SCIENCE SUMMARY COMPILATION

15.
16.

Summary Summary Classifi cation

Introducing Science provides a meaningful
and systematic way
to study

Diversity

Knowledge of Accurate measurements Investigations
• Laboratory rules
• Hazard warning Scientific Method Living Non-living
• Ask a question things things
symbols • Formulate a hypothesis
• Apparatus and • Plan an experiment to test the M — Movement can be Identif ied and
R — Respiration classif ied classif ied using a
equipment hypothesis S — Sensitivity (responds to stimuli) into classif ication key
• Conduct the experiment G — Growth
• Process the data from the experiment R — Reproduction
• Evaluate the experiment E — Excretion
• Communicate the f indings to others N — Nutrition

Plants Animals Microorganisms

Mass Time Length With seeds Without seeds Bacteria
• S.I. unit = kilogram • S.I. unit = second (s) • S.I. unit = metre (m) Viruses
• Instruments used: • Instruments used: Fungi
(kg) – Stopwatch – Ruler
• Instruments used: – Stop clock – Measuring tape
– Triple-beam balance – Internal and
– Electronic balance
external callipers

Flowering Non- Algae Ferns
plants f lowering Vertebrates
plants
Density
• S.I. unit = kg/cm3 Invertebrates

Volume • density = mass
• S.I. unit = cubic metre volume

Area (m3) Temperature Fish Arthropods
• S.I. unit = square • Instruments used: • S.I. unit = kelvin (K) Amphibians Annelids
– Mathematical • Instruments used: Molluscs
metre (m2) – Mercury Reptiles
• Mathematical formula formulae for regular Birds
shapes thermometer
for regular shapes – For irregular solids: – Alcohol thermometer Mammals
• Estimation with • Measuring cylinder
• Displacement can
square grids for
irregular f igures

31Introducing Science 48 Classif ication

Summary Matter Summary

is made up of Water

Elements

are

chemically mixed to form systematically broadly classif ied
combined to form arranged in the into

exists in acts as a can be is used in needs to be
three states solvent involved in homes and conserved
separation industries
Periodic Table dissolves techniques
solutes to
Compounds Mixtures Metals Non-metals form solutions Filtration
have different have properties have general have general Evaporation
properties from of the substances able to dissolve Distillation
their elements they are made of properties properties gases such
such as such as
as oxygen and
carbon dioxide

Paper chromatography

• Fixed • Substances • Shiny • Dull Solid Liquid Gas
proportion of are not • Solid at room • Usually
elements in f ixed Freezing
proportions temperature solid or gas Freezing point = 0 °C
• Formation • Malleable at room
and breaking • Formation • Ductile temperature Ice Water Steam Water vapour
down involve and breaking • High density • Brittle
chemical down do • High melting • Non-ductile Melting Boiling
reactions not involve • Low density Melting point = 0 °C Boiling point = 100 °C
such as chemical and boiling • Low melting
electrolysis and reactions points and boiling 90 Water Evaporation
combustion (i.e. they are • Good points Occurs at any temperature
separated conductors • Poor
by physical of heat and conductors Condensation
methods) electricity of heat and Cooler temperature than surroundings
electricity

68 Matter

Summary Summary

Forces

Cells

defi ned as can be of cause the measured Applications
many types following in
are tiny and can only can be group to effects
be viewed with a classifi ed as form
Work done Pressure

Microscope Plant cells Animal cells Tissues A push Newtons (N) Pressure
group to or pull = FAorrecae
which has the which which form Change in speed S.I. unit
following parts have have Change in = N/m2 or Pa
Organs direction Work done =
Mirror group to Force × Distance
form Change in size moved
Stage Cytoplasm Change in shape
Systems S.I. unit
= joule (J)
Large knob Nucleus • Digestive
Small knob large small and system Force of gravity
Eye piece numerous or Friction
Objective lenses Vacuole none at all • Transport
system Magnetic force
Cell
membrane • Respiratory
system

• Reproductive
system

Tube Cell wall group to Quantity Unit Symbol
Clips Chloroplast form Force newton N
Work done joules J
Multicellular Pressure pascal Pa
organisms

104 Cell Structure and Organisation 128 Force and Pressure

Summary Summary

Energy

Magnets

Forms Conservation Sources Ways of have two come to attract repel attract are used
conserving poles rest in
Compasses
Non- Renewable Switching In the North–
renewable sources off unused South direction Doorstoppers
appliances when suspended
sources Using freely ATM cards
energy-
Kinetic Energy Coal Hydroelectrical saving When the unlike Electrical
energy can be Oil power station appliances poles are facing appliances
Electrical converted Natural Walking, each other
energy from one gas Geothermal cycling
form to Nuclear Fuel cells or taking When the like Separating
Heat another. Biomass public poles are facing magnetic
energy Energy Solar transport each other materials
Light cannot be from non-
energy destroyed. magnetic magnetic
Sound materials materials
energy Wind North pole
Potential South pole
energy Tidal

Steel Iron Cobalt Nickel

Gravitational Chemical Elastic
potential potential potential
energy energy energy

Energy 155 170 Magnetism

Summary Drugs can be divided into

are Medicinal drugs Drugs of abuse

Heroin Methylamphetamine Anabolic Cigarettes
steroids
(human growth • Contain tar,
hormones) nicotine,
• Tiredness • Increased carbon
• Loss of breathing and monoxide and
appetite heart rates irritants
Any substance • Very quick • Dilated pupils • Used to build can lead to
which, when taken • Loss of appetite up muscle
into the body, affects addiction tissue • Miscarriage or
the way the body Antibiotics Painkillers Anaesthetics to the drug stillborn child
and brain works • Can be in pregnant
abused as a women
Cannabis Alcohol sports drug
• Lung cancer
• Causes • Cancers of
increased
• Dry eyes and • Slurred speech aggression the mouth,
mouth • Blurred vision and male throat,
• Clumsiness infertility pancreas,
• Increased • Inability to kidneys
hunger and urinary
• Hallucinations walk steadily bladder
• Appear sleepy • Withdrawal • Chronic
symptoms bronchitis
For treatment Relieves pain Causes a addiction when deprived • Emphysema
of bacterial without causing temporary loss leads to of alcohol
infections numbness of sensation • Irreversible damage
to body organs excessive
consumption
• Crime can lead to
• Transmission of
diseases through
needle-sharing • Liver damage
• Violence and
quarrels within
the family
• Crime

• Restlessness withdrawal symptoms
• Excessive sweating
• Uncontrollable shaking
• Anxiety
• Fever
• Headaches

18 Drugs Drugs 19

Summary

Gases

Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Noble Water Hydrogen
• makes up 20% dioxide • makes up 79% gases vapour
• makes up 0.03% • its percentage • the lightest of all
of air of air of air • make up about 1% in air changes gases
• colourless and • colourless and • colourless and of air • colourless
odourless and odourless • odourless and
odourless • does not support odourless • helium, neon, colourless
• supports life combustion • does not argon, krypton, to test for
• required by plants xenon and radon water vapour • insoluble in water
and combustion for photosynthesis support cobalt chloride • highly f lammable
• causes metals • used in f ire combustion • unreactive paper changes • burns to produce
extinguishers • used to f ill • colourless from blue to pink
to corrode • solid form is used packets of food • do not support water vapour
• stored in tanks to preserve food to prevent • produced during
the food from combustion
for use in turning bad • Helium is light the reaction
hospitals and • used to make between metals
industries fertilisers and unreactive, and acids
hence it is used in • used as a fuel
to test for to test for airships and party • used to produce
oxygen carbon dioxide balloons margarine
a glowing splint a white precipitate • Neon is used • used to f ill
bursts into f lames is formed when in advertising weather balloons
carbon dioxide is signs because it
34 Gases bubbled through produces bright, to test for
limewater coloured lights hydrogen
• Argon prevents
f ilaments in light ignites with a
bulbs from burning ‘pop’ sound in
the presence of a
lighted splint

Gases 35

Summary Summary

Transport System Food and Nutrition
in Humans
used for are digested in the should be eaten
consists of Energy Digestive system
in correct
proportions

Heart Blood Blood Growth through Balanced
consists of vessels Maintaining alimentary canal diet
is divided
into four • Red blood cells consist of a healthy • Mouth Which contains may contain
chambers • White blood cells • Arteries body • Oesophagus enzymes that
• Plasma • Veins • Stomach help to break Food
• Left atrium • Platelets • Capillaries obtained by • Small down food additives
• Right atrium into simpler
• Left ventricle intestine substances cause
• Right ventricle • Large • Hyperactivity
• Cancer
intestine
• Rectum
• Anus

Plants contains Proteins Proteins protease Amino acids
through Carbohydrates Starch carbohydrase Simple sugars
Fats lipase Fatty acids + Glycerol
Photosynthesis Fats

Dietary f ibre

Vitamins

Mineral salts

Water

47Transport System in Humans Carbon dioxide + Water Light energy Glucose + Oxygen

Chlorophyll

74 Plant and Animal Nutrition

Summary Summary

Electricity Open circuit Acids and Alkalis
Closed circuit
Electric circuits Series circuit
Electric Parallel circuit Acids Alkalis
have the following have the following
current (I) S.I unit is ampere (A) properties properties

Voltage (V) Series circuit: I = I = I = … • Corrosive • Corrosive
T12 • Sour taste • Bitter taste
Resistance (R) • Turn blue litmus • Turn red litmus
Parallel circuit: I = I + I + …
Safety 12 paper red paper blue
precautions • pH < 7 • pH > 7
• Have a soapy
108 Electricity S.I unit is volt (V)
Series circuit: V = V + V + … feel

T12 react together to give
a salt and water
Parallel circuit: V = V = V = … Neutralisation
12

S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)

Series circuit: R = R + R + … Acid + Alkali  Salt + Water
T1 2

Parallel circuit: 1 = 1 + 1 …
RT R1 R2

Resistors

Fuses Fixed
Earthing Variable

Safety
rules

124 Acids and Alkalis

Summary Summary

Reproduction in Flowering Plants Human Reproduction
System
Flowers
made up of

Female Undergoes Male
consist of physical consists of

Oviducts changes during Urethra
puberty
Uterus
consist of are Penis
• Sepals Pollinated by: Vagina
• Petals • Insects Ovaries produce Eggs Sperm ducts
• Stamen (male part • Wind
Sperm produce Testes
of the f lower) may lead to through sexual
– anther Fertilisation activity
– f ilament
• Carpel (female part which Fertilisation
Produces seeds
of the f lower) that are dispersed
– ovary by:
– style • Wind
– stigma • Water
• Animals
• Self-dispersal Zygote

Foetus
Birth

Baby

Sexually Transmitted Infections

caused by bacteria caused by virus

Syphilis Gonorrhoea Chlamydia AIDS

142 Reproduction in Plants 161Reproduction in Humans