Page 1 of 27 INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CHAPTER 1 (Updated: 4 OCTOBER 2021) School of Electrical Engineering Green Energy Research Centre (GERC) Solar Research Institute (SRI) Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Email: [email protected] (Course Coordinator) [email protected] [email protected]
Page 2 of 27 TOPIC OUTCOMES: At the end of the chapter, you should be able to: 1) explain definition of Renewable Energy (RE) 2) describe fundamentals of renewable energy system; solar Photovoltaic (PV), biomass, wave, tidal, geothermal and concentrated solar power. 3) create awareness on technical, economic, environment and social implications
Page 3 of 27 Link of the picture is at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EEoY0G60ETrKV71HXx0reOlEH0cIQvZ-/view?usp=sharing
Page 4 of 27 CHAPTER 1 Table of Contents 1. Definition 5 2. Introduction 5 3. The benefit of Renewable Energy Resources 9 4. Challenges of implementing REN in Malaysia 10 5. The Malaysian’s government efforts to promote REN 10 6. REN in this course 16 7. Solar Energy 16 8. Microhydro Power 19 9. Wind Generator System 20 10. Biomass 21 11. Geothermal 23 12. Wave Energy 24
Page 5 of 27 1. Definition • Renewable Energy (REN) is an energy which generated from natural resources (sunlight, wind, rain, tides, geothermal heat, etc.) which are inexhaustible and naturally replenished at a rate comparable to its use. 2. Introduction • Non-Renewable energy or fossil fuel such as oil, coal, and natural gas are: - • Reasonably cheap i.e. cost for energy generation • Plentiful i.e. large quantity • Matured technology • Oil can be transported over long distances by pipelines or tankers • Reliable and predictable energy source But • Damaging economic progress • Emitted greenhouse gases which damaging environment and human life. • Polluting atmosphere • Unsustainable (depletion of stock over time) • Will become difficult to extract and dangerous as they go further into the sea or deeper in the ground. • Oil spillages and pipelines burst damage ecosystem and expensive to clear up. • Mines clear up habitat from the surface • Coal not easily transported over long distance. • Nuclear Energy • Pros: - Nuclear fusion would use fuel in plentiful supply Would reduce the present level of greenhouse • Cons: - Danger of leakage and explosion e.g. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), Chernobyl (1986). Harmful effects of radioactive waste. • The fossil fuel creates two main problems to environment: - • Global warming • Damaging ozone layer • The greenhouse gas effect is causing the Earth to warm up i.e. global warming. The gases are: -
Page 6 of 27 • Carbon dioxide (C02) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous oxide (N20) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) • The ozone layer is Earth’s “sunscreen” – protecting living things from too much ultraviolet radiation. It aborts 97 to 99% of the Sun’s UV light. The emission of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) has been damaging the ozone layer. Example: - • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and • hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Figure 1: The effect of greenhouse gas on global warming.
Page 7 of 27 Figure 2: The effect of ozone layer on UV light penetration. • Renewable energy (REN) can be seen as a way to reduce GHG emissions. • REN sources currently supply somewhere between 15 percent and 20 percent of world's total energy demand. • The supply is dominated by traditional biomass, mostly fuel wood used for cooking and heating, especially in developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. • New REN sources (solar energy, wind energy, modern bio-energy, geothermal energy, and small hydropower) are currently contributing about two percent.
Page 8 of 27 • A number of scenario studies have investigated the potential contribution of renewable to global energy supplies, indicating that in the second half of the 21st century their contribution might range from the present figure of nearly 20% to more than 50% with the right policies in place. • The potential of REN sources is enormous as they can in principle meet many times the world's energy demand. • REN sources such as small hydropower, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal can provide sustainable energy services, based on the use of routinely available, indigenous resources. • A transition to renewable-based energy systems is looking increasingly likely as the costs of solar and wind power systems have dropped substantially in the past 30 years, and continue to decline, while the price of oil and gas continue to fluctuate. • In fact, fossil fuel and renewable energy prices, social and environmental costs are heading in opposite directions. • Furthermore, the economic and policy mechanisms needed to support the widespread dissemination and sustainable markets for renewable energy systems have also rapidly evolved. • It is becoming clear that future growth in the energy sector is primarily in the new regime of renewable, and to some extent natural gasbased systems, and not in conventional oil and coal sources. VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLBK1ux5b7U
Page 9 of 27 3. The benefit of Renewable Energy Resources • To increase standard of living especially those in remote area – not accessible to grid power supply - rural electrification. Remote communities and also remote school. • To enhance energy security against energy crisis – fossil fuel keep on increasing. Benefits to those countries producing oil – non producing oil countries are suffered. • To follow global energy situation and demand – carbon free energy sources demand will go up in the coming years. • To help reduce our dependency on fossil fuels • Price of fossil fuel keeps on increasing creates economic instability. • Fossil fuels reserve keep on depleting. Uncontrolled usage will finish faster. • To fights against climate change • Fossil fuels create environmental pollution, emission of hazardous gasses, global warming etc. Depleting ozon layer. Increase earth temperature. • To create local employment • Job creation. • New technologies need labour. Generating more jobs opportunity than fossil fuel economy. • Workers spend money - creates local economic activity (jobs and revenue) in other sectors such as retail, restaurant, leisure and entertainment. • More jobs will be created if the materials and technologies are processed and manufactured locally. • Maintenance services. • Rapid growth on renewable energy will continue as: - • Population and consumption grow • Energy demand increases • Fossil fuel supplies decline • Electricity tariff increases • People demand a cleaner environment
Page 10 of 27 4. Challenges of implementing REN in Malaysia • Cost – cost of power generation is still high because almost all technologies are imported. • Suitable site – not all sites are suitable for REN. Wind – required adequate wind speed. Microhydro – required continuous water flow. Biomass – required continuous supply. • Human resources – lack of skill worked in this area. • Not sure of feasibility and sustainability of the REN sources – making investment restricted. 5. The Malaysian’s government efforts to promote REN • REN development in Malaysia • 8 th Malaysia Plan (2001 – 2005); REN introduced as the 5th fuel. 5% REN in energy mix. • 9 th Malaysia Plan (2006 – 2010); Small Renewable Energy Programme (SREP). Government of Malaysia (GOM) approved the national Rnewable energy Policy & Action Plan (NREPAP) (Oct, 2010). • 10th Malaysia Plan (2011 – 2015); Enactment of Renewable Energy Act 2011 & SEDA Act 2011 ( 27 & 2 April 2011) • 2015: Energy mix 43% coal, 40% gas, 14% large hydro, 2% REN, 1% oil. • 11th Malaysia Plan (2016 – 2020); target REN (FiT) capacity of 2,080 MW, Implementation of Large Scale Solar (LSS) Photovoltaic Plant Program, Implementation of Net Energy Metering (NEM) Scheme. • 12th Malaysia Plan (2021 – 2025); NEM 3.0 from 2021 to 2023 and the total quota allocation is up to 500 MW, LSS@MEnTARI; Program Large Scale Solar (LSS) Photovoltaic Plant Program By Malaysian Electricity Industry To Attract RE Investment • Malaysia National REN target for energy mix • 2015: 5.5% • 2020: 11% • 2025: 20% • In 2018, MOSTI, KeTTHA and NRE has been restructured and formed the Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC) • In 2020, MESTECC has been restructured and formed the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi (MOSTI)) on 9 March 2020 https://www.mosti.gov.my/web/profil/mengenai-kami/
Page 11 of 27 • Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725) • Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) • Feed in tariff - a mechanism that allows electricity produced from indigenous REN resources to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price for specific duration (Biomass and Biogas resources: 16 yrs. Small hydro and PV: 21 yrs). • Training – to provide knowledgeable and skill worker in REN. • Disseminate knowledge and new technology through seminars • An Act to provide for the establishment and implementation of a special tariff system which is known as Feed-in Tariff (FiT) to catalyse the generation of renewable energy and to provide for related matters. • Feed-in tariff (FiT) scheme (2012 to 2016): - • FiT mechanism‘s implementation as of 30 June 2017:- • Biogas: 214.63 MW approved. 52.02 MW completed. • Biomass: 375.69 MW approved. 87.90 MW completed. • Small Hydro: 389.29 MW approved. 30.30 MW completed. • Solar PV: • Individual: 98.41 MWp approved. 67.71 MWp completed. • Community: 9.76 MWp approved. 4.65 MWp completed. • Non-individual (<425 kWp): 101.88 MWp approved. 65.43 MWp Completed. • Non-individel (>425 kWp): 228.53 MWp approved. 200.23 MWp Completed. • Total project approved: 1,455.19 MWp and total project completed: 508.24 MWp. • Net Energy Metering (NEM) (2016 to 2020) & NEM 3.0 (2021 TO 2023) • PV roof-top installation • Total quota of 500 MWp from 2016 to 2020 or 100 MWp per year. • Domestic consumers: the maximum capacity is less or equal to 12 kWp for single-phase or 72 kWp for three-phase system. • For commercial and industrial consumers, the maximum capacity shall be 1 MWp or 75% of maximum demand (whichever is lower) or 60% of fuse rating or 60% of current transformer rating (for LV system) • NEM = Self consumption + Export (Displaced cost) • Total complete installation as of August 2017: 4,121 kWp. None in Sabah.
Page 12 of 27 • NEM is executed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), regulated by the Energy Commission (EC), with Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) Malaysia as the implementing agency. Net Energy Metering 3.0 programme (NEM 3.0) • to provide more opportunities to electricity consumers to install solar PV systems on the roofs of their premises to save on their electricity bill. • will be in effect from 2021 to 2023 and the total quota allocation is up to 500 MW. • divided into the following three (3) new initiatives/categories :- • Peer to Peer Energy Trading (P2P) (Pilot run begin in 2019) • P2P energy trading occurs when solar photovoltaic (PV) producer sells excess solar electricity on an energy trading platform to another consumer. • Typically, prosumers will sell their solar electricity at a rate competitive to retailer’s tariff. • Participating consumers have the choice of purchasing solar electricity from the P2P or from the retailer. • Grid operator is compensated with grid fee. • Retailer operating the energy trading platform is compensated with retailer’s fee. • For detail information, please visit SEDA website (Source: www.seda.gov.my)
Page 13 of 27 Figure 3: Peer to Peer Energy Trading (P2P) • Large Scale Solar Farm (LSS) (2017 – 2023). • Managed by Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) not SEDA. • Solar plant capacity from 1 MW to 50 MW selected through open bidding process. • Total PV capacity of 1,000 MW by 2020 (or 250 MW per year starting from 2017) • PV plant less than 30 MW connect to Distribution Voltage Network • PV plant greater than 30 MW connect to Transmission Voltage Network. • LSS@MEnTARI; Program Large Scale Solar (LSS) Photovoltaic Plant Program By Malaysian Electricity Industry To Attract RE Investment • For further information, please visit Suruhanjaya Tenaga website
Page 14 of 27 • Self-consumption (SelCo) (2016 – 2020) • Regulated by ST and implement (IA) by SEDA Malaysia. • Electricity generated is entirely for self-consumption and applicant undertakes shall ensure no excess of power will be injected to the grid. • Thus, a reverse power relay or a special power management controller shall be installed to prevent surplus power flows to the grid. *ST – Suruhanjaya Tenaga, IA – Implementing Agency LOAD Distribution board Controller Inverter GCPV System Energy meter Sensors Utility Figure 4: SelCo with power management controller • Scenario in 2020. • Total power demand (Peninsular & Sabah): 20 GW – 100% • REN under FiT: 1,300 MW – 6.5% • PV under NEM: 500 MW – 2.5% • LSS: 1,000 MW – 5% • Other REN projects: 200 MW – 1% • Malaysia (Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)) plans to generate at least 20% of its energy through renewable sources by 2025.
Page 15 of 27 • Subsidised REN for rural electrification • Support local manufactures • Encourage PV manufacturers to set up their factory in Malaysia • Malaysia National REN Policy and action Plan (NREPAP) 2010 • To enhance the utilisation of indigenous renewable energy resources to contribute towards national electricity supply security and sustainable socio-economic development • Objectives: • To increase REN contribution in the national power generation mix; • To facilitate the growth of the REN industry; • To ensure reasonable REN generation costs; • To conserve the environment for future generation; and • To enhance awareness on the role and importance of REN. • Way forward • Strong growth in solar PV • A new REN Roadmap & Policy to be drafted to replace NREPAP and chart the future growth of RE as important energy source for Malaysia. • Redefined REN to include off-grid REN • Ramp-up REN capacity through; utility scale solar PV, net-metering and introduce regional standards for PV systems. • Geothermal –potential assessment • Wind – wind resources assessment • GoM continue LSS with LSS@MEnTARI; Program Large Scale Solar (LSS) Photovoltaic Plant Program By Malaysian Electricity Industry To Attract RE Investment; 2021 to 2023. Targeted 500 MW • National Renewable Energy Policy (Source: SEDA, Malaysia) • Vision is achieving 20% Renewable Energy (RE) Capacity Mix by 2025 • Implementing Enhanced Net Energy Metering (NEM) And Solar Leasing • Implementing Large Scale Solar Programme 3 (LSS3) • Implementing Non-Solar RE Projects • Establishing RE Facilitation Programmes in Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) Malaysia • Enabling Greater Access to Renewable Energy Sources
Page 16 of 27 6. REN in this course • The following types of renewable energy will be covered in detail in this course: • Solar energy • Hydropower • Wind energy • Other types of REN will be explained in brief:- • Biomass • Geothermal • wave • Tidal 7. Solar Energy • Two types: • Active solar energy – use special device to generate electrical from sunlight. • Photovoltaic Power system • PV cell generates DC power once receives sun light • Small size (e.g. calculator) up to MWp size (e.g. Solar farm) • Use to generate electricity • Applicable to standalone PV power system and grid connected PV power system VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKxrkht7CpY Figure 5: Photovoltaic • Passive solar energy - use heat from sunlight. • Solar thermal
Page 17 of 27 Small size - applicable for hot water Large size – applicable for steam turbine to generate electricity To extract heat from sunlight. Heat can used to drive steam turbine and generate electricity. Figure 6: Solar thermal
Page 18 of 27 • Advantages: • No air pollution during operation. • No noise • Because sunlight is dispersed, small-scale, dispersed applications are a better match to the resource. • They can take advantage of unused space on the roofs of homes and buildings and in urban and industrial lots. • In solar building designs, the structure itself acts as the collector, so there is no need for any additional space at all. • Issues: • The primary environmental, health, and safety issues involve how they are manufactured, installed, and ultimately disposed of. • Materials used in some solar energy systems can create health and safety hazards for workers and anyone else coming into contact with them. In particular, the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells often requires hazardous materials such as arsenic and cadmium. • There is an additional-probably very small-danger that hazardous fumes released from photovoltaic modules attached to burning homes or buildings could injure fire fighters. • The large amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants-approximately one square kilometer for every 20-60 megawatts (MW) generated - poses an additional problem, especially where wildlife protection is a concern.
Page 19 of 27 8. Microhydro Power • Production of electricity by harnessing the power of flowing water from lakes, rivers, and streams • Small hydro is based on simple concepts. Moving water turns a turbine, the turbine spins a generator, and electricity is produced. • Designing your small hydro system or estimating how much electricity it will produce, you´ll need to make four essential measurements: • Head (the vertical distance between the intake and turbine) • Flowrate (how much water comes down the stream) • Pipeline (penstock) length • Electrical transmission line length (from power house to grid connection) • Water flow must be available throughout the year for the system to be sustainable . • Advantages: • Could generate large scale of electric power. • No air pollution • Issues: • The reservoirs created by such projects frequently inundate large areas of forest, farmland, wildlife habitats, scenic areas, and even towns. In addition, the dams can cause radical changes in river ecosystems both upstream and downstream. • Small hydropower plants using reservoirs can cause similar types of damage, though obviously on a smaller scale. VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8HmRLCgDAI
Page 20 of 27 9. Wind Generator System • WGS is suitable for location where average wind speed is more than 2.5 m/s. Higher wind speed is better. • In Malaysia, wind speed is not consistent and east coast is comparatively higher than west coast. • Principle operation: • Wind power rotates wind blade • Wind blade coupled with alternator or generator • Generator rotates and produce electricity • Advantages: • Could utilises unused land. • It produces no air or water pollution, involves no toxic or hazardous substances (other than those commonly found in large machines), and poses no threat to public safety. • Issues • Gives impact on the cultural historical landscape. • If no income - Attitude “Not-In-My-Backyard” position. • If become source of income – “Please-In-My-Backyard” • For greater wind resources – required transmission line – potential result in social conflict over land use. • May fear that their presence might reduce property values. • Concern about bird deaths from collisions with spinning rotors. VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE
Page 21 of 27 10. Biomass • Biomass is defined as non-fossilised and originating from indigenous plants animals and micro-organisms including but not limited to products biodegradable organic material by-products residues and waste from agriculture industrial and municipal wastes originating locally. • Electrical power can be generated by burning biomass which will burn. Burning biomass produces many of the same emissions as burning fossil fuels. However, growing biomass captures carbon dioxide out of the air, so that the net contribution of the cycle to global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is zero. • Although fossil fuels have their origin in ancient biomass, they are not considered biomass by the generally accepted definition because they contain carbon that has been out of the carbon cycle for a very long time. Their combustion therefore disturbs the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. • Sources of Biomass • Wood and waste wood: Wood is the most commonly used type of biomass. Since the earliest days the fuel being used for cooking and heating is the wood. Even at present wood as the biomass material is major source of energy in a number of developing countries. • Leaves of the plants: In the densely planted places lots of leaves fall from the trees. These can be dried, powdered and converted into small pieces, which can be used as the biomass fuel to generate heat or electricity. • Agricultural waste: Lots of waste materials obtained from the farms are a great source of biomass materials e.g. Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) • Livestock waste can also be used to generate methane gas. • Municipal solid waste (MSW), also called urban solid waste, is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. They are in either solid or semisolid form and generally exclude industrial hazardous wastes. The term residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for reprocessing. VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVl17JLn_u0 • Biomass conversion technologies • Biomass power technologies convert renewable biomass fuels to heat and electricity using processes similar to those employed with fossil fuels.
Page 22 of 27 • At present, the primary approach for generating electricity from biomass is combustion direct-firing. Combustion systems for electricity and heat production are similar to most fossil-fuel fired power plants. • The biomass fuel is burned in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam. This steam is introduced into a steam turbine, where it flows over a series of turbine blades, causing the turbine to rotate. The turbine is connected to an electric generator. The steam flows over and turns the turbine. The electric generator rotates, producing electricity. This is a widely available, commercial technology. • Combustion boilers are available in different designs, depending on application and biomass characteristics. The main options are to burn the biomass on a grate, or to fluidize the biomass with air or some other medium to provide even and complete burning. • Like coal, biomass can be a cumbersome fuel source because it is a solid. By converting biomass into a gas, it can then be made available for a broader range of energy devices. For example, biomass-sourced gas can be burned directly for heating or cooking, converted to electricity or mechanical work (via a secondary conversion device such as an internal combustion engine), or used as a synthetic gas for producing higher quality fuels or chemical products such as hydrogen or methanol. • Gasifiers operate by heating biomass in an environment where the solid biomass breaks down to form a flammable gas. The biogas can be cleaned and filtered to remove problem chemical compounds. The gas can be used in more efficient power generation systems called combined cycles, which combine gas turbines and steam turbines to produce electricity. • Advantages: • Emissions from conventional biomass-fueled power plants are generally similar to emissions from coal-fired power plants, with the notable difference that biomass facilities produce very little sulfur dioxide or toxic metals (cadmium, mercury, and others). • Using biomass-derived methanol and ethanol as vehicle fuels, instead of conventional gasoline, could substantially reduce some types of pollution from automobiles. • Issues: • If derived from the burning of plant matter, raises more serious environmental issues. • Combustion of biomass and biomass-derived fuels produces air pollution, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates such as soot and ash. • Local air pollution – required proper site, location and type of power plants. • Concerns about the impacts of using land to grow energy crops. • Wide variety of production and conversion methods, each with different environmental impacts. • Involve new technology – increase concern about unknown risks.
Page 23 of 27 11. Geothermal • Underground heat. • Geothermal drilling is expensive mainly because the technology developed is similar to oil exploration. • Geothermal power requires deeper, larger holes, often through hard rock. Figure 7: Geothermal Plant • Advantages: • Large scale of power generation • Issues: • Disturb great natural beauty. • Safe waste disposal. • Close loop system is very expensive. The injection may also help prevent land subsidence. • Expensive. Use oil drilling technology. VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjpp2MQffnw
Page 24 of 27 12. Wave Energy • Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work — for example for electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkTRcTyDSyk (Tidal Power) VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcTNkoyvLFs (Pelamis) VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYPdQaPyyN0 (Duck) • Types: • The Duck is shown in the figure below. Ducks work by independently rotating about a long linkage; this maintains its stability by out spanning wave crests. The front edge of the duck matches the wave particle motion. In moderate seas, the more cylindrical back portion creates no stern waves but when the weather is bad these parts shed energy through wave making to the rear. The device requires a depth of at least 80 metres and uses a system of weights and floats to give almost constant tension in the mooring cables. Figure 8: Duck System
Page 25 of 27 • Hinged Contour Device • As the Pelamis moves with the waves, the motion is resisted at the joints by hydraulic rams that pump high-pressure oil through hydraulic motors via smoothing accumulators. These motors are used to drive generators to create power. It has been said that a 750kW device would be 150m long and 3.5m in diameter and comprise five sections. Figure 9: Hinged Contour System • Oscillating Water Column (OWC) • This method of generating power from the tide works by using a column of water as a piston to pump air and drive a turbine to generate power. This type of device can be fixed to the seabed or installed on shore. Figure 10: Oscillating Water Column System VIDEO : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcStpg3i5V8 (Ocean Energy)
Page 26 of 27 Tutorial Q1 Define renewable energy. State four types of renewable source of energy and discuss the advantage and disadvantages of each type. Q2 What is Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster (2011)? What are the possible effects of the disaster to humankind and environment? Q3 What is Chernobyl Disaster (1986)? What are the possible effects of the disaster to humankind and environment? Q4 What is fossil fuel? Why fossil fuel is not considered as renewable energy? List 3 examples of fossil fuel. Q5 What is Nuclear Energy? Discuss how nuclear energy could generate electricity. List one advantage and disadvantage of nuclear energy. Why nuclear energy is not considered as renewable energy? Q6 With the aid of suitable diagrams, explain the causes and the effect of greenhouse gasses on the environment. Q7 State two types of gases that give effect on the ozone layer. With the aid of suitable diagrams, explain how the ozone layer relates to environmental issues. Q8 The cost of generating energy from renewable energy resources is very expensive. List and discuss three benefits of supporting renewable energy. Your discussion should include socio-economic. Q9 Discuss the development of Photovoltaic Power System in Malaysia. Your discussion should include current status, pros and cons, type of system, site selection, difficulty of implementation, technology and future development. Q10 Discuss the development of Wind Energy generation System in Malaysia. Your discussion should include current status, type of system, pros and cons, site selection, difficulty of implementation, technology and future development. Q11 Discuss the development of Micro Hydro in Malaysia. Your discussion should include current status, type of system, pros and cons, site selection, difficulty of implementation, technology and future development. Q12 Discuss the development of Biomass in Malaysia. Your discussion should include present status, pros and cons, type of feed stock, site selection, difficulty of implementation, technology and future development. Q13 Discuss the development of Geothermal in Malaysia. Your discussion should include present status, pros and cons, site selection, difficulty of implementation, technology and future development. Q14 With the aid of suitable diagram, explain how solar water heater works. Q15 With the aid of suitable diagram, explain how tidal wave energy could be transferred to electrical energy.
Page 27 of 27 Q16 Solar thermal is a very promising renewable technology. With the aid of suitable diagram, describe how concentrated solar power can be used to generate electricity. Q17 Briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of the following technologies: i. Large Scale Solar Farm ii. Large Scale Hydro Power System. iii. Geothermal Q18 Describe four factors for sustainability of renewable energy in remote areas in Malaysia. Q19 Describe the roles of government, local community and service provider for sustainability of renewable energy in remote areas. Q20 Describe how renewable energy creates jobs and economy benefit to local people. Q21 State two types of storage energy technology used in renewable energy system and explain the principle operation of each technology. Q22 Discuss why energy storage is a very important component in renewable energy power system. List three types of energy storage. Q23 What is your decision (agree or not agree) of setting up nuclear energy power plant in Malaysia in the near future? Give reasons on your decision. Q24 What are the roles of Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC) in development of Renewable Energy in Malaysia? Q25 Malaysia has implemented various scheme and program in promoting Grid Connected Photovoltaic system. Discuss the following topics:- i. Suria 1000 Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Program. ii. Feed-in tariff Scheme iii. Self Consumption Scheme iv. Net Metering Scheme End of Document