52. Alonzo Calkins, Opium and the Opium Appetite (Lippincott, 1871), p.163. 53. Quoted in D. T. Courtwright, ‘The Female Opiate Addict in NineteenthCentury America’, Essays in Arts and Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2. (1982), p.164. 54. George Miller Beard quoted in Stephen R. Kandall, Substance and Shadow: Women and Addiction in the United States (Harvard University Press, 1999), p.29. 55. Quoted in ibid., p.37. 56. Barry Milligan, ‘Morphine-Addicted Doctors, the English Opium Eater, and Embattled Medical Authority’, Victorian Literature and Culture, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2005), p.545. 57. Ibid., p.541. Chapter Seven: A New Addiction, Prohibition and the Rise of the Gangster 1. M. J. D. Roberts, Making English Morals: Voluntary Association and Moral Reform in England, 1787–1886 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.165. 2. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Walter Scott Publishing, 1878), p.167. 3. Letter to the Editor, Boston Medical Surgery Journal (October 2, 1833), pp.117–20, 435. 4. Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (Allen Lane, 1982), p.193. 5. Society for the Study and Cure of Inebriety, Inaugural Address, April 25th 1884, Norman Kerr MD (H. K. Lewis, 1884), p.4. 6. Ibid. 7. ‘Dalrymple Home for Inebriates’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 29 (128) (January 1884), pp.615–16. 8. N. Kerr, ‘How to deal with inebriates’, Report of the III International Congresses against the Abuse of Spiritual Beverages in Christiania (Mallinske Boktrykkeri, 3–5 September 1890). 9. Kerr quoted in Jack S. Blocker, David M. Fahey and Ian R. Tyrrell (eds.), Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History (ABC CLIO, 2003), p.190. 10. http://bayer.com. 11. https://www.bayer.com/en/history.aspx.
12. H. Dreser and T. Floret, ‘Pharmakoligisches ueber einige morphinderivative’, Therapeutische Monatschefte, 12 (1898), pp.509–12, and H. Dreser, ‘Ueber die wirkung einiger Derivate des Morphins auf die Athmung’, Archiv fur Physiologie, 72 (1898), pp.485–521. 13. Tom Carnwath and Ian Smith, Heroin Century (Routledge, 2002), p.34. 14. José Cantón Navarro, History of Cuba (Union Nacional de Juristas, 2000), p.71. 15. Alma N. Bamero, ‘Opium: The Evolution of Policies, the Tolerance of the Vice, and the Proliferation of Contraband Trade in the Philippines, 1843– 1908’, Social Science Diliman (January–December 2006), 3:1–2, p.58. 16. Ibid., p.59. 17. Ibid., p.62. 18. Glenn A. May, ‘Why the United States Won the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902’, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 52, No. 4 (November 1983), p.356. 19. http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/benevolent.html. 20. Bamero, p.68. 21. Hamilton Wright, ‘Uncle Sam is the Worst Dope Fiend in the World’, New York Times, 12 March 1911. 22. Hamilton Wright, ‘The Opium Commission’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, No. 3 (July 1909), pp.648–73. 23. Ibid. 24. Caroline Jean Acker, Creating the American Junkie: Addiction Research in the Classic Age of Narcotic Control (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p.13. 25. Quoted in Carnwath and Smith, p.18. 26. International Opium Convention, The Hague, 1912, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, No. 3, Supplement: Official Documents (Jul., 1912), pp.177–92. 27. Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime (Wadsworth Publishing, 2009), p.2. 28. Luis Astorga, Drug Trafficking in Mexico: A First Assessment (UNESCO, 1999), p.11. 29. John J. Bailey, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.–Mexican Borderlands (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000),
p.69. 30. Ryan Gingeras, Heroin, Organized Crime and the Makings of Modern Turkey (Oxford University Press, 2014), p.33. 31. Ibid., p.73. 32. LIFE, 19 July 1943, p.86. 33. Ibid. 34. Brian G. Martin, ‘The Green Gang and the Guomindang State: Du Yuesheng and the Politics of Shanghai’, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 1 (February 1995), p.67. 35. Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin (Lawrence Hill Books, 2003), p.49. 36. Oriana Bandiera, ‘Land Reform, the Market for Protection, and the Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: Theory and Evidence’, Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 19, No. 1 (April 2003), p.227. 37. Arcangelo Dimico, ‘Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: The Market for Lemons’, paper delivered at Gothenburg University, 23 June 2014 (University of Gothenberg, appendix, table 3). 38. McCoy, p.29. 39. Ibid. 40. Carnwath and Smith, p.60. Chapter Eight: From the Somme to Saigon 1. Merritt Crawford quoted in Ellen Hampton, ‘How World War I Revolutionized Medicine’, The Atlantic, 24 February 2017. 2. Lea Doughty and Susan Heydon, ‘Medicine Supply During the First World War: Overcoming Shortages in New Zealand’, Health and History, Vol. 17, No. 2, Special Issue: World War I (2015), p.37. 3. Henry Cushing, From a Surgeon’s Journal (Little, Brown, 1936), p.16. 4. Ibid., p.33. 5. Doughty and Heydon, p.42. 6. Cushing, pp.45–6. 7. ‘Rise in Opium’, The Register, 27 April 1915, p.4. 8. H. D. Dakin, ‘Biochemistry and War Problems’, British Medical Journal
(23 June 1917), p.833. 9. Richard van Emden, The Soldier’s War (Bloomsbury, 2008), p.260. 10. Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History, Spring 1993: https://www.ncpedia.org/wwi-medicine-battlefield. 11. Ikramul Haq, ‘Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective’, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10 (University of California Press, 1996), p.954. 12. Cushing, p.281. 13. Jeffrey C. Larrabee, ‘A Tale Of Two Trucks: American Casualty Evacuation In World War I’, Icon, Vol. 14 (2008), p.130. 14. Axel Helmstädter and Svem Siebenand, ‘Drug shortages in World War I: How German Pharmacy Survived the Years of Crisis’, Pharmaceutical Historian 45 (2015), p.18. 15. Cushing, p.501. 16. Emden, p.205. 17. Bernard L. Rice, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 93, No. 4 (December 1997), p.316. 18. Ibid., p.318. 19. http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/medicalsupply/chapter2.htm. 20. League of Nations, Analysis of the International Trade in Morphine, Diacetylmorphine and Cocaine, for the years 1925–1930 (League of Nations Publications, 1930), p.29. 21. Quoted in Nicolas Rasmussen, ‘Medical Science and the Military: The Allies’ Use of Amphetamine during World War II’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Autumn 2011), p.207. 22. John Nicholl, Tony Rennell, Medic: Saving Lives (Penguin, 2010), p.120. 23. S. Suter, Health Psychophysiology (Taylor & Francis, 1986), p.97. 24. Emma Newlands, Civilians Into Soldiers: War, the Body and British Army Recruits, 1939–45 (Oxford University Press, 2014), p.160. 25. A. A. Berle Jr on behalf of the US Secretary of State, quoted in George W. Grayson, Mexico: Narco-Violence or Failed State (Transaction, 2010), p.54. 26. Interview with Edward Heath of the DEA, PBS Frontline, 2000. 27. Quoted in George W. Grayson, p.24. 28. Bernard L. Rice, ‘Recollections of a World War II Combat Medic’, Indiana
Magazine of History, Volume 3, Issue 4, 1997, p.343. 29. Patricia Posner, The Pharmacist of Auschwitz (Crux, 2017), Chapter 8 of preview edition. 30. Telford Taylor statement transcribed from United States Holocaust Museum recording. 31. Rice, pp.334–5. 32. Otto F. Apel MD and Pat Apel, MASH: An Army Surgeon in Korea (University Press of Kentucky, 1998), p.1. 33. John. M. Jennings, ‘The Forgotten Plague: Opium and Narcotic in Korea Under Japanese Rule, 1910–1945’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 4 (October 1995), p.795. 34. Ibid., p.799. 35. Pierre Arnaud Chouvy, Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy (I. B. Tauris, 2009), p.69. 36. Major Booker King, MD, FACS and Colonel Ismail Jatoi, MD, PhD, FACS, ‘The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy’, Journal of the National Medical Association (May 2005), p.649. 37. Ibid., p.652. 38. Albert E. Cowdrey, The Medic’s War (Center of Military History, United States Army, 1987), p.275. 39. Ibid., p.250. 40. Paul M. Edwards, The Korean War (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006), pp.106–7. 41. Richard Nixon, War on Drugs speech, 18 June 1971. 42. King and Jatoi, p.653. 43. https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/blackpanthers/1970/dope.htm. 44. Mark Jacobson, American Gangster: And Other Tales of New York (Atlantic, 2007), p.18. 45. Philip Caputo, A Rumour of a War (Pimlico, 1999), p.4. Chapter Nine: Afghanistan 1. Lillias Hamilton, A Vizier’s Daughter (John Murray, 1900), p.5.
2. Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (Princeton University Press, 1973), p.14. 3. Corruption Perceptions Index, 2016: https://www.transparency.org. 4. Quoted in Dupree, p.419. 5. Hamilton, p.6. 6. Ibid., p.3. 7. Emadi Hafizullah, Customs and Culture of Afghanistan (Greenwood Publishing, 2005), p.35. 8. Eric Newby, A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush (Pan Macmillan, 2008 edn.), p.72. 9. Sixth Emergency Special Session, Provisional Verbatim Record of the Third Meeting, Document, General Assembly, United Nations, 11 January 1980. 10. Footage of Ronald Reagan dedicating the Columbia featured in documentary Bitter Lake (BBC, 2015). 11. The Shahada, or testimony of belief, quoted in Frederick Mathewson Denny, An Introduction to Islam (Routledge, 2015), p.409. 12. Pierre Arnaud Chouvy, Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy (I.B. Tauris, 2009), p.48. 13. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale University Press), p.117. 14. Nora Boustany, ‘Busy are the peacemakers’, Washington Post, 10 January 1998. 15. Abdul Rashid as interviewed by Ahmed Rashid, quoted in Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale University Press), p.118. 16. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/AFG07_ExSum_web.pdf. 17. Mark Galeotti, Narcotics and Nationalism: Russian Drug Policies and Futures (New York University Center for Global Affairs, 2016), p.2. 18. Martin Jelsma, Learning Lessons from the Taliban Opium Ban (Transnational Institute, 2005), https://www.tni.org/en/archives/act/1594. 19. The Afghanistan Cannabis Survey, UNODC, 2009, p.7. 20. Afghan Opium Poppy Survey 2007 Executive Summary (UNODC, 2007), p.1.
21. Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Food Zone Report, http://mcn.gov.af/en/page/5138/5141. 22. Afghan Opium Poppy Survey 2007 Executive Summary (UNODC, 2014), p.6. 23. Ibid., p.4. 24. David Vassallo, ‘A short history of Camp Bastion Hospital: the two hospitals and unit deployments’, British Medical Journal, 28 February 2015, p.355. 25. G. S. Arul, et al., ‘Paediatric admissions to the British military hospital at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan’, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons (January 2012), pp.52–7. 26. Gregor Aisch, ‘How Isis Works’, New York Times, 24 September 2014. 27. Alexandra Fisher, ‘Africa’s Heroin Highway to the West’, Daily Beast, 11 May 2016. 28. Hiba Khan, ‘Isis and al-Qaeda’, Independent on Sunday, 16 April 2017. Chapter Ten: Heroin Chic, HIV and Generation Oxy 1. Jean Cocteau, Diary of an Addict (Longman, Green, 1932), p.11. 2. Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (George Newness, 1822), p.81. 3. Cocteau quoted in John Baxter, The Golden Moments of Paris (Museyon, 2014), p.135. 4. Tom Carnwath and Ian Smith, Heroin Century (Routledge, 2002), p.19. 5. Alan A. Block, ‘European Drug Traffic and Traffickers between the Wars: The Policy of Suppression and Its Consequences’, Journal of Social History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Winter 1989), pp.319–20. 6. Ibid., p.317. 7. Patrick H. Hughes, Noel W. Barker, Gail A. Crawford and Jerome H. Jaffe, ‘The Natural History of a Heroin Epidemic’, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1530426/pdf/amjph00729- 0095.pdf. 8. William S. Burroughs, Junky (Penguin, 2003), p.128. 9. Barry Miles, Call Me Burroughs: A Life (Twelve, 2015), p.55.
10. William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch: The Restored Text (Penguin, 2015), p.17. 11. Pille Taba, Andrew Lees and Gerald Stern, ‘Erich Harnack (1852–1915), and a Short History of Apomorphine’, European Neurology, 2013 (69), p.323. 12. Lees quoted by Robert McCrum, Observer, 14 October 2014. 13. William S. Burroughs, Rub Out the Words: The Letters of William S. Burroughs 1959–1974 (to the editor of the New Statesman, 4 March 1966) (Penguin, 2012), p.168. 14. Bowie quoted by Frank Mastropolo, Ultimate Classic Rock, 11 January 2016. 15. Craig Copetas, Rolling Stone, 28 February 1974. 16. Carnwath and Smith, p.55. 17. Paul Gerwitz, ‘Methadone Maintenance for Heroin Addicts’, Yale Law School Legal Repository, 1 January 1969, p.1175. 18. Michael Agar, ‘Going Through the Changes: Methadone in New York City’, Human Organization, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Fall 1977), p.291. 19. Gerwitz, p.1179. 20. Cary Bennett, ‘Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Disciplining the “Addict”’, Health and History, Vol. 13, No. 2, Special Feature: Health and Disability (2011), p.131. 21. Burroughs, Naked Lunch, p.18. 22. Agar, p.291. 23. Gerwitz, p.1195. 24. Ibid., p.1200. 25. http://www.timeisonourside.com/chron1971.html. 26. Rebecca Jones, Today, BBC Radio 4, 23 May 2011. 27. http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2013/09/complex-social-process. 28. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/20/science/candace-pert-67-explorer-ofthe-brain-dies.html. 29. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On (St Martin’s Press, 1987), p.xxi. 30. Ronald Reagan, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1986 (Office of the Federal Register, 1986), p.1182.
31. William W. Darrow. ‘Randy M. Shilts 1952–1994’, Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1994), p.249. 32. Ronald O. Valdiserri, T. Stephen Jones, Gary R. West, Carl H. Campbell, Jr. and P. Imani Thompson, ‘Where Injecting Drug Users Receive HIV Counseling and Testing’, Public Health Reports (1974–), Vol. 108, No. 3 (May–June 1993), p.295. 33. Shilts, p.xxiii. 34. The Age, 27 October 1992, p.127. 35. Sonny Shiu Hing Lo, The Politics of Cross-border Crime in Greater China: Case Studies of Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao (Routledge, 2009), p.187. 36. Fenton Bresler, The Trail of the Triads: An Investigation into International Crime (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980), p.1. 37. Ibid., p.2. 38. Steven Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (I.B. Tauris, 2004) p.276. 39. Greg Girard, City of Darkness: Life In Kowloon’s Walled City (Watermark, 1993). 40. Carol Jones and Jon Vagg, Criminal Justice in Hong Kong (Routledge, 2007), p.357. 41. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Drug Policy Profile: Poland (2014), p.5. 42. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/141189NCJRS.pdf. 43. Philip Matthews, ‘Chronicle of Malaysia, 11 January 1977’, in Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013 (Editions Didier Millet, 2013), p.128. 44. James Morton, The Mammoth Book of Gangs (Constable & Robinson, 2012), p.187. 45. http://hmt-sanctions.s3.amazonaws.com/sanctionsconlist.pdf, p.181. 46. U.S. Vulnerabilities to Money Laundering, Drugs, and Terrorist Financing: HSBC Case History, 17 July 2012, hearing transcript: https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/report-us-vulnerabilities-tomoney-laundering-drugs-and-terrorist-financing-hsbc-case-history. 47. Daniel Foggo, Telegraph, 27 April 2003: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/- news/uknews/1428462/Rachel-did-not-die-from-a-heroin-overdose.html.
48. Jason Bennetto, Independent, 12 November 2003: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/what-did-happen-torachel-77919.html. 49. Foggo: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1428462/Rachel-did-notdie-from-a-heroin-overdose.html. 50. Kevin M. De Cock, Reflections on 30 Years of AIDS: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358222/. 51. Max Daly, Vice, 18 January 2017, ‘This Is What Happened to the “Trainspotting” Generation of Heroin Users’. 52. http://dequinceyjynxie.blogspot.fr/2015/07/mad-dog-new-brunswicknj.html. 53. Ross Coomber, Perceptions of Illicit Drugs and Drug Users: MythUnderstandings and Policy Consequences, PhD thesis, 1999, University of Greenwich, p.27. 54. Ann Higgins, ‘Cut The Shit’, VICE, 1 December 2005. 55. United States v. Ross William Ulbricht (United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, Southern District of New York, 27 September 2014). 56. Cat Marnell, New York Times, 27 January 2017: https://www.nytimes.com/- 2017/01/27/style/cat-marnell-addiction-memoir-how-to-murder-yourlife.html. 57. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/ss/ss6506a1.htm. 58. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html. 59. Casey Leins, ‘New Hampshire: Ground Zero for Opioids’, US States and World Report, 28 June 2017. 60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Prescribing Rate Maps: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxrate-maps.html. 61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. County Prescribing Rates, 2012: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxcounty2012.html. 62. Amy Yukanin, ‘Poor, Rural and Addicted’, www.al.com, 24 August 2017. 63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Prescribing Rate Maps: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxrate-maps.html, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Drug Overdose Death Data: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html 64. Michael Nerheim quoted by James Fuller, ‘Suburban Counties Sue Drug
Makers Over Overdose Deaths’, Daily Herald, 21 December 2017. 65. David Crow, ‘US Seeks Fix For Its Opioid Addiction’, Financial Times, 11 September 2017. 66. Atul Gawande, Annals of Surgery, Vol. 265, Issue 4 (April 2017), p.693.
INDEX Abbasids ref1 Abdur Rahman Khan (Iron Emir) ref1 Abram, Thomas ref1 Abulcasis (al-Zahrawi) ref1 Academy of Gondeshapur (India) ref1 acetic anhydride ref1 acetylation ref1 Acosta, Cristobal ref1 Acre ref1 addiction ref1, ref2 and apps ref1 earliest document of drug ref1 early theories ref1 and Kerr ref1 legislation passed ref1 rehabilitation centres ref1 and working class ref1 see also heroin addiction; morphine addiction; opium addiction Afghanistan ref1 Alternative Livelihood programmes ref1 Amanullah’s reforms ref1 Camp Bastion ref1 cannabis supplier ref1 Durand Line ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 eradicating opium production attempts by NATO/US ref1, ref2 Helmand River Valley Project ref1 heroin addiction ref1
heroin production ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 history ref1 invasion of by United States (2001) ref1 Iron Emir’s rule ref1 and ISIS ref1, ref2 mujahideen ref1, ref2 Northern Alliance ref1 opium-poppy replacement project ref1 opium production ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Panjdeh Incident (1885) ref1, ref2 persecution of the Hazara people ref1 relations with Britain ref1 Sikh dispute ref1, ref2 Soviet invasion and occupation ref1 Soviet withdrawal ref1 and Taliban ref1, ref2, ref3 use of opium poppy for medicinal purposes ref1 Africa heroin smuggling ref1 Iberian trade with ref1 opium trade in North ref1 spice trade ref1 Africanus, Constantine ref1 AG Bayer ref1 Aguinaldo, Emilio ref1, ref2, ref3 AIDS see HIV/AIDS Ain Maliha (Israel) ref1 Akha people ref1 al-Kindi ref1, ref2 al-Qaeda ref1, ref2, ref3 al-Sabbāah, Hassan ref1 alcohol, combination of opium and ref1, ref2 alcoholism ref1 and Drunkards Act (1879) ref1, ref2, ref3 and Gin Craze ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Inebriates Act (1888) ref1 Rush’s book on ref1 Trotter’s essay on ref1 Alcott, Louisa May
Hospital Sketches ref1 Alder Wright, Charles Romley ref1, ref2, ref3 Alexander the Great ref1 Alexios I, Emperor ref1 Algeciras, Siege of (1342–4) ref1 Alphabay ref1 Alphanus of Monte Cassino ref1 Alston, Charles A Dissertation on Opium ref1 Amanullah ref1 ambergris ref1 America/Americans ref1 anti-Chinese sentiment ref1, ref2 association of blacks with cocaine ref1 attempts at eradicating opium production in Afghanistan ref1 banning of opium (1875) ref1, ref2 banning of opium (1909) ref1 Beat Generation ref1, ref2 and Boston Tea Party (1773) ref1 Chinese immigrants and opium dens ref1 Chinese labourers ref1 Harrison Act (1914) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 heroin addiction and epidemic ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and HIV/AIDS ref1, ref2 invasion of Afghanistan (2001) ref1 involvement of in establishing the Golden Triangle ref1, ref2 and Korean War ref1 medical advertising ref1 medical pioneers and patent medicines ref1 and Mexican opium production ref1 and MMT ref1, ref2 New York’s Cosa Nostra’s heroin trade ref1 opioid prescriptions ref1 opium contained in patent medicines ref1 opium dens and opium trade in Deadwood (South Dakota) ref1 opium prohibition ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and opium trade ref1, ref2 organized crime in ref1 Progressive Era ref1
prohibition of alcohol (Volstead Act) ref1, ref2 prosecution of darknet retailers ref1 Reagan’s campaign against drugs ref1 relations with China ref1 rise of morphinism ref1, ref2, ref3 spirit addiction ref1 use of opium by doctors ref1 War on Drugs ref1, ref2 war with Spain (1898) ref1 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ref1 American Civil War (1861–5) ref1 American Field Service ref1 American War of Independence ref1 American–Philippine War ref1 Amin, Hafizullah ref1, ref2 Amoy (Xiamen), capture of (1683) ref1 amphetamines ref1, ref2 anaesthesia early methods ref1 and First World War ref1 opium and early use of in ref1 anal fistula ref1 Anatolia ref1 Anel, Dominique ref1 Anel syringe ref1 Anglo–Dutch War ref1 Anglo-Oriental Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade ref1 Annan, Kofi ref1 Anslinger, Harry ref1 Anstie, Francis ref1 Antioch, Siege of (1098) ref1 antiseptics and First World War ref1 Antwerp ref1 Anzio Effect ref1 Apel, Otto ref1, ref2 apomorphine ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 apothecaries ref1, ref2, ref3 competition between doctors and ref1
as valued members of the community ref1 apothecary shops ref1 Arab world and cannabis ref1 medicine ref1 surgical procedures ref1 use of opium for medicinal purposes and as an anaesthetic ref1, ref2, ref3 Arcot, Siege of (1751) ref1 Arderne, John of ref1 Fistula in ano ref1 Arghandab Dam (Afghanistan) ref1 Aristotle ref1 On Sleeping ref1 Arnold, John ref1 ARPANET ref1 Arrow (ship) ref1 aspirin ref1, ref2, ref3 Assizes of Jerusalem ref1 Assyrian Herbal, The ref1 Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) ref1 Atkinson, Leslie ‘Ike’ ref1 Auckland, Lord ref1, ref2 Aurelius, Emperor Marcus ref1, ref2 Meditations ref1 Auschwitz camp ref1 Avesta ref1 Avicenna (Ibn-Sīnā) ref1, ref2, ref3 The Book of Healing ref1 Canon of Medicine ref1 Awsiter, John ref1 Ayer, James Cook ref1 Ayer’s Almanac ref1 Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral ref1 Ayyubid dynasty ref1 Babur ref1, ref2 Bacon, Francis ref1 History of Life and Death ref1 The New Instrument of Science ref1
Bactrian camel ref1 Badakshan ref1 Baghdad ref1, ref2 Banda Islands ref1, ref2 Banks, Joseph ref1 bankshalls ref1 barbiturates ref1 Barboas, Gonçalo Gil ref1 Barker, Fordyce ref1 Barnes, Nicky ref1 Bartholow, Robert ref1, ref2 Bayer ref1, ref2 Bayer Leverkusen ref1 Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) ref1 Beard, George Miller American Nervousness ref1 Beat Generation ref1, ref2 Beddoes, Thomas Hygëia ref1 Bedford, Duchess of ref1 Beecher, Henry ref1 Begim, Gulbadan ref1 Belon, Pierre ref1 Benevolent Assimilation (1898) ref1 Benezet, Anthony The Mighty Destroyer Displayed ref1 Bengal ref1 Benzedrine ref1, ref2 Bes (Egyptian god) ref1 betel-chewing ref1 Betts, Dr Thaddeus ref1 Betts, Leah ref1 Bhumibol, King ref1 bin Laden, Osama ref1, ref2, ref3 binomial nomenclature ref1 bitcoin ref1 Black Death (1346–53) ref1 Black Hole incident (1756) ref1 Black Panthers ref1
blacks association with cocaine in America ref1 Boadicea, Queen ref1 Boko Haram ref1 Bolivia ref1 Bonfadini Report (1876) ref1 Borgognoni, Theodoric ref1 Cyrugia ref1, ref2 Boston Tea Party (1773) ref1 Bowie, David ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Boyle, Robert ref1, ref2 Brent, Charles ref1, ref2 Brezhnev, Leonid ref1, ref2 Bridgman, E. C. ref1 Britain and Afghanistan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 arrival of Christianity in ref1 attempts at regulating medical profession ref1 and Dangerous Drugs Act (1920) ref1 Dark Ages ref1 early evidence of opium poppy in ref1 early sea explorations ref1 early use of opium in medicines ref1 and First Opium War ref1 Gin Craze ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 heroin addiction ref1 and India ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Industrial Revolution ref1 and medicine ref1 opium smugglers ref1 and opium trade ref1, ref2, ref3 opium trade with China ref1, ref2, ref3 and Second Opium War ref1 tea consumption and demand ref1, ref2, ref3 tea trade ref1 tobacco habit ref1 trade with Canton ref1, ref2 trade with China ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 trade deals with Spain ref1
trade in the East ref1 trade with Mughal Empire ref1 trade with Philippines ref1 Bronze Age ref1 Brown, Dr John ref1, ref2 Brunonian System of health ref1 Burma ref1, ref2 Burroughs, William ref1, ref2, ref3 Naked Lunch ref1 Burton, Robert ref1 The Anatomy of Melancholy ref1 Byzantium ref1, ref2, ref3 see also Constantinople Calamity Jane (Martha Jane Burke) ref1, ref2 Calkins, Dr Alonzo ref1, ref2 Camp Bastion (Afghanistan) ref1 Campbell, William ref1 Can Tintorer (Gavà) ref1 cannabis ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Canton ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 attempt by Lin Zexu to end opium trade in ref1 and EIC ref1 guild system ref1 Jardine Matheson and trade in ref1 opium missionaries ref1 opium trade ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 relationship between hongs and merchants ref1 removal of EIC’s control over trade ref1 taken by British/French forces (1857) ref1 trade with Britain ref1, ref2 Triads in ref1 Caputo, Philip ref1 Carbone, Paul Bonnaventure ref1, ref2 carfentanil ref1 Carrhae, Battle of (53BC) ref1, ref2 Catalan Atlas ref1 Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ref1 Central Intelligence Agency see CIA Ceres ref1
Chapman, Nathaniel ref1 Chardin, Jean ref1 Charlemagne, King ref1 Chauliac, Guy de ref1 Ch’en Ts’Ang Ch’i ref1 China ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 arrival of Jesuits in (1582) ref1 banning of opium ref1, ref2, ref3 currency crisis in sixteenth century ref1 early sea exploration ref1 European private expeditions to ref1 first appearance of opium in writings of ref1 first English trade voyage to (1637) ref1 and First Opium War ref1, ref2, ref3 guild system ref1 Han dynasty ref1 and Hong Kong ref1 legalization of opium trade ref1, ref2 Ming dynasty ref1, ref2, ref3 movement of Arab Muslims to ref1 opium consumption and addiction ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 opium dens ref1 opium missionaries ref1 opium smoking ref1 opium trade ref1 opium trade with Britain ref1, ref2, ref3 population ref1, ref2, ref3 Qing dynasty ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Second Opium War ref1 and Silk Roads ref1 Taiping Rebellion ref1 tea trade with Britain ref1 tea/tea-drinking ref1, ref2 tobacco/tobacco smoking ref1 trade with Britain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 trade with Philippines ref1 China White ref1 Chinese anti-Chinese sentiment in America ref1, ref2
emigration to America ref1 in Hong Kong ref1, ref2 in Philippines ref1, ref2, ref3 Chinese hongs ref1, ref2 Chinese Repository ref1 chloroform ref1 Christianity ref1, ref2 Churchill, Winston ref1 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 clippers ref1 Clive of India (Robert Clive) ref1, ref2 Clostridium novyi ref1 Cobain, Kurt ref1 Cobden, Richard ref1 Coca-Cola ref1 cocaine ref1 association of American blacks with ref1 Cocteau, Jean ref1, ref2, ref3 coffee ref1, ref2, ref3 Cogotai (envoy) ref1 Cohong ref1, ref2 coinage ref1 appearance of opium poppy on ref1 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor ref1, ref2, ref3 ‘Kubla Khan’ ref1 Columbus, Christopher ref1, ref2 Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) ref1, ref2 Commutation Act (1784) ref1 compradors ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Constantine, Emperor ref1, ref2 Constantinople ref1, ref2, ref3 conquest of by Ottomans (1453) ref1 see also Byzantium Convention Against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs (1988) ref1 Coptic Christians ref1 Coram, Thomas ref1 Corsican Mafia ref1, ref2, ref3 Cosa Nostra ref1 Cowper, William ref1 Crete ref1
Crothers, Thomas D. ref1, ref2 Crumpe, Samuel ref1 An Inquiry into the Nature and Properties of Opium ref1 Crusades ref1, ref2, ref3 Cuba war of independence from Spain ref1 Cueva de los Murciélagos (Granada, Spain) ref1 Cushing, Harvey ref1, ref2, ref3 Cyprus ref1 cyrugicus ref1 da Gama, Vasco ref1, ref2 Dachau, liberation of (1945) ref1 Dai Fou ref1 Dalrymple Home for Inebriates ref1 Damiani Report (1881–6) ref1, ref2 Dangerous Drugs Act (1920) ref1 Daoud, Mohammad ref1, ref2 Dark Ages ref1 darknet ref1 Davenant, Charles ref1 Day, Horace B. The Opium Habit ref1 De Quincey, Thomas ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Confessions of an English Opium-Eater ref1, ref2 DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) (US) ref1, ref2, ref3 Deadwood (South Dakota) ref1 Deadwood (TV series) ref1 Defoe, Daniel ref1 Defour, Judith ref1 Deir-el-Medina (Egypt) ref1 Demeter (Greek goddess) ref1 Dent, John Yerbury ref1 Dent, Lancelot ref1, ref2, ref3 Derosne, Charles ref1 Dewey, Thomas E. ref1 dhows ref1 diacetylmorphine ref1, ref2, ref3 see also heroin diamorphine ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Dias, Bartolomeu ref1 Dio, Cassius ref1 Dioscorides, Pedanius ref1, ref2 De materia medica ref1 diryaq ref1 disease theory ref1 dissection ref1, ref2 doctors increase in demand for during the plague ref1 and morphine addiction ref1 relationship with apothecaries ref1, ref2 dolantin ref1 Dost Mohammed Khan ref1, ref2 Dover, Thomas ref1, ref2 The Ancient Physician’s Legacy to his Country ref1 Dover’s Powder ref1 Dreser, Heinrich ref1, ref2 Drug Enforcement Agency see DEA Drunkards Act (1879) ref1, ref2, ref3 Du Yuesheng ref1, ref2 Durand Line ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 dwale ref1 Dylan, Bob ref1 East India Company see EIC East Indies European exploration of ref1 opium use ref1 Portuguese military expeditions ref1 Ebers Papyrus ref1, ref2 ecstasy ref1 Edinburgh ref1 Egypt ref1 heroin epidemic ref1, ref2 Egypt, ancient ref1 Egyptian opium ref1 EIC (East India Company) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 British government’s attempt at regulating ref1 in Canton ref1
end of trading days ref1 growth of dominance ref1 opium trade ref1 opium trade in India ref1, ref2 tea trade ref1, ref2, ref3 Eichengrün, Arthur ref1 Eisle, Otto ref1 Eliopoulos, Elias ref1 Elliot, Captain Charles ref1, ref2, ref3 Elphinstone, William ref1 Emily incident (1821) ref1 encephalin ref1 endorphins ref1 England see Britain Estonia ref1 evidence-based medicine ref1 Ezra, Edward Isaac ref1 Falloppio, Garile ref1 Farmacia Santa Maria Novella ref1 Federal Bureau of Narcotics ref1 Federal Narcotics Control Board ref1 fentanyl ref1, ref2, ref3 fentanyl lollipops ref1 Fertile Crescent ref1, ref2 field medic (Second World War) ref1, ref2 Fielding, Henry ref1, ref2 Finland ref1 First Opium War ref1, ref2, ref3 First World War ref1 American casualties ref1 innovations in treatment of wounds and anaesthetics ref1 shortage of medical supplies and morphine ref1, ref2 use of mustard gas by Germans ref1 Fitch, Ralph ref1 Fitzgerald, Luke ref1, ref2 Fleet Prison (London) ref1 Fleming, Alexander ref1 Flint, James ref1
Florus ref1 Fordham, Elias P. ref1 Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (1999) ref1 Fortune, Robert ref1 Foundling Hospital (London) ref1 14K Gang ref1 France ref1 Communists in ref1 and Corsican Mafia ref1 heroin production ref1 Franks ref1 Friedman, Elizebeth Smith ref1 Galen of Pergamon ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 gambling ref1 Gandamak, Treaty of (1879) ref1 gardens, opium growing in early ref1, ref2 Garth, Dr Samuel ref1 Gawande, Atul ref1 Gay-Lussa, Joseph Louis ref1 Geber ref1 Genghis Khan ref1 Germany ref1 attitude towards opium and cocaine ref1 golden age of pharmaceutical production ref1 Neolithic settlements ref1 Gin Act (1751) ref1 Gin Craze ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Ginsberg, Allen ref1, ref2 Glacium flavum see horned poppy Gladstone, William ref1 glaucine ref1 Godber, Peter Fitzroy ref1, ref2 Godfrey’s Cordial ref1, ref2 Gold Cure ref1, ref2 Golden Triangle ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Gondeshapur ref1 Goulāo, Joāo ref1 Government of India Act (1833) ref1
Great Bengal Famine (1770) ref1 Greece, ancient ref1, ref2 Green Gangs ref1, ref2 Grimm, Henry The Chinese Must Go ref1 Grotius, Hugo The Freedom of the Seas ref1 Guam ref1 Guangdong ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Guangzhou ref1 Guérini, Antoine and Bartélemy ref1, ref2, ref3 Guild of Physicians and Apothecaries ref1 guilds ref1 Canton/Chinese ref1 Italian city-state ref1 Gulf War ref1 Gutenberg, Johannes ref1 Habitual Drunkards Act see Drunkards Act Habsburg Empire ref1 haemorrhoids ref1 Hague Convention ref1, ref2 Hamilton, Lillias ref1 Han dynasty ref1 Hansa (Internet) ref1 Hanseatic League ref1 Hanway, Jonas ref1 Essay on Tea ref1 haoma ref1, ref2 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Harvey, William ref1 Hastings, Governor General Warren ref1, ref2 Hauschild, Dr Fritz ref1 Heath, Edward ref1 Heaven and Earth Society see Triads Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin ref1 Helmand River Valley Project (Afghanistan) ref1 hemlock ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Hendrix, Jimi ref1 Henry the Navigator ref1 Heraclius, Emperor ref1 herbalism, medieval ref1 Herodotus ref1 heroin adulteration of ref1 Afghanistan production ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Corsican Mafia ref1 creation of Golden Triangle and production of ref1 creation of ref1 domination of global trafficking of by Triads ref1 early appearances of overdoses ref1 early preparations of ref1 and Hong Kong ref1, ref2, ref3 Internet forums ref1 intravenous use of ref1 and ISIS ref1 and Korean War ref1 legalization of in Portugal ref1 and musicians ref1, ref2 and New York’s Cosa Nostra ref1 production during inter-war years ref1 production process ref1 and prostitution ref1 and Russia ref1 smuggling of in Africa ref1 success in treating disease ref1 use of by soldiers in Vietnam War ref1, ref2 heroin addiction Afghanistan ref1 America ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 apomorphine as treatment of ref1 Britain ref1 and Burroughs ref1 Egypt ref1, ref2 Hong Kong ref1, ref2 ibogaine as treatment ref1 and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) ref1, ref2
Pakistan ref1 Portugal ref1 heroin hydrochloride ref1 heroin pills ref1 Hersende ref1 Hi Kee ref1 Hickman, Sophie Frances ref1 Hippocrates ref1, ref2, ref3 Hippocratic oath ref1 HIV/AIDS ref1 Hoffmann, Felix ref1 Hogarth, William ref1 Holland and cartography ref1 sea explorations and trade with East/China ref1 tea ref1 Holmes, Oliver Wendell ref1 Homer Odyssey ref1 Hong Kong ref1, ref2, ref3 beginnings of ref1 ceded to the British ref1 Chinese population in ref1, ref2 and credit ref1 economic hierarchy in ref1 heroin addiction ref1, ref2 heroin trade and trafficking ref1, ref2, ref3 moving of British and Indian businesses to ref1 Nam Pak Hong trade ref1 and opium trade ref1 opium use ref1 police corruption ref1, ref2 rapid colonization of ref1 return to Chinese control ref1 tackling of heroin trade by government ref1 Triads ref1, ref2, ref3 Walled City ref1 hong merchants ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation see HSBC
horned poppy (Glacium flavum) ref1, ref2, ref3 House of the Golden Bracelet (Pompeii) ref1 Howqua ref1, ref2 HSBC (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) ref1, ref2, ref3 Hua Tao ref1 Hugh of Lucca ref1 Hulagu ref1 humours theory ref1, ref2, ref3 Hunter, Charles ref1 Hunter, William ref1 hydrogen peroxide ref1 Hyoscyamus niger see henbane hypodermic needle ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 ibogaine ref1 Ibrahim, Dawood ref1 IG Farben ref1, ref2, ref3 improvement societies ref1 Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) ref1, ref2 India ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Black Hole incident (1756) ref1 and Britain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 da Gama’s exploration of ref1 Great Bengal Famine (1770) ref1 opium production and trade ref1 opium smoking ref1 spice trade ref1 tea industry ref1 see also Mughal Empire Industrial Revolution ref1, ref2 Inebriates Act (1888) ref1 insomnia ref1 International Opium Commission ref1 International Opium Convention (The Hague) (1912) ref1 Internet, buying of drugs on ref1, ref2 intoxication, new culture of ref1 Iron Emir ref1 ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) ref1, ref2 Islam ref1, ref2
medicine ref1 surgical procedures ref1 Islamic Conference ref1 Ismail II, Shah ref1 Italy ref1 city states ref1, ref2 Jaffe, Jerome ref1, ref2 Jahangir ref1 James I, king ref1 Jamšid, king ref1 Japan ref1, ref2 invasion of Manchuria (1931) ref1 Jesuits in ref1 punishment of opium smoking ref1 Jardine Matheson ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Jardine, William ref1, ref2, ref3 Jefferson, Thomas ref1 Jerusalem, European recapture of (1099) ref1 Jesuits ref1 Jiajing, Emperor ref1 John II, king ref1, ref2 Johnson, Dr Samuel ref1, ref2 Jones, John The Mysteries of Opium Reveal’d ref1 Jones, Robert ref1 Jones-Miller Act ref1 Joplin, Janis ref1 ‘junkies’ ref1 Kajaki Dam (Afghanistan) ref1 Kane, Harry Hubbell ref1 Karmal, Babrak ref1 Kearney, Dennis ref1 Keeley, Dr Leslie ref1 Keian suicides ref1 Kerouac, Jack ref1, ref2 Kerr, Norman Shanks ref1 Kingpin Act ref1
Kiteon (Cyprus) ref1 KMT ref1, ref2 Knights Hospitaller ref1, ref2 Kolb, Dr Lawrence ref1 Korea ref1 drug addiction ref1 as Japanese colony ref1 opium production ref1 Korean Society for the Prevention of Drug Abuse ref1 Korean War (1950–3) ref1, ref2 Kowloon, Battle of ref1 Kublai Khan ref1, ref2 Kwok Acheong ref1 La Marmotta settlement (Italy) ref1 Lady Hughes affair (1784) ref1 Lansky, Meyer ref1, ref2 Laos ref1 CIA’s covert operations in ref1 Late Bronze Age ref1 laudanum ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 endemic of ref1 Le Mort’s recipe ref1 and Romantics ref1 Sydenham’s recipe ref1, ref2, ref3 LBK (Linearbandkeramik) ref1 Le Mort, Jakob ref1 League of Nations ref1 Lees, Professor Andrew ref1 Leigh, John ref1, ref2 Letter of Tansar ref1 Liber isogogarum ref1 Lin Zexu ref1, ref2 Linnaeus, Carl ref1 Lintin Island ref1, ref2 Lloyd, B. E. ref1, ref2 Locke, John ref1 London ref1 gin intoxication of working class ref1, ref2, ref3
London Dispensary ref1 Loo Aqui ref1 Lotsof, Howard ref1 LSD ref1 Lu Yu The Classic of Tea ref1 Lucas, Frank ref1 Luciano, Charles ‘Lucky’ ref1, ref2 Ma brothers ref1 Ma Yik Shing ref1 Macao ref1, ref2 Macartney, 1st Earl of ref1 McCrae, Jack ref1 Macfarlan’s ref1 madak ref1, ref2, ref3 Madrid decree (1814) ref1 Mafia Corsican ref1, ref2, ref3 New York ref1, ref2 Sicilian ref1, ref2 Magniac & Co. ref1, ref2 Maimonides, Moses ref1 Glossary of Drugs ref1 Treatise on Asthma ref1 Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes ref1 Maine, sinking of (1898) ref1 Malacca ref1 Manchuria, Japanese invasion of (1931) ref1 Mandelslo, John ref1 Mandeville, Bernard ‘The Grumbling Hive’ ref1 Mao Tse-tung ref1, ref2 Maranzano, Salvatore ref1 Marco Polo ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 marijuana ref1, ref2 Marks, Jeanette ref1 Marmotta people ref1 Marne, Battle of the (1914) ref1
Marseilles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Martin, James ref1 Martin, Montgomery ref1 Marx, Karl ref1 MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals) ref1, ref2, ref3 Massoud, Ahmad Shah ref1, ref2, ref3 Matheson, Alexander ref1 Matheson, James ref1, ref2 Matthews, Frank ref1 Matthiessen, Augustus ref1 Mattinson, J. B. ref1 medical publications ref1 Medical Reform Act (1858) ref1 medical schools ref1, ref2, ref3 Medical Unit Self-Contained Transportables (MUST) ref1 Medici family ref1 Meer, Dr Fritz ter ref1 melancholy Burton’s book on ref1 Mengele, Dr Joseph ref1 mental health Burton’s book on melancholy ref1 Mercator, Gerardus ref1 Mercator projection (1569) ref1 Merck ref1, ref2, ref3 Merck, Friedrich Jacob ref1 Mering, Joseph von ref1 Merton Priory ref1 Mesue Senior ref1 methadone ref1, ref2, ref3 methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) ref1, ref2 Mexican Revolution ref1 Mexican Silver Cycle ref1 Mexico ref1, ref2, ref3 drug trafficking ref1, ref2 legislation prohibiting opium ref1 marijuana culture ref1, ref2 opium production ref1, ref2, ref3 rise of Sinaloa ref1
Mill, John Stuart On Liberty ref1 Minoans ref1, ref2 Mithridates VI, king of Pontus ref1 Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals see MASH Moluccas ref1 money laundering ref1, ref2 Mongols ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Montgomery, Richard ref1 Montpellier medical school ref1 morphine administration of powder during American Civil War ref1 discovery of ref1 early form of administration ref1 effect on the brain ref1 hypodermic administration of ref1, ref2 lack of supplies during First World War ref1, ref2 rise of in America ref1, ref2, ref3 and Second World War ref1, ref2 and Turkey ref1 morphine addiction ref1, ref2, ref3 and doctors ref1 in Korea ref1 and veterans of the American Civil War ref1 Morrison, Robert ref1 Morson, Thomas ref1 Mowkqua ref1 Mrs Winslow’s Soothing Syrup ref1 Mughal Empire ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 court culture ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and Jahangir ref1 opium use ref1, ref2 trade with England ref1 wine drinking ref1 women in ref1 Muhammad, Prophet ref1 Mumbai Islamist terrorist attack (2008) ref1 Mundy, Peter ref1, ref2
musicians and heroin ref1, ref2 Mussolini, Benito ref1, ref2 Muziris ref1, ref2 My Lai Massacre (1968) ref1 Mycenae ref1 Nadir Khan, Mohammad ref1 Nadir Shah ref1 naloxone ref1 Nanking, Treaty of (1842) ref1 Napier, Lord ref1 Napoleon ref1 narcomania ref1 National Prohibition Act see Volstead Act NATO and Afghanistan ref1, ref2 Natufians ref1 navigation ref1 Neolithic settlements ref1, ref2 Nerheim, Michael ref1 Nestorian-Christians ref1 Netiv Hagdud (Jordan Valley) ref1 neuralgia ref1, ref2 opium treatment for ref1 New York heroin business ref1 and Mafia ref1, ref2 Newby, Eric A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush ref1 Nine Inch Nails ‘Hurt’ ref1 Nisbet, Tom ref1 Nixon, Richard ref1, ref2 Norette, Paolo ref1, ref2 Norman Conquest ref1 Northumberland, Countess of ref1 Nur Jahan ref1 nutmeg ref1
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) ref1 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) ref1 Old Man of the Mountain legend ref1 Olyphant & Co. ref1 Omar, Mullah Mohammad ref1, ref2, ref3 Onions, Tom ref1 opiates, studies into mechanisms of ref1 opium deaths caused by in nineteenth century ref1 eighteenth century works/texts on ref1 medicinal purposes in early history ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 mental effects of ref1 origins ref1 texts warning of danger of ref1 opium addiction/addicts ref1 and Cocteau ref1, ref2 and women ref1 Opium and Coca Leaves Trade Restrictions At (1914) ref1 opium dens China ref1 Deadwood (South Dakota) ref1 Philippines ref1 setting up of by Chinese in America ref1 opium latex ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 opium missionaries, Chinese ref1 opium pills ref1, ref2 opium pipe, discovery of first ref1 opium poppy number of species ref1 replacement projects ref1, opium smoking ref1, ref2 China ref1 India ref1 Philippines ref1, ref2 punishment of in Japan ref1 Opium Smoking Exclusion Act (1909) ref1, ref2 opium trade ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and America ref1, ref2 attempts to stop ref1
and Britain ref1, ref2, ref3 Bronze Age ref1 Canton ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 and EIC ref1, ref2 eradication of by Maso Tse-tung ref1 and First Opium War ref1 and Hong Kong ref1 India ref1 and Jardine Matheson ref1 Mexico ref1 Neolithic ref1, ref2 North Africa ref1 Philippines ref1, ref2 Shanghai ref1 sixteenth century ref1, ref2 Southern Route ref1 Turkey ref1 and VOC ref1 Opium War First ref1, ref2, ref3 Second ref1 organic chemistry ref1 organized crime ref1, ref2, ref3 America ref1 Hong Kong ref1, ref2, ref3 Marseilles ref1 see also Mafia Ottoman Empire ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Oxford University ref1 OxyContin ref1 pain theory ref1, ref2 Pakistan heroin use and addiction ref1 Palmerston, Viscount ref1 Pantokrator Hospital (Constantinople) ref1 Papaver setigerum ref1 Papaver somniferum ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Paracelsus ref1, ref2
Paris medical school ref1 Paris, Treaty of (1898) ref1 Parker, Peter ref1 Parthians ref1, ref2 patent medicines ref1 opium contained in ref1, ref2, ref3 Peking, Convention of (1860) ref1 penicillin ref1 Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) ref1 Pepys, Samuel ref1 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ref1 Perkins & Co. ref1 Persia/Persians ref1, ref2, ref3 and medicine ref1 Muslim conquest of ref1 Safavid Empire ref1 Sassanid Empire ref1, ref2 Pert, Candace ref1 Pervitin ref1, ref2 Pharmacy Act (1868) ref1, ref2 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy ref1 Philippines Chinese in ref1, ref2, ref3 fight for independence from Spain ref1 invasion and capture of by Americans (1898) ref1 opium cultivation and trade ref1, ref2 opium-smoking culture and banning of ref1, ref2 trade with Britain ref1 trade with China ref1 war with America ref1 physicus ref1 Pierce, F. M. ref1 Pires, Tomé ref1, ref2 plague ref1, ref2 Plassey, Battle of (1757) ref1, ref2, ref3 Pliny the Elder ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Poppy Goddess ref1 poppy straw ref1 population ref1
Portugal/Portuguese ref1 da Gama’s exploration of India ref1 heroin epidemic ref1 legalization of drugs (2001) ref1 military expeditions in the East Indies ref1 sea exploration and ships ref1 trade with Africa ref1, ref2 trade with Japan ref1 post-traumatic stress disorder ref1 Potosí (Bolivia) ref1 Pottinger, George ref1 Pravaz, Charles Gabriel ref1 printing press ref1 prostitution and heroin ref1 Puankhequa ref1 Puerta, Enrique Fernández ref1 Purdue Pharma ref1 Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ref1 Qur’an ref1 Rada, Martin de ref1 RADARS ref1 Ramusio, Giovanni Battista ref1 Raunds (Northamptonshire) ref1, ref2 recreational drug use, boom in ref1 Red Sea ref1 Reddit ref1 Renaissance ref1, ref2 Rhazes ref1, ref2, ref3 Ricci, Matteo ref1 Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the World ref1 Ricettario, El ref1 Richards, Keith ref1, ref2 Rinieri, Bartolomea ref1 Roe, Sir Thomas ref1 Purchas his Pilgrimes ref1 Romans ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Romantics ref1 Rothstein, Arnold ref1 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques ref1 Royal College of Physicians ref1, ref2 Royal Society ref1 Rush, Benjamin ref1 Inquiry ref1 Russell & Co. ref1 Russell, James ref1 Russia ref1, ref2 and Afghanistan ref1 heroin addiction ref1 see also Soviet Union Rynd, Francis ref1 Sabiani, Simon ref1 Safavids ref1, ref2, ref3 court of ref1 opium use ref1 St John de Crèvecoeur, J. Hector Letters from an American Farmer ref1 St Mary’s Hospital (London) ref1 Salerno medical school ref1 Salerno Regimen of Health ref1 Salvarsan ref1 Samarkand ref1 San Francisco Chinatown ref1 Sassanids ref1, ref2 scarification ref1, ref2 Scuola Medica Salernitana (Salerno) ref1 sea exploration, early ref1 Second Carnatic War ref1 Second Opium War ref1 Second World War ref1, ref2, ref3 American casualties ref1 and field medic ref1, ref2 medical supplies ref1 medical testing on concentration camp inmates ref1 pain relief ref1
use of amphetamines/methamphetamines by soldiers ref1, ref2 Séguin, Armand ref1 Selkirk, Alexander ref1 Seneca the Younger ref1 Sertürner, Friederich Wilhelm ref1, ref2 Seven Years War ref1 Shakespeare, William Othello ref1 Shanghai ref1 Shanghai Convention (1909) ref1 Shilts, Randy ref1 shipbuilding ref1 Sicilian Mafia ref1, ref2 Sicily ref1 citrus market ref1 and Operation Husky (1943) ref1 Siculus, Diodorus ref1, ref2 signatures ref1 Siku quanshu ref1 Silk Road (Internet) ref1 Silk Roads ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 silk trade ref1, ref2 Sinaloa (Mexico) ref1 slavery/slave trade ref1, ref2 Smith, Edwin ref1 Snyder, Solomon ref1, ref2 Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (SPCK) ref1 Society for the Reformation of Manners ref1, ref2 Society for the Study and Cure of Inebriety ref1 Sogdians ref1, ref2 somniferous sponge ref1, ref2 South Africa ref1 Southern Route ref1 Southey, Robert ref1 Soviet Union and Afghanistan ref1, ref2 collapse of (1991) ref1 invasion of Afghanistan ref1 withdrawal from Afghanistan ref1
Spain ref1, ref2, 9293 East Indies and Chinese trade ref1, ref2 rule of in Philippines ref1, ref2 sea exploration ref1 slave trade ref1 and tobacco ref1 trade deals with England ref1 war with America (1898) ref1 Spice Islands ref1, ref2 spice trade ref1, ref2 spices, opium classed as ref1 Spirito, Francois ref1, ref2 Sudak ref1 sugar ref1 suicide opium and female ref1 Suleiman the Magnificent ref1 Sulphanilamide ref1 Sumerians ref1 supercargoes ref1 Swearengen, Al ref1, ref2, ref3 Sydenham, Thomas ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 syrette ref1 Taiping Rebellion ref1 Taiwan ref1 Taliban ref1, ref2, ref3 Tang dynasty ref1 Taraki, Nur Mohammad ref1 tatula ref1 tea trade ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 tea/tea-drinking ref1, ref2 British consumption and demand for ref1 and Chinese culture ref1, ref2 medicinal properties ref1 ritual of taking ref1 smuggling of ref1 Tell Abu Hureyra (Syria) ref1 temperance movement ref1
Thailand ref1, ref2 Akha people ref1 and heroin ref1 Royal Project ref1 Theophrastus ref1 theriac ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Thomas, Gaillard ref1 Thompson, Hunter S. ref1 Thomson, Samuel ref1 Thomsonian Medicine ref1, ref2 Tientsin, Treaties of ref1, ref2 tobacco ref1 mixture of opium and (madak) ref1, ref2, ref3 Trainspotting (film) ref1 Transoxonia ref1 Triads ref1, ref2, ref3 and Canton ref1 domination of global heroin trafficking ref1 and Hong Kong ref1, ref2, ref3 turf war in 1970s ref1 trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) ref1 Trotter, Thomas An Essay ref1 Trotula ref1 Truck Act (1887) ref1 Turkey ref1 heroin and morphine production ref1 opium production ref1, ref2 see also Ottoman Empire Twain, Mark Roughing It ref1 Uganda, drug trade ref1 Ulbricht, Ross William ref1 Umayyads ref1 Únětice culture ref1 United Kingdom Alliance ref1 United States see America Urban II, Pope ref1
Utley, Dr Vine ref1 Uyghur people ref1 Venice ref1 guild system ref1 Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie see VOC Victoria, Queen ref1 Viet Cong ref1 Vietnam War ref1 drug addiction amongst soldiers ref1, ref2 My Lai Massacre (1968) ref1 Vikings ref1 VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Volstead Act ref1, ref2 Voltaire ref1 von Niemeyer, Felix ref1 Wahhabism ref1, ref2 Walpole, Horace ref1 Webb v. United States (1919) ref1 Weddell, Captain ref1 Wedgwood, Tom ref1, ref2 Wellesley, Lord ref1 Whiffens ref1 Whitear, Rachel ref1 Whitman, Walt ref1 William of Tyre ref1 History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea ref1 Wilsford Shaft (Wiltshire) ref1 Wing Tsue ref1 women and opium addiction ref1 role of in War on Drugs ref1 suicide and opium ref1 Wong, Kay ref1 Wong, Shing May ref1, ref2 Wood, Alexander ref1 working class ref1, ref2 and addiction ref1
and gin intoxication ref1 Wren, Christopher ref1, ref2 Wright, Hamilton ref1, ref2 Wu, Emperor ref1, ref2 Yao Lu ref1 Lushu ref1 Ye Mingchen ref1, ref2 Yongzheng Edict (1729) ref1 Young, George ref1 Young Turks ref1 Zahir Shah, Mohammad ref1, ref2 Zhang Qian ref1 Zheng Chenggong ref1, ref2 Zheng He ref1
1. Papaver somniferum: a white opium poppy (Stedman’s Shorter Medical Dictionary, 1942). 2. Scarified opium poppy heads during the harvest in Kandahar, Afghanistan, May 2002.
3. The terracotta figurine of the Poppy Goddess, divinity of sleep or death. From the sanctuary of Gazi, Crete. 1350 BC.