCAPE The first segment in an insect’s of connected individual polyps, which
optical images into nerve impulses, antennae, nearest its head. can form very long strings. Species
PREMOLAR TOOTH In mammals, a which travel to the brain via the optic include the Portuguese man o’ war.
tooth positioned midway along the jaw, nerve. See also Photoreceptor. SCUTE A shieldlike plate or scale See also Polyp.
between the canines and the molars. that forms a bony covering on
See also Canine Tooth, Molar Tooth. RICTAL BRISTLES Modified feathers some animals. SPAWN The release or deposit of eggs
that project from the base of the bill in in aquatic animals such as crustaceans,
PREY Any animal that is eaten by a some birds such as nightjars and kiwis. SEBACEOUS GLAND A skin gland in mollusks, fishes, and amphibians.
predator. See also Predator. The feathers have a stiff shaft that mammals that normally opens near
lacks barbs. They may work like the root of a hair. Sebaceous glands SPERM Male reproductive cells. See
PROBOSCIS An animal’s nose, or a set whiskers and help the birds detect prey produce substances that keep skin and also Sex cells, Sexual reproduction.
of mouthparts with a noselike shape. when hunting. hair in good condition.
In insects that feed on fluids, the SPECIES A group of similar organisms
proboscis is often long and slender, RODENT A large and adaptable group SEX CELLS The reproductive cells of that are capable of interbreeding in the
and can usually be stowed away of mostly small, four-limbed mammals all animals—the male sperm and wild, and of producing fertile offspring
when not in use. with a long tail, clawed feet, and long female egg—also known as gametes. that resemble themselves. Species
whiskers and teeth—especially the See also Sexual reproduction. are the fundamental units used in
PROPODUS The fixed part of a pincer large incisors. Their jaws are adapted biological classification. Some species
that cannot be moved. It consists of for gnawing. They are found worldwide SEXUAL DIMORPHISM Showing have distinct populations that vary
a wide, muscular palm. See also expect for Antarctica, and represent physical differences between males and from each other. Where the differences
Dactylus, Pincers. over 40 percent of mammal species. females. In animals that have separate between the populations are

significant, and they are biologically TELSON In arthropods, the last part of TORPOR A sleeplike state in which the VIBRISSA See Whiskers.
isolated, these forms are classified the abdomen, or the last appendage to body processes slow to a fraction of
as separate subspecies. it, as in horseshoe crabs. their normal rate. Animals usually WARNING COLORATION A
become torpid to survive difficult combination of contrasting colors that
SPICULE In sponges, a needlelike sliver TENDON A strong band of tough conditions, such as cold or lack of food. warns that an animal is dangerous. 404 • 405 glossary
of silica or calcium carbonate that collagen fibers that usually joins Bands of black and yellow are a typical
forms part of the internal skeleton. muscle to bone and transmits the TRACHEA (pl. TRACHEAE) Part of the form of warning coloration, found in
Spicules have a wide variety of shapes. pull caused by muscle contraction, respiratory system, a breathing tube, stinging insects. Also known as
allowing movement of the skeleton. known in vertebrates as the windpipe. aposematic coloration.
SPIRACLE In rays and some other fish,
an opening behind the eye that lets TENTACLE One of two longest flexible TUSK In mammals, a modified tooth WHISKER One of the long, stiffened
water flow into the gills. In insects, an appendages of squid and cuttlefishes or that often projects outside the mouth. hairs growing on the face, and
opening on the thorax or abdomen the stinging appendages of jellyfishes Tusks have a variety of uses, including particularly around the snout, of
that lets air into the tracheal system. defence and digging up food. In some many mammals. Whiskers allow
TERRESTRIAL Living entirely or species, only the males have them— animals to sense vibrations in the
STEREOSCOPIC VISION The ability to mainly on the ground. in this case, their use is often for water or air and are used as organs
use forward-facing eyes, as in humans sexual display or competition. of touch. Also known as a vibrissa.
or predators like tigers, to see in very TERRITORY An area defended by an See also Rictal bristles.
similar but slightly differing ways with animal, or group of animals, against TYMPANUM The external ear
each eye. This allows accurate depth other members of the same species. membrane of frogs and insects. YOLK The part of an egg that provides
perception. See also Binocular vision. Territories often include some nutrients to the developing embryo.
useful resources that help the male UNDERFUR The dense fur that makes
STERNUM The breastbone in four- attract a mate. up the innermost part of a mammal’s ZOOID An individual animal in a
limbed vertebrates, or the thickened coat. Underfur is usually soft, and is a colony of invertebrates. Zooids are
underside of a body segment in TEST In echinoderms, a skeleton made good insulator. See also Guard hair. often directly linked to each other, and
arthropods. In birds, the sternum of small calcareous plates. may function like a single animal.
has a narrow flap. UNGULIGRADE A gait in which only
TETRAPOD A member of the group the hooves touch the ground. See also ZOOPLANKTON See Plankton.
SUCKER A round, concave suction cup of animals consisting of four-limbed Digitigrade, Plantigrade.
on the tentacles of squids and octopuses. vertebrates, or those that have evolved
Each sucker is highly flexible and has a from them, such as snakes. UROPYGIAL GLAND Also known
ring of muscle that can squeeze tightly. as the preening or oil gland, the
It is also equipped with taste receptors. THORAX The middle region of an uropygial gland is located at the base
See also Tentacle. arthropod’s body. The thorax contains of the tail in most birds. It produces
powerful muscles, and bears the legs sebaceous oils that birds rub over their
SWIM BLADDER A gas-filled bladder and wings, if the animal has any. feathers with their beak to keep them
that most bony fishes use to regulate In four-limbed vertebrates, the thorax waterproof. See also Sebaceous gland.
their buoyancy. By adjusting the gas is the chest. See also Cephalothorax,
pressure inside the bladder, a fish can Prosoma. UTERUS In female mammals, the part
become neutrally buoyant, meaning of the body that houses developing
that it neither rises nor sinks in the TIBIA (pl. TIBIAE) The shin bone in young. In placental mammals, the
water column. four-limbed vertebrates. In insects, young are connected to the wall of
the tibia forms the part of the leg the uterus via a placenta.
TAGMA (pl. TAGMATA) A distinct immediately above the tarsus,
region in the bodies of arthropods and or foot. See also Fibula. VENTRAL On or near the underside.
other segmented animals that consists
of several connected parts, such as the TINE A point that branches off from VERTEBRA One of the bones that form
head, thorax, and abdomen of insects. the main beam of an antler. See the vertebral column (backbone or
See also Cephalothorax. also Antler. spine) in vertebrate animals.

TARSUS (pl. TARSI) A part of the leg. In TISSUE A layer of cells in an animal’s VERTEBRATE An animal with a
insects, the tarsus is the equivalent of body. In a tissue, the cells are of the backbone. Vertebrates include fishes,
the foot, while in vertebrates, it forms same type, and carry out the same amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
the lower part of the leg or the ankle. work. See also Organ. mammals.

index

Page numbers in italic refer to Anas fulvigula (American kestrel) 289 armor 81, 101 barn owl 176–177, 311, 394
works with the animals in art pages. Anax ephippiger (vagrant emperor see also exoskeletons barracudas 20
Those in bold refer to pages with bone 260, 263 basal segments 193
the most information. dragonfly) 278–279 plates 54–55, 68–69, 70 bass 261
anemones, sea 33, 34–35, 36, 191 scales 104, 107, 136–137 bats 180–181, 226, 296–297, 370
A angelfishes 318–319 beaks see bills
anglerfishes 45, 271, 354 arms 13, 16, 37, 72, 213 bears 47, 228, 204–205, 306–307,
aardvarks 364 Angolan free-tailed bat 297 see also forelimbs
abdomen 49, 70, 188, 193 animals, classification of, 322–323 mammals 218, 236–237, 240 374
aboriginal art 76–77 animals, definition of 12–13 octopuses 242–243 bee-eaters 199, 396
Acanthopleura granulata (West Indian animals, types of 16–17 bees, 343
annelids 66–67, 188, 327 art, animals in beetles 18–19, 114–115, 140–141,
fuzzy chiton) 100–101 annulations 86, 169 aboriginal 76–77
Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah) 84–85, 203 anoles 113 Chinese 172–173 142–143, 144, 342
Acraea terpsicore (tawny coaster butterfly) anteaters 76, 368 Egyptian 290, 294–295 bells (jellyfish) 36–37
antelopes 84, 86–87, 128, 132–133, expressionist 130–131 bestiaries 59
314–315 frescos and mosaics 268–269 bilateral symmetry 16, 34, 42
Acryllium vulturinum (vulturine 228, 229 Indian 110–111 bills 187, 196–197, 198–199, 225, 227
antennae 49, 71, 114, 140–141, 148, Japanese 234–235 binocular vision 164
guineafowl) 120 medieval 58–59 binturong 377
Aethopyga saturata (black-throated 168–169 prehistoric 26–27 birds 22–23, 381–399
beetles 19 renaissance art 46–47
sunbird) 198 jointed 215 zoological 144–145, 200–201 ancestors of 14, 15
African clawed frog 52 Antennarius maculatus (clown frogfish) in art 47, 172–173, 200–201, 269,
African giant millipede 48 arthropods 17, 48–49, 69, 70, 96,
African pangolin 136–137 270–271 332–337, 340–345 295
African savanna elephant 56–57, 367 Antheraea polyphemus (polyphemus moth) bills 187, 196–197, 198–199, 225,
Agalychnis callidryas (red-eyed tree frog) jointed legs 214, 215
168–169 Ascaphus truei (tailed frog) 52 227
52 Anthracoceros malayanus (Malayan black asexual reproduction 301 climbing and perching 226–227
Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) Asian anaconda 105 eggs 308, 310–311
hornbill) 121 Asian giant centipede 49 flight 284–285, 288–289
204–205 Antilope cervicapra (blackbuck) 128 Asian water monitor 150–151
albatrosses 171, 288, 289, 387 antlers 87, 88–89, 114 Ateles fusciceps (brown-headed spider see also feathers
Alca torda (razorbill) 290 ants 343 hovering 292–293
Alcedo atthis (common kingfisher) apes 137, 174, 236–237, 238–239, 246 monkey) 246 flippers 290–291
Atlantic puffin 199 kingfishers 166–167
166–167, 310 orangutans 208–209, 240–241 Audubon, John James 200, 201 lammergeiers 286–287
algae 12, 186 apodemes 215, 232 auks 290, 392 sensory systems 146, 170–171,
al-Hasan, Abu 110, 111 appendicular skeleton 75, 78 aves 381–399
Alitta virens (king ragworm) 66–67 Aptenodytes forsteri (emperor penguins) 176–177
alligators 106–107, 202, 308–309, 361 see also birds skeletons 82–83, 216
Alopex lagopus (Arctic fox) 126–127 290–291 avis 338–339 whydahs 248–249
Alpine ibex 158, 230–231 Apteryx mantelli (North Island brown avocets 198 birds of paradise 124
Altamira Cave, Spain 26, 26–27 axial skeleton 75, 78 birds of prey 390
Amazonian purple scarab 115 kiwi) 198 see also falcons
Ambystoma maculatum (spotted Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle) 288 B bison 26
Ara ararauna (blue-and-yellow macaw) biting reef worm 190–191
salamander) 21 backbone (spine) 50–51, 75, 78, 84 bivalve shells 102–103, 330
American cane toad 53, 96–97 198 vertebrae 15, 53, 74, 83 blackbuck 128
American flamingo 120, 186–187 Ara chloropterus (green-winged macaw) black-throated sunbird 198
American kestrel 289 badgers 376 black widow spider 192
amnion membrane 308 122–123 Balaeniceps rex (shoe bill) 196–197 blanket octopus, common 242
amniotes 21 Ara rubrogenys (red-fronted macaw) 121 Balearica regulorum (grey crowned crane) blood flow 60
amphibians 21, 92, 94, 96, 98, 202, arachnids 69, 142, 143, 333 blood suckers 191, 194
23, 120 blood vessels 56, 61, 197, 218, 296
356–357 see also scorpions; spiders Balistes vetula (queen triggerfish) 261 blowholes 182
see also frogs; toads Archaeobatrachian frogs 52 Balistoides conspicillum (clown triggerfish) blue-and-yellow macaw 198
fertilization 302–303 Archispirostreptus gigas (giant millipede) blue dragon sea slug 254–255
limbs and claws 216, 218 98 bluefin tuna 261
metamorphosis 316–317 48 ball shapes, for defenses 54–55, 71, 137 blue morpho, common 280–281
vomeronasal organs 151 Arctic animals 126–127, 306–307 banded bullfrog 52 blue shark 148–149
amplexus 302, 303 Arctic fox 126–127 banded wrasse 259 blue spiny lobster 214–215
ampullae 149, 213 Argentinian horned frog 52 barb 123, 245 bluish longhorn beetle 142–143
anacondas 22 Argusianus argus (great argus pheasant) Barbut, James 323

120
Aristotle 47
Armadillidium vulgare (common pill

woodlouse) 70–71
armadillos 54–55, 137, 368

boa constrictors 153, 359 California leaf-nosed bat 180 Chelonia mydas (green turtle) 272–273 collagen 12, 274 406 • 407 index
bobcat 158 California sea lion 146–147 chelonians see tortoises; turtles collar bones 82
Bonaparte’s gull 288 camouflage 94, 119, 243, 244 chemoreception 150–151 colonies 12, 32–33, 64–65, 245
bones 15, 78–79, 80, 112, 154, 287 Cherax destructor (common yabby
eggs 310 reefs 99, 188–189, 318
see also skeletons fishes 116–117, 267, 270 crayfish) 232–233 colors 105, 108–109, 116, 120, 186, 318
antlers 87, 88–89, 114 mammals 24, 128–129, 282 chevrotains 228
birds 82–83 reptiles 108, 262 chimaeras 349 for defenses 96, 168, 281, 304, 314
ears 177, 178 cane toads 33, 96–97 chimney swift 288 eggs 310–311
fishes 74–75 canines (teeth) 195, 202, 205 chimpanzees 208, 238 skin 96, 98–99
hinged 194, 216 Canis lupus (gray wolf) 159 Chinese art 172–173 in vision 162–163
horns 61, 78, 86–87, 134–135 Capnella imbricata (tree coral) 32–33 Chitala ornata (clown knifefish) 261 colugos 282–283
Capra ibex (Alpine ibex) 158 chitin 65, 69, 192, 278 comb jellies 40–41, 326
see also antlers; rhinophores Caprimulgus europaeus (European chitons 100–101, 328 communication 182, 208–209
vertebrae 15, 50, 53, 74, 78, 83 Chlamyphorus truncatus (pink fairy complex cell structures 12
bonobo 238–239 nightjar) 199 compound eyes 160–161, 163
bony-tongued fishes 351 Carabidae (ground beetles) 18 armadillo) 112–113, 137 conchin 101
boreal owl 176 caracaras 398 choanoflagellates 12 condors 390
Bornean orangutan 208–209, 240–241 Caranx ignobilis (giant trevally) Choeropsis liberiensis (pygmy Condylura cristata (star-nosed mole) 174
Bothriechis schlegelii (eyelash viper) contour feathers 121
259 hippopotamus) 194–195 convergent evolution 272
104–105 carapace 54, 68, 69, 80, 300 Choloepus hoffmanni (Hoffman’s two-toed copepods 41, 252
Bothus lunatus (peacock flounder) 116–117 Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (mangrove Coprophanaeus lancifer (Amazonian
Bovidae family 86, 87 sloth) 218
boxfishes 259 horseshoe crab) 68–69 chordates 16, 17, 347 purple scarab) 115
brachiation 237 Cariama cristata (red-legged seriema) Christmas tree worms 188–189 Coracias caudatus (lilac breasted roller)
Bradypus variegatus (brown-throated Chroicocephalus philadelphia (Bonaparte’s
121 120
three-toes sloth) 129, 218–219 Caribbean reef squid 252 gull) 288 corallite 64, 65
brains 25, 42, 60, 182, 239 caribou 89 chrysalis 314–315 Corallus caninus (emerald tree boa)
Carnivora order 202 Chrysaora fuscescens (Pacific sea nettle)
see also sensory systems carnivores 41, 146, 151, 179, 194, 205 153
branches (antlers) 88 36–37 corals 32–33, 34, 64–65, 101, 188,
branches (corals) 13, 32–33, 64, 65 see also cats; predators Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf) 178
breastbone 82, 285 big cats 44, 84, 202–203 cilia 12, 41, 43, 176 325
breeding see mating; offspring; carotenoids 98 ciliate 12 Cordulegaster bidentata (sombre
carp 235 civets 377
reproduction carrion 151, 171, 175 cladograms (family trees) 14, 16, 21, goldenring) 279
bristles, sensory (setae) 70, 142–143, carrion beetles 141 cormorants 389
cartilage 50, 74, 75, 174, 179 22, 24 cornification 137
146, 160, 193, 222, 223 casques 78, 79 clams 17, 102, 330 coronal muscle 37
brittle stars 16, 72, 212–213, 345 cassowaries 382 classification of animals 39, 322–323 Correlophus ciliatus (crested gecko) 105,
brood parasites 248 caterpillars 145, 314–315 claws
brown-headed spider monkey 246 catfishes 353 158
brown-throated three-toed sloth 129, cats 158, 202, 218, 294, 377 arthropods 49, 115, 215 Corucia zebrata (Solomon Islands skink)
see also cheetahs; leopards; lions; chelicerae 69, 193
218–219 mammals 218–219, 221, 226, 283, 246–247
browsers 207 tigers Coturnix japonica ( Japanese quail) 79
Brueghel family 144 caudal fins 260, 261 296 coverts 123
Bubo bubo (Eurasian eagle-owl) 158, cave paintings 26–27 reptiles 80, 222–223, 247 cows 207
centipedes 48–49, 214, 334 climbing animals 226–227, 246, 247 crabs 115, 131, 232, 252, 335
224–225 Centrocercus urophasianus (sage grouse) clingfishes 74–75 cranes 22, 120, 172, 173, 235, 295, 391
budding 301 Clione limacina (naked sea butterfly) crayfish 232–233, 234
budgerigars 201 125, 289 crested gecko 105, 158
bugs 304–305, 341 cephalopods 38, 331 252–253 crests 124–125
bullfrogs 52 cerata 94, 254 cloven hooves 228 crickets 338
bulls 26–27 Ceratophrys ornata (Argentinian horned clownfishes 261 crinoid 13
buoyancy 20, 166, 256, 290 clown frogfish 270–271 crocodiles 58, 107, 151, 361
burbots 257 frog) 52 clown knifefish 261 crocodilians 22, 106–107, 361
burrows 52, 128, 137, 146, 256 Ceratotherium simum (white rhino) 134–135 clown triggerfish 98 crows 311
Buteo regalis (ferruginous hawk) 288 Cervidae family 87 cnidarians 16, 325 crustaceans 17, 69, 214–215, 233, 252,
butterflies 144, 145, 280–281, Cervus elaphus (red deer) 88–89, 159
cetaceans 182, 274–275, 380 see also corals; jellyfishes; sea 301, 335
314–315, 343 Chaetura pelagica (chimney swift) 288 anemones see also crabs; lobsters; shrimp
butterflyfishes 78 chameleons 78, 108–109, 110 ,164, crystals 72, 98, 108, 109
coat 24, 126–127, 128–129, 146 ctenophores 40–41, 326
C 358 cobras 359 cuckoos 310, 393
Championica sp. 118–119 Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spotted Curculionidae (weevils) 19
caecilians 21, 356 cheetahs 84–85, 202–203 cutaneous gaseous exchange
caimans 361 chelae 68, 232 ladybug) 19
calcium 101, 135, 188, 311 chelicerae 69, 193, 332, 334 cockles 103 92, 94
Chelinus undulatus (humphead wrasse) cockroaches 340 cuticles 70, 141, 161
skeletons 31, 49, 65, 69, 72 cod 354 cuttlefishes 99, 331
98–99 coelacanths 21 Cyanocorax luxuosus (green jay) 288
Coeligena phalerata (white-tailed

starfrontlet) 293

D 262–263, 267 Eophona personata ( Japanese grosbeak) filtered 12, 186–187
doves 173, 392 198 herbivores 194, 205, 206–207
dactylozooids 244 down feathers 121 feelers see antennae
dactylus 232 dragonets 256 epidermis see skin feet 78, 95, 217, 228, 240, 292
dall sheep 128 dragonflies 278–279, 337 equids 229 climbing and perching 226–227,
damselflies 337 Dromaius novaehollandiae (emu) 311 Equus przewalskii (Przewalski’s horses)
dances, for display 125 droneflies 160–161 231, 241, 246
Daphnia (water fleas) 300–301 duck bills 154 229 geckos 222–223
Darwin, Charles 39, 201 ducks 173, 384 Equus quagga (zebra) 24, 129, 159 hooves 87, 132, 228–229, 231
da Vinci, Leonardo 47, 47 Dugesia sp. (flatworm) 156 Eristalis pertinax (tapered dronefly) raptors 224–225
deep-sea anglerfish 45 dugongs 274, 366 tube feet 212–213
deer 87, 88–89, 128, 221, 229,379 dung beetles 18 160–161 webbed feet 155, 217, 272, 302
defenses 112–113, 191, 232, 305 Dürer, Albrecht 46, 47, 47 Erithacus rubecula (European robin) 199 females 124, 132, 160, 303–304
Dytiscus marginalis (great diving beetle) Eudocimus ruber (scarlet ibis) 198 birds 248, 287
camouflage 94, 119, 243, 244 Eudorcas thomsonii (Thomson’s gazelle) horns 86, 87, 115, 135
eggs 310 19 lobsters 214
fishes 116–117, 267, 270 206–207 mammals 44–45, 218, 240, 307,
mammals 24, 128–129, 282 E Eudyptula minor (little penguin) 290
reptiles 108, 262 Eunectes sp. (anaconda) 22 312
eagle-owl 158, 224–225 Eunice aphroditois (biting reef worm) fennec foxes 179
changing shape 54–55, 71, 137 eagles 199, 288, 390 ferruginous hawk 288
colors and patterns 96, 168, 281, eardrum 176, 177, 178 190–191 fertilization 33, 300–301, 302–303,
ears 56, 154, 165, 176–177, 178–179, Eupholus Schoenherri (Schönherr’s blue
304, 314 306, 316
feathers 124 180 weevil) 19 fighting 114–115
horns 61, 78, 86–87, 134–135 earthworms 16, 49, 67, 327 Euphrynichus bacillifer (whip spider) 142 filter feeding 12, 186–187
mimicry 243 earwigs 338 Eurasian eagle-owl 158, 224–225, 394 finches 39
spines (defenses) 72, 103, 128, 215, ecdysozoans 16, 17 Eurasian jay 289 fingers 237, 238
echidnas 24, 76, 154, 362 European frog 52, 316–317
260, 263 echinoderms 16, 72–73, 344–345, 346 European mole 129 see also digits
toxins 65, 96–97 Echinops telfairi (lesser hedgehog tenrec) European nightjar 199 fins 116, 256, 260–261, 316
venom 36, 49, 72, 192–193, European robin 199
128 evolution 14–15, 39, 272 see also dorsal fins; pelvic fins;
245, 266–267 echolocation 180–181 excretion 100, 188 pectoral fins
Delphinus sp. (dolphin) 182–183 Eclectus roratus (eclectus parrot) 120 exocrine glands 132
demosponges 31 ectoderm 41 exoskeletons 16, 68–69 fishes 20–21, 50, 74–75, 76, 78, 194,
Dendrobatidae family 96 egg-laying mammals 24, 154, 362 256–257
dentary 194 eels 256, 268, 352 crustaceans 214, 232
dentine 105 eggs 300–301, 308–309 insects 48, 49, 70–71, 114, 143, 279 see also fins; rays (fish)
dewlaps 112–113 expressionist art 130–131 camouflage 116–117, 267, 270
Diadema setosum (long-spined urchin) amphibians 93, 302, 317 eyelash viper 104–105 flying fish 259, 264–265
birds 310–311 eyes 43, 156–157, 158–159 maturity 318–319
72–73 Egyptian art 294–295 beetles 140 sensory systems 149, 154
diastema 202, 207 Elasmucha grisea (parent bug) 304–305 birds 170, 177, 196 scales 98–99, 104, 105, 260
Didelphis virginana (Virginia opossum) electrical senses 149, 154–155 color vision 162–163 walking 270–271
elegant tern 288 compound 160–161 Flabellinopsis iodinea (Spanish shawl) 94
202 elephant fishes 155 fishes 116, 117 flagellum 12, 31, 140, 168–169
digestive systems 13, 132, 191, 192, elephant shrews 364 mammals 60, 154, 209, 231 flamingos 120, 186–187, 289, 388
elephants 56–57, 59, 158, 269, 269, photoreceptors 164–165 flatworms 42–43, 156, 326
205, 207 fleas 144, 300–301
digitigrade mammals 228 367 F flies 141, 160–161, 314, 342
digits 20, 216, 217, 218, 226, 272 elkhorn stag beetles 114–115 flight
elytra 19 faces 176, 177, 208–209 birds 284–285, 288
bats 296, 297 embryos 16, 51, 74, 300, 308, facets 160 feathers 22, 82, 122–123, 176,
hooves 228, 229 falcons 284–285, 288–289, 295, 295,
primates 165, 239 310, 312 284
dik-diks 132–133 emerald tree-boa 153 310, 398 insects 278–279
dimorphism 45 emperor angelfish 318–319 Falco tinnunculus (common kestrel) rodents 283
dinosaurs 14–15, 22, 24 emperor penguins 290–291 flightless birds 171
diplosegments 48 emperor scorpion 232 284–285 flippers 272–273, 274, 290–291
display emus 311, 382 fangs 192–193 floating 254
see also colors enamel 105, 206 feathers 23, 120–121, 124–125, 177, flounders 116–117
aposematic (warning) 266 endocrine glands 132 flukes 182, 274–275
appendages for 112, 115 endoderm 41 224, 287 flycatchers 201
for courtship 162, 248 endoskeleton 74–75 flight 83, 122–123, 176, 284–285, flying fish 259, 264–265
faces for 208–209 Enhydra lutris (southern sea otter) 129 flying foxes 296, 370
feathers for 23, 124–125 entomology art 144–145 288–289 fog beetles 18
dodo 110 enzymes 192, 207, 314 rictal bristles 146, 171 follicles 126, 146
dogs 179, 228 tail 83, 227, 248, 293 forelimbs 82, 155, 217, 219, 221, 226,
dolphins 174, 182–183, 272, 274 feather stars 344
dorsal fin 236, 256, 260–261, feeding 12, 66 282
birds 198–199, 288, 290, 292–293 four-horned antelope 86
carnivores 194, 202, 205, 287

four-winged flying fish 264–265 goats 87, 231 hedgehogs 59, 128, 372 incisors 195, 202, 207 408 • 409 index
foxes 126–127, 130, 159, 179 Gobiesox sp. (clingfish) 74–75 herbivores 24, 158, 194, 206–207 Indian flying fox (fruit bat) 226,
Franklin’s gull 288 golden eagle 288 hermaphrodites 41
Fratercula arctica (Atlantic puffin) 199 golden moles 365 herons 388 296–297
frilled lizard 112–113 goliath birdeater spiders 192–193 herrings 352 Indian mackerel 187
frills 112–113 gonozooids 33 Heteractis magnifica (magnificent sea Indian rhinoceros 135
frogfishes 271 gorgonians 64–65 Indian star tortoise 80–81
frogmouths 395 gorillas 158, 371 anemone) 34–35 infrared detection 152–153
frogs 21, 52–53, 79, 92–93, 96–97, Gould, John 39, 201, 201 Heterixalus alboguttatus (Madagascan injuries 56, 92
Goura scheepmakeri (southern crowned insects 17, 49, 160, 232, 336–343
217, 357 reed frog) 52
metamorphosis 316–317 pigeon) 124–125 hexapoda 336–337, 340–341 antennae 140
fruit bats 296–297 Goura Victoria (Victoria crowned pigeon) hibernation 307 in art 144, 145
funnel-web spider 192 hind limbs 21, 53, 216, 217, 226, 282 beetles 18–19, 114–115, 140–141,
fur 24, 126, 128–129 121 Hippocampus kuda (spotted seahorse)
see also hair grasping 232, 226–227 142–143, 144
Furcifer pardalis (panther chameleon) 262–263 exoskeletons see exoskeletons
prehensile tails 246–247, 263 hippopotamus 194–195, 379 katydids 118–119
108–109 thumbs 237, 238, 239, 296 Hipposideros pomona (pomona leaf-nosed metamorphosis 314–315
fuschia polyclad 42–43 grasshoppers 17, 144, 338 parent bug 304–305
gray wolf 159 bat) 180 wings 278–279, 280–281, 292
G great hammerhead shark 149 Hippotragus niger (sable antelope) 86–87 intestines 51, 77, 207
great white pelican 199 Hiroshige (Ando), Utagawa 234, 235 introduced animals 97
Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda colugo) great white shark 349 Hirundichthys sp. (four-winged flying fish) invertebrates 16, 68, 187, 214, 279, 304
282–283 grebes 387 see also exoskeletons
green bee-eater 199 264–265 eyes 164–165
gamebirds 385 green brittle star 212–213 Hoffman’s two-toed sloth 218 jaws 190–191
gametes 300 green iguana 113 hogs 174–175 iridophores 108
gamochonia (cephalopods) 38 green jay 288 Hokusai, Katsushika 235, 235
gannets 389 green tree python 152–153, 159 homodont dentition 202 J
Gao Jianfu and Gai Qifeng 173, 173 green turtle 272–273 honeyeaters 198
Garrulus glandarius (Eurasian jay) 289 green-winged macaw 122–123 honeyguides 397 jackals 295
gars 105 grey crowned crane 23 hoofed animals see hooves Jackson’s chameleon 78–79
gaseous exchange 92, 94 grooming 202, 218, 219 Hooke, Robert 144, 144 Jahangir, Emperor of India 110
gastropod shells 102–103, 329 ground beetles 18 hoopoes 310, 397 Japanese art 234–235
gastrozooids 33, 244 grouse 125, 289 hooves 87, 132, 228–229, 231, Japanese grosbeak 198
gazelles 84, 158, 206–207 guineafowl 120 Japanese pond turtle 79
geckos 105, 106, 158, 222–223, 322, gulls 82–83, 288, 392 378–379 Japanese quail 79
hormones 89, 108, 116, 132, 314, 316 Japanese tree frog 79
358 H hornbills 121, 198, 397 jaws 194–195
geese 295, 384 horns 61, 78, 86–87, 134–135
gender 318 Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich 38, 39 birds 82, 187, 197
genets 377 hagfishes 21, 194, 348 see also antlers carnivores 84, 202, 220, 221
Geochelone elegans (Indian star tortoise) hair 56, 179, 209, 219, 239 horses 26–27, 228–229 dinosaurs 14
horseshoe crab 68–69, 332 fishes 21, 74
80–81 cilia 12, 41, 43, 176 house mouse 79 herbivores 206
germination, corals 33 coat 126–127, 128–129, 146 hovering 236, 259, 278, 284, 292–293 invertebrates 72, 114, 190–191
gharials 361 setae (bristles) 70, 142–143, 146, humans 228, 238 mandibles 82, 114, 187, 194, 197, 233
giant centipede 49 hummingbirds 288, 292–293, 310, 395 ragworms 66
giant kingfisher 199 160, 193, 222, 223 humphead wrasse 98–99 jays 288, 289
giant millipede 48 whiskers (vibrissa) 146–147 Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (reticulated jellyfishes 16, 34, 36–37, 191,
giant panda 204–205 Haliaeetus pelagicus (Steller’s sea eagle)
giant trevally 259 glass frog) 92–93 244–245, 325
gibbons 236–237 199 hydration 61, 70 see also comb jellies
gills 21, 94, 100, 187, 316 hammerhead sharks 50–51, 149 hydrostatic skeletons 66–67 Jenyns, Reverend Leonard 39
hands 238–239, 240 hydrozoan 33 jewel beetles 18
arches 194 hares 46, 369 Hyla japonica ( Japanese tree frog) 79 John Dory 260
Giraffa camelopardalis (giraffe) 60–61, harlequin fishes 98 Hylobates pileatus (pleated gibbon) jointed legs 17, 49, 70, 214–215
hatching 300, 305, 308, 316, 317 jumping spider 156–157
129 hawks 288 236–237
giraffes 60–61, 129, 379 head 68, 99, 71, 101, 104 Hyman’s polyclad 42–43 K
glands 146, 171, 175, 191 hyoid bone 74, 79, 112, 113
see also skull hyraxes 366 kakapos 170–171
mammary 24 casques 78, 79 Kaloula pulchra (banded bullfrog) 52
scent 132–133, 305 polyclads 42, 43 I Kandinsky, Vassily 131
toxin 96, 97, 193, 266 hearing 165, 171, 176–177, 178–179 kangaroos 363
glass sponges 31 see also sonar ibex 158, 230–231, 379
Glaucus atlanticus (blue dragon sea slug) heart 60, 93, 176, 266 ibis 198, 295
254–255 hectocotylus 242 iguanas 113, 358
gliding animals 282–283 illicium 271
illustrations, zoological 38, 39, 144, 257

katydids 118–119 Lichenostomus melanops (yellow-tufted fur and skin 98, 126, 128–129 monkeys 246, 312, 371
keratin 23, 80, 197, 218, 230 honeyeater) 198 hooves 228, 231 monocular views 164
horns 86–87 monotremes 24, 154, 362
hair 126, 129 ligaments 123, 218 sensory systems 151, 158, 174–175, moorish idol 260
horns 86, 87, 135 lilac breasted roller 120 moose 89
scales 104, 107, 136, 137 limbs 21, 22, 216–217, 232, 238 178–179 Mopalia lignosa (woody chiton) 100
kestrels 284–285, 289 limpets 100, 101, 102 sexual dimorphism 45 Mops condylurus (Angolan free-tailed bat)
kingfishers 166–167, 199, 310, 396 lined chiton 100 teeth 202–203
king ragworm 66–67 Linnaeus, Carl 39, 144, 322 whiskers 146–147 297
king vulture 199 Linophryne arg yresca (deep-sea anglerfish) mammary glands 132 Morelia viridis (green tree python)
Kirk’s dik-dik 132–133 manatees 274, 366
kiwis 146, 198, 382 45 mandarinfishes 98 159
knees 79, 215, 230, 237, 296 lionfishes 266–267 mandibles 82, 114, 187, 194, 197, 233 Morpho peleides (common blue morpho)
“knuckle” walkers 238 lions 44–45, 84, 128, 159 maned wolf 178
koalas 363 lips 99, 209 manes 44–45 280–281
Komodo dragons 358 Litoria caerulea (White’s tree frog) 52 Manis tricuspis (African pangolin) Morus bassanus (northern gannet) 289
little penguin 290 mosquitos 141
L liver 93 136–137 moss katydid 119
lizards 22, 112–113, 150–151, 216, Mansur, Ustad 110, 110 moths 168–169, 281, 343
labial scales 152, 153 mantises 339 molting 69, 74, 106, 127, 192
lacewings 341 246–247, 358 mantle 100, 101 mouth 66, 72, 174, 169, 180, 190,
ladybugs 19 lobe-finned fishes 21, 350 marabou stork 199
lamellae 94, 141, 223 lobsters 214–215, 335 Marc, Franz 130, 131 317
lammergeiers 286–287 London Zoological Society 39, 201 maroon clownfish 261 see also feeding; jaws
lampreys 21, 194, 348 longhorn beetles 19, 142–143 marsupials 24, 312–313, 363 arthropods 19, 71, 114, 193, 232
Lamprima adolphinae (elkhorn stag loons 385 mating 108, 124, 132, 169, 188, 242 fishes 74, 194, 212, 263
Lophostoma silvicolum (white-throated mucus 42, 97, 187, 188, 212
beetles) 114–115 amphibians 32, 302–303, 317 mud-baths 56
Lampris guttatus (opah) 261 round-eared bat) 180 displays 23, 124–125, 248 mudpuppies 94
lancelets 21, 51, 347 Lota lota (burbot) 257 mammals 88–89, 205, 307 mudskipper 270
lanternfishes 354 lovebirds 398 Matisse, Henri 131 Mughal art 110–111
largemouth bass 261 Loxodonta africana (African savanna maturity 45, 108, 129, 205, 240, Murex pecten (Venus comb) 103
Larus melanocephalus (Mediterranean Muricea sp. (gorgonian) 64–65
elephant) 56–57 318–319 musk ox 128
gull) 82–83 lungfishes 21, 350 Mauremys japonica ( Japanese pond turtle) Mus musculus (house mouse) 79
larvae 155, 188, 252, lungs 81, 92, 93, 94, 316 Musophaga violacea (violet turaco) 121
Lynx rufus (bobcat) 158 79 mussels 102, 330
314, 316 maxillipeds 214, 233 mutation 14
Lascaux Caves, France 26 M mayflies 161, 279, 337 Myadestes townsendi (Townsend’s
leaf beetles 18 mechanoreceptors 154
leaf insects 339 macaws 121, 122–123, 198 medieval art 58–59 solitaire) 288
leatherback turtle 272 mackerel 187 Mediterranean gull 82–83 myriapods 49, 334
leeches 191, 327 Macrotus californicus (California Megaceryle maxima (giant kingfisher) myotomes 50, 51
legs 22, 78, 214–215, 316 mystacial pads 147
leaf-nosed bat) 180 199 mythical animals 58–59
arthropods 48–49 Madagascan reed frog 52 Melanerpes carolinus (red-breasted
birds 82, 83, 186, 224, 226–227 Madoqua kirkii (Kirk’s dik-dik) N
fins as 270–271 woodpecker) 227
frogs 96, 317 132–133 melanin 98, 99, 135, 281 naked sea butterfly 252–253
reptiles 113, 222, 246 maggots 314 Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) 128 natural history, study of 38–39
mammals 61, 165, 178, 228, magnificent sea anemone 34–35 Merian, Maria Sybilla 144, 145 natural selection, theory of 14, 39
Malayan black hornbill 121 Merops orientalis (green bee-eater) 199 Nebamum, tomb of 294, 295
237 males 44–45, 114–115, 124, 318 Mesobatrachian frogs 52 necks
spiders 142 mesoglea 41
lemurs 371 birds 248, 287 metamorphosis 188, 314–315, birds 79, 82, 187, 196
lenses see eyes eyes 160, 161 chelonians 81
leopards 129, 377 horns and antlers 86, 87, 89, 115, 316–317 mammals 60–61, 165, 219
Lepidopterans 281, 343 mice 79 nekton 252
Leptoptilos crumenifer (marabou stork) 132 microbes 207 nematocysts 245, 254
mammals 44–45, 60, 231, 240 Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) nematode worms 17
199 mating 109, 169, 188, 205, Nembrotha cristata (crested nembrotha) 94
Leptoptilos javanicus (lesser adjutant stork) 261 Neobatrachian frogs 52
302–303 millipedes 48–49, 334 nervous systems 12, 108, 116, 156
289 mammals 24–25, 56, 60, 94, 154, mimicry 119, 243, 311 bristles (setae) 70, 142–143, 146,
lesser hedgehog tenrec 128 mites 48, 333
Leucophaeus pipixcan (Franklin’s gull) 312–313, 362–380 mobility 72, 80, 239 160, 193, 222, 223
see also cats; dolphins; ibex; pandas; infrared detection 153
288 see also propulsion simple 34, 42
Leucothea multicornis (warty comb jelly) polar bears; marsupials; primates Mobula sp. (ray) 259 vomeronasal organs 150
claws 218–219 moles 129, 174, 372
36–37 egg-laying (monotremes) 24, mollusks 17, 100, 102–103, 242–243,
lichen katydids 118–119
154, 362 328–331
face and jaws 194, 208–209 monitor lizards 150–151
flukes 274–275

whiskers 146 P 289 prehensile tails 246–247, 263 410 • 411 index
nests 171, 248, 272, 308, 310 Phoenicopterus ruber (American flamingo) prehistoric paintings 26–27
newts 356 Pacific sea nettle 36–37 Premnas biaculeatus (maroon clownfish)
nightjars 199, 395 paddles 67, 274 120, 186–187
nocturnal animals 118, 146, 153, 165, palps 66, 191 photoreceptors 160, 164–165 261
pandas 204–205 Physalia physalis (Portuguese man o’ war) primates 137, 174, 236–237, 238–239,
171, 220 Pandinius imperator (emperor scorpion)
North Chinese leopard 129 244–245 246, 371
northern gannet 289 232 pigeons 121, 124–125, 392 see also chimpanzees; humans;
North Island brown kiwi 198 Pandion haliaetus (osprey) 225 pigments see colors
nose see nostrils; scent detection pangolins 136–137, 373 pigs 174–175 orangutans; tarsiers
nose leaves 180 Pan paniscus (bonobo) 238–239 pikas 369 Prionace glauca (blue shark) 148–149
nostrils Panthera leo (lion) 44–45, 128, 159 pill woodlouse, common 70–71 propodus 232
Panthera pardus japonensis (North Chinese pincers 68, 232–233 propulsion 80, 284, 285
birds 170, 171 pink fairy armadillo 137
mammals 61, 154, 174, 182 leopard) 129 pinnae, ear 165, 177, 178–179, 180, 283 underwater 37, 41, 237, 256, 259,
reptiles 151, 153 Panthera tigris (tiger) 159, 202, 220–221 pinnules 13, 188 263, 272, 290
tentacles 174 panther chameleon 108–109 pintailed whydah 248–249
notochords 16, 50, 51 panthers 59 Pipa sp. (Surinam toads) 317 see also swimming
Notolabris fucicola (banded wrasse) 259 panting 84, 202 pipes 17, 64 prosoma 68
nuthatches 227 Pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee) 238 placental mammals 24, 312 protein see collagen; keratin
nymphs 304 Panulirus versicolor (blue spiny lobster) plankton 13, 33, 36, 65, 187, 252–253 proto-feathers 120
plantigrade mammals 228 protohairs 146
O 214–215 plastron 80, 81 protozoa 12
Paracanthurus hepatus (regal blue tang) plates see scales protractable claws 218
Obelia 33 platypus 154–155, 362 Przewalski’s horses 229
Octopus berrima (southern keeled octopus) 261 pleated gibbon 236–237 Pseudobiceros hymanae (Hyman’s polyclad)
parakeets 398 Plectorhynchus chaetodonoides (harlequin
242–243 paralysis 34, 37, 192, 193, 245, 266 42–43
octopuses 100, 242–243, 331 Paramecium bursaria 12 fish) 98 Pseudoceros ferrugineus (fushia polyclad)
Odontodactylus scyllarus (peacock mantis parapodia 67, 252 pleopods 214
parental care 304–305, 317 Plocamopherus tilesii (Tilesius’s luminous 42–43
shrimp) 162–163 parent bug 304–305 pseudotentacles 43
offspring 219, 300–301 parotid glands 97 sea slug) 94–95 Pterois volitans (red lionfish) 266–267
parrotfishes 105 plumage 124–125, 166, 170, 171, 248, Pteropus giganteus (Indian flying fox)
see also eggs; marsupials; parrots 120, 170–171, 398
metamorphosis parthenogenetic eggs 301 287 226, 296–297
passerines 399 pneumatic bones 15, 83 pterosaurs 22
care of 304–305, 307, 318 patagium 282, 283, 296 poisons see toxins pterostigma 279
olfactory systems 150, 151, 153, 171, peacock flounder 116–117 polar bears 306–307 puffins 199
peacock mantis shrimp 162–163 Polo, Marco 58, 59 pupils 158–159
174 pectoral fins 74, 236, 260, 264, 267, polyclads 42–43 purple-crowned woodnymph 292–293
ommatidia 160, 163 polyphemus moth 168–169 pygmy hippopotamus 194–195
Oophaga pumilio (strawberry poison frog) 270 polyps 33, 36, 64–65, 244–245, 325 pythons 152–153, 159, 359
rays 259 Pomacanthus imperator (emperor angelfish)
96 seahorses 262 Q, R
opah 261 pedicel 87, 89, 140 318–319
Ophiarachna incrassata (green brittle star) pedipalps 303 pomona leaf-nosed bat 180 quails 79
Pelecanus onocrotalus (great white pelican) Pongo sp. (orangutan) 208–209, 240–241 queen triggerfish 261
212–213 199 pores 41, 70 quetzals 396
opisthosoma 68 pelicans 59, 199, 389 Portuguese man o’ war 244–245, 254 rabbits 164, 235, 369
opossums 202, 363 pelvic bones 81 possums 283, 363 raccoons 376
Opsilia coerulescens (bluish longhorn pelvic fins 74, 236, 260, 264, 267, Potamochoerus porcus (red river hog) radial symmetry 16, 31, 34–35, 72,
270–271, 303
beetle) 142–143 penguins 272, 290–291, 380, 386 174–175 213
orangutans 208–209, 240–241 pentadactyl arrangement 216, 217 Potamotrygon orbignyi (reticulated ragworms 66–67, 327
ornithological art 200–201 pentaradial symmetry 16, 72 rails 391
Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) Perca flavescens (yellow perch) 261 freshwater stingray) 259 Rana temporaria (European frog) 52,
perch (fish) 261, 355 pouches 312–313
154–155 perching animals 226–227 predators 13, 19, 36, 191, 245, 278 316–317
ospreys 225 petrels 387 raptors 14, 199, 224–225, 287, 288,
ossicles 178, 194 pheasants 110, 120, 124 see also carnivores; defenses; spiders
ossicones see horns pheromones 107, 168–169, 174 birds 179, 199, 224–225, 284–285, 289
Ostracion cubicus (yellow boxfish) 259 Phoca vitulina (common seal) 129 Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel)
ostriches 124, 381 Phoebastria albatrus (short-tailed 288
otters 376 camouflage 116, 129, 271 187
Ovibos moschatus (musk ox) 128 albatross) 289 jellyfish 36 rats 94
Ovis dalli (dall sheep) 128 Phoenicopterus roseus (greater flamingo) mammals 178, 307 rays (fish) 21, 238–239, 271, 349
owls 158, 176–177, 224–225, 310, 311, rays (spines) 263, 266, 271
see also cats razorbill 290
394 pupil shapes 158–159 rectrix feathers 121
in art 173, 295 venom 192–193 red-breasted woodpecker 227
oxen 128 sensory systems 149, 151, 152–153 red deer 88–89
oysters 102, 330 pregnancy 295, 307, 312 red-eyed tree frog 52

red fox 159 sawflies 343 sexual reproduction see fertilization; southern keeled octopus 242–243
red-fronted macaw 121 saw-toothed barracuda 20 mating; reproduction southern sea otter 129
red-legged seriema 121 scales 22, 104–105 spadix 242
red lionfish 266–267 sharks 21, 105, 148–149, 159, 187, 303, sparrows 311
red palm weevil 140–141 fishes 99, 260 349 spawn 188, 302, 316
red river hog 174–175 insects 281 sperm 188, 242, 300, 302, 303
reefs 65, 99, 188–189, 318 mammals 54, 128, 136–137 shearwaters 387 Sphryraena putnamae (saw-toothed
reef stonefish 267 reptiles 106–107, 108, 152, 153 shedding skin 106
Reeves, John 39 scalloped hammerhead shark 50–51 sheep 128, 231 barracuda) 20
regal blue tang 261 scallops 102, 330 shells 17, 72, 79, 80–81, 100–101 Sphyrna lewini (scalloped hammerhead)
remige feathers 121 scarab beetles 18, 115, 141
renaissance art 46–47 scarlet ibis 198 carapace 54, 68, 69, 300 50–51
reproduction 100, 302–303, 305, 312, Scarus ferrugineus (rusty parrotfish) 105 classification of 323 Sphyrna mokarran (great hammerhead
scent detection 168–169 eggs 310
318–319 scent glands 132 mollusks 102–103 shark) 149
see also eggs; mating; polyps Scleropages formosus (Asian arowana) 105 shoe bill 196–197 spicules 31
reptiles 22, 202, 246, 272–273, Scolopendra subspinipes (giant centipede) short-tailed albatross 289 spider monkeys 237, 246
short-tailed cownose ray 258 spiders 70, 142, 143, 156–157,
358–361 49 shoulders 54, 81, 82, 84, 155, 218, 236
see also alligators; crocodiles; geckos; scorpionfishes 266 shrews 56, 372 192–193, 303, 333
scorpions 232, 333 shrimps 162–163, 335 see also sea spiders
lizards; snakes; tortoises; turtles scutes 80, 106, 107, 260 shy albatross 171 spider sponge 30–31
respiration 94 sea anemones 33, 34–35, 36, 191, 325 silica 31, 206 spine (backbone) 50–51, 75, 78, 84
reticulated freshwater stingray 259 sea cows 274 silk 193 see also skeleton; vertebrates
reticulated giraffe 129 sea cucumbers 72, 346 silverfish 336 spines (defensive) 72, 103, 128, 215,
reticulated glass frog 92–93 seahorses 246, 262–263 silver tree gorgonian 64–65
rhabdome 160 sea lilies 344 simple cell structures 12 260, 263
Rhacophorus nigropalmatus ( Wallace’s sea lions 146–147, 375 siphonophores 244–245, 325 venomous 266–267
seals 129, 147, 306, 375 sirenians 274 spines (predatory) 213, 245
flying frog) 217 sea nettle 36–37 Sitta carolinensis (white-breasted spiracles 70
rhamphotheca, 197 sea otter 129 spiralians 16, 17
rheas 39, 382 sea slugs 94–95, 252–253, 254–255 nuthatch) 227 Spirobranchus giganteus (Christmas tree
rhinarium 174 sea snails 103 skeletons 66–67, 74–75, 78–79, 81, 84,
Rhinella marina (American cane toad) sea spiders 334 worm) 188–189
sea squirts 16, 17, 346 240 spokes 113
53, 96–97 sea urchins 72–73, 101, 346 see also exoskeletons sponges 12, 16, 17, 30–31, 324
rhinoceros 58, 134–135, 378 segmented bodies 48–49, 67, 71, 327 birds 82–83, 216 spotted salamanders 21
Rhinoceros unicornis (Indian rhinoceros) Semioptera wallacii (birds of paradise) colonies 64–65 spotted seahorse 262–263
echinoderms 72–73 springtails 336
135 124 skin 72, 92–93, 94, 132–133, 224, 243, squids 242, 252, 331
rhinophores 95 sensilla 71, 141, 169 squirrels 111, 283
Rhinoptera jayakari (short-tailed cownose sensory systems 43, 67, 71, 148–149 296–297 stag beetles 114–115
see also colors; scales starfishes 16, 72, 213, 345
ray) 258 see also antennae; eyes mammals 56, 134, 135, 239 star-nosed mole 174
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm bristles (setae) 70, 142–143, 146, patterns 45, 61, 80, 94, 98, 116, statocysts 37
Steller’s sea eagle 199
weevil) 140–141 160, 193, 222, 223 117, 168 stick insects 339
Rhyticeros undulatus (wreathed hornbill) electroreceptors 154–155 reptiles 106–107 stingers 232, 266
hearing 165, 171, 176–177, toxic 96–97
198 skinks 246–247, 358 jellyfishes 37, 244–245
ribs 75, 78, 79 178–179 skull 14, 75, 78, 79, 194 stingrays 259, 349
rictal bristles 146, 171 infrared detection 152–153 extensions 86–87 stomach 207
robins 199 smell, sense of 168–169, 170–171, herbivores 207 stonefish 267
rodents 146, 207, 283, 369 primates 240 storks 199, 289, 388
rollers 396 174–175, 178 skunks 128 strawberry poison frog 96
Roman art 268–269 sonar 180–181 slime 95, 97 Strigops habroptilus (kakapo) 170–171
Rosenbergia weiskei (longhorn beetle) 19 taste 66, 96, 150–151 sloths 218–219, 368 striped skunk 128
Rouault, Georges 131 vomeronasal organs 150–151 slugs 100, 102, 329 strutting 125
rove beetles 18 whiskers 146–147 smell, sense of 168–169, 170–171, sturgeon 260, 351
rusty parrotfish 105 Sepioteuthis sepiodea (Caribbean reef suckers, octopuses 242
rutting 89 174–175, 178 Sunda colugo 282–283
squid) 252 snails 100, 102, 329 Surinam toads 317
S seriemas 121 snakes 22, 104–105, 106, 150–151, swallows 216
serpulids 188, 359 swamp wallaby 312–313
sable antelope 86–87 setae (bristles) 142–143, 146, 160, 193, 152–153, 159, 359 swans 310, 384
sac, egg 300, 308 social signals 108, 112, 124, 168 sweat glands 61, 132
sage grouse 125, 289 222, 223 swifts 288, 395
salamanders 21, 356 sex (gender) 318 see also pheromones swim bladders 21, 256
salivary glands 191 sexual maturity 45, 108, 129, 205, 240, faces 208–209 swimming 36–37, 67, 252, 256–257,
salmon 355 Solomon Islands skink 246–247
Sarcoramphus papa (king vulture) 199 318–319 sonar 180–181 262–263
see also metamorphosis Soricidae family (shrew) 56
sexual organs 312, 318 southern crowned pigeon 124–125

symmetry 16, 31, 34–35, 42, 72, 213 tines 88 van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie 144 white-breasted nuthatch 227 412 • 413 index
Synanceia verrucosa (reef stonefish) 267 Titicaca water frog 92 Varanus salvator (Asian water monitor) white-dotted long-spined urchin 72–73
Synchiropus picturatus (dragonet) 256 tits 311 white-lipped pit-viper 105
Synchiropus splendidus (mandarinfish) 98 toads 21, 52, 53, 96–97, 317, 357 150–151 white-tailed starfrontlet 293
Systema Naturae 322 toes 218–219, 222–223, 224, 227, 237 veins 60, 279 white-throated round-eared bat 180
velvet 87, 88 White’s tree frog 52
T see also digits velvet worms 332 whitetip reef shark 159
Tolypeutes matacus (three-banded venom 36, 49, 72, 192–193, 245, whydahs 248–249
tadpoles 17, 316–317 wild horses (Przewalski’s) 229
tagmata 49 armadillo) 54–55 266–267 windpipe 60
tailed frog 52 tongues 74, 150–151, 153, 187, 242 Venus comb 103 wing cases 18–19, 115
tails 214, 274–275, 297 Tonicella lineata (lined chiton) 100 vertebrae 15, 50, 53, 74, 78, 83 wings 216
tortoises 22, 80–81 vertebral column see spine (backbone)
birds 83, 121, 122–123, 227, 248, totipotent animals 12 vertebrates 16–17, 21, 22, 50–51, 287 bats 296–297
293 Townsend’s solitaire 288 birds 78, 82–83, 121, 122, 166, 171,
toxins 65, 96–97 flying and gliding 282, 284
fishes 256, 260, 263 jaws 194–195 288–289
prehensile 246–247, 263 venom 36, 49, 72, 192–193, 245, limbs and claws 216–217, 218 flight 176, 284–285, 292–293
tadpoles 316–317 266–267 sensory systems 164, 174, 176 penguins 290
talons 176, 224, 225 shells 80–81 wingspans 297
Talpa europaea (European mole) 129 tragus 180 skeletons 74, 78–79 insects 118, 278–279, 280–281, 314
tangs 98, 261 tree coral 32–33 skin and hair 98, 126 see also wing cases
tapered dronefly 160–161 tree frogs 52, 79 vibrissa (whiskers) 146 rays 258–259
tapeworms 326 treeshrews 373 Victoria crowned pigeon 121 wolf spider 192
Tarsius tarsier (spectral tarsier) 161 Tremactopus violaceus (common blanket Vidua macroura (pintailed whydah) wolves 159, 178, 374
taste 66, 96, 150–151 wombs 312
tawny coaster butterfly 314–315 octopus) 242 248–249 woodblock art 234–235
teals 289 trevallies 259 Vinci, Leonardo da 47, 47 woodlice 70–71
teeth 191, 194–195, 197, 202–203, 205, Triaenodon obesus (whitetip reef shark) violet-crowned woodnymph 198 woodnymphs 198, 292
violet turaco 121 woodpeckers 173, 200, 227, 310, 397
206–207 159 vipers 104–105, 153, 359 woody chiton 100
Telmatobius culeus (Titicaca water frog) Trichechus sp. (manatee) 274 Virginia opossum 202 worms 17, 49, 188–189, 190–191,
triggerfish 98, 261 vision see eyes 326–327
92 Trikentrion flabelliforme (spider sponge) vomeronasal organs 150–151 flatworms 42–43, 156
telson 69 Vulpes vulpes (red fox) 159 ragworms 66–67
tendons 215, 218, 226 30–31 Vulpes zerda (fennec fox) 178–179 wrasse 98–99, 259
tenrecs 365 Trimeresurus albolabris (white-lipped vultures 171, 199, 286–287, 289, 311 wreathed hornbill 198
tentacles 33, 34, 36–37, 64, 174, vulturine guineafowl 120 wrists 204, 237, 282
pit-viper) 105
244–245, 254 Trioceros jacksonii ( Jackson’s chameleon) W X, Y, Z
termites 141, 340
terns 288 78–79 waders 392 Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) 52
test (shell) 72 trogons 396 Wallabia bicolor (swamp wallaby) yabby crayfish, common 232–233
Tetracerus quadricornis (four-horned tuataras 22, 360 yellow boxfish 259
tube feet 72, 212–213 312–313 yellow perch 261
antelope) 86 tuna 261 wallabies 76, 76, 312–313, 363 yellow tang 98
tetrapods 216–217 tunicates 347 Wallace’s flying frog 217 yellow-tufted honeyeater 198
Thalassarche cauta (shy albatross) 171 turacos 393 walruses 375 Zalophus californianus (California sea lion)
Thalasseus elegans (elegant tern) 288 turbinates 174 warblers 310
Thalurania colombica (purple-crowned turtles 22, 76, 79, 80, 272–273, 360 warm-blooded animals 24, 56 146–147
Tyrannosaurus 12 warts 96, 243 Zanclus cornutus (moorish idol) 260
woodnymph) 292–293 Tyto alba (barn owl) 176–177, 311 warty comb jelly 40–41 zebras 24, 128, 129, 159, 228, 378
Thalurania colombica colombica (violet- wasps 343 Zebrasoma flavescens (yellow tang) 98
U water fleas 300–301 Zeus faber ( John Dory) 260
crowned woodnymph) 198 waterfowl 384 Zhao Ji 172, 173
Theraphosa blondi (goliath birdeater) ukiyo-e 235 waterproof hair 129, 132, 146, 290 zoanthids 30–31
Underwoodisaurus milii (thick-tailed weapons see claws; horns Zoochlorella 12
192–193 webbed claws 283 zoology, study of 39, 144–145,
theraphotoxin 193 gecko) 106 webbed feet 155, 217, 272, 302
theropods 14, 15 unguligrade mammals 228 weasels 376 200–201
thick-tailed gecko 106 unicorns 58, 59 weevils 19, 140–141 zooplankton 13, 33, 36, 65, 187,
Thomson’s gazelle 84–85, 206–207 urchins 72–73, 101, 346 West Indian fuzzy chiton 100–101
thorax 68, 70, 188, 214, 279 urostyle 53 Western gorilla 158 252–253
three-banded armadillo 54–55 Ursus maritimus (polar bear) 306–307 whales 56, 59, 174, 187, 274, 380
throat 84, 112–113, 191 whip spider 142
thumbs 237, 238, 239, 296 V whiskers (vibrissa) 146–147
Thunnus thynnus (bluefin tuna) 261 white rhino 134–135
thyroxine 316 vagrant emperor dragonfly 278–279
tiger beetles 18 vanes (feathers) 122, 123, 124
tigers 76, 159, 202, 220–221 Van Gogh, Vincent 131, 131, 235
tinamous 381 van Kessel II, Jan 144, 144

acknowledgments

DK would like to thank the following The publisher would like to thank the GlobalP / Getty Images Plus. 37 Sartore, National Geographic Photo Ark
people at Smithsonian Enterprises: following for their kind permission to iStockphoto.com: GlobalP / Getty (tl). 94-95 National Geographic
reproduce their photographs: Images Plus (tc, tr, cra, bc). 38 Creative: David Liittschwager. 94 Getty
Product Development Manager Kunstformen der Natur by Ernst Images: David Doubilet / National
Kealy Gordon, (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; Haeckel. 39 Alamy Stock Photo: Geographic Image Collection (br).
f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Chronicle (tr); The Natural History naturepl.com: MYN / Sheri Mandel
Senior Manager, Licensed Museum (clb). 40-41 Alexander (crb). 96 FLPA: Piotr Naskrecki / Minden
Publishing The publisher would like to thank the Semenov. 41 Alexander Semenov. Pictures (tr). Image from the
Ellen Nanney following for their kind permission to 42-43 Alexander Semenov. 42 Biodiversity Heritage Library:
reproduce their photographs: naturepl.com: Jurgen Freund (br). 44-45 Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
Director, Licensed Publishing Getty Images: Gert Lavsen / 500Px Plus. London. (cla). 98-99 Greg Lecoeur
Jill Corcoran (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; 45 Carlsberg Foundation: (crb). Getty Underwater and Wildlife
c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Images: GP232 / E+ (cra). 46 Getty Photography. 98 Dreamstime.com:
Vice President, Consumer and Images: Heritage Images / Hulton Isselee (clb, cla). Getty Images: Life On
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DK would also like to thank the directors Oliinyk. 12-13 Alexander Semenov. 12 Dreamstime.com: Verastuchelova (tr). Natural History Museum, London (fbr).
and staff at the Natural History Museum, Alamy Stock Photo: Blickwinkel. 14-15 iStockphoto.com: Farinosa / Getty 103 Science Photo Library: Gilles
London, including Trudy Brannan and Getty Images: Eric Van Den Brulle / Images Plus (bl). naturepl.com: MYN / Mermet (c). 104-105 Brad Wilson
Colin Ziegler, for reading and correcting Oxford Scientific / Getty Images Plus. 16 JP Lawrence (tl). 53 Getty Images: Photography. 105 Alamy Stock Photo:
earlier versions of this book and providing Getty Images: David Liittschwager / Design Pics / Corey Hochachka (c). Martin Harvey (crb); www.pqpictures.co.uk
help and support with photoshoots, National Geographic Image Collection naturepl.com: MYN / Alfonso Lario (bl); (tc); Ron Steiner (tr). Dreamstime.com:
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of Mammals, Roberto Portelo Miguez. Roberto Nistri (tr). Getty Images: David Photo: Biosphoto (cra, crb, clb, cla). 55 Norbert Probst (cr). 106 naturepl.com:
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Thanks also to others who provided help Image Collection (cl); Nature / Universal naturepl.com: Daniel Heuclin (cla). Wilson Photography. 107 Brad Wilson
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naturepl.com: MYN / Javier Aznar (tl); Images: British Library, London, UK / © Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical
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Duncan Turner Piotr Naskrecki. 22 Brad Wilson (br). 66-67 Alexander Semenov. 67 Geographic Creative: Frans Lanting
Photography. 23 Brad Wilson Alexander Semenov. 69 Alamy Stock (crb). 120-121 Paul Hollingworth
Senior DTP Designer Photography. 24 Brad Wilson Photo: The Natural History Museum (bc). Photography. 122-123 iStockphoto.
Harish Aggarwal Photography. 25 Dreamstime.com: 70-71 Igor Siwanowicz. 72 Image com. 122 iStockphoto.com: GlobalP /
Abeselom Zerit. 26 Alamy Stock Photo: courtesy of Derek Dunlop: (bl). 74-75 Getty Images Plus (crb). 124-125
DTP Designers: Mohammad Rizwan, Heritage Image Partnership Ltd. 26-27 Igor Siwanowicz. 76 Getty Images: Dreamstime.com: Isselee. 124
Anita Yadav Bridgeman Images: Rock painting of a Education Images / Universal Images Bridgeman Images: Natural History
bull and horses, c.17000 BC (cave painting), Group (l). 77 Alamy Stock Photo: Age Museum, London, UK (tl). 125 Alamy
Senior Jacket Designer Prehistoric / Caves of Lascaux, Dordogne, Fotostock (t). Getty Images: Werner Stock Photo: Minden Pictures (br). 126
Suhita Dharamjit France. 28-29 Alamy Stock Photo: 19th Forman / Universal Images Group (bl). Getty Images: Arterra / Universal
era 2. 31 Alamy Stock Photo: SeaTops 78-79 All images © Iori Tomita / Images Group (ca). 126-127 FLPA: Sergey
Managing Jackets Editor (br). Getty Images: Auscape / Universal http://www.shinsekai-th.com/. 81 Gorshkov / Minden Pictures. 128 123RF.
Saloni Singh Images Group (bl). NOAA: NOAA Office Alamy Stock Photo: Blickwinkel (br); com: Graphiquez (tc). Alamy Stock
of Ocean Exploration and Research, 2017 Florilegius (bc). 82-83 Science Photo Photo: Nature Picture Library / Radomir
Jackets Editorial Coordinator American Samoa. (bc). 33 Alamy Stock Library: Arie Van ‘T Riet. 84-85 Jakubowski (cr). Dreamstime.com:
Priyanka Sharma Photo: Science History Images (br). 34 Thomas Vijayan. 86 Image from the Lukas Blazek (bc); Volodymyr Byrdyak (c).
Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Biodiversity Heritage Library: The 129 123RF.com: Theeraphan Satrakom
Image retoucher Images (cra). 36 iStockphoto.com: great and small game of India, Burma, & (tc); Dennis van de Water (tr).
Steve Crozier GlobalP / Getty Images Plus (bl, c, crb). Tibet (tl). 88-89 Getty Images: Jim Dreamstime.com: Isselee (c); Scheriton
Kunstformen der Natur by Ernst Cumming / Moment Open. 90-91 (tl); Klaphat (cl). National Geographic
Illustrator Haeckel: (cr). 36-37 iStockphoto.com: Dreamstime.com: Channarong Creative: Joel Sartore, National
Phil Gamble Pherngjanda. 92-93 Getty Images: Geographic Photo Ark (br). naturepl.
Matthieu Berroneau / 500Px Plus. 92 com: Suzi Eszterhas (cr). 130-131 Alamy
Additional illustrations National Geographic Creative: Joel Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership
Shahid Mahmood

Indexer
Elizabeth Wise

Ltd. 131 Alamy Stock Photo: Niday Stock Photo: The Picture Art Collection. caronsteelephotography.com: (tr). Underwater and Wildlife 414 • 415 acknowledgments
Picture Library (tr). 132-133 Alamy Stock 173 Alamy Stock Photo: Artokoloro Mary Evans Picture Library: Natural Photography. 274-275 Jorge Hauser.
Photo: Mauritius images GmbH. 132 Quint Lox Limited (r). 174-175 Alamy History Museum (br). 227 FLPA: Steve 274 Alamy Stock Photo: The History
Mogens Trolle: (bc). 134-135 Brad Stock Photo: Biosphoto. 174 Getty Gettle / Minden Pictures (l). Tony Beck & Collection (bc). 276 Dreamstime.com:
Wilson Photography. 135 Getty Images: Visuals Unlimited, Inc. / Ken Nina Stavlund / Always An Adventure Evgeny Turaev (bl, t). 276-277
Images: Parameswaran Pillai Catania. 178 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Inc.: (r). 228 Getty Images: Joel Sartore, Dreamstime.com: Evgeny Turaev.
Karunakaran / Corbis NX / Getty Images Young (ca). 178-179 Brad Wilson National Geographic Photo Ark / National 278-279 naturepl.com: MYN / Dimitris
Plus (tr). 136-137 National Geographic Photography. 180 FLPA: Piotr Naskrecki Geographic Image Collection (ca). 228-229 Poursanidis. 279 Dreamstime.com:
Creative. 137 Image from the / Minden Pictures (bl). Science Photo Thomas Vijayan. 230-231 Alamy Isselee. 280-281 Alamy Stock Photo:
Biodiversity Heritage Library: Library: Merlin D. Tuttle (bc); Merlin Stock Photo: Andrea Battisti. 232 Razvan Cornel Constantin. 281
Compléments de Buffon, 1838 / Lesson, R. Tuttle (br). 181 Kunstformen der Natur Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (tl). Bridgeman Images: © Florilegius (br).
P. (René Primevère), 1794-1849 (tc). by Ernst Haeckel. 182-183 Getty 232-233 Getty Images: Joel Sartore, Getty Images: Ricardo Jimenez / 500px
138-139 123RF.com: Patrick Guenette (c). Images: Alexander Safonov / Moment National Geographic Photo Ark / National Prime (tr). 282 Solent Picture Desk /
Dreamstime.com: Jeneses Imre. Select / Getty Images Plus. 182 Image Geographic Image Collection. 234-235 Solent News & Photo Agency,
140-141 Leonardo Capradossi / from the Biodiversity Heritage Alamy Stock Photo: Artokoloro Quint Southampton: © Hendy MP. 283 Getty
500px.com/leonardohortu96. 141 Library: Transactions of the Zoological Lox Limited. 235 Rijksmuseum, Images: Florilegius / SSPL (bc). Solent
Dreamstime.com: Photolandbest (br). Society of London.. 184-185 123RF.com: Amsterdam: Katsushika Hokusai (tc). Picture Desk / Solent News & Photo
142-143 Sebastián Jimenez Lopez. 142 Andreyoleynik. 186-187 naturepl.com: 236-237 National Geographic Agency, Southampton: © Hendy MP (t).
naturepl.com: MYN / Gil Wizen (tl). ZSSD. 187 Alamy Stock Photo: Creative: Joel Sartore, National 284-285 Alamy Stock Photo: Avalon /
144 Alamy Stock Photo: ART Collection WaterFrame (crb). 188-189 Dreamstime. Geographic Photo Ark. 237 National Photoshot License. 286-287 naturepl.
(crb); Pictorial Press Ltd (tr). 145 Image com: WetLizardPhotography. 190 Geographic Creative: Joel Sartore, com: Markus Varesvuo. 287
from the Biodiversity Heritage Science Photo Library: Scubazoo. 191 National Geographic Photo Ark (cr). 238 Dreamstime.com: Mikelane45 (br). 288
Library: Uniform: Metamorphosis Casper Douma: (ca). 192-193 Arno van Dreamstime.com: Isselee. 238-239 Shutterstock: Sanit Fuangnakhon (cl);
insectorum Surinamensium.. 146 Zon. 193 Getty Images: Tim Flach / Science Photo Library: Tony Camacho. Independent birds (cr). Slater Museum of
naturepl.com: Tui De Roy (bc). 146-147 Stone / Getty Images Plus (bl). 194 Alamy 240-241 National Geographic Natural History / University of Puget
Dreamstime.com: Anolis01. 148 Stock Photo: Nature Photographers Ltd Creative: Tim Laman. 240 Image from Sound: (tl, tr, clb, crb, bl, br). 289 123RF.
Duncan Leitch, David Julius Lab, (tl). 196-197 Robert Rendaric. 197 the Biodiversity Heritage Library: com: Pakhnyushchyy (cr). Slater Museum
University of California - San Getty Images: Erik Bevaart / EyeEm. The Cambridge Natural History / S. F. of Natural History / University of
Francisco. 149 Getty Images: SeaTops 198 123RF.com: Eric Isselee / isselee (bc). Harmer (bc). 242-243 National Puget Sound: (tl, tr, cl, clb, crb). 290-291
(tr). 152-153 © Ty Foster Photography. Dreamstime.com: Assoonas (cb); Nikolai Geographic Creative: © David Getty Images: Paul Nicklen / National
153 Dreamstime.com: Isselee (b). Sorokin (cr); Ozflash (clb); Gualberto Liittschwager 2015. 242 Hideki Abe Geographic Image Collection. 292-293
154-155 National Geographic Becerra (crb); Birdiegal717 (bl). 199 123RF. Photo Office / Hideki Abe: (tl). National Geographic Creative: Anand
Creative: Joel Sartore, National com: Gidtiya Buasai (cr); Miroslav Liska / 244-245 Aaron Ansarov. 245 Aaron Varma. 293 National Geographic
Geographic Photo Ark. 155 Bridgeman mirco1 (c); Jacoba Susanna Maria Ansarov. 246 Alamy Stock Photo: Arco Creative: Anand Varma. 294 Bridgeman
Images: © Purix Verlag Volker Christen Swanepoel (br). Dreamstime.com: Images GmbH (tr). 248-249 David Yeo. Images: British Museum, London, UK.
(crb). 156 Getty Images: David Sergio Boccardo (bl); Isselee (clb, cb, bc); 248 Alamy Stock Photo: Saverio Gatto. 295 akg-images: François Guénet (cr).
Liittschwager / National Geographic Jixin Yu (crb). 200 National Audubon 250-251 Dreamstime.com: Getty Images: Heritage Images / Hulton
Image Collection (tl). 156-157 Javier Society: John J. Audubon’s Birds of Channarong Pherngjanda. 252 Getty Archive (t). 297 naturepl.com: Piotr
Rupérez Bermejo. 158 Dreamstime. America. 201 Image from the Images: George Grall / National Naskrecki (tc). 298-299 123RF.com:
com: Martin Eager / Runique (c); Biodiversity Heritage Library: The Geographic Image Collection Magazines Patrick Guenette. 300-301 Alamy Stock
Gaschwald (tc); Joanna Zaleska (bc). Getty Birds of Australia, John Gould. (cr); The (tc). Kunstformen der Natur by Ernst Photo: Blickwinkel. 302-303 Alamy
Images: David Liittschwager / National Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Haeckel: (bc). 252-253 Alexander Stock Photo: Life on white. 303 Alamy
Geographic Image Collection (cr, br); Diana (tl). 202-203 Brad Wilson Photography. Semenov. 254 National Geographic Stock Photo: Life on white. 304-305 John
Robinson / 500px Prime (tl). naturepl. 204-205 National Geographic Creative: David Liittschwager. 254-255 Hallmen. 305 Alamy Stock Photo: Age
com: Roland Seitre (tr). 159 Dorling Creative: Ami Vitale. 205 Image from naturepl.com: Tony Wu. 257 UvA, Fotostock (br). 306-307 Sergey Dolya.
Kindersley: Thomas Marent (cl). Getty the Biodiversity Heritage Library: Bijzondere Collecties, Artis Travelling photographer. 307 Getty
Images: Fabrice Cahez / Nature Picture Recherches Sur Les Mammifères / Henri Bibliotheek. 258-259 Erik Almqvist Images: Jenny E. Ross / Corbis
Library (bl); Daniel Parent / 500Px Plus (c); Milne-Edwards, 1800-1885. 207 Alamy Photography. 259 Alamy Stock Photo: Documentary / Getty Images Plus.
Anton Eine / EyeEm (cr); Joel Sartore / Stock Photo: Danielle Davies (br). Sergey Uryadnikov (tr). 260 308-309 naturepl.com: Paul Marcellini.
National Geographic Image Collection (bc); 208-209 Brad Wilson Photography. Dreamstime.com: Isselee (c); Johannesk 310 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History
Jeff Rotman / Oxford Scientific / Getty 210-211 123RF.com: Channarong (bc). 261 Dorling Kindersley: Professor Museum (tl); Natural History Museum,
Images Plus (br). 160-161 John Joslin. Pherngjanda. 213 Alamy Stock Photo: Michael M. Mincarone (cr); Jerry Young London (tc, tr, cl, c, cr, br); Time Parmenter
161 John Hallmen. 164 iStockphoto. WaterFrame (br). 216 Science Photo (bl). Dreamstime.com: Deepcameo (clb); (bc). 311 Alamy Stock Photo: Nature
com: Arnowssr / Getty Images Plus (ca). Library: (cb); D. Roberts (tc). 217 FLPA: Isselee (cl, bc); Zweizug (c); Martinlisner Photographers Ltd / Paul R. Sterry (tr).
165 Getty Images: Joel Sartore, National Photo Researchers. 218 National (crb); Sneekerp (br). 264 Getty Images: Dorling Kindersley: Natural History
Geographic Photo Ark / National Geographic Creative: Joel Sartore, Leemage / Corbis Historical (bc). 264-265 Museum, London (ftl, tl, tc, fcl, fbl, cl, c, cr,
Geographic Image Collection. 166-167 National Geographic Photo Ark (ca). SeaPics.com: Blue Planet Archive. 266 bl, bc, br). 312-313 Michael Schwab. 312
FLPA: Paul Sawer. 168 naturepl.com: 218-219 National Geographic Dreamstime.com: Isselee (tc). 267 Alamy Stock Photo: Gerry Pearce (bc).
John Abbott (tl). 168-169 naturepl.com: Creative: Joel Sartore, National Alamy Stock Photo: Hemis (tr). 268 314-315 Getty Images: Rhonny
John Abbott. 170 National Geographic Geographic Photo Ark. 219 National Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Dayusasono / 500Px Plus. 316 naturepl.
Creative: Joel Sartore, National Geographic Creative: Christian Ziegler Images. 269 Digital image courtesy of com: MYN / Tim Hunt (bc, br). 317
Geographic Photo Ark. 171 Getty (tr). 220-221 Solent Picture Desk / the Getty’s Open Content Program.: Alamy Stock Photo: The Natural History
Images: DEA / A. De Gregorio / De Solent News & Photo Agency, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Museum (tc). National Geographic
Agostini (cra). National Geographic Southampton: Shivang Mehta. 223 International License (cl). Photo Scala, Creative: George Grall (tr). naturepl.
Creative: Joel Sartore, National Science Photo Library: Power And Florence: (tr). 272 naturepl.com: Pascal com: MYN / Tim Hunt (fbl, bc, br, fbr).
Geographic Photo Ark (cla). 172 Alamy Syred (tr). 225 © Kobeh (cb). 272-273 Greg Lecoeur 319 Alamy Stock Photo: Images &

acknowledgments 416 Stories. 320-321 123RF.com: Dmpank. Universal Images Group (cr). Mary Evans Heritage Library: Bilder-Atlas Zur Anirootboom1326 (bl); Colette6 (bc).
323 Mary Evans Picture Library: Picture Library: Florilegius (br). 341 Wissenschaftlich-Populären Image from the Biodiversity
Iberfoto. 324 Alamy Stock Photo: Jaime artscult.com: (cr). Image from the Naturgeschichte Der Wirbelthiere (cr). Heritage Library: British mammals (cr).
Franch Wildlife Photo (br); Andrey Biodiversity Heritage Library: Aid To iStockphoto.com: KenCanning / Getty 381 Alamy Stock Photo: The Picture
Nekrasov (bc). Dreamstime.com: John The Identification Of Insects (br). 342 Images Plus (bl); Carl Jani / Getty Images Art Collection (cr). Mary Evans Picture
Anderson (bl). Image from the Image from the Biodiversity Plus (bc). 362 Alamy Stock Photo: Library: (bc). 382 artscult.com: (cr).
Biodiversity Heritage Library: Heritage Library: Fauna Germanica, Auscape International Pty Ltd (br). Image iStockphoto.com: Ruskpp / Getty
Spongiologische Beiträge (cr). 325 Diptera (br); Natural history of the insects from the Biodiversity Heritage Images Plus (bc). 383 Alamy Stock
Dreamstime.com: Roberto Caucino (bl); of India (cr). 343 Image from the Library: The Mammals Of Australia. (cr). Photo: The Natural History Museum (cr).
Jolanta Wojcicka (bc); Keman (br); Biodiversity Heritage Library: Ants, 363 Alamy Stock Photo: Robertharding Dreamstime.com: Lukas Blazek (bl).
Pvb969924 (fbr). Image from the Bees, And Wasps ; A Record Of (fbr). Dreamstime.com: Tamara Bauer / Getty Images: Robin Bush / Oxford
Biodiversity Heritage Library: Observations On The Habits Of The Social Tamarabauer (br). Image from the Scientific / Getty Images Plus (fbr).
Challenger reports 1873-76 (cr). 326 Hymenoptera (bc); Papillons De Surinam Biodiversity Heritage Library: The naturepl.com: Tui De Roy (bc, br). 384
Alamy Stock Photo: 19th era (cr). Mary Dessinés D’après Nature (cr). 344 Alamy Mammals Of Australia (cr). iStockphoto. Dorling Kindersley: Blackpool Zoo,
Evans Picture Library: Florilegius (bc). Stock Photo: Reinhard Dirscherl (fbr); com: ArendTrent / Getty Images Plus (bl). Lancashire, UK (bl). Dreamstime.com:
327 Dreamstime.com: John Anderson The Protected Art Archive (cr). 364 artscult.com: (cr). Getty Images: Jiri Hrebicek (br); Roger Utting (bc).
(bl); Salparadis (bc); Photographyfirm (br); Dreamstime.com: Andamanse (br); Florilegius / SSPL (br). 365 Alamy Stock National Audubon Society: (cr). 385
Hotshotsworldwide (fbr). Image from the Aquanaut4 (bc). naturepl.com: Doug Photo: Monkey Business (bc). artscult. Wellcome Collection http://
Biodiversity Heritage Library: A Perrine (bl). 345 artscult.com: (cr). com: (cr). Dreamstime.com: Lukas creativecommons.org/licenses/
Monograph Of The British Marine Image from the Biodiversity Blazek (bl); Matthijs Kuijpers (fbr). by/4.0/: (br, cr). 386 Alamy Stock
Annelids. (cr). 328 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Library: Manuel D’actinologie SuperStock: Michael & Patricia Fogden / Photo: Florilegius (cr). Dreamstime.
Lee Rentz (bc). Dreamstime.com: Ou De Zoophytologie (bc). 346 Image Minden Pictures (br). 366 artscult.com: com: Lizgiv (bc); Vladimir Zaytsev (bl).
Pnwnature (br). Getty Images: Jeff from the Biodiversity Heritage (br). The New York Public Library: 387 iStockphoto.com: Ruskpp / Getty
Rotman / Photolibrary / Getty Images Plus Library: The British miscellany (cr); Illustrations of Indian zoology (cr). 367 Images Plus (cra). National Audubon
(bl). Image from the Biodiversity Popular History Of The Aquarium Of 123RF.com: Dinodia (bc). Alamy Stock Society: (br). 388 National Audubon
Heritage Library: The Naturalist’s Marine And Fresh-Water Animals And Photo: The Natural History Museum (cr). Society: (cr, bc). 389 National Audubon
Miscellany, Or Coloured Figures Of Plants (bc). 347 Alamy Stock Photo: Dreamstime.com: Ecophoto (br); Sergey Society: (cr, bc). 390 Dorling
Natural Objects (cr). 329 Alamy Stock Paulo Oliveira (br). Dreamstime.com: Uryadnikov (bl). 368 artscult.com: (br). Kindersley: Sean Hunter Photography
Photo: Hal Beral / VWPics (bl); The Alexander Ogurtsov (bc); Stephankerkhofs The New York Public Library: The (bc). Dreamstime.com: Ecophoto (br);
Natural History Museum (cr); Papilio (fbr). (bl). Science Photo Library: Mehau Viviparous Quadrupeds Of North America Brian Kushner (bl). National Audubon
Dreamstime.com: Reinhold Leitner Kulyk (cr). 348 artscult.com: (cra, br). (cr). 369 artscult.com: (br). The New Society: (cr). 391 National Audubon
(bc). Getty Images: Jasius / Moment (br). 349 Alamy Stock Photo: FLPA (bc). York Public Library: The Viviparous Society: (bc). Wellcome Collection
330 Dreamstime.com: Peter Leahy (br); Dreamstime.com: Greg Amptman (fbr); Quadrupeds Of North America (cr). 370 http://creativecommons.org/
Gordon Tipene (bl); Mosaymay (bc). Jagronick (bl); Zuzana Randlova / Nazzu Alamy Stock Photo: Blickwinkel (bc); licenses/by/4.0/: (cr). 392 National
Image from the Biodiversity (br). Image from the Biodiversity VWPics (br); Rudmer Zwerver (fbr). Audubon Society: (cr). The New York
Heritage Library: Edible British Heritage Library: A history of the fishes artscult.com: (cr). iStockphoto.com: Public Library: Illustrations of Indian
Mollusks (cr). 331 Alamy Stock Photo: of the British Islands. (cr). 350 Alamy Ivan Kuzmin / Getty Images Plus (bl). 371 zoology (bc). 393 Image from the
Michael Stubblefield (bc). Dreamstime. Stock Photo: The Natural History Alamy Stock Photo: Hemis (br). Biodiversity Heritage Library:
com: Flowersofsunny (bl); Izanbar (br); Museum (cra); Paulo Oliveira (bl); Kumar Dorling Kindersley: Thomas Marent Gemeinnüzzige Naturgeschichte des
Eugene Sim Junying (fbr). Image from Sriskandan (br). 351 artscult.com: (br). (bc). Image from the Biodiversity Thierreichs (bc). The New York Public
the Biodiversity Heritage Library: Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library: Histoire Naturelle Library: The birds of Great Britain (cr).
The Cephalopoda (cr). 332 Alamy Stock Heritage Library: British fresh water Des Mammifères (cr). 372 123RF.com: 394 Dorling Kindersley: Sean Hunter
Photo: The Picture Art Collection (cr). fishes (cra). 352 Image from the Piotr Krześlak (bl). artscult.com: (cr). Photography (br); British Wildlife Centre,
Image from the Biodiversity Biodiversity Heritage Library: Dreamstime.com: Dohnal (bc); Surrey, UK (bl, bc). Dreamstime.com:
Heritage Library: Dictionnaire Allgemeine Naturgeschichte Der Fische Mikelane45 (br). 373 artscult.com: (br). Alantunnicliffe (fbr). The New York
Classique Des Sciences Naturelles (bc). 333 (br); British Fresh Water Fishes (cr). 353 Image from the Biodiversity Public Library: The birds of Great
Alamy Stock Photo: Blickwinkel (fbr); artscult.com: (br). Image from the Heritage Library: The Naturalist’s Britain (cr). 395 iStockphoto.com:
Ivan Kuzmin (br). Dreamstime.com: Biodiversity Heritage Library: M.E. Miscellany, Or Coloured Figures Of Ruskpp / Getty Images Plus (cr). National
Ecophoto (bl); Ezumeimages (bc). Image Blochii Systema Ichthyologiae Iconibus Cx Natural Objects (cr). 374 artscult.com: Audubon Society: (bc). 396
from the Biodiversity Heritage Illustratum (cr). 354 Alamy Stock Photo: (br). Image from the Biodiversity iStockphoto.com: Ruskpp / Getty
Library: Dictionnaire Universel D’histoire PF-(usna1) (cr). artscult.com: (br). 355 Heritage Library: Dogs, jackals, wolves, Images Plus (cr). The New York Public
Naturelle (cr). 334 Alamy Stock Photo: Image from the Biodiversity and foxes: a monograph of the Canidae. (cr). Library: The birds of Great Britain (bc).
The Book Worm (cr). Image from the Heritage Library: The Fishes Of Illinois 375 artscult.com: (br). Image from 397 iStockphoto.com: Ruskpp / Getty
Biodiversity Heritage Library: The (br); Trout Fly-Fishing In America (cr). 356 the Biodiversity Heritage Library: Images Plus (cr). The New York Public
Naturalist’s Miscellany, Or Coloured artscult.com: (bc). Image from the The Mammals Of Australia. (cr). 376 Library: Histoire Naturelle Des Oiseaux
Figures Of Natural Objects (br). 335 Biodiversity Heritage Library: De Paradis Et Des Rolliers, Suivie De Celle
Alamy Stock Photo: Blickwinkel (br). Animaux venimeux et venins (cra). 357 artscult.com: (cr). Image from the Des Toucans Et Des Barbus (bc). 398
Dreamstime.com: Andreas Altenburger artscult.com: (cr). Dorling Biodiversity Heritage Library: The National Audubon Society: (cr).
/ Arrxxx (bc); Jsphotography (bl); Jaap Kindersley: Thomas Marent (bl, bc, br). Quadrupeds Of North America (br). 377 Wellcome Collection http://
Bleijenberg (fbr). Image from the Dreamstime.com: Valentino2 (fbr). 358 Image from the Biodiversity creativecommons.org/licenses/
Biodiversity Heritage Library: 123RF.com: Andrey Gudkov (br). Heritage Library: Archives du Muséum by/4.0/: (bc). 399 Dorling Kindersley:
Dictionnaire D’histoire Naturelle (cr). 336 artscult.com: (cr). Dreamstime.com: d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. (cr); Recherches Thomas Marent (bl). Dreamstime.com:
Bridgeman Images: © Purix Verlag Oxana Brigadirova / Larusov (bc); Cathy Pour Servir À L’histoire Naturelle Des Paul Reeves (br). National Audubon
Volker Christen (cr). Getty Images: De Keifer / Cathykeifer (bl); EPhotocorp (fbr). Mammifères (br). 378 123RF.com: Society: (cr)
Agostini Picture Library / De Agostini (br). 359 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young Thomas Samantzis (bl); Kongsak Sumano /
337 Alamy Stock Photo: The Natural (br). Dreamstime.com: Omar Ariff Ksumano (fbr). Dreamstime.com: Lukas Endpaper images: Front and Back:
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Entomology (cr). 338 Alamy Stock Library: Expédition dans les parties Heritage Library: Histoire Naturelle All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Photo: The History Collection (cr). Image centrales de l’Amérique du Sud (cr). 360 Des Mammifères (cr). 379 123RF.com:
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(bc). 339 Alamy Stock Photo: Florilegius And Turtles: Drawn From Life (br). 361 Dictionnaire Universel D’histoire Naturelle
(cr). artscult.com: (bc). 340 Getty Dreamstime.com: Vladislav Jirousek (cr). 380 Alamy Stock Photo: Brandon
Images: Encyclopaedia Britannica / (br). Image from the Biodiversity Cole Marine Photography (fbr); Doug
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