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Published by pudicay, 2021-07-05 23:30:52

SAINS TINGKATAN 2 BIODIVERSITI

05_SPSF2-03-B1

Keywords: BIODIVERSITI

TEMA 1 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup

Bidang Pembelajaran Biodiversiti

1BAB Biodiversity

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

BIODIVERSITI
BIODIVERSITY

Kepentingan Pengurusan Pengelasan Kekunci dikotomi
biodiversiti biodiversiti organisma Dichotomous key
Importance of Biodiversity Classification of
biodiversity management organisms Mengenal pasti ciri
yang membezakan
Sumber makanan Kesan aktiviti Haiwan, iaitu organisma, iaitu
Sources of food manusia invertebrata dan tumbuhan, haiwan
Effects of human vertebrata (mamalia, dan fungi
Keseimbangan alam activities reptilia, ikan, burung Identify the
Balance in nature dan amfibia) characteristics to
Pemeliharaan dan Animals, i.e. differentiate the
Tempat rekreasi pemuliharaan invertebrates and organisms, i.e.
Recreational place biodiversiti vertebrates plants, animals and
Preservation and (mammals, reptiles, fungi
Bahan mentah conservation of fish, birds and
industri biodiversity amphibians)
Raw materials for
industries Tumbuhan berbunga
(monokotiledon dan
Pendidikan dikotiledon)
Education Flowering plants
(monocotyledons and
Perubatan dicotyledons)
Medical
Tumbuhan tidak
berbunga
Non-flowering plants

APAKAH BIODIVERSITI?
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?

Biodiversiti, satu singkatan daripada “diversiti secara biologi” merujuk kepada bilangan dan kepelbagaian
tumbuhan, haiwan dan mikroorganisma yang wujud di Bumi. Biodiversiti memastikan manusia dapat
terus hidup dengan membekalkan makanan, tempat tinggal, ubat, bahan api dan sumber lain.
Biodiversity, a short term of “biological diversity” refers to the number and variety of plants, animals and
microorganisms that exist on the Earth. Biodiversity ensures the survival of humans by providing food,
shelter, medicines, fuel and other resources.

1

BAB NOTA BESTARI

1 Biodiversity
1. Biodiversity is the diversity of organisms that live on
Biodiversiti
the Earth.
1. Biodiversiti ialah kepelbagaian organisma yang hidup 2. The number and variety of plants, animals and
di Bumi.
microorganisms that exist in nature form biodiversity.
2. Bilangan dan kepelbagaian tumbuhan, haiwan dan 3. Biodiversity is the essential component of nature and
mikroorganisma yang wujud di alam semula jadi
membentuk biodiversiti. it ensures the survival of humans by providing food,
fuel, shelter, medicines, raw materials for industries
3. Biodiversiti ialah komponen penting alam sekitar and other resources to mankind such as recreational
dan diperlukan untuk kehidupan manusia dengan places, tourism, biotechnology, sources of ecology and
membekalkan makanan, bahan api, tempat tinggal, education.
ubat, bahan mentah industri dan sumber lain untuk
manusia seperti tempat rekreasi, pelancongan, Biodiversity Management
bioteknologi, sumber ekologi dan pendidikan. 1. The effects of human activities such as logging

Pengurusan Biodiversiti and opening up of land for agriculture, housing and
industry on biodiversity include the following.
1. Kesan aktiviti manusia seperti pembalakan dan (a) Destroying the habitats of living things
pembukaan tanah untuk pertanian, perumahan dan (b) Disturbing the balance of ecosystems
perindustrian terhadap biodiversiti termasuklah yang (c) Causing the extinction of species
berikut. 2. Global warming and pollution have threatened
(a) Memusnahkan habitat hidupan biodiversity of the world.
(b) Mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem 3. Endemic species are native species or species which
(c) Menyebabkan kepupusan spesies are restricted in a specific location.
4. Conserving and preserving living things are ways to
2. Pemanasan global dan pencemaran telah mengancam maintain the balance of biodiversity.
biodiversiti dunia. 5. Steps in the preservation and conservation of
biodiversity include the following.
3. Spesies endemik ialah spesies yang habitatnya (a) Establishing forest reserves and protected areas
terbatas di suatu lokasi tertentu. (b) Reforestation after logging
(c) Recycling and reusing materials
4. Pemuliharaan dan pemeliharaan hidupan adalah cara (d) Establishing breeding centres and man-made
untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan biodiversiti.
habitats for animals that are threatened with
5. Langkah-langkah pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan extinction
biodiversiti termasuklah yang berikut. (e) Enforcing laws to prevent illegal trading of animals
(a) Mewujudkan hutan simpan dan kawasan and plants
perlindungan
(b) Penghutanan semula selepas pembalakan Classification of Organisms
(c) Mengitar dan mengguna semula bahan 1. Living things can be classified based on their common
(d) Mendirikan pusat pembiakan dan habitat buatan
manusia bagi haiwan yang hampir pupus characteristics.
(e) Menguatkuasakan undang-undang untuk 2. A dichotomous key is used for classifying organisms.
mencegah pemerdagangan haram haiwan dan 3. Pairs of opposite characteristics are used in the
tumbuhan
identification key.
Pengelasan Organisma 4. Animals can be classified into invertebrates (animals

1. Hidupan dapat dikelaskan berdasarkan ciri-ciri without backbones) and vertebrates (animals with
sepunya. backbones).
5. Plants can be classified into flowering plants,
2. Kekunci dikotomi digunakan untuk mengelaskan (monocotyledons and dicotyledons) and non-
organisma. flowering plants.

3. Beberapa pasangan ciri yang bertentangan digunakan
dalam kekunci pengenalan.

4. Haiwan dapat dikelaskan kepada invertebrata (haiwan
tidak bertulang belakang) dan vertebrata (haiwan
bertulang belakang).

5. Tumbuhan dapat dikelaskan kepada tumbuhan
berbunga (monokotiledon dan dikotiledon) dan
tumbuhan tidak berbunga.

Nota Grafik

2

Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
1.1 Kepelbagaian organisma

1.1 AKTIVITI Biodiversiti dan kepentingannya PBD BAB
PERBINCANGAN Biodiversity and its importance Masteri

Buku teks m/s 4 – 5 1

Malaysia ialah satu daripada 12 buah negara megabiodiversiti di dunia. Kaji foto dan pernyataan yang
diberi kemudian jawapan soalan-soalan./Malaysia is one of the 12 countries of megabiodiversity in the
world. Study the given photos and statements then answer the questions.

1 Apakah biodiversiti?/What is biodiversity? TP2

Biodiversiti ialah kepelbagaian organisma sama ada mikroorganisma, haiwan atau tumbuhan

yang ditemukan di Bumi./Biodiversity is the diversity of organisms whether

microorganisms, animals or plants that are found on the Earth.

2 Padankan kepentingan diversiti./Match the importance of diversity. TP2 Video

(a) Sumber makanan • Diaplikasikan dalam bidang pertanian,
Sources of food
• penghasilan makanan dan perubatan.
Applied in agriculture, food production

and medical fields.

(b) Bioteknologi Haiwan dan tumbuhan merupakan
Biotechnology • • sumber makanan kepada manusia.

(c) Perubatan Animals and plants are sources of food
Medical for humans.

Untuk istirehat
• • For relaxing

(d) Tempat rekreasi • Untuk pelancongan dan untuk tujuan
Recreational places • penyelidikan.

(e) Ekopelancongan/Pendidikan For tourism and for research purpose.

Ecotourism Education • Hasil hutan seperti kayu balak, buluh
• dan rotan
(f) Bahan mentah industri
Raw materials for industries • The forest products such as timber,
bamboo and rattan
(g) Keseimbangan alam
Balance in nature Tumbuhan herba digunakan untuk
• pembuatan ubat-ubatan.

Herbal plants are used to make
medicines.

Kitar nutrien dan interaksi antara
hidupan mewujudkan keseimbangan alam.
• The nutrient cycle and interaction
between living things create balance in
nature.

3

Tarikh:

BAB 1.2 AKTIVITI Keperluan pengurusan biodiversiti PBD
KBAT PERBINCANGAN The need to manage biodiversity Konstekstual

1 Buku teks m/s 6
HEBAT Sains Modul 3

Tulis tiga aktiviti manusia yang mengganggu keseimbangan biodiversiti dalam alam semula jadi.
Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberi./Write three human activities that disrupt the balance of biodiversity
in nature. Then, answer the given questions. TP1

Aktiviti manusia/Human activities
Pembalakan, perindustrian dan perikanan//Pertanian//Pemburuan//Perlombongan

Logging, industry and fishing//Agriculture//Hunting//Mining

Spesies endemik di Malaysia/Endemic species in Malaysia

Rafflesia Orang utan Tapir
Rafflesia Orang utan Tapir

Burung enggang Periuk kera
Hornbill Pitcher plant

1 Apakah spesies endemik?/What is endemic species? TP2
Spesies yang hidup di habitat terbatas yang ditemui di suatu lokasi tertentu.
Species that live in a restricted habitat found in a specific location.

2 Apakah kesan aktiviti manusia terhadap kemandirian spesies endemik? TP4/KBAT Praktis
What is the effect of human activities on the survival of endemic species? Kendiri
Habitat spesies endemik musnah dan spesies tersebut diancam kepupusan .
The habitat of the endemic species is destroyed and the species are threatened with extinction .

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kaedah-kaedah pemeliharaan dan pemuliharaan biodiversiti dalam alam semula
jadi. TP2
Mark ( ✓ ) the methods of preservation and conservation of biodiversity in nature.

✓ Mewujudkan taman negara, hutan simpan, taman laut dan sanktuari hidupan liar
Establishing national parks, forest reserves, marine parks and wildlife sanctuary

✓ Penghutanan semula selepas pembalakan/Reforestation after logging

Hentikan semua aktiviti pembalakan/Stopping all logging activities

✓ Menguatkuasakan undang-undang untuk mencegah pembalakan atau pemburuan haram
Enforcing laws to prevent illegal logging or hunting

✓ Mendirikan pusat pembiakan bagi spesies endemik seperti pusat penetasan penyu
Establishing breeding centre for endemic species such as turtle hatchery

✓ Membalak secara pilihan, iaitu hanya menebang pokok yang tua
Practising selective logging, which is cutting down only old trees

4

Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
1.2 Pengelasan organisma

1.3 AKTIVITI Pengelasan haiwan PBD BAB
PERBINCANGAN Classification of animals Konstekstual

HEBAT Sains Modul 10 Buku teks m/s 7 – 11 1

Haiwan dapat dikelaskan berdasarkan ciri-ciri sepunya. Isi tempat kosong di bawah. TP2
Animals can be classified based on their common characteristics. Fill in the blanks below.

Reptilia Vertebrata Mamalia Amfibia Burung Invertebrata Ikan
Reptiles Vertebrates Mammals Amphibians Birds Invertebrates Fish

(a) Invertebrata/Invertebrates Kala jengking Kupu-kupu Kumbang
• Haiwan tidak bertulang belakang Scorpion Butterfly Beetle
Animals with no backbones
Praktis
Kendiri

(b) Vertebrata/Vertebrates
• Haiwan bertulang belakang
Animals with backbones

Tupai Penguin Ayam Helang
Squirrel Penguin Chicken Eagle

Beruang/Bear

(c) Mamalia/Mammals (e) Burung/Birds

• Homoioterma, berbulu, bernafas • Homoioterma, berbulu pelepah, bernafas melalui
melalui peparu, melahirkan peparu, telur yang bercangkerang, kaki bersisik
anak, mempunyai kelenjar susu dan melakukan persenyawaan dalam.
dan melakukan persenyawaan Homeothermic, have feathers, breathe through lungs,
dalam. eggs with shells, scaly feet and undergo internal
Homeothermic, have fur, breathe fertilisation.
through lungs, give birth, have
mammary glands and undergo Ikan bawal Belut
internal fertilisation. Pomfret Eel

(f) Ikan/Fish

Kura-kura/Tortoise • Poikiloterma, mempunyai sisik keras yang
berlendir, bernafas melalui insang, bertelur dan
Ular/Snake melakukan persenyawaan luar.
Poikilothermic, have slimy hard scales, breathe
through gills, lay eggs and undergo external
fertilisation.

Buaya/Crocodile Katak/Frog Kodok/Toad Salamander
Salamander
(d) Reptilia/Reptiles
• Poikiloterma, bersisik, bernafas (g) Amfibia/Amphibians
melalui peparu, telur yang
bercangkerang dan melakukan • Poikiloterma, bernafas melalui insang (anak
persenyawaan dalam. amfibia), bernafas melalui kulit lembap dan
Poikilothermic, have scales, peparu (amfibia dewasa), telur yang berlendir dan
breathe through lungs, eggs with melakukan persenyawaan luar.
shells and undergo internal Poikilothermic, breathe through gills (young
fertilisation. amphibians), breathe through moist skin and lungs
(adult amphibians), jelly-like eggs and undergo external
fertilisation.

5

BAB 1.4 AKTIVITI Pengelasan tumbuhan Tarikh:
PERBINCANGAN Classification of plants
PBD
1 1 Kelaskan tumbuhan berdasarkan ciri-ciri sepunya. TP1 Konstekstual
Classify the plants according to their common characteristics. Buku teks m/s 12 – 13

Paku-pakis Dikotiledon Konifer Monokotiledon Lumut Nota Praktis
Ferns Dicotyledon Conifers Monocotyledon Mosses Ekstra Kendiri

Tumbuhan/Plants

Tumbuhan berbunga Tumbuhan tidak berbunga
Flowering plants Non-flowering plants

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Spora
Spore

Spora/Spore Kon/Cone

Pokok jagung Pokok bunga Lumut Paku-pakis Konifer
Maize plant matahari Mosses Ferns Conifers
Monokotiledon Sunflower plant
Monocotyledon • Membiak • Membiak • Membiak melalui
Dikotiledon melalui spora melalui spora kon dan ada
Dicotyledon dan tiada dan ada vaskular.
vaskular. vaskular. Reproduced by
• Menghasilkan buah, biji benih Reproduced by Reproduced cone and have
(mempunyai kotiledon) dan ada spores and no by spores and vascular.
vaskular./Produce fruits, seeds (have vascular. have vascular.
cotyledons) and have vascular.

2 Bandingkan ciri-ciri tumbuhan monokotiledon dan dikotiledon. TP2
Compare the characteristics of monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants.

Keras dan berkayu/Hard and woody Tunjang/Tap Selari/Parallel
Lembut dan tidak berkayu/Soft and non-woody Satu/One Serabut/Fibrous
Jejala/Network Dua/Two Monokotiledon
Monocotyledon
(a) Biji benih : Bilangan kotiledon
Pokok padi/Paddy plant
Dikotiledon Seed : Number of cotyledons
Dicotyledon
Dua/Two Satu/One
Pokok limau mandarin
Mandarin orange tree (b) Jenis urat daun/Type of leaf vein

Berurat jejala Berurat selari
Network veins Parallel veins

(c) Jenis batang/Type of stem

Keras dan berkayu Lembut dan tidak
Hard and woody berkayu
Soft and non-woody

(d) Jenis akar/Type of root

Akar tunjang Akar serabut
Tap root Fibrous root

6

Tarikh:

1.5 AKTIVITI Pengelasan organisma dengan kekunci dikotomi PBD BAB
PERBINCANGANKBAT Konstekstual
The classification of organisms by dichotomous key

Buku teks m/s 14 – 15 1

Anda diberi beberapa ekor haiwan di bawah. Gunakan kekunci dikotomi untuk mengenal pasti haiwan-
haiwan P, Q, R, S, T dan U. TP3/KBAT
You are given some animals below. Use dichotomous keys to identify animals P, Q, R, S, T and U.

Siput/Snail Helang/Eagle

Kucing/Cat

Kelawar/Bat

Lebah/Bee Ular/Snake

A. Kekunci dikotomi/Dichotomous key Bentuk
1 Berkepak/With wings .................................................. pergi ke nombor/go to number 2 pernyataan
Statement
Tidak berkepak/Without wings ................................... pergi ke nombor/go to number 3
2 Badan bersegmen/Segmented body ............................. P: Lebah/Bee form

Badan tidak bersegmen/Unsegmented body ............... pergi ke nombor/go to number 4 Praktis
3 Berkaki/With legs ........................................................ S: Kucing/Cat Kendiri

Tidak berkaki/Without legs ......................................... pergi ke nombor/go to number 5
4 Berbulu pelepah/With feathers ................................... Q: Helang/Eagle

Tidak berbulu pelepah/Without feathers .................... R: Kelawar/Bat
5 Bercangkerang/With a hard shell ............................... T: Siput/Snail

Tidak bercangkerang/Without hard shell ................... U: Ular/Snake

B. Bentuk
Kumpulan haiwan/Groups of animals grafik

Graphic

form

Berkepak/With wings Tidak berkepak/Without wings

Badan bersegmen Badan tidak bersegmen Berkaki Tidak berkaki
Segmented body Unsegmented body With legs Without legs

P: Lebah/Bee S: Kucing/Cat

Berbulu pelepah Tidak berbulu pelepah Bercangkerang Tidak bercangkerang
With feathers Without feathers With a hard shell Without hard shell

Q: Helang/Eagle R: Kelawar/Bat T: Siput/Snail U: Ular/Snake

7

BAB 1PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN KOMPONEN
PP

1 Arahan: Jawab semua soalan. 3 Mengapakah ikan lumba- 4 Antara yang berikut, yang
Instructions: Answer all questions. lumba yang tersangkut di jaring manakah tidak akan merosak-
nelayan akan mati? kan keseimbangan ekosistem?
Bahagian A/Section A Why dolphins caught in the nets Which of the following will not
of fishermen will die? destroy the balance of ecosystem?
1 Apakah tumbuhan endemik? A Ikan lumba-lumba bernafas I Penghutanan
What are endemic plants? melalui peparu Forestation
A Ditemui di kawasan tundra Because dolphins breathe II Perlombongan
Found in tundra area through lungs Mining
B Terhad di kawasan tertentu B Ikan lumba-lumba mem- III Perumahan
Restricted in certain area punyai kulit yang lembap Housing
C Ditemui dalam kuantiti Because dolphins have moist IV Pemuliharaan hutan simpan
yang besar skin Conservation of forest
Found in large quantities C Ikan lumba-lumba mem- A I dan II
D Tumbuhan yang telah pupus punyai saiz badan yang I and II
Extinct plants besar B III dan IV
Because dolphins are big in III and IV
2 Antara haiwan berikut, yang size C II dan III
manakah homoioterma? D Ikan lumba-lumba akan II and III
Which of the following animals mati kebuluran D I dan IV
are homeothermic? Because dolphins will die of I and IV
A Kura-kura, ular, katak starvation
Tortoise, snake, frog
B Ular, kelawar, penyu
Snake, bat, turtle
C Kelawar, burung merpati,
rusa
Bat, pigeon, deer
D Ikan paus, ular, katak
Whale, snake, frog

Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Lengkapkan ruang tentang pengelasan haiwan.
Complete the spaces on the classification of animals.

Haiwan/Animals

Invertebrata/Invertebrates K: Vertebrata/Vertebrates

Ikan/Fish Reptilia/Reptiles Burung/Birds

L: Amfibia/Amphibians Mamalia/Mammals

[2 markah/2 marks]

(b) Bulatkan haiwan reptilia./Circle the reptiles.

Tenggiling Penyu Ular Penguin
Pangolin Turtle Snake Penguin

[2 markah/2 marks]

8

Bahagian C/Section C BAB

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan seekor orang utan. Orang utan kini hanya terdapat di hutan hujan Borneo dan Sumatra. 1
Diagram 2 shows an orang utan. The orang-utans are currently found only in the rainforests of Borneo and
Sumatra.

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

(a) Mengapakah orang utan dikatakan sebagai suatu spesies endemik? TP4/Menganalisis
Why orang utans are said to be an endemic species?
Orang utan merupakan spesies yang hanya khusus ditemukan di Malaysia.
Orang utans are species which are specially found in Malaysia.
[2 markah/2 marks]

(b) Kini, biodiversiti telah berkurang pada kadar yang membimbangkan. Beribu-ribu spesies tumbuhan dan
haiwan kini mengalami ancaman kepupusan. Cadangkan langkah-langkah untuk mengatasi isu alam
sekitar ini. TP5/Menilai
Biodiversity is currently decreasing at an alarming rate. Thousands of plant and animal species are currently
threatened with extinction. Suggest measures to resolve these environmental issues.
Melarang pembalakan haram, pemburuan, penangkapan dan penjualan spesies terancam/Mendidik
orang ramai tentang keperluan melindungi biodiversiti melalui multimedia atau kempen.
Banning illegal logging, hunting, capturing and selling of threatened species/Educating the public on the need
to protect biodiversity through the multimedia or campaigns.
[4 markah/4 marks]

(c) Wajarkan kepentingan pemuliharaan dan pemeliharaan biodiversiti dalam hutan. TP5/Menilai
Justify the importance of preservation and conservation of biodiversity in forests.
Tumbuhan hijau dalam hutan memainkan peranan dalam kitar oksigen dan kitar karbon untuk
mengekalkan kandungan gas-gas di dalam udara. Hutan menyediakan pelbagai habitat untuk haiwan
dan menyediakan sumber makanan bagi organisma lain. Hutan juga menjadi daya penarik kepada
pengunjung yang berminat dalam kajian saintifik dan rekreasi.
Green plants in the forest play a role in the oxygen and carbon cycles in order to maintain the content of gases
in the air. Forests provide a variety of habitats for animals and sources of food for other organisms. Forests also
attract visitors who are interested in scientific research and recreation.
[4 markah/4 marks]

Praktis
Formatif

9


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