Virtual-RKCMUN-II-2020

MUN SOCIETY

PRESENTS
Virtual RKCMUN - II

DATE : 27th September 2020

VENUE: Online and Boy’s Multi Media

Committee Details of Virtual RKCMUN-II
2020

Date: 27th September 2020

Secretary General : Amee Barchha
Committee I

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

Agenda : Situation in Cyprus

Chairman : Amee Barchha

Vice. Chairman : Aaryaman Angre

Committee II

United Nations Environmental Programme. (UNEP)

Agenda : Steps to safeguard small island nations from

the impacts of rising sea levels

Chairman: Pratham Simaria

Vice Chairman: Aastha Gajera

Committee III

The Economic and Financial Council (ECOFIN)

Agenda : Taking measures to restructure the post
pandemic world economy.

Chairman: Dhrunal Belani
Vice Chairman: Het Joshi

Committee IV

All India Political Parties Meet (AIPPM)

Agenda : Distribution and Compensation of GST from
Central Government to State Governments

Chairman: Aarav Parekh
Vice Chairman: Dhriti Jogi

Team MUN

 Mr. Minu Pala
 Mr. Mitesh Popat
 Mr. Ritesh Vyas
 Ms. Shilpa Bawishi
 Ms. Hetal Parekh
 Ms. Anju Singh
 Ms. Aarti Sinha
 Ms. Falguni Katira
 Ms. Shivani Ahuja
 Ms. Jagruti Chudasama
 Ms. Jyoti Jadeja

All India Political Parties Meet (AIPPM)

Sr. No. Delegate's Name Portfolio

1 Meher Rupani Narendra Modi
2 Krisha Kotak Rahul Gandhi
3 Devarsh Borkhetariya Manish Sisodia
4 Tarang Dangar Mamta Banerjee
5 Aastha Kalariya P Chidambaram
6 Dhairyansh Shah Hemant Soren
7 Maher Gadhvi B S Yediyurappa
8 Jenisha Lakhwani Anurag Singh Thakur
9 Birva Jadeja Y S Jaggan Mohan Reddy
10 Purva Vithlani Nitish Kumar
11 Harvi Dobaria Vijay Rupani
12 Nency Khunt Capt. Amrinder Singh
13 Aadhyasha Swar Yogi Adityanath
14 Dhyey Nathwani Piyush Goyal
15 Kaushal Gohil N Biren Singh
16 Arya Mehta Pinarayi Vijayan
Thiru Edappadi K.
17 Ved Vachani Palaniswam
18 Hardik Belani Pramod Sawant
19 Aditya Buddha Udhav Thackeray
20 Mahesh Kanabar Naveen Patanaik
21 Arjun Oza Nirmala Sitharaman
22 Pranay Sorathia Shivraj Singh Chouhan
23 Parth Gajera Ashok Gehlot

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)

Sr. No. Delegate's Name Portfolio

1 Heta Faldu People's Republic of China
2 Sreeja Matravadia Tuvalu
3 Dian Dave Sri Lanka
4 Arya Vachhani India
5 Jiah Motiani Kiribati
6 Divyangini Jhala Iraq
7 Vedika Vachhani Germany
8 Sanjana Vekaria Bangladesh
9 Tirth Khunt Republic of Maldives
10 Alisagar Bharmal Thailand
11 Khush Mehta French Republic
12 Nisarg Kagda Netherlands
13 Viraj Kugasia South Africa
14 Jayarjun Angre Japan
15 Soham Doshi United Kingdom
16 Rudraduttsinh Vaghela United States of America
17 Mayan Chag North Korea
18 Ram Godhani Vietnam
19 Kabir Kansagra Russian Federation
20 Megh Joshi Marshall Islands
21 Shrey Sanghvi Australia

Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN)

Sr. No Delegate's Name Portfolio

1 Om Satani USA
2 Aashvi Kothari UK
3 Yashahvi Vadhya Russia
4 Rovita Vora France
5 Utkarsh Jadeja China
6 Prisha Gandhi Japan
7 Devanshi Gajjar India
8 Yuvraj Joshi Spain
9 Riddhasen Shah Italy
10 Sohan Viaiyani Czech Republic
11 Yuvraj Maru Iceland
12 Vinit Patel Iran
13 Yashraj Gorvadiya Iraq
14 Hem Kotadia Brazil
15 Mandpeshwar karetha South Africa
16 Megh Jivrajani Canada
17 Riya Dhakkan Germany
18 Vincy Buddhdev Australia
19 Saumya Chandarana South Korea
20 Devni Gajjar Denmark
21 Owais Lokhandwala Norway
Sweden
Netherlands

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

Sr. No. Delegate's Name Portfolio

1 Dev popat United States of America
2 Mahi Javia China
3 Rudraksh Vyas United Kingdom
4 Nisarg Parsana Russia
5 Pearl Vasoya France
6 Ayush Barott Cyprus
7 Devrat Jetva Greece
8 Sargam Vanzara Turkey
9 Rashi Mehta Lebanon
10 Mayan Chagg Syria
11 Devki Patel Bulgaria
12 Krish Patt Iran
13 Jiya Mehta Israel
14 Shivani Jadhav Somalia
15 Krishna Gohil Jordon

Priyanshi India
16 Raimangiya Saudi Arabia
17 Jai Patel

Virtual RKC MUN -II

BACKGROUND GUIDE

UNITED NATIONS
SECURITY COUNCIL

AGENDA: SITUATION IN CYPRUS

CHAIRPERSON: AMEE BARCHHA
VICE-CHAIRPERSON: AARYAMAN ANGRE

INDEX

 Letter from the Executive Board
 Introduction
 Major Problems
 Timeline
 Current Situation
 Human Rights Conditions
 Bloc Positions

 Cyprus
 Turkey
 Greece
 United Kingdom
 Questions, A Resolution must Answer
 Bibliography

LETTER FROM EXECUTIVE BOARD

Dear delegates,

It is our distinct pleasure to welcome you to the RKCMUN2020. We, the
executive board, will be monitoring and moderating the flow of debate inside
the committee.
All the delegates are expected to be well researched on the agenda in order to
maintain a proper flow of debate. Delegates are expected to read the study
guide thoroughly, research with respect to their country policies and make
proper claims backed up with evidence from a credible source.

Websites such as Wikipedia, Facebook, YouTube and other such non
credible websites shall not be accepted as evident sources.
The acceptable sources of information in the levels of credibility are as
follows:

1. All UN websites
2. Official country websites
3. International newspapers: Reuters, BBC, Al Jazeera

Delegates are expected to report to each committee session on time and
maintain its decorum. Failure to do so may result in barring the committee at
the discretion of the EB. All the delegates are expected to keep their gadgets
ready with a proper internet connection so that it doesn’t hinder the committee
flow.
We also expect delegates to be well versed with their country’s foreign
policy on the agenda. Deviations from it will result in loss of marks. We
hope that the committee has good debates with involvement from the whole
committee resulting in innovative and substantive solutions. If you have any
doubts regarding the guide or the committee, feel free to contact us at
[email protected] or [email protected].

Regards, Aaryaman Angre
[Vice-Chairperson]
Amee Barchha
[Chairperson]

INTRODUCTION

The island of Cyprus, located in the east Mediterranean Sea, is home to close
to 1.2 million residents, and is also host to a diplomatic dispute resulting in a
partition that has manifested there for more than four decades. The impetus of
the Cyprus conflict, at its 1core, is the fundamental ethnic tensions between
the two dominant groups inhabiting the island: the Greek and the Turkish
Cypriots. While the conflict has been classified as “non-violent” and
“comfortable”, it nevertheless warrants immediate resolution due to the
potential volatility of the situation, when considering Cyprus’ location near
the war zones of Syria, as well as its status as an EU member.

The root of the conflict, which stems back to a lack of national unity and
identity, first starts with the arrival of the Greeks on the island in the 13th
century B.C.E. It was soon overrun with an array of distinct peoples- a direct
consequence of its notable location,- but was never consistently ruled by one
empire until the appearance of the Ottomans in 1571, which brought
permanent Turkish settlement to the island. While the Greeks and Turks on
Cyprus lived relatively undisturbed and were rather friendly to each other,
their protracted attachment to the mainland correspondent of their ethnic
group hindered the development of a unified character that would have
defined the island’s independence and sovereignty.

Under the Cyprus Convention of 1878, the island came under British control,
for its protection against Russia’s aggressive territorial expansion, and in
1925, became a crown colony.
Starting during this period was a backlash to British rule, largely originating
from the emergence of a movement known as enosis, which called for Greek
annexation of Cyprus, and furthered efforts nationwide to establish
independence from Great Britain. This was strongly opposed by the Turkish
minority, which comprised roughly 20% of the Cypriot population.

During the 1950s, the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters, or EOKA,
fought a belligerent guerrilla campaign against British colonial control, and
pursued enosis as their end goal. In response, the Turkish Cypriots formed the
Turkish Resistance Organization, known as TMT, which advocated Taksim,
the Turkish word for division, or partition of the island. The Greek Cypriot
leader, Archbishop Makarios III, who had generally favored enosis, now
recognized Cypriot independence as a viable option to establish peace on the
island, as fighting between the two guerrilla groups had now led to domestic
unrest and increased casualties. In 1959, in order to settle the situation,
British, Turkish, Greek, and Cypriot leaders came together and agreed upon
the London-Zurich Agreements, which declared the island finally
independent.

However, Article IV of the Treaty of Guarantee allowed any of the three
former countries (the UK, Turkey, and Greece) to
step in to “[re-establish] the state of affairs created by the present Treaty,”
therefore inviting further foreign intervention on the island.

By 1974, escalating tensions on Cyprus, as well as foreign circumstances,
such as the military takeover of Greece, combined to create the boiling point
of the conflict to date. In July of that year, with the full support of the leader
of Greece’s military junta, the Cypriot National Guard staged a coup d’etat
that unseated Archbishop Makarios, and sent him into exile, and replacing
him with Nikos Sampson, who ultimately sought reunification with Greece
for the island. Turkey, which saw enosis as an immediate threat to the Turkish
minority, who were already targeted by EOKA for their “undesirable” status,
launched a small invasion of Cyprus to secure their safety, with control over
about 3% of the island’s population, citing Article IV of the Treaty of
Guarantee. Following a ceasefire and the collapse of the Greek military
dictatorship, Turkey sent a second wave of troops in what it called Operation
Attila, which now captured 40% of Cypriot territory, in the north of the
country. More than 150,000 Greek Cypriots were summarily displaced -for
most, permanently- from their homes in the north.

Despite the return of Archbishop Makarios and the restoration of peace and
order on the island, the partition was maintained by Turkey, whose invasions
became increasingly condemned in the international community. The UN,
which had already established a buffer zone, or Green Line, on Cyprus in the
1960s due to conflict between the two ethnic groups, further extended it to
ensure that fighting would not re-emerge. This has been, to date, the present
situation and state of affairs of Cyprus.

MAJOR PROBLEMS

Cyprus has effectively been partitioned since 1974, its Greek and Turkish
communities separated by the aforementioned buffer zone known as the
Green Line.
But unlike most conflict zones, Cyprus is more or less at peace today, and a
popular tourist destination. Hundreds of thousands of people have crossed the
line since travel restrictions were eased in 2003. The following year, the
country joined the European Union. Yet, the conflict continues to defy so
many efforts at resolution. This has as much to do with domestic politics on
both sides of the island as with pressures from Turkey and Greece as well as
Britain, the colonial-era ruler of Cyprus, James Ker-Lindsay, a scholar at the
London School of Economics and the author of several books on the Cyprus
conflict, said in a phone interview.

In 2016, the Greek Cypriot leader, Nicos Anastasiades, and
the Turkish Cypriot leader, Mustafa Akıncı, began five days of talks
brokered by the United Nations at Mont Pèlerin, a Swiss resort.
The secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, urged them “to do their utmost in
order to reach a settlement within2016,” and said “the prospect of a
solution in Cyprus is within their reach.”

In 2004, the Greek Cypriot community rejected a peace plan brokered by Mr.
Ban’s predecessor, Kofi Annan. “Society just wasn’t ready for a deal,” Mr.
Ker-Lindsay said. “What we’re seeing now, though, is that the two leaders
are much more aligned. The question is whether they can bring their
communities along with them.” But what went wrong in 2004?

The proposal included a power-sharing plan, along with a compromise on
former Greek Cypriot property. The plan also allowed a limited right of
return for displaced members of both communities, and gradual reductions of
Greek and Turkish troops. Momentum for the deal was
considerable.

In 2003, the Turkish Cypriot authorities relaxed travel restrictions, and within
two weeks, 200,000 people had crossed the Green Line. Turkey’s new prime
minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, supported the talks. One major incentive
was the Republic of Cyprus’s candidacy for membership in the European
Union. But in April 2004, a week before the country formally joined the
European Union, Greek Cypriots rejected the deal in a referendum, while
Turkish Cypriots voters approved it.

Subsequently, the peace envoy in the region was decommissioned. Fast
forwarding back to 2016, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has
further complicated the situation by saying that turkish troops would not be
withdrawn until all Greek troops are withdrawn, which the Greeks refuse to
do to maintain their security.

Timeline

 1914 - Cyprus annexed by Britain, after more than 300 years of
Ottoman rule. Britain had occupied the island in 1878, although
it remained nominally under Ottoman sovereignty.

 1925 - Becomes British colony.
 1955 - Greek Cypriots begin guerrilla war against British rule in

pursuit of unification with Greece.
 1956 - Archbishop Makarios, head of enosis campaign, deported

to the Seychelles.
 1959 - Archbishop Makarios returns and is elected president.
 Independence
 1960 - Cyprus gains independence after Greek and Turkish

communities reach agreement on a constitution. Treaty of
Guarantee gives Britain, Greece and Turkey the right to
intervene. Britain retains sovereignty over two military bases.
 1963 - President Makarios raises Turkish fears by proposing
constitutional changes which would abrogate power-sharing
arrangements. Inter-communal violence erupts. Turkish
community withdraws from power-sharing.
 1964 - United Nations peacekeeping force set up. Turkish
Cypriots withdraw into defended enclaves.
 1974 - Military junta in Greece backs coup against President
Makarios, who flees. Within days Turkish troops land in north.
Greek Cypriots flee their homes.
Coup collapses. Turkish forces occupy third of the island, enforce
partition between north and south roughly along the "Green Line"
ceasefire line drawn up by UN forces in 1963. About 165,000
Greek Cypriots flee or are driven from the Turkish-occupied north,
and about 45,000 Turkish Cypriots leave the south for the north.

 The UN Security Council unanimously passes a resolution
calling on Turkey to withdraw its troops from Cyrpus. Turkey
refuses to do so, despite repeated UN Security Council
resolutions making the same demand over the following
decades.

 1975 - Turkish Cypriots establish independent administration,
with Rauf Denktash as president. Population exchanges agreed.

 1977 - President Makarios dies, succeeded by Spyros
Kyprianou.

 1980 - UN-sponsored peace talks resume.
 1983 - Mr Denktash suspends talks and proclaims Turkish

Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognised only by Turkey.
 1994 - European Court of Justice rules that a list of goods,

including fruit and vegetables, are not eligible for preferential
treatment when exported by the Turkish Cypriot community
directly to the European Union.
 1998 - EU lists Cyprus as potential member. Government drops
plans to install Russian-made anti-aircraft missiles after Turkey
threatens military action. 2001 June - UN Security Council
renews its 36-year mission. Some 2,400 peacekeepers patrol the
buffer zone between Greek and Turkish Cypriots.
 2002 January - Clerides and Denktash begin UN-sponsored
negotiations after decades of stalled talks. Minds are
concentrated by EU membership aspirations.

 2002 November - UN Secretary General Kofi Annan presents a
comprehensive peace plan for Cyprus which envisages a
federation with two constituent parts, presided over by a rotating
presidency.

 2002 December - EU summit in Copenhagen invites Cyprus to
join in 2004 provided the two communities agree to UN plan by
early spring 2003. Without reunification, only the internationally
recognized Greek Cypriot part of the island will gain
membership.

 2003 April - Turkish and Greek Cypriots cross island's dividing
"green line" for first time in 30 years after Turkish Cypriot
authorities ease border restrictions.

 2004 April - Twin referendums on whether to accept UN
reunification plan in last-minute bid to achieve united EU entry.
Plan is endorsed by Turkish Cypriots but overwhelmingly
rejected by Greek Cypriots.

European Union Accession

 2004 May - Cyprus is one of 10 new states to join the EU, but
does so as a divided island.

 2004 December - Turkey agrees to extend its EU customs union
agreement to 10 new member states, including Cyprus. The
Turkish prime minister says this does not amount to a formal
recognition of Cyprus.

 2005 August - Cypriot airliner crashes near Athens, Greece,
killing all 121 passengers and crew. It is the island's worst
peacetime disaster.

 2006 July - UN-sponsored talks between President Tassos
Papadopoulos and Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat
agree a series of confidence-building measures and contacts
between the two communities.

 2007 January-March - Greek and Turkish Cypriots demolish
barriers dividing the old city of Nicosia. The moves are seen as

paving the way for another official crossing point on what used
to be a key commercial thoroughfare.
 2008 January - Cyprus adopts the Euro.

New talks

 2008 March - New left-wing President Demetris Christofias and
Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat agree to start formal
talks on reunification.

 2008 April - Symbolic Ledra Street crossing between the
Turkish and Greek sectors of Nicosia reopened for first time
since 1964.

 2010 April - Dervis Eroglu, who favours independence, wins
the Turkish north's leadership contest, beating pro-unity
incumbent Mehmet Ali Talat.

 2010 May - Re-unification talks resume with a new hardliner
representing the Turkish north.

 2011 May - Parliamentary polls. The the main rightwing
opposition party DISY wins by a narrow margin.

 2011 July - Navy chief Andreas Ioannides and 12 others die
when people when impounded Iranian containers of explosives
blow up at the main naval base and the country's main power
plant. 2011 September - Cyprus begins exploratory drilling for
oil and gas, prompting a diplomatic row with Turkey, which
responds by sending an oil vessel to waters off northern Cyprus.

 2012 April - The UN cancels plans for a Cyprus conference,
citing lack of progress on any of the substantial differences
between the two sides.

 Turkey's Turkish Petroleum Corporation begins drilling for oil
and gas onshore in northern Cyprus despite protests from the
Cypriot government that the action is illegal.

Financial Crisis

 2012 June - Cyprus appeals to European Union for financial
assistance to shore up its banks, which are heavily exposed to
the stumbling Greek economy.

 2013 February - Democratic Rally conservative candidate
Nicos Anastasiades wins presidential election.

 2013 March - President Anastasiades secures 10bn-euro bank
bailout from the European Union and IMF. Laiki Bank, the
country's second-biggest, is wound down and deposit-holders
with more than 100,000 euros will face big losses.

 2014 October - Cyprus suspends peace talks with Turkish-held
Cypriots in protest against what it calls efforts by Turkey to
prevent it from exploring gas fields south of the island. The EU
and US express concern over the tension.

 2015 February - At talks with his Russian counterpart Vladimir
Putin, President Anastasiades agrees to let the Russian navy
have access to Cypriot ports.

Reunification talks resume

 2015 May - Government and Turkish Cypriot negotiators
resume talks on reunification, which end inconclusively in July
2017.

 2016 January - President Anastasiades and Turkish Cypriot
leader Mustafa Akinci make an unprecedented joint New Year
television address in the midst of reunification talks.

 2018 November - First new buffer-zone crossings are opened in
eight years at Deryneia in the east and Lefke in the west.

Current Situation

Turkey to hold military drill off Cyprus as tensions rise with Greece
Turkey said it will hold a military exercise off northwest Cyprus for
the next two weeks, amid growing tension with Greece over disputed claims
to exploration rights in the east Mediterranean.

The long-running dispute between Turkey and Greece, both NATO members,
flared up after the two countries agreed rival accords on their maritime
boundaries with Libya and Egypt, and Turkey sent a survey vessel into
contested waters this month.

Both sides have held military exercises in the east Mediterranean,
highlighting the potential for the dispute over the extent of their continental
shelves to escalate into confrontation.

Two weeks ago Greek and Turkish frigates shadowing Turkey's Oruc Reis oil
and gas survey vessel collided, and Turkey's Defence Ministry said Turkish
F-16 jets on Thursday prevented six Greek F- 16s entering an area where
Turkey was operating

On Friday night Turkey issued a Navtex notice – an advisory message to
mariners – saying it would be holding a “gunnery exercise” from Saturday
until 11 September off northwest Cyprus.

The European Union's top diplomat said on Friday the bloc was preparing
sanctions against Turkey that could be discussed at a summit in late
September in response to Ankara's standoff with EU member Greece

.

Turkey's growing war of words with Greece and Cyprus
over Mediterranean drilling

Turkey was the main topic on the agenda as the EU's foreign policy chief
Josep Borrell arrived in Cyprus for talks on Thursday.
Tensions have been rising in the eastern Mediterranean since last year because of
differences over competing efforts to drill for gas.
The Cypriot government says Turkish ships have been drilling and
conducting seismic surveys in waters south of the island that are within its
exclusive rights.
But Turkey says that position ignores the claim of Turkish Cypriots to the
island's energy resources. It has sent its navy to protect its drill ship

Situation of COVID-19

According to the WHO Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation
Report on 4 May 2020, 206 299 confirmed cases and 7971 deaths had
occurred in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (2). Cyprus is the third largest
island in the Mediterranean with a population of approximately 375 000 in the
north, the majority of whom are Turkish Cypriots

Human Rights Conditions
The European Court of Human Rights has given the clear message that the
Cyprus issue is primarily an international case based on the violation of
human rights and international law by Turkey.
Furthermore, the Court has ruled on important issues of international law,
judicially verifying the legal status of the Republic of Cyprus and the illegal
actions of Turkey in Cyprus.
In fact Turkey's military action against the Republic of Cyprus violates the
independence and territorial integrity of the State and constitutes a flagrant
aggression, which is considered as an international crime according to
international law.

Furthermore, Turkey had unilaterally proclaimed the establishment of a
puppet 'autonomous administration' in the occupied part of Cyprus, propped
up by the military power of the Turkish occupying forces. Turkey's efforts to
establish an autonomous administration in the occupied north of Cyprus was,
of course, part of a plan to turn the de facto occupation into de jure and
partition the unified, sovereign, independent State of the Republic of Cyprus
into two different states. These actions are in contravention of article 195.1 of
the Cyprus Constitution, which provides that 'the territory of the Republic is
one and indivisible', and which Turkey had guaranteed to respect. It must be
stressed that such actions are also contrary to the United Nations Charter and,
generally, international law.

Turkey's intention to destroy the independence and sovereignty of the
Republic of Cyprus is proved, inter alia, by the continuation of military
operations by Turkish troops in Cyprus after the time set by the United
Nations Security Council for the cessation of hostilities.
This behavior was in flagrant violation of the Security Council's resolutions of
20 and 23 July 1974, under which the Council demanded an immediate end of
foreign military intervention in the Republic of Cyprus and requested the
withdrawal without delay of all foreign military personnel.

As a result of the Turkish aggression against Cyprus and the continuing
occupation of the northern part of the island by Turkish armed forces, the
Government of Cyprus has been prevented from exercising any form of
control, power or authority in respect of the area under Turkish occupation.
The Turkish occupying forces allowed no movement to and from the
occupied area by either Greek Cypriots or Turkish Cypriots for more than 28
years. It is only after succumbing to the pressure of mass demonstrations by
Turkish Cypriots demanding the reunification of the island that the illegal
regime – Turkey’s subordinate administration in the occupied partially lifted
restrictions on movement both ways across the ceasefire line on 23 April
2003. The Government of the Republic of Cyprus is prevented from applying
the laws of the State over the occupied area. Furthermore, the courts of the
Republic are prevented from applying justice in the said area.

Bloc Positions:-

 Cyprus: The internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus,

constituting the southern portion of the island and
comprisingofanethnically Greekmajority, calls or“bizonal,
bicommunal federation”, based on cooperation between the Greek
and Turkish Cypriots. The country holds reunification as the
prominent goal of peace talks, and is generally dismissive of
Turkish autonomy as an option to divvy up the island, instead
favoring a closer union. Cyprus also favors demilitarization of the
island by all foreign parties, and insists upon this as a way to de-
escalate potential conflict and maintain sovereignty.

 Turkey: While it is not completely clear what Turkey desires from the

resolution of the Cyprus conflict, they currently exercise considerable
influence, and wish to continue doing so, over the Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus, as they are the only country to recognize it as a
nation. Turkey is not in strong support of reunification of the island,
but does want an officiation of the current partition as the state of
affairs on Cyprus, and wishes to expand the territory under Turkish
Cypriot control.

 Greece: Ever since the height of tensions in 1974, the appetite forenosis

has long disappeared, and Greece, in the midst of dealing with a
crippling economic crisis, has no vested interest in reunification with the
mainland. However, like the officially recognized Republic of Cyprus,
the nation seeks a strongly linked and interconnected federation of the
two people groups on the island, where power is not determined by
ethnicity.

 United Kingdom: The UK has acted most prominently as an

administrator over the Cyprus peace negotiations, and seeks
reunification of the island as the only way to return peace and
stability.

QUESTIONS THAT A RESOLUTION
MUST ANSWER

 What was the reason which led to violence and
war like situation in Cyprus?

 The current situation in Cyprus is nonviolent,
What circumstances may lead to an escalation?

 What steps must UNSC take to curb any
further violations in the region?

 What is the role of UN in controlling the situation?

 What role has other countries played in dealing
with this situation?

Bibliography

https://www.hrw.org/europe/central-asia/cyprus

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40530370

http://www.hri.org/Cyprus/Cyprus_Problem/Turkish-Atrocities.html

https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000273005.pdf

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17217956

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/cyprus-gas-dispute-island-divided-
resource-control-200113085020161.html

https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/country/cyprus.html

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/cyprus-talks-fail-
170708082050243.html

https://in.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-conflict-factbox/factbox-key-issues-in-
cyprus-dispute-idUSTRE5A94EV20091110

https://in.reuters.com/article/us-belarus-election-eu-cyprus/turkey-cyprus-
dispute-holding-up-eus-belarus-sanctions-diplomats-say-idUSKBN2611FO

https://in.reuters.com/news/picture/turkey-cyprus-dispute-holding-up-eus-bel-
idINKBN2611H9

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-conflict-leaders/cyprus-leaders-
agree-to-seek-peace-again-but-disagreements-persist-idUSKCN1UZ1KD

Virtual RKCMUN-II

BACKGROUND GUIDE
THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL

COUNCIL

AGENDA: TAKING MEASURES TO

RESTRUCTURE THE POST PANDEMIC WORLD
ECONOMY

CHAIRPERSON: DHRUNAL BELANI

VICE-CHAIRPERSON: HET JOSHI

Dear delegates,

It is our distinct pleasure to welcome you to the RKCMUN2020. We, the
executive board, will be monitoring and moderating the flow of debate
inside the committee.

All the delegates are expected to be well researched on the agenda in
order to maintain a proper flow of debate. Delegates are expected to
read the study guide thoroughly, research with respect to their country
policies and make proper claims backed up with evidence from a
credible source.

Websites such as Wikipedia, Facebook, YouTube and other such non
credible websites shall not be accepted as evident sources. The
acceptable sources of information in the levels of credibility are as
follows:All UN websites, Official country websites, International
newspapers[Reuters, BBC, Al Jazeera].

Delegates are expected to report to each committee session on time
and maintain its decorum. Failure to do so may result in barring the
committee at the discretion of the EB. All the delegates are expected to
keep their gadgets ready with a proper internet connection so that it
doesn’t hinder the committee flow.

We also expect delegates to be well versed with their country’s foreign
policy on the agenda. Deviations from it will result in loss of marks. We
hope that the committee has good debates with involvement from the
whole committee resulting in innovative and substantive solutions. If
you have any doubts regarding the guide or the committee, feel free to
contact us [email protected] or at [email protected].

Regards,

Dhrunal Belani [CHAIRPERSON] Het Joshi [VICE-CHAIRPERSON]

INDEX

1) INTRODUCTION TO THE
COMMITTEE

2) INTRODUCTION TO THE AGENDA
3) GDP GROWTH RATES OF

DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
4) EMPLOYEMENT CRISIS
5) FINANCIAL CRISIS
6) OECD
7) CASE STUDIES
8) MEASURES TO RESTRUCTURE

THE POST PANDEMIC WORLD
ECONOMY
9) QUESTIONS, A RESOLUTION
MUST ANSWER
10) BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE

Economic and Financial committee is one of the six committees of the
UN General Assembly also known as the second committee. Like other
committees it was formed after the WW1. ECOFIN is open and equal to
all 193 member states of the UN. All resolutions passed in ECOFIN are
non-binding, nonetheless hold immense importance in the
international community. Through policy dialogue and oversight for
specialized agencies, functional commissions, and regional
commissions, ECOFIN’s mandate allows for the responsibility to address
problems with comprehensive approaches.

As the name implies the primary aim of ECOFIN is the promotion of
economic development. ECOFIN was created with the purpose to
“promote international co-operation in the economic field,” as
outlined in Article 13 of the United Nations. Charter of 26 June 1945.
According to its mandate, ECOFIN aims to discuss “macroeconomics
policy questions like financing for development, globalization and
eradication of poverty.’’

In the past ECOFIN has addressed issues of financial sustainability and
economic cooperation between countries. From general to specific
groups of countries, the committee has laid great stress upon the issue
of Least Developed Countries and Landlocked Developing Countries.
Moreover discusses variety of International Measures for preventing
financial crisis.

INTRODUCTION TO THE AGENDA

It is very common to hear nowadays that, “Economy is in a very bad
condition…”, “Businesses are collapsing!” or statements such as “GDPs
of countries are now a negative figure….” What does all this mean?
Before we start about how the pandemic has affected our economies
below are some few basic economic terms that will be used in the
further course of guide and will make the understanding of economics
easier for you.

1) GDP [Gross Domestic Product] -It is a monetary value of all
finished goods and services made within a country during a
specific period (It can be a quarter or a year). GDP provides an
economic snapshot of a country, used to estimate the size of an
economy and growth rate.

2) Fiscal incentives- It refers to the “monetary benefit” offered to
the enterprises by the governments in the form of tax savings,
discounts, loan on lesser interest rates etc.

3) Inflation Rate- The rate at which prices increase over time,
resulting in a fall in the purchasing value of money.
For ex- in 2010 a cup of coffee at star bucks cost me $1 but in
2020 if I want to purchase the same cup of coffee at the same
place it is costing me $1.25. It shows that purchasing power of
dollar decreased.

The economic crisis unleashed by the outbreak of COVID-19 is hurting
economies, regardless of income level. The most recent data from
UNIDO’s seasonally adjusted Index of Industrial Production (April 2020

vs. December 2019) indicate that both lower- and upper middle-income
countries have been significantly impacted by COVID-19.

Many people have lost their jobs or seen their incomes cut due to the
corona virus crisis. Unemployment rates have increased as a result
across all major economies.
In the United States, the proportion of people out of work has hit
10.4%, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), signaling
an end to a decade of expansion for one of the world's largest
economies.

Many countries are experiencing a recession, even though COVID-19
has not had a serious effect on them in terms of health. Even minor
public health events can severely affect firms in lower income countries
due to their poor socio-economic conditions (vulnerability) and their
weak capacity to respond to crises (resilience).

Moreover, in a globalized world, many countries are suffering indirect
consequences from value chain disruptions and lower international
demand for goods due to widespread recession.

IMF says that the global economy will shrink by 3% this year. It
described the decline as the worst since the Great Depression of the
1930s.

GDP GROWTH RATES OF DIFFERENT

COUNTRIES

The U.S. suffered its biggest economic decline since the government
began recording the index after World War II in the second quarter of
2020 as the novel coronavirus continues to ravage the economy,
leaving business shut and tens of millions unemployed.

Its GDP plunged 32.9 percent on an annualized basis, following a five-
percent decline in the first quarter. The historic crash is far worse than
the 8.4-percent quarterly drop during the 2007-2009 Great Recession.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest drop in GDP on record was
10 percent in 1958.

On the last day of August, data released by India's National Statistics
Office showed that the country's GDP in the April-June quarter this year
dropped by 23.9 percent year on year. The Indian media pointed out
that this was the biggest decline since the country began to release
quarterly economic data in 1996, and it was worse than the pessimistic
expectations of most economists.

On September 2, the Australian Bureau of Statistics again disclosed that
the country's GDP had shrunk by seven percent from the previous
quarter in Q2, marking the largest decline since 1959 on record.

The country joins the United States, Japan, UK and Germany in
technical recession, defined as two straight quarters of decline, in
Australia's first such downturn since 1991.

The U.S. economy contracted by 9.1 percent year on year in the second
quarter, the UK by 21.7 percent, France by 18.9 percent, Spain 22.1
percent, Italy 17.7 percent and Germany 11.3 percent. The whole euro

zone witnessed a 15-percent slide and Japan contracted by 9.9 percent
in the April-June period.

In addition to the world's major economies, South Africa's central bank
expects economy to shrink a stunning 40.1 percent in Q2, letting alone
Argentina immersed in negative growth since 2018.

Aside from these, a finance ministry report published in July showed
Saudi Arabia had notched up a deficit of 109.2 billion riyals (29.12
billion U.S. dollars) in the second quarter this year in that low oil prices
hurt revenues. The world’s largest oil exporter's Q2 oil revenues fell by
45 percent year on year to 25.5 billion U.S. dollars, with total revenues
dropping 49 percent to settle at nearly 36 billion U.S. dollars.

Among the G20 member countries hit by the COVID-19 pandemic,
China is the only country that resumed its growth trajectory in the
April-June period, with the rest fizzling into nothing or on cusp of
recession.

EMPLOYMENT CRISIS

The containment measures in response to the Covid-19 pandemic have
contributed to a severe decline in employment in both developed and
developing countries.

Almost 10 million people in the United States filed initial jobless claims
in the last two weeks of March, and the numbers have increased
significantly since then. The number of new claims also increased many
fold in Europe in the same period. Data released by the Center for
Monitoring the Indian Economy show a threefold increase in the
unemployment rate since the imposition of lockdown: from 8.4 per
cent in week ending March 22 to 23.4 per cent in the week ending April
25, with the increase being higher for urban areas than for rural areas.
Much of this spike happened within a week of the imposition of the
lockdown.

Workers in the informal sector, including self-employed persons, have
been affected particularly hard from the containment measures.

The immediate challenge for governments essentially involves
budgeting, or printing, more money: for multitrillion-dollar stimulus
programs like those in the U.S., or salary-support schemes favored in
Europe and elsewhere. And there is every likelihood that the sums
needed for such schemes will grow further.

But that may turn out to be the easy part. An even tougher challenge
lies ahead.

The best-case scenario envisages a fairly early exit from COVID-19,
through a combination of treatment or inoculation advances and a
staged reboot of the world economy. It’s a hope shared on all

continents, by governments democratic and authoritarian. A number of
U.S. states, as well as COVID-affected countries in Europe and Asia, are
now tentatively beginning to reopen for business.

But there’s a key question, even in a best-case scenario: How many of
the jobs lost to COVID-19 will be lost for good, or at least for a long time
after the economic reopening? That question is particularly acute in the
service economy – restaurants, leisure businesses, small retail shops –
and for the ILO’s 1.6 billion strugglers in the informal economy
worldwide.

The IMF and World Bank are also providing support through their
various lending facilities to financially constrained countries facing
health and funding shocks, and with weak health systems.

Some $10 trillion dollars worldwide have been spent supporting
workers and industry since the pandemic began “but this has been
highly concentrated; 88 per cent of that total has been spent by
advanced countries on advanced countries…that’s the equivalent of
about five per cent of GDP; the equivalent figure for developing and
emerging economies is 2.2 per cent, for the less developed countries,
it’s much less.”

Much will depend on the longer-term effects of the blow COVID-19 has
dealt to the world economy, through major slowdowns in the world’s
two leading economies, the U.S. and China, and huge disruptions to
international trade.

Economic imponderables, long-term mass joblessness – possibly on the
scale of the Great Depression in the 1930s – could pose major social
and political challenges.

FINANCIAL CRISIS

The rift between the US and China is a serious threat to the global
economic recovery. Co-operation is the only way the global economy
will emerge from the recession.

The world could look more like the world of 1900 when the great
powers were in competition if countries start to pull back from
globalization and pursue nationalist interests.

As wealthy nations spend trillions trying to keep businesses afloat, they
are relying on banks to maintain the flow of cash to industries and
offering loan repayment holidays to consumers.

In Europe, where banks have yet to recover from the 2008 North
Atlantic Financial Crisis, there are fears that bad loans will topple some
banks and financial institutions.

In the United States, President Donald Trump's administration has been
rolling back safeguards to prevent another financial crisis, relaxing rules

on how much money banks should have on hand to cover losses,
weakening stress tests and allowing more proprietary trade.

Remember when banks would bet against their own clients? For more
than a decade, banks stopped using their own money to bet on markets
but they have lent money to hedge funds to do just that.

Bloomberg calculated that Trump's tax cuts saved the US's top six banks
$32bn - at the same time these banks cut jobs, slashed borrowing and
ramped up payments to shareholders. The 2008 financial crisis has cost
US taxpayers an estimated $23 trillion or $70,000 dollars per American.

In Europe, despite politicians saying taxpayers would no longer be on
the hook for bailouts, they are still happening. In December, Germany's
$4bn rescue of Norddeutsche Landesbank-Girozentrale was approved
by the European Commission.

The former head of the World Bank has warned the world could look
like it did in 1900 if countries don’t work together to tackle the current
crisis.

The person he blames for causing much of the damage is US President
Donald Trump.

OECD [ORGANIZATION FOR
ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND

DEVELOPMENT]

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
is an international organization that works to build better policies.
Together with governments, policy makers and citizens, the
organization works on establishing evidence-based international
standards and finding solutions to a range of social, economic and
environmental challenges.

From improving economic performance and creating jobs to fostering
strong education and fighting international tax evasion, it provides a
unique forum and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of
experiences, best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies
and international standard-setting.

The OECD has estimated that the initial direct impact of the
containment measures could be a decline in the level of output ranging
from 15 per cent to 30 per cent (slightly below 20 per cent for India and
around 25 per cent for G7 countries).

1) The variations in the impact across economies reflect differences in
the composition of output.

2) Further, the OECD estimates that for each month that the
containment measures continue, the drop in output is equivalent to
a decline in annual GDP growth of up to 2 percentage points.

3) Thus, if the containment measures were in place for three months -
a reasonable assumption if one takes into account that in Wuhan
(China) the lockdown lasted for 76 days - annual GDP growth could
be between 4-6 percentage points lower than it otherwise might
have been (the OECD’s projection in early March for world GDP
growth was 2.4 per cent).

On this basis, global output could likely contract between 1.6 per cent
and 3.6 per cent in 2020. The latest projections of the International
Monetary Fund and Economic Intelligence Unit for world GDP growth in
2020 (–2.9 percent and –2.5 per cent, respectively) fall within this
range.

CASE STUDIES

United Kingdom

The UK is likely to be the hardest hit by Covid-19 among major
economies, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development has warned.

Britain's economy is likely to slump by 11.5% in 2020, slightly
outstripping falls in countries such as Germany, France, Spain and Italy,
it said. If there were a second peak in the pandemic, the UK economy
could contract by as much as 14%."The crisis will cast a long shadow
over the world," the OECD added.

It said that in what it called a "single-hit scenario", with no second
peak, there could be contractions of 11.4% in France, 11.1% in Spain,

11.3% in Italy and 6.6% in Germany. In its latest assessment, the OECD
found that the UK's largely service-based economy meant that it had
been particularly badly hit by the government's lockdown restrictions.
The services sector, including financial services, hospitality and tourism,
makes up about three-quarters of the UK's GDP.

France

France saw its sharpest economic contraction since World War II in the
first quarter as a lockdown from mid-March left shops shuttered and
consumers hunkered down at home, official data showed on Thursday.

French gross domestic product shrank 5.8% in the quarter from the
previous three months, the INSEE official statistics agency said. That
marked the second consecutive quarter the economy contracted, after
shrinking 0.1% in the fourth quarter of 2019, meaning it is technically in
recession.

The first quarter contraction was the biggest on a quarterly basis since
World War II, surpassing the previous record of -5.3% in the second
quarter of 1968 when France was gripped by civil unrest, mass
student protests and general strikes.

The slump even exceeded most economists' expectations, which on
average were for -3.5%, although estimates in Reuters poll went as low
as -7%. Since March 17, France's 67 million people have been ordered
to stay at home except to buy food, go to work, seek medical care or
get some exercise on their own.

India

The Indian economy was in one of its worst ever deceleration phases
even before the Covid-19 pandemic. GDP growth fell continuously for
eight quarters (except for a .08 percentage point blip between
December 2018 and March 2019).

It was 8.2% in March 2018 and had fallen to just 3.1% in March 2020.
Even before the full force of the pandemic hit India (which was really in
April-June quarter in terms of livelihoods; and July onwards in terms of
lives with both cases and deaths rising), the slowdown was already
worse than the one the Indian economy went through in 2011-12.

Back then, quarterly GDP growth fell from 10.3% in March 2011 to
4.9% in June 2012. However, the economy started recovering after
2011-12. Annual GDP growth fell from 8.5% in 2010-11 to 5.2% in 2011-
12. This contraction was followed by a sharp recovery until 2016-17.
This has not been the case this time and GDP growth has been falling
continuously since 2017-18.

China

The world's second biggest economy saw a sharp decline in the first
three months of the year during corona virus lockdowns.

But figures released show China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
returned to growth during April to June.

The numbers are being closely watched around the world as China
restarts its economy. The figure is higher than experts were predicting
and points towards a V-shaped recovery - that is, a sharp fall followed
by a quick recovery. It is quite shocking that when the rest of the

countries are struggling with their economy China is having a economic
growth day by day.

MEASURES TO RECONSTRUCT THE
POST PANDEMIC WORLD
ECONOMY

“Securing core public services, getting money directly to people and
maintaining the private sector will limit the harm and help prepare for
recovery.”

The corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic and the economic shutdowns
are dealing a severe blow to the global economy and especially poorer
countries.

Developing countries and the international community can take steps
now to speed recovery after the worst of the health crisis has passed
and blunt long-term adverse effects.

Short-term response measures to address the health emergency and
secure core public services will need to be accompanied by
comprehensive policies to boost long-term growth, including by
improving governance and business environments, and expanding and
improving the results of investment in education and public health.

To make future economies more resilient, many countries will need
systems that can build and retain more human and physical capital
during the recovery – using policies that reflect and encourage the
post-pandemic need for new types of jobs, businesses and governance
systems.

Policies to rebuild both in the short and long-term entail strengthening
health services and putting in place very targeted stimulus measures to
help reignite growth.

This includes efforts to maintain the private sector and get money
directly to people so that we may see a quicker return to business
creation after this pandemic has passed.

During the mitigation period, countries should focus on sustaining
economic activity with targeted support to provide liquidity to
households, firms and government essential services. At the same time,
policymakers should remain vigilant to counter potential financial
disruptions.

QUESTIONS, A RESOLUTION MUST
ANSWER

1) The primary question that must be answered is that as an
international organization how can the number of jobs be
increased, so to provide a livelihood and a basic standard of living
for people.

2) It is also important to find solutions for how to circulate the
money in the economy so as to increase the demand right now.

3) What are the ways in which countries can co-operate with other
independent economic organizations to bring back stability.

4) What measures can be taken to revive the banking sector, the
core of the economy, which is almost destroyed by the pandemic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51706225

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52273988

https://www.unido.org/stories/coronavirus-economic-impact-10-july-
2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52199888

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-
54023163?intlink_from_url=&link_location=live-reporting-story

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-
insights/saving-our-livelihoods-from-covid-19-toward-an-economic-
recovery#

https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/start-here/2020/04/global-
economy-recover-covid-19-start-200407095907239.html

Virtual RKCMUN-II

BACKGROUND GUIDE
UNITED NATIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME

AGENDA: STEPS TO SAFEGUARD SMALL

ISLAND NATIONS FROM THE IMPACTS OF
RISING SEA LEVELS

CHAIRPERSON: PRATHAM SIMARIA

VICE-CHAIRPERSON: AASTHA GAJERA

Table of Content

Sr No. Topics
1. Letter from the EB
2. Introduction
3. Causes behind rising seas
4 Effects and Threats of Sea level rise on

Island nations
5 The Maldives
6 Marshall Islands
7 Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Other islands
8 Challenges faced by Small Island Nations
9 Past Actions and Plausible solutions
10. Questions, A Resolution Must Answer
11. Bibliography