NATURAL BLEACHING USING PINEAPPLE PEEL AND LEMON PEEL NOORINA NABILA BINTI ALI (17DAS21F2029) DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PUAN WAN NURHAZIRAH BINTI KAMARUZAMAN PROJECT SUPERVISOR Commercial bleach contain chemical to remove dirt or stains. (Yosi Santika Silitonga et al., 2020). Since that, natural bleach from lemon and pineapple peel was proposed for cleaning purposes. This natural bleach can be synthesized as the main ingredients then mixed with ethanol and vinegar. A mixture of lemon and pineapple peel, ethanol, and vinegar can be used as a natural bleach agent. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the bleaching efficiency of lemon and pineapple peel extract on cotton fabric based on different doses of lemon and pineapple peel for each mixture. There are seven different doses of natural agents for each bleach mixture which are 40g, 50g, 60g, 70g, 80g, 90g and 100g. The results showed that lemon and pineapple peel extract were effective in lightening fabric color and removing stains while maintaining fabric integrity because lemon peel contains citric acid, which is a natural bleaching agent while pineapple peel contains enzymes such as bromelain that also work as a natural cleaning agent. Citric acid can help remove dirt and grime from surfaces, as well as provide a bleaching effect on fabrics while ethanol can act as an additional cleaning agent and solvent (Trideep Saika et al., 2017). Vinegar, with its acidic nature, can also aid in the bleaching process (Trideep Saika et al., 2017). This study also evaluated the influence of various parameters such as pH, the effectiveness time of lemon and pineapple peel to remove stains on cotton fabric, and the toxic level of bleach. The time record is taken from the effect of the cotton cloth test in removing stains by using natural bleach based on the number of doses used. Therefore, as a result of the bleach test, its prove that the most effective dose in removing dirt is 100 grams of lemon peel where the time taken for the dirt to disappear is 2 minutes 28 seconds meanwhile for pineapple peel it takes 6 minutes 34 second to complete with 100g dose. It has been proven that the more lemon and pineapple peel measures, the faster the dirt disappears. This has proven that the rebleaching speed in removing stains on the fabric and has given a very clean effect on the fabric. In conclusion, lemon and pineapple peel extract is an alternative that offers sustainability benefits with effective bleaching capabilities. The benefits of natural bleach include the ability to clean effectively without leaving harmful chemical residues and encourage mindful practices. (Trideep Saika et al., 2017). SYNOPSIS NURUL ELLYA MAISARA BINTI NURIZAM (17DAS21F2003) 51
STUDY ON LOW COST BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE CHICKEN FAT AND WASTE COOKING OIL MUHAMMAD NAJMUDDIN BIN MOHAMAD BASRI (17DAS21F2016) DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PUAN SITI NURUL HANA BINTI RAMLI PROJECT SUPERVISOR This study describes a process of biodiesel production from waste chicken fat (WCF) and waste cooking oil (WCO). Biodiesel production from WCF and WCO involves converting the waste into usable fuel through a process called transesterification. Through this process, the waste is broken down into different components that can be biodiesel and glycerin. Overall, by converting waste into a useful resource and lessening its impact on the environment, this method encourages sustainability and environmental stewardship. The common problem statement pertaining to this study is the growing concern over the environment and the need to find sustainable and renewable energy sources while fossil fuel supplies are being depleted. In order to make biodiesel production from WCF and WCO as a feasible substitute for fossil fuels easier to adopt, this study tries to optimise the process by addressing technical, economic, and environmental factors. The production of biodiesel from the WCF and WCO needs to go through a main process known as transesterification, but generally only the production of the biodiesel from WCF starts from the extraction of oil until the production of pure biodiesel. A detailed review has been done by collecting info from several research articles that were presented in detail regarding the biodiesel production from WCF and WCO. The data analyzed for the production of biodiesel is the percentage of yield, density, carbon and hydrogen which will be referred to ASTM standards, the value for WCF of the 6:1 ratio is 40.07%, 871 kg/m³, 72.30% and 11.52% while for the 9:1 ratio it is 28.05%, 863.21 kg/m³, 73.99% and 11.66%. For WCO, the value for the 6:1 ratio is 16.77%, 882.63 kg/m³, 71.34% and 11.30% while for the 9:1 ratio it is 50.98%, 864.04 kg/m³, 73.55% and 11.68%. In addition, the biodiesel effectiveness test by applying it to something is tested on lawn machines and also lamps. The result obtained in general is that the biodiesel that has been produced is good. My findings in this study is that the production of biodiesel using the WCF and WCO is successful and can be used efficiently. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that all the values are successful in meeting the standards that have been set. SYNOPSIS NURHANIS SAFURA BINTI MOHD OSMAN SHAM (17DAS21F2027) 52
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