Aquaculture Times Magazine

NEWS AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 51

Indian Govt. Encouraging more Investment in Aquaculture Sector

The global Aquaculture and Fisheries market expected to
hit 188 million tons by 2020, as a result of driven by gushing
seafood consumption. Due to the increased demand and
lower natural resources of aquaculture and fisheries are
expected to fill the gap in demand and supply. Aquaculture
is reaching momentum as the sea food are considered to
be the chief protein source as a result the exotic species
like shrimp and oysters are driving growth in the global
aquaculture market. Further aquaculture provides
indirect employment potential in the globe. Recently the
sustainable seafood production and organic aquaculture
practices are considered to be highly significant. Increase
in population together with the familiarity towards
aquaculture and aquaphonics are few of the factors that accelerates the global aquaculture market. The low per capita
protein consumption in developing countries offers immense untapped opportunities for future growth.

The Aquaculture will remain one of the fastest growing market in the future with a rising individual incomes and increased
consumption of animal proteins. By keeping this in mind our Indian Govt is likely to support more investments in the fisheries
and aquaculture sector. The Govt would provide in lease the local water bodies to entrepreneurs or private companies.
The department of fisheries has identified several waterbodies across the state that were not utilized. Many waterbodies
in and around the city have dried up due to lack of proper maintenance and many waterbodies and small ponds, especially
in the eastern fringes of the city, have been filled up for constructing buildings. The Govt is now providing these unutilized
waterbodies to entrepreneurs or private companies on long term lease or can develop a water body through public-private-
partnership (PPP) or joint venture mode for doing aquaculture or setting up water parks. In addition, they need to be utilized
properly for aquaculture or fish production.

References

(1) Aquaculture and Fisheries: A Global Strategic Business Report (2) http://www.thefishsite.com/ fishnews/24184/
(3) http://www.thefishsite.com/ fishnews/24074/

Global Tilapia Production is Expected to almost Internal Mortality in Litopenaeus vannamei Culture
Double by 2030 Ponds

According to the reports It has been observed that in L .vannamei culture ponds
published in the fish site World of West & East Godavari and Nellore distracts, there is
tilapia production is expected continuous mortality was observed throughout the culture
to almost double from 4.3 period. The shrimp are dead regularly in affected ponds.
million tonnes per year in 2010 Sometimes, dead shrimp float on the surface of the pond
to 7.3 million tonnes a year in water or sometimes the shrimps are noticed under the
2030. With these estimates, aerators. In some ponds, the shrimp come to edges of the
tilapia will likely be one of the main contributors to the ponds and die. The symptoms include shrimp becoming
fastest growth in world aquaculture aside from carp and weak, lethargic with body colour turning pinkish. They refuge
catfish. Asia remains the main driver of tilapia production to take feed. Intensity of mortality is high when management
with China in the lead. Supplies from Latin America are practices are very poor and the load of Vibrio sp. in the pond
also expected to increase though a drought in the Santa Fe is also noticed to be high. Farmers are advised to adapt best
does Sul region in Brazil has resulted in a 30% drop in tilapia management practices, avoid over feeding of the shrimp and
production. The region is one of the largest producers of maintain good water quality.
tilapia with an annual production of about 22 000 tonnes
annually. According to INFOFISH analysis, global exports of
tilapia during the first half of 2014 reached approximately
200 000 tonnes. Supplies were primarily from China in
the frozen form with the largest market being the USA.
However, imports increased to other markets as well as to
new markets. The tilapia market will remain firm with steady
demand leading to stronger prices in producing countries’
domestic markets. As long as tilapia prices stay competitive,
new markets will possibly strengthen and develop

NEWS AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 52

World Shrimp Business Grows, Supported largely by vannamei and black tiger, continue to come into the country
Increased Imports by the US And East Asian Markets. from Latin America and other Asian countries.

In the first half of 2014, the volume traded in the world shrimp In India, vannamei production increased moderately while
market increased by 5-6% compared with the same period in black tiger production is on the decline phase. Until September,
2013, mostly as a result of import growth in US and East Asian 2014 ex farm prices continued an upward trend due to supply
markets. In case of farmed shrimp production, positive trends demand imbalance and good import demand from East Asia.
have been reported so far in Ecuador, Indonesia, Viet Nam and The official forecast in India suggests that farmed shrimp
India. But supply shortfalls in Thailand, China and Mexico are production, dominated by vannamei, may increase by 10-20%
higher than expected. As a result, the level of supply is lower during the current fiscal year (April 2014-March 2015). But
than the early-year forecast, which has kept shrimp prices production of black tiger shrimp is likely to decline at the same
stable in the global market. rate as many farmers in the northeast aquaculture belt have
moved to vannamei culture in 2014.
In Asia, the seasonal peak of farmed shrimp was delayed due
to weather problems and the late arrival of monsoon season. In Latin America, farmed shrimp production is generally good
Overall, supplies were low to moderate in the producing and stable, particularly in Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and
countries during the April- October 2014. Moreover, the Peru. However, production continues to be lower in Mexico as
aquaculture areas affected by EMS in Southeast Asia and Latin a result of EMS. In a precautionary measure related to the EMS,
America have not been able to recover fully yet. Peru has suspended imports of shrimp from China, Thailand,
Viet Nam, Malaysia, India and Mexico for the next year.
In Thailand, the main production period was delayed till
August, with harvests mostly consisting of small sized shrimp Import And Export Trends
as farmers avoided a longer farming period. Therefore, the
total production of shrimp in 2014 is likely be below 200 000 According to INFOFISH estimates, the volume import in global
tonnes in Thailand, which is lower than the earlier forecast shrimp trade increased by 5-6% during January-June 2014
was 250 000 tonnes. against the same period in 2013 with a firm and steady price
trend. The top ten importers, namely the EU, the USA, Japan,
In Southern China, a strong typhoon hit shrimp aquaculture Viet Nam, Republic of Korea, China, Hong Kong SAR, Mexico,
areas in July, 2014 causing extensive damage to the hatcheries Canada and Australia, bought a total of nearly 850 000 tonnes
and farms. Hatcheries in Hainan lost thousands of brood stocks of shrimp during half of 2014. The demand trend was mixed in
and post larvae, with seed production in this area reduced by these markets; imports declined in Japan, Hong Kong SAR and
almost 50%, a significant negative impact to shrimp farming Canada but remained positive in the others.
in the southern provinces. Subsequently, vannamei shrimp
supplies were limited from Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong It is also interesting to note the trend in exports during half
with rising ex-farm prices. of 2014, in which Ecuador was the top supplier, very closely
followed by India. The average monthly exports from each of
While EMS disease persists in affected areas in Viet Nam, these countries were nearly 24 000 tonnes. The other leading
new areas in the country have evolved for vannamei farming. exporters are Viet Nam, China, Indonesia and Thailand.
Some farmers also moved away from rice to shrimp farming Monthly exports from China and Indonesia were about 13000
due to increased salinity in waters in the Mekong Delta. These tonnes each. The export volume from Viet Nam is not officially
developments have given Viet Nam a recent boost in vannamei reported, but it is known to be higher than China and Indonesia.
shrimp production. While black tiger production has declined
marginally in Ca Mao and Bac Lew but increased by more than The Japanese market, is the third largest shrimp market globally.
15% in Kien Giang where some farmers have moved back to It has to import less shrimp as a result of the yen devaluation
black tiger due to the low price of vannamei during the first in the beginning of December 2012. In late September 2014,
quarter of the 2014. The industry association of Viet Nam, the yen dropped to a six year low at yen 110 equal to USD 1
VASEP, reported that total production of farmed shrimp creating panic in the market. Prices have also started to move
through mid-August, 2014 was 317 305 tonnes in which 152 up in yen along the distribution chain, causing serious concern
035 tonnes were black tiger. Frozen shrimp imports, both in the trade prior to the year-end high consumption season.
Prices are expected to increase further by 10% due to this

NEWS AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 53

factor, which is a bad news for marketers in Japan. The import Import demand for shrimp remains selective in the EU. Asian
price of farmed shrimp has already increased by USD 3.00 per processors are constantly asked to produce frozen products
kg during the June-September 2014. with 20-30% glaze though the market is unable to support high
prices. There are more imports from Latin America, namely
Total imports during the first half of the 2014 were 28 200 Ecuador, Nicaragua and Honduras due to the preferential tariff
tonnes below the same period 2013. The market share of rates.
tropical shrimp has been increasingly taken over by the
cheaper cold-water prawn, particularly from Argentina and During the first half of 2014, shrimp imports into the EU from
The Russian Federation. Imports of raw, frozen cold-water third countries (extra-EU imports) were almost 6% higher
shrimp were 34% higher during this period at 17 037 tonnes at 253 600 tonnes compared with the same period last year.
but the large decline in tropical shrimp (-23,491 tonnes), was Ecuador, the top supplier, increased supply by 12.7% and had
not compensated. The top five shrimp suppliers to Japan for an 18.7% share in total imports. India was the second leading
the period were Viet Nam, Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina and supplier with a 38% rise in exports. Imports from Indonesia
China. also increased by 35% while Thai exports dipped strongly by
55% following the withdrawal of GSP on Thai shrimp in the EU
In this price sensitive market, supplies of value added shrimp, market beginning in January 2014.
generally exported by Thailand, Viet Nam and China, have also
been affected. On 17 July, the EU and Ecuador signed a deal which will allow
the country to join its Andean neighbours Peru and Columbia
Until June 2014 monthly imports of raw frozen shrimp in its trade agreement with the EU. According to the European
remained below 10,000 tonnes impacting the cumulative Commission, the terms of the new agreement go beyond the
volume during the first half of the year. Indeed, supplies unilateral EU-GSP for which Ecuador is no longer eligible.
declined by 22.6% compared with the same period in 2013. However, it will allow Ecuador, the number one exporter of
shrimp to the EU, to benefit from improved access for its main
wholesale market, shrimp prices have increased in Japan since exports including fishery products to the EU markets.
July, 2014 while local inventories remain lower than compared
with other years. The large shrimp importers in the Asian/Pacific region are Viet
Nam, China, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong SAR and Australia.
In the retail market demand for farmed shrimp is bound to
decline due to rising prices. Marketers are likely to promote According to INFOFISH analysis, Viet Nam is possibly the
the Argentinean seabob shrimp during the Christmas and New number one import market for farmed shrimp in the Asian/
Year season. Pacific region with estimated imports of frozen shrimp for the
first half of 2014 is 50 000 tonnes. Ecuador and India were the
Total shrimp supply in the US market is up with continued main suppliers with imports also increasing from Indonesia,
growth expected. Despite falling production and exports from Bangladesh and others. Most of these volumes are reprocessed
Thailand, imports continue to grow from other sources in Asia for export markets.
and Latin America. So far the situation has not had a serious
impact on prices, which are still at historically high levels and China mainly imports for domestic consumption with supplies
stable, demonstrating that demand is in balance with supply. of both cold and warm-water shrimp increasing into the
market during the first half of 2014 compared with the same
In the first half of 2014, relatively large imports of shrimp period in 2013. This trend continued during July-September
from Indonesia (+34%), Ecuador (+19%) and Viet Nam (+77%) in order to procure supply for the Mid-Autumn festival held
pushed the total import volume of shrimp into the USA at in early October. Industry sources indicate that actual import
11% higher compared with the same time period last year. volumes, particularly from Viet Nam and Myanmar, are much
Notably, supplies were up for all types of product groups, higher than official figures due to undocumented border trade.
including shell-on/easy-peel, semi-processed and processed,
contributing to a much higher percentage rise in the import The shortage of farmed shrimp supply has affected Chinese
value (+50%) that crossed USD 3 billion during the January- exports.
June period this year. Although rising shrimp prices were given
as the reason for this development, it is also this import growth In Asia, farmed shrimp production is likely to decrease in the
that contributed to the hefty increase in value. Indonesia was coming months while the sector approaches the production
the top supplier during this period; the average import price of season’s end. Industry reports from Thailand indicate less than
Indonesian shrimp increased by 40% which could be linked to 200 000 tonnes of production for 2014.
higher volume imports of large sized shellon/ easy-peel shrimp
(un/15 through 21/25) (+35%) and also all types of peeled In Ecuador, shrimp producers are planning to increase
shrimp (+40%). Similarly, imports of peeled shrimp (including production during the next harvesting season. However, the
peeled tail-on or PTO, butterfly-cut etc.) were 70% and 30% next season’s supply will not be in the market before March/
higher from Viet Nam and Ecuador. respectively. The rise in April, 2014.
Indian shrimp imports was moderate at 10%.
Japan has become less attractive for vannamei shrimp
In August and September, 2014 the Department of Commerce exporters, while limited demand for black tiger shrimp will
upheld higher duty rates for Thai, Indian and Vietnamese continue to cater to the high-end market during the year-end
shrimp exporters, which were preliminarily raised in March, festival season.
2014

NEWS AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 54

J&K raises more Trout to meet increasing Demand VNTR Sequences as Useful Genetic Markers for
Studying WSSV Epidemiology
The fisheries department of Jammu and Kashmir has stepped up
the breeding of trout fish to meet the demands of resident and As published in DOA (Sindhu priya et al 2014) VNTR
private sector. sequences might be good genetic markers for studying
WSSV epidemiology as there will not be any change
The demands have increased with the change in the dictary habits the sequence after passing through generations in any
as trout fish has largely replaced red meet for the people of the peneiad shrimp. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)
Kashmir valley. replicates rapidly, can be extremely pathogenic and is
a common cause of mass mortality in cultured shrimp.
According to the fisheries department, the favourable climatic Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences
conditions and appropriate breeding operation accelerate present in the open reading frame (ORF)94, ORF125
production of trout fish in Srinagar. Dept. people said we have and ORF75 regions of the WSSV genome have been
achieved the goal and have to increases the production to keep used widely as genetic markers in epidemiological
in view the local demand of the fish. What we are producing and studies. However, reports that VNTRs might evolve
selling out to the common people and side by side to increase rapidly following even a single transmission through
production further for private sector. So far that we taking all the penaeid shrimp or other crustacean hosts have
measures said Muhammad Ashraf Darzil, the project officer of created confusion as to how VNTR data is interpreted.
fisheries department. To examine VNTR stability again, 2 WSSV strains
(PmTN4RU and LvAP11RU) with differing ORF94
During breeding, eggs of fishes are kept in their monitoring cells. tandem repeat numbers and slight differences in
Meanwhile Javaid Ahmad an employee said thay take care of every apparent virulence were passaged sequentially 6
minute aspect during this period to increase production. They times through black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon,
said, we put all our efforts in the breeding process. If breeding Indian white shrimp Feneropenaeus indicus or Pacific
is good the production will also be good siad Ahmad. Trout is white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. PCR analyses
highly nutrious. An average sized trout contains about 1.8 grams to genotype the ORF94, ORF125 and ORF75 VNTRs
of Omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids that is required for the did not identify any differences from either of the 2
development of brain and retina in infants. Trout also contains parental WSSV strains after multiple passages through
20% protein, Vitamin A, B, B1, C2 and D and forms the of healthy, any of the shrimp species. These data were confirmed
low fat and fibre rich diet. by sequence analysis and indicate that the stability of
the genome regions containing these VNTRs is quite
Source: MPEDA News Letter high at least for the WSSV strains, hosts and number
of passages examined and that the VNTR sequences
The World Aquaculture Production thus represent useful genetic markers for studying
WSSV epidemiology.
The world aquaculture
production in the year The Global Fish Farming Industry Is Booming
2012 is estimated to be
66.76 million tonnes Aquaculture global is a fast developing sector in view
of these a freshwater of market demand for fish as food globally, there is an
fishes dominate by increase in the culture activities and also consuption
contributing to 37.4% as food as per the estimates of FAO . The per capita
of the total, followed consuption is about 10kg in the year 1960 and 2012
by the molluscan it increase to 19kg per capita this is because of vast
culture estimated increase culture activity. (source: FAO database)
to be 15.2%. The
crustaceans shrimp
and prawn contributed
to 6.5% of the total
production through
culture. The marine fish culture accounted to be only 2.2% .

Globally of the contries involved in aquaculture dominated by
undertaking freshwater fish culture. Of this China contributes
nearly 40% of the carps globally. Cat fish are produced in North
America through Aquaculture producing 1,36,000 annully. The
other groups the diadromous fish productio is about 7%. The
farmed Atlantic salmon makes 3% of the Global Aquaculture
production (source: FAO database)

NEWS AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 55

Prof. KRS Sambasiva Rao takes Charges as VC, ANU Director for Coastal Aquaculture
Authority Appointed
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has appointed Prof. Rao as a Vice- Chancellor of
Acharya Nagarjuna University. After assuming charges as Vice Chancellor Dr. R. Jayaraman has assumed charges as
he focused his vision towords quality research and education and to get Director, Coastal Aquaculture Authority
the NAAC ‘A’ grade to the University and to establish University as a , Ministry of Agriculture Govt. of India
centre for excellency. at its Chennai office on the forenoon of
06.02.2015. He is on deputation from
White Spot Disease in Litopenaeus vannamei the Tamil Nadu Fisheries University
to the Authority for a period of three
Incidences of WSD years. Earlier, he was serving the
has been reported in University as Professor and Head,
some vannamei farms Department of Fisheries Economics
of Krisha and East and Management, Fisheries College and
and West Godawari Research Institute, Thoothukudi. He is a
districts of Andhra fisheries professional with over 26 years
Pradesh. It causes of experience in teaching, research and
huge economic loss to extension activities in fisheries. He has
the farmers. In some several research publications in reputed
farms even after 20 International and National fisheries
days of seed stocking Journals and Conferences. He has
disease has been obtained and operated many research
reported due to WSSV projects funded by the ICAR, NABARD,
infection. The main Indian Council of Social Sciences
reason for infection Research, Planning Commission of
was poor quality seed and farmers are not follwing proper management practices India and Tamil Nadu State Planning
for pond preparation etc., Some small scales farmers were purchasing seed from Commission.
unauthorised hatcheries or nauplai centres, it was also a reson for spreading of
virus. In infected ponds, 100% mortality has been obsereved with in one week of International Conference
period. Farmers are advised to purchase the seed from certified hatcharies only. on
Some farmers and aquaculture technicians expressed their views about WSD in
vannamei when vannamei introduced in India, there is no WSSV infection but last Recent Advances in Biosciences
3 years WSD infection was significat problem in vannamei farming. and Applications of Engineering
in Production of Biopharmaceuticals
New Bacterial Species for wastes generated by aquaculture,
Bioremediation of Aquaculture like nitrogenous and phosphorous &
Wastes inorganic compounds, organic matter, 9th Annual Convention of
and etc are, require the use of specific Association of Biotechnology
Aquaculture being one of the important micro organisms.
economic activity on the other hand, and Pharmacy
it creates a environmental havoc The emergence of new technologies
through the impact of Special Satellite Meeting on
disposal of aquaculture could help capture inorganic nitrogen “Molecular Neurochemical
wastes. This results in Networking Complexes in
greater environmental from water and
impacts that results Alzheimer’s Disease”
in aquatic ecosystem reduce organic (14- 16 December, 2015)
changes. Both water and
soil pollution has been enrichment of Venue :
prevalent in regions KL University, Andhra Pradesh, India
of aquaculture. To sediments. Integrated
mitigate this problem autotrophic and For further details contact:
heterotrophic microbes have been Multi-trophic Prof. K. Srinivasulu
extensively used for bioremediation
of metals, petroleum spills, and their Aquaculture play a Organizing Secretary
derivatives. However, the use of micro KL University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur
organisms to bioremediate aquaculture vital role in helping
wastes has not been as extensive. The Dt., Andhra Pradesh, India
in-situ removal of Phone : +91 (861) 2352366, 2352377,

nitrogen and other Fax : +91 (861) 2352356, + 91 -
9849519527,
nutrients at sea cage sites. Recent
Email- [email protected]
studies suggest that identification of

denitrifying bacteria in brackishwater

shrimp culture pond sediments

resulted in identification of few species

like Marinobacter sp, Shewagenella sp,

Aquamicro bium sp.

INSTRUCTIONS AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 56

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TO AUTHORS

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The Aquaculture Times inviting original papers, articles, reviews, observations relating to aquaculture
principles and practices, culture aspects, water quality management, disease diagnosis, control measures,
new technology inventions relating to aquaculture. The manuscripts should be concise, typed in double
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authors for correspondence followed by brief Abstract (350 words), 3-5 key words, Introduction, Materials
and Methods, Results and Discussion, Conclusion, References, followed by the tables, figures and graphs
on separate sheets in Adobe Photoshop with good illumination. For quoting references in text one has
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References at the end has to be given in the following format

Dubey, S.K., Trivedi, R.K., Rout, S.K., Chand, B.K. and Choudhury, A. (2014). Median Lethal Salinity (MLS96
h) of Two Small Indigenous Fish Species, Amblypharyngodon mola and Puntius ticto from Indian Sundarban. J
Aquac Res Development 5:249.

Kaplan, E.H. (1996). Can Raising Fish Become a Career Aquaculture Magazine 22.1:102.

Authors can submit their papers and articles either to editor or any of the editorial board members
for onward transmission to the editorial office. Members of the editorial board are authorized
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submission of articles directly, the authors are advised to submit their articles only through email to
[email protected]

India is Major Prawn Exporter to US New fisheries policy to improve aqua
production in Andhra Pradesh
During January - November 2014, India ranked as the biggest
exporter of prawns to the US. According to figures from the Andhra Pradesh Agriculture Minister, Shri. P Pulla Rao
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), mentioned that the government has brought the new
India exported 99,566 tonnes of prawn, worth $1,269 million, fisheries policy with an aim to enhance aqua production in the
to the US between January and November of 2014, up from state. The new policy aims at increasing the aqua production
85,799 tonnes exported in the corresponding period of 2013, in the state from Rs 22,000 crore in 2014-15 to Rs 35,000
reports the Times Of India. by 2018-19, while addressing to the farmers at a seminar
on transforming AP as an aquaculture hub organised by the
Frozen prawns were the largest money earning component for state fisheries department at Vijayawada. The government,
India in seafood exports, accounting for 73.14 per cent of the through its new fisheries policy, introduced many schemes
US dollar earnings and 39.73 per cent of the overall seafood for farmers and feed and seed manufacturers to promote
export quantity during April - October 2014. their activity. The interest subsidy on loans for all farmers
and feed and seed manufacturers has been introduced.
India’s export performance in prawns could be attributed to Also, the power tariff for farmers has reduced from Rs 4.65
the introduction of Vannamei, an exotic white shrimp from per unit to Rs 3.75 a unit. The government has liberalised
the Pacific, in the country in 2009. After constant lobbying the process of permission for construction of fish tanks
from the local seafood industry, the government of India by farmers. Shri Pulla Rao also said that the government
had approved the import of Vannamei broodstock (mother is contemplating to set up an ‘Aqua park’ and a fisheries
prawns) from Hawaii and Florida in the US, which had been university in West Godavari district. An entrepreneur has
a huge success here, said Mangala Babu, a seafood exporter came forward to provide Rs 300 crore financial assistance
in Kochi. Rupee’s devaluation also helped exporters to quote for setting up of a fisheries university on PPP model.
lower prices compared to other prawn producers, he added. Source: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com

Source : TheFishSite

EXPERT REVIEW AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 57

Shri Duvvuru Radha Krishna Reddy, wise what counts must be planned at various time intervals.
President, Farmers Association, SPSR The Government can do lot of things for the betterment of
Nellore Dt. Andhra Pradesh, India has shrimp farmers and the industry. Govt. can promote the
expressed his views to the aqua domestic market by consumption of aqua foods through
farming society. promotional activities and can provide incentives to the
feed and chemical companies so that they will come forward
The President, Farmers Association, Shri Duvvuru Radha to sell their products at low prices. Apart from that it is
Krishna Reddy mentioned that the L. vannamei (cultured better to have a Market Council with the eminent scientists
~28,000 acres) occupies a major share and followed by fish from different sectors of industry to analyze the market
(~2,000 acres) and then a little bit of P. monodon (~500 to situation on day to day base and provide the information to
1,000 acre). When compared to earlier, the cost of seed has the farmers to culture the required quantities of shrimp at
increased very much from 25 paise to required counts. A statistical report must be maintained to
almost 70paise /Post larvae (PL). If the assess the status of culture online so that farmer can have an
crop price is good it can be affordable, but idea in controlling the culture volumes at required quantities
it is always a burden for small farmers.
However, the availability of quality seed without losing the price.
is lacking and even though the farmers Government should
are ready to spend.It may bedue to also give permission
the non-availability of more number for the entrepreneurs
of SPF brooders andlack of quarantine to develop SPF brood
measures to be followed for specified stock and to operate
disease free pathogens. The hatcheries the naupli centers in the
should maintain stringent biosecurity country immediately. So
measures, and should not supposed to that local brooders can
use local brooders, and screen the PL be controlled. Another
through PCR before the delivery to the major drawback in
farmers. The farmers should not be the industry is the
hurry in getting PL until it reaches at because of the non-
least to 13PL stage so that the survival availability of qualified
rate can be improved. He also advised technicians at base level
the farmers to go for low stocking density to provide guidance
culture i.e. 20-25pcs/m2, and the farmers to the farmers at their
should have a minimum knowledge on farm gate. Govt. officials
cost of production and should have should take the lead to
control over the crop through BMPs. strengthen the qualified
During the last crop, the success rate technicians. Educational
of the culture was almost very low i.e. institutes must involve
nearer to 40%. The major reasonsto set in improving research
back the industry was lack of good quality seed and scientific in the deficient areas
approaches to follow the culture practices which could leads for the best remedies.
tothe occurrence of diseases viz., white spot syndrome virus Bankers and the
(WSSV), white muscle & running mortalityand simultaneously insurance companies
leads to the loss of entire crop. Now the farmers are very should come forward and provide loans to the rural
much worried about the white fecal syndrome which is unemployed youth for practicing shrimp farming and also
attacking at the early stage of the culture (within 40 days) they should provide subsidies for setting up of farms.
and leading to loose shell and mortality. Earlier, Kota belt The economy of fisheries sector in the state is mainly depends
has contributed much production within the district. But this on export to the other states and outside the country.
time, it has seen much loses. However, Niduguntapalem is Promotion of hygienic domestic markets within the state and
one of the best area which was recordedwith good success also promotion for development of cold chain facilities, fish
rate. In order to improve our success rate one has to strictly processing industries in private sector, strengthening and
follow the culture practices by following best management up-gradation of the existing fishing harbours, fish landing
practices (BMPs). As of now, our standards are meeting only centres, creation of more fish landing centres on par with
40-50%, in terms of quality it should be improved through international standards will boost up the sector in terms of
antibiotic free culture. Exporters must be fair in price and it generation of more employment, more income to the State
is the responsibility of them to caution the farmer demand and the country.

EXPERT REVIEW AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 58

Interview with this long way can solve the above problem. At the present
Mr. Ravichandran, Senior Aqua situation, the farmers are very much suffering with the down
Consultant, Prakasam District, trend in price. In the last crop the farmers are able to get a
Andhra Pradesh, India good price of Rs.680/kg for 30 count and now it has become
just Rs. 330 for 30 count. Therefore many of the farmers are
Prakasam District is having not willing to go for the second crop. However, in the earlier

3 Revenue Divisions with crop farmers has seen
looses due to white
56 Mandals, 102 Km long fecal matter syndrome
for the control of which
coastline, 34 landing centers the farmers medicated
the animals using gut
and 3,859 sq.km area of probiotics, tamarind,
garlic, etc. but are
continental shelf area, wide unable to get out of it.
So, the percentage of
number of rivers and rivulets, success in this district
for the last crop is
canals and drains which very nominal and not
even counts for 30%.
offers excellent opportunity Farmers should go
for crop rotation and
for harvest of variety of also culture should be
practiced using best
fishes and crustaceans. management practices
(BMPs).
There are about 17,500
Farmers should take
fishermen families spread necessary care that
they should not use antibiotics. If antibiotic residues exists
over 74 villages in the district that may lead to rejections which affects the cost of the
material. The present standards are very far away from the
with a total fishermen global standards. So, we need to adopt antibiotic free culture
and to improve the culture standards through BMPs. MPEDA
population of 88,000 of has to regulate the antibiotic usage. They should take required
action to find out the antibiotic residues levels instead of
which 26,000 are active checking after the rejection. They can take necessary action
and certify that the culture is free from antibiotics.Govt.
fishermen. The district is should give permission to more number of feed companies
in order to cutthe feed cost.Insurance companies must
having 45 functional Marine come forward to protect the farmers offering insurance to
the crop, so that bankers can also come forward if there is
Fishermen Cooperative crop insurance so that farmer can be protected from heavy
financial loses.
Societies and 51 Inland

Fishermen Cooperative

Societies with membership of 7,859 and 5,703 respectively.

In addition to that there are 30 functional Fisherwomen

Cooperative Societies in the district and a District Fishermen

Cooperative Society. A total of 10,000 to 12,000 ha of land

is under culture where the major species being cultured is L.

vannamei which constitutes 95% of the total culture and only

3-5% is occupied by P. monodon.

The availability of seed for the present culture has become

plenty as most of the farmers are not interested to gofor

farming activity, because of the down trend in price. More

over the hatcheries are producing more number of post

larvae (PL). In these situations, the costof the seed comes

around 30paise/PL. But earlier the cost was very high

almost reached 90paise/PL. In terms of quality it is the sole

responsibility of the hatcheries to screen the PL before the

delivery and also it is the responsibility of farmers to choose

good, healthy and disease free PL by screening through PCR.

Because non-availability of sufficient number of brood stocks

the hatcheries are using same old stock of brood stock for 3-4

generation for the production of PL which is reducing their

vigor to withstand the infection and usage of such seed by

the farmers leading to heavy loses. Hence Govt. should take

necessary action for the supply of more number of brooders

to meet the requirement. Besides, brood stock domestication

must be brought to our country so that availability of brooders

that can sustain Indian conditions can be developed and can

be used for PL production.Dedicated efforts are required

from CAA, MPEDA, RGCA etc. to follow the stringent

biosecurity measures to maintain the brood bank and

EXPERT REVIEW AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 59

Interview with Mr. Sharmil Kumar, Interview with Mr.Srihari,
Dealer, Siri Varshini Aqua Feeds Chamundeswari Aqua Feeds and
and Chemicals, Bapatla, Guntur Dt., Chemicals, Korukallu, Krishna Dt.,
Andhra Pradesh, India Andhra Pradesh, India

In Guntur district, we have different types of soils like sandy, Krishna district has all potential to emerge as a vital asset
loamy and black soils all of them are used for culture practice. of the state in aquaculture, which can be expanded in
85% farmers are culturing Litopenaeus vannamei and the rest Koduru, Nagayalanka, Machilipatnam, Pedana, Bantumilli,
of the farmers are culturing Penaeus monodon. Most of the Kruthivennu and Mudinepalli mandals. While the shrimp
farmers are culturing with high stocking densities around farming is shrinking; fish farming is on the rise for the past
50-60pcs/m2. Very few farmers are going for 15-20 pcs/ three years in Krishna district. Thousands of acres of paddy
m2.He advised to the farmers to go for lower densities to fields are turning into fish ponds in the delta region, especially
avoid most of the problems and hatcheries should be in a the mandals located on the border of West Godavari district.
position to deliver required quantity of good quality seed According to estimates, fish farming is being taken up in more
with minimum price. The aquaculture in the district has than one lakh acres while the shrimp and prawn farming is
almost reached to 6,000 ha, where in the most cultivated limited to a mere 5,000 to 7,000 acres. The officials records
species is L. vannamei.During the last crop farmers have faced say that fish farming is done in 75,000 acres and shrimp
white gut, white feces and white muscle problems. Up to my farming in 5,000 acres.Inadequate availability of SPF L.
knowledge, uncontrolled loose shell is also the major clutches vannamei shrimp seed is greatly hampering the production
in the present crop.The availability of seed is good in this area. potential of the culture practices and the quality of seed
We have 5-6 good and reputed hatcherieswhich is situated in getting inferior due to the factors likes in-breeding and
and around Bapatla. All the hatcheries are supplying quality biosecurity aspects. Quality seed available in @ 30 to 40
seed with reasonable price for the last 3-4 years. The success paise/PL, but the availability of seed in required quantity is
rate was better than the other districts and reaching to all limited. Good quality seed is the need of hour for farmers.
most 60%. Our practices are still at their infancy. Need to be Hatcheries should supply good quality seed irrespective
updated a lot. We farmers need to focus much on biosecurity of demand; of course Govt. has to support them for supply
and other best management practices (BMPs) to meet the of high quality brooders. Major diseases like white spot
global standards. syndrome virus (WSSV), white gut, loose shell and white
muscle are encountered both in the last crop and in the
Export of fish and shrimp products is a major trade in India. present crop also. Because of this the success rate in the last
Of the total exports, 20,000 crores were earned as foreign crop was 60% and the remaining 40% was lost due to the
exchange during the last year from aqua sector, out of which above mentioned diseases. Our farming practices are not
12,200 crores were obtained only from Andhra Pradesh. In up to the global standards, we need to upgrade in terms of
order to improve these export earnings, the government scientific approach in terms of culture. Farmers should dry
and other related agencies come forward to offer the better the ponds after harvesting and give some gap from crop to
subsidies, good market price, and also support the farmers crop so that more problems can be eliminated.
either by conducting or organizing technical trainings, brain
storming on best management practices, export rejections Government should control their organizations like MPEDA
etc. and CAA in such a way that both can work for the betterment
of farmers and not for their own fame. Government should
Getting good price for the crop is the need of hour and that take action for providing reasonable price for the crop. Feed
itself is good sign for the long run of industry. MPEDA should manufacturers are increasing the feed cost day by day when
monitor the international costing and must be delivered to ever diesel cost increased, but they should decrease the price
the farmer level and they should have control over processing when ever here is decrease in fuel price and others. Govt.
plants in determining the price. MPEDA should also provide should give permissions to more feed companies to reduce
some sort of subsidies for establishing farms.Till date no bank the feed cost. Exporters must buy all counts with reasonable
is encouraging the middle and small scale farmers. Most of the price. Farmers are expecting from the Govt. agencies on
times banks supports only to corporate farms. Banks should various things like subsidies, fixing of price, etc.But they
come forward to provide loans to the small scale farmers are not up to the expectations. Bankers always support the
too.Insurance companies must come forward with amicable corporate farmers but not the small scale farmers. They
policies for the crop protection and rotation, by the way of should come forward to help the small scale farmers in their
which bankers can also come forward based on this. limitations providing loans for various materials used in
culture practices.

EXPERT REVIEW AQUACULTURE TIMES I Vol. 1(1) - 2015 I 60

Interview with Mr. G. S. Raju, Farmer, Chayyeru Agra haram,
East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India

Earlier the shrimp culture is being done in very few acresnot exceeding more than 300-400 acres. Now-a-days
it is reported almost 10 fold increase in culture area.At presentthe total cultured area nearly around 30,000
acres of which 20,000 acres is contributes by Litopenaeus vannamei and another 10,000 acres by different
fish. Availability of quality seed is the main criteria to overcome so many problemsand the farmers won’t
mind in paying even if it is costly also and the survival rate is the major problem during the present culture.
Besides, during the last crop, we have faced white muscle, black gill and brown gill disease, etc. The success
rate in the last crop was 60% and the remaining 40% was lost due to various disease problems. However, best

management practices (BMPs) are the only method to alleviate the diseases instead of
indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics could lead to the
formation of antibiotic residues, which could lead to the rejection of exports. So, BMPs
and GMPs are the only method can reduce the disease outbreaks. We need to upgrade
our culture practices in terms of technical approach.

Government should realize the importance of the industry and value addition of the
industry in support of getting foreign exchange. Being a valued industry generating almost
35,000 crore of income per year, it is the duty of the government to save the industry
in all possible ways and support the fisheries industry. MPEDA should come forward to
provide more technical support. It should guide the hatcheries to supplythe good quality
seed at reasonable price. They also should push bankers to provide loans. Bankers should
give at least minimum support in providing loans with low interest rates for buying
electric needs, aerators, etc.Insurance company’s lot can to do. If they provide insurance
to the crop, farmers will extend the culture to more acres and improves production too.
Then only we can improve our exports by the way which farmers gets benefit.

Interview with Mr. Subhash Raju,
Farmer, Bhimavaram, West Godavari Dt.
Andhra Pradesh, India

West Godavari district, fish and shrimp culture is practiced from many years. Nearly
about 8,000 acres of land is being cultured for shrimp andaround 10,000 acres land
for fish culture. Inadequate availability of quality seed is the major clutches to the
industry. Occasionally the survival rate will be 50 to 60 percent and the price may
vary between 30-50 paisa/PL. The active involvement and coordinated efforts
among of MPEDA, RGCA, CAA, CIBA and other central fisheries institutes will solve
this problem. Bacterial and viral infections have led to serious economic losses to the
shrimp farming industry. In addition running mortality, white gut etc. are the major
diseases occurring. The success percentage for the last crop is only 60%. Another
major problem is cost of production. In this case, feed manufactures can reduce the
feed cost. Farmers also required knowledge of good management culture practices
(GMPs) to avoid the loss due to diseases.However, farmer requires more knowledge
in culture practices, and new technologies should be followed to reduce the cost of
production.

Government has to do a lot for the development of shrimp farming. They are somehow delaying each and
every process. Government has to give permission for more processing units and feed plants. MPEDA should
work on good quality seed supply through the hatcheries and should conduct more awareness programmes
about antibiotic usage, residue formation, rejections etc. Almost all bankers are giving loans, but only on
property base. Government should guide the bankers to provide loans to the small farmers on various inputs
of culture like aerators, electric motors, etc.Insurance companies must come forward along with bankers to
support the crop so that farmer will be ready to continue the culture without abrupt dropping.

AQUACULTURE TIMES

INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE

SNUOBSWC!RIBE Aquaculture Times is an international magazine contains mainly general features, articles
and news covering a variety of aquaculture related topics. Published bi-monthly, the
magazine provides a platform to bring the salient features of aquaculture, problems
relating to farmers, up to date events, information, and latest trends in aquaculture.
Aquaculture has a great demand with a tremendous scope for improving the food security
and national economy. However, aquaculture is increasingly confronted with several
issues of water quality management, environmental protection and disease outbreak,
particularly associated mainly with high-input high-output intensive systems, suffering
with innumerable problems, and the result of which can degrade the coastal ecosystem
and in turn can reduce the output. The Aquaculture Times can provide a platform for
bringing out the various issues relating to the latest aspects of culture.

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