SMSA YEAR 8 SCIENCE NOTES AND QUESTION BOOKLET

6. Substances of pH value 7 are considered as
neutral – neither acid nor alkaline.

14.2 NEUTRALISATION

1. The mixing of an alkali and an acid until the mixture is neither acidic nor alkaline is called

neutralisation.

Neutralisation in word equation: acid + alkali salt + water

2. When neutralisation occurs, two new substances are formed:

1. Salt 2. Water

3. Examples of how salt is formed:

 Sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid sodium sulphate + water

 Calcium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water

 Potassium hydroxide + nitric acid potassium nitrate + water

4. Salts are named after the acids from which they are named.

Acid Salt obtained
Sulphuric acid Sulphate
Hydrochloric acid Chlorate
Nitrate
Nitric acid
5. Uses of some salts:

Name of salt Its use(s)
Sodium chloride
 To improve flavour
Ammonium chloride  To preserve food
Ammonium sulphate  Used in batteries
 As fertiliser
Potassium nitrate  Used in fireworks

6. Some uses of neutralisation: Page101
 Treatment of insect bites.
 Bee stings are acidic. The acid causes the pain.
 A weak alkali can be applied to the skin to neutralise the acid in the sting and reduce the
pain.
 Neutralisation of the acids in the mouth by toothpaste.
 Bacteria digest food trapped between our teeth.

 The bacteria produce an acid which dissolves the outer layer of the teeth.
 Toothpaste contains a weak alkali to help neutralise the acid.
 Treatment for indigestion.
 When we eat too much, our stomach can produce acid.
 Neutralisation of acidic soil for better plant growth.
 Shampoo and conditioner.

Page102

CHAPTER 14: ACIDS AND ALKALIS

TOPIC 14.1: PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS

1. A Science teacher told Aishah that orange juice is acidic. She extracted some orange juice and carried
out some tests. Which of the following tests confirms her teacher’s statements? (SPE/2009/Q33)

A. The orange juice turns blue litmus paper red.
B. The orange juice has no effect on red litmus paper.
C. The orange juice has no effect on blue litmus paper.
D. The orange juice turns red litmus paper blue.

2. Figure below shows a description of a mysterious substance found in the science laboratory. Which of
the following matches the description?
(SPE/2010/Q35)

A. Common salt.  It has a bitter taste.
B. Lemon juice.  It turns red litmus paper blue.
C. Soap.  It feels slippery when touched
D. Vinegar.

3. A science teacher told Kassim that hand washing liquid is alkaline. Kassim poured the hand washing
liquid in a beaker and carried out tests on it. Which of the following tests confirms his teacher’s
statement?
(SPE/2013/Q30)

A. The soap has no effect on wet blue litmus paper.
B. The soap has not effect on wet red litmus paper.
C. The soap turns wet blue litmus paper red.
D. The soap turns red litmus paper blue.

4. The best condition for fish to live is when the pH of water in the lake is neutral. A group of students
tested a sample of water from a lake using three indicators. The three indicators used are shown in
Table below.

Indicator Colour in Acidic Colour in Neutral Colour in Alkali Page103
Solution Solution Solution
Bromothymol blue Yellow Green Blue
Litmus Red Purple Blue
Colourless Colourless Pink
Phenolphthalein

The results of their tests were as shown:

Bromothymol blue  Yellow

Litmus  Red

Phenolphthalein  Colourless

What can be concluded from the above results? (SPE/2013/Q31)

Suitability of the Reason

lake for the fish to

live (yes/no)

A. No The indicator tests showed the water in the lake is acidic.

B. No The indicator tests showed the water in the lake is alkaline

C. Yes The indicator tests showed the water in the lake is acidic.

D. Yes The indicator tests showed the water in the lake is neutral.

5. Which of the statements about pH is true? (SPE/2012/Q35)
A. At pH 1, the solution is a strong alkali.
B. At pH 6, the solution is a strong acid.
C. At pH 7, the solution is neutral.
D. At pH 14, the solution is a weak acid.

6. Study the experimental results in figure below. Figure above shows the colour of Universal indicators in
solutions of the five different pH. Using the above information, predict what would be observed if
orange juice and soap solution is tested with Universal Indicator?
(SPE/2013/Q32)

Orange juices Soap solution
A. Blue Green
B. Red Purple
C. Yellow Blue
D. Yellow Purple

Page104

7. Table below shows the results when saliva and gastric juice were tested with red litmus paper, blue

litmus paper and pH paper.

Results

Fluid Test with red litmus Test with blue litmus Test with pH paper

Gastric juice The colour stayed red The colour turns from The colour turns from

blue to red yellow to red

Saliva The colour stayed red The colour turns from The colour turns from

blue to red yellow to orange

Which of the following conclusions are correct? (SPE/2014/Q34)

Gastric juice Saliva

A. Strong acid Weak acid

B. Strong alkali Weak alkali

C. Weak acid Strong acid

D. Weak alkali Strong alkali

8. A group of student is carrying out an investigation on three test tubes containing different liquids labeled
X, Y and Z.

The students perform Test 1, 2 and 3. They write down the observations in Table below.

Test tube X Test tube Y Test tube Z
Turns blue
Test 1 Place a drop of each liquid No colour change No colour change
on red litmus paper

Test 2 Place a drop of each liquid No colour change Turns red No colour change
Test 3 on blue litmus paper No reaction No reaction
Add a piece of zinc metal Bubbles of gas
to each test tube appeared

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The liquids in bottle X, Y and Z are …… (SPE/2016/Q33)

XY Z
Neutral
A. Acid Alkali Alkali
Neutral
B. Acid Neutral
Acid
C Alkali Acid

D. Alkali Neutral

9. The chart in figure below shows the colour of Indicator P at different pH values. A solution of pH 5 is
tested with Indicator P. What will be the colour of Indicator P in this solution?
(SPE/2014/Q35)

A. Colourless.
B. Purple.
C. Red.
D. Yellow.

10. The chart in figure below shows the colour of some indicators at different pH values.

Table below shows the colour of the three indicators after they were added to solution of substance X.

Indicator Colour

P Purple

Q Colourless

R Blue

Which of the following values is most likely to be the pH of substance X? (SPE/2016/Q32)

A. 3

B. 7

C. 9

D. 11

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11. Acids and alkalis are commonly used in our daily lives. Complete the table below on properties of a
solution of sodium hydroxide. (SPE/2009/Section B Q7a)

Properties of Sodium Hydroxide

Taste
Feel when touched
pH value
One common use

TOPIC 14.2: NEUTRALISATION

1. When sulfuric acid is added to sodium hydroxide, hydrogen is produced. TRUE/FALSE
(SPE/2012/ Q42d)

2. Figure below shows the steps Nurulhuda needs to take to investigate the changes in pH during
neutralization. The steps shown below are not in order.

The correct steps should be….. Page107
(SPE/2016/Q34)
A. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
B. (ii), (iii), (iv), (i)
C. (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
D. (iii), (i), (ii), (iv)

3. When two unknown solutions X and Y are mixed, a solution with a pH value of 7 is formed. Which of the
following are the pH values of the two liquids?
(SPE/2016/Q37)

pH of A pH of B
2
A. 5 1
B. 6 12
C. 11 13
D. 2

4. Fathinadis added some hydrochloric acid to sodium hydroxide solution until it became neutral. Then she
added some more acid. What would be the final pH of the solution?
(SPE/2011/Q22)

A. 5
B. 7
C. 8
D. 14

5. Figure below shows a series of experiments on a solution of vinegar using a piece of blue litmus paper.
What are the colours of the litmus paper at points K and M?
(SPE/2012/Q36)

Page108

K M
A. Blue Red
B. Blue Blue
C. Red Blue
D. Red Red

6. Figure below shows reaction of sodium hydroxide (alkali) with dilute hydrochloric acid (acid).

What is the name of the salt formed?
(SPE/2013/Q33)

A. Sodium chlorate.
B. Sodium chloride.
C. Sodium chlorine.
D. Sodium hydrochloric.

7. Which one of the following shown in the table correctly explains what causes indigestion and how
antacid reduces or stops the indigestion pain?
(SPE/2011/Q26)

What causes indigestion? How antacid reduces indigestion pain?
A. Too much acid in the stomach Neutralises the acid in the stomach
B. Too much alkali in the stomach Neutralises the alkali in the stomach
C. Too much food in the stomach Digests the food in the stomach
D. Too much water in the stomach Absorbs the water in the stomach

8. Figure below shows a boy stung by a wasp. A weak acid is used to treat the affected area of his skin.
What can you conclude about the wasp sting?
(SPE/2012/Q37)
A. It is an acid.
B. It is an alkali.
C. It is a salt.
D. It is water.

Page109

9. Wasp sting has a pH value of 10. Which of the following is suitable for neutralizing the wasp sting? Page110
(SPE/2014/Q36)

10. Acids and alkalis are commonly used in our daily lives. Acids react with alkalis.
(SPE/2009/Section B Q7b)
a) Name the process when an acid reacts with an alkali.
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) Explain why a bee sting will get more painful if you apply vinegar on it?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) Farmers add lime (calcium oxide) to soil. Explain why.
_________________________________________________________________________________

11. Figure below shows sodium hydroxide solution being added to dilute sulfuric acid in the conical flask.
(SPE/2010/Q46)

a) What is the colour of dilute sulfuric acid?
_________________________________________________________________________________

b) If a few drops of Universal Indicator solution was added to the dilute sulfuric acid in the conical flask,
what should the colour of the mixture be?

_________________________________________________________________________________

c) Sodium hydroxide solution reacts with the dilute sulfuric acid in the conical flask to form solution X.
i. Solution X is a salt obtained after the reaction has been completed. Name the salt present in
solution X.
___________________________________________________________________________

ii. Name this type of reaction.
___________________________________________________________________________

iii. Write a word equation for this reaction.
___________________________________________________________________________

d) Briefly explain how you would be able to get a pure solid sample of the product in this reaction.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

12. The word equation P and Q shows two reactions:
(SPE/2015/Q46a)

Reaction Word equation
P Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide  Sodium chloride + ______________
Q
Sulfuric acid + Magnesium  Magnesium sulfate + _______________________

a) Complete the word equation by writing the name of product formed in reaction P and Q. Page111
P : ____________________________________________________________________
Q : ____________________________________________________________________

b) Few drops of Universal Indicator solution are added to the alkali in Reaction P. State the colour
change when reaction P is complete.
_________________________________________________________________________________

c) Describe a test to identify the product formed in:
Reaction P,
_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Reaction Q,
_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

13. Figure below shows the experimental processes involved in reaction P. (SPE/2015/Q46b)

Volume of acid added (cm3) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

pH value of mixture 14 13 12 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 6 5 4

a) Suggest why the pH value of the mixture decreases during the experiment.
_________________________________________________________________________________
__
_________________________________________________________________________________
__

b) If dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide reacts together completely, state the
i. pH value of the final solution? ________________________________________________
ii. the volume of acid needed to neutralize the alkali? _______________________________

Page112

UNIT 15: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

1. Floral Plants
 Parts of a flower

 Parts and function of a flower Function
Part

Petal It is usually brightly coloured, used to attract ________________________.

Stigma It is ________________________, used for landing of pollen grains.

Style Used to ________________________ the stigma.

Ovary Contains ovules, used to _________________________ the ovules.

Ovules Contains ________________________ sex cells.

Anther Produce ___________________ _________________________.

Filament Used to _______________________ the anther.

Pollen grain Contains ________________________ sex cells.

Sepal To ______________ the ______________ ________________ before it opens. Page113

2. Pollination
 Pollination is the ___________________ of _________________ ____________________ from an
_____________________ to a _______________________. The pollen grains can be from the same flower
or from a different flower.

 Agents of pollination
 Used to transfer the pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
 Agents: insects and wind (most common), animals e.g. birds, bats, mice, water, humans.
 Insect pollination  is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma by
_____________________.
 Wind pollination  is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma by
______________________.

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 Difference between insect pollinated flowers and wind pollinated flowers.

Parts of flower Insect-pollinated flower Wind-pollinated flower

Petals Large brightly coloured Absent, or if present petals are small and
dull in colour
Scent Petals are scented
Nectar Nectar produced No scent produced
Position of stamen Usually found within the flower
& stigma No nectar produced
Stigmas
Pollen grains Usually found outside the flower
Sample diagram
Small and sticky Large and feathery to catch pollen grains
Rough and sticky Light and smooth

3. Fertilization

A process where a male sex cell fuses with a female sex cell to form a zygote.

The male sex cell has to travel from the pollen grain down a pollen tube, to meet the female sex cell in the
ovule.

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4. Seed and fruit formation

 Fertilisation causes the flower to start developing into a fruit.
 Most parts of the flower such as the style, stigma and petals will dry up and drop off.
 The fertilised ovule will become the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit.

5. Seed dispersal

 Dispersal is the movement of fruits and seeds from the parent plants to where the plants can grow.

 Dispersal will prevent overcrowding and reduce competition for nutrients, water and light.

 There are 4 methods of dispersal:  ____________________ dispersal Page116
 ____________________ dispersal

 ____________________ dispersal  ____________________ dispersal

Method of dispersal Example Characteristics Function
Dandelion

Hair-like structure Helps it float in the air
surrounding the seed. over large distance.

________________ Shorea fruit
dispersal

Usually light, thin, wing- It spins like the blade of a
like or parachute-like helicopter.
structure.

________________ Coconut Have a fibrous husk. It traps air and allows it
dispersal Mimosa fruit to float in water.

Have small hooks. The hook stick to the fur
of animals and carried to

another place.

________________ Tomatoes, papaya, ciku, etc If the seed is large, it is
dispersal Bauhinia, saga and beans discarded by the animals.
Rubber seeds
________________ Have juicy, fleshy parts. If the seed is small, it also
dispersal gets eaten by the animals

and is passed out as
faeces.

When the pods dried up,
they split open and
scattered the seeds.

Seeds are found in pods.

The dry pods explode
and scattered the seeds
further away from the

parent plant.

Page117

6. Germination of seeds Cotyledon
 A seed is made up of the following main parts: Plumule
i) the seed coat  covers and protects the seed.
ii) the cotyledon  provides food. Radicle
iii) the embryo  develops into a seedling (a young plant).
 consists of the radicle and plumule.
 During germination, the seed develops:
 The young root (radicle)
 The young shoot (plumule)
 Its first green leaf

7. Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new young plant.
 The three conditions needed for germination:
 Water
 Suitable temperature
 Air

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8. Stages in germination:

 The seed absorbs nutrients and water through the seed pore in the seed coat.
 The seed coat softens and breaks to allow the radicle to grow out followed by

the plumule.
 Later in the growth stage, the radicle becomes the roots and the

plumule becomes the shoot.
 The plant then uses the roots to get nutrients and water from the soil

and carries out photosynthesis in the leaves to make food.
 During germination, the young plant gets its food from the cotyledons (food

store).
 The plumule appears and then develops into the first green leaves.

 When the young plant has used up all the food, the cotyledon shrivels and

falls off.

Page119

CHAPTER 15: REPRODUCTION IN PLANT TRUE/FALSE

TOPIC 15.1: PARTS OF A FLOWER

1. The male part of the flower is called the carpel.
(SPE/2013/Q42c)

2. What is the main function of sepals in a flower?
(SPE/2011/Q24)

A. To protect the flower during bud stage.
B. To prevent insects from entering the flower.
C. To make the flower more colourful and attractive.
D. To produce scents for attracting insects.

3. Figure below shows a cross-section of a flower.

Which parts contain the male and female sex cells?
(SPE/2012/Q21)

Male sex cells Female sex cells
A. W X
B. X W
C. X Z
D. Y Z

4. State the function of petals in the reproduction of plants. Page120
(SPE/2013/Q43bi)

____________________________________________________________________________________

TOPIC 15.2: POLLINATION Page121

1. Figure below shows a bee moving from one flower to another flower. This helps to aid reproduction
process in these plants. Name the process shown in figure below.
(SPE/2015/Q36)

A. Fertilization.
B. Germination.
C. Ovulation.
D. Pollination.

2. What is meant by pollination?
(SPE/2013/Q34)

A. The transfer of ovule from the anther to the stigma.
B. The transfer of ovule from the stigma to the anther.
C. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
D. The transfer of pollen grains from the ovary to the stigma.

3. What is the name of the process when pollen grains are transferred from anthers to stigmas of flowers
of the same species?
(SPE/2011/Q28)

A. Photosynthesis.
B. Transpiration.
C. Pollination.
D. Germination.

4. Why do most flowers have scented petals and produce nectar?
(SPE/2009/Q22)

A. To make them more attractive.
B. To attract insects for pollination.
C. To produce better smell for the perfume industry.
D. To avoid being eaten by insects and other animals.

5. Amirah was asked by her teacher to observe the flower as shown in figure below. From her observation,
Amirah concluded that the flower is pollinated by wind. Why did Amirah conclude that the flower is wind
pollinated? (SPE/2012/Q22)

A. The flower has feathery stigma.
B. The flower has scented petals.
C. The flower has sticky pollen grains.
D. The flower has nectars.

6. Figure A shows parts of the flower with some of the petals, filaments and anthers removed. Page122
(SPE/2014/Q57)
Figure A
a) Make a large drawing of the flower in Figure A above in the space provided below.

b) State a visible feature in Figure A which indicates that this flower is pollinated by insects.
_________________________________________________________________________________

c) Figure B is a wind pollinated flower.

Figure B
Suggest one difference between the flower in Figure A and the wind pollinated flower in Figure B.
________________________________________________________________________________
TOPIC 15.3: FERTILISATION AND SEED DISPERSAL
1. Which of the following seeds is self-dispersed?
(SPE/2009/Q36)

2. What is the method of seed dispersal for Seed A and Seed B shown in figure below?
(SPE/2010/Q29)
A. Animal dispersal.
B. Self-dispersal.
C. Water dispersal.
D. Wind dispersal.

Page123

3. What is the method of dispersal of seeds for each of the fruits shown in figure below?
(SPE/2012/Q23)

P Q R
A. Animal dispersal Self dispersal Wind dispersal
B. Water dispersal Animal dispersal Wind dispersal
C. Water dispersal Animal dispersal Self dispersal
D. Wind dispersal Water dispersal Animal dispersal

4. Figure below shows a description of a type of seed. Which of the following dispersal methods matches
the above description?
(SPE/2013/Q35)

A. Animals.
B. Explosive.
C. Water.
D. Wind.

5. Figure below shows two types of fruits X and Y. (SPE/2015/Q47a, b and c)

a) State the method of seed dispersal by fruits X and Y. Page124

Fruit X
_____________________________________________________________________________

Fruit Y
_____________________________________________________________________________

b) From your observation, state the features, visible in the photograph to support your answer in (a).

Fruit X
_____________________________________________________________________________

Fruit Y
_____________________________________________________________________________

c) Give a reason why seed dispersal is important.

_________________________________________________________________________________

TOPIC 15.4: GERMINATION

1. Figure below shows a maize seed growing into a seedling. What are the necessary conditions for the
seed to grow? (SPE/2009/Q24)

A. Water, sunlight and oxygen.
B. Water, soil and sunlight.
C. Water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
D. Water, oxygen and suitable temperature.

2. Figure below shows the early development of a mung bean seed.

Which of the following are conditions needed for the seed to develop well? (SPE/2015/Q37)

Water Oxygen Temperature Page125
A. X X Cold
B. X X Warm
C. / / Warm
D. / / Cold

Key: / = yes X = no

3. In which of the following test tubes in figure below will the seeds germinate first? (SPE/2011/Q32)

4. The experiments below are used to investigate the conditions needed for germination. In which test
tube will germination take place? (SPE/2013/Q36)

5. Adam and Hafizah set up experiments A, B, C and D in figure below. They want to find out the conditions
needed for the seeds to germinate. (SPE/2016/Q47)

Page126

a) In which of the set up would the seeds most likely to germinate?
_________________________________________________________________________________

b) Explain your answer in (a).
_________________________________________________________________________________

c) The experiment carried out by Adib and Hafizah is not a fair test. Why is the experiment not a fair
test?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

d) The picture in figure below shows different stages of seed germination.

Page127

i. Make a large labeled scientific drawing of stage D of seed germination and label any two
parts of the seed.

ii. During germination, where does the young plant at the following stage gets its food?
Stage B:
_____________________________________________________________________
Stage E:
_____________________________________________________________________

Page128

Topic 16: Reproduction in human beings

Male and Female Reproductive organs
In order for all species to survive, they must reproduce.
This is when a parent produces an offspring.
This process requires the fusing of sex cells from the male and female organisms.
It is known as sexual reproduction.

Male Reproductive System

The male sex cell is called sperm.
A human sperm cell is approximately 0.06 mm long.

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Female Reproductive System

Uterus

The female sex cell is called the egg or ovum (plural: ova).
Each ovary produces about 250 mature eggs during the lifetime of the female.
The egg is spherical in shape and has a diameter of about 0.1 mm.

Page130

Sexual Characteristics
As you grow, your body starts to change.
You start to mature physically through a stage called puberty.
Puberty usually takes place in girls when they are about 10 to 12 years old, and in boys when they are about
12 to 14 years old.

Puberty

The menstrual cycle 1 Page131
42
The menstrual cycle has four main stages:
1. menstruation 3
2. repair of uterus lining
3. ovulation
4. thickening of uteru

Page132

• Usually, the menstrual cycle usually lasts for about 28 days.
• Day One of the cycle begins on the first day of menstruation and

it ends on the 28th day, just before the next menstruation begins.
• This cycle may vary for different people.
• Stress, medication, diet and vigorous exercise may affect the cycle.

Fertilisation
During sexual activity, sperm from the male reproductive organ are deposited in the vagina.

Page133

The sperm then swim towards the uterus and oviducts.
oviduct

uterus
sperm

When a sperm fuses with the egg, it forms a fertilised cell (also known as a zygote).

This process is known as fertilisation. sperm

egg

Sperm travelling towards the egg

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Sperm entering an egg cell

Formation of a zygote

Implantation
• After fertilisation, the zygote divides to form a ball of cells called the embryo.
• The embryo travels along the oviduct into the uterus.
• In the uterus, the embryo is implanted in the uterus lining. This is called implantation.
• Implantation is the early stage of pregnancy.

Page135

Development of the foetus Page136
The embryo develops into a foetus.
In humans, pregnancy lasts about nine months.

The following summarises the development of the foetus over the nine-month period.
At the end of this period, the muscles of the uterus contract to push out the fully developed baby. This
process is known as birth.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STIs)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections that can be transferred from one person to another
through any type of sexual contact. A
Other ways of transmission may include contact with contaminated blood and from a mother to her baby
during pregnancy.
Some examples of STIs are syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS).

Syphilis Page137
• Syphilis is caused by a bacterium.
• The signs and symptoms caused by this infection include painless sores and ulcers on the mouth and
external genitals (penis or vagina).
• One can never fully recover from syphilis even with treatment.

 It can also be passed on from mother to baby during pregnancy.

Gonorrhoea
 Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium.
 Signs and symptoms usually appear a few days after a person contracts the disease.
 These include the following:
 Yellow pus is discharged from the end of the urethra.
 A burning sensation is experienced when urinating.
 In women, pus from the vagina may spread to the uterus and oviducts.
 Gonorrhoea can be passed on from the infected mother to the baby when the
bacteria enter the baby’s eyes during birth.
 This may cause the newborn baby to become blind.

Chlamydia
• Chlamydia is another example of an STI caused by a bacterium.
• Chlamydia is also known as a ‘silent’ disease.
• This is because almost 75% of infected women and 50% of infected men do not
show any symptoms.
• If symptoms do occur, they most often appear within 1 to 3 weeks of exposure.

Without treatment, the infection can spread to other parts of the body causing damage and long-term
health problems, including infertility.
In pregnant women, chlamydia infections may cause the babies to be born with conjunctivitis and
pneumonia.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that is caused by a virus called the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Our bodies have a natural defence called the immune system that helps to fight infections within.
HIV destroys the immune system, and exposes the body to many harmful infections.

Symptoms of AIDS may appear:
• severe weight loss,
• chronic diarrhoea and fever,
• lung infections (e.g. pneumonia and tuberculosis),
• cancer of the blood vessels, and
• brain infection.

Spread of HIV
Although an HIV-infected person may not show any signs or symptoms for months or even years, the virus
remains in the body.
It can be spread to others in any of the following ways:

 through sexual activity with an infected partner,

Page138

 through blood transfusion – if the donated blood comes from an infected Page139
donor,

 through sharing of injection needles with an infected person, and
 the virus may be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby during

pregnancy or childbirth.

HIV cannot be spread by sharing the same utensils such as drinking cups and spoons or through skin contact,
such as shaking hands with an infected person.

Prevention of sexually transmitted disease
Prevention is better than cure.
Here are some ways to prevent from getting infected with STIs and to control its spread:
• Do not have any sexual relationships other than with your own spouse.
This follows the teachings of Islam.
• Do not abuse drugs or share injection needles.
Hospitals in Brunei Darussalam use disposable needles for injections.
• Do not share instruments that may break the skin and be contaminated with blood

(e.g. razors and tooth brushes).
• Make sure that skin-piercing instruments are sterilized (free from bacteria and

viruses) before they are used on you

CHAPTER 16: REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

TOPIC 16.1: MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

1. Which of the following makes up the male reproductive system? (SPE/2016/Q36)

A. Oviduct, ovary, uterus, urethra.
B. Ovary, penis, sperm duct, urethra.
C. Penis, sperm duct, testis, urethra.
D. Penis, sperm duct, testis, uterus.

2. Figure below shows parts of the male sexual organ labeled P, Q, R and S. Which structures are the testis,
sperm duct and penis?
(SPE/2012/Q39)

Sperm duct Penis Testis
A. P Q R
B. P Q S
C. S P R
D. S P Q

3. Figure below shows the male reproductive organs. Which structure A, B, C or D allows both urine and
sperm to pass through?
(SPE/2010/Q39)

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4. Figure below shows the male reproductive organs. Which structure A, B, C or D allows both urine and
sperm to pass through?
(SPE/2014/Q37)

5. Figure below shows the side view of the male reproductive organs. The sperm duct was cut and tied.
What is the result of this process?
(SPE/2009/Q39)

A. The man cannot urinate.
B. The sperms cannot travel from the testes to the penis.
C. The sperms are killed.
D. The man cannot produce any more sperms.

6. Figure below shows a type of cell made by the male reproductive organ. What organ produces the cell
shown below?
(SPE/2010/Q36)

A. Penis.
B. Sperm duct.
C. Testes.
D. Urethra.

7. Figure below shows a sex cell. Where is this cell produced?
(SPE/2013/Q38)

A. Penis.
B. Scrotum.
C. Testis.
D. Urethra.

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8. Figure below shows the reproductive system of a human and a plant. Which of the following parts of
plant and human reproductive system stores the female sex cells?
(SPE/2016/Q38)

A. A and Y.
B. A and Z.
C. C and Y.
D. B and Y.

9. Figure below shows a human egg cell and sperm cell.

What are the features of a human egg cell, when compared to the sperm cell?

(SPE/2016/Q35)

Size of egg cell Number of egg cell produced

A. Larger than sperm cell More than that of sperm cell
B. Larger than sperm cell Less than that of sperm cell
C. Smaller than sperm cell More than that of sperm cell
D. Smaller than sperm cell Less than that of sperm cell

TOPIC 16.2: SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. When fertilization is successful, the embryo implants itself in the uterus lining.
TRUE/FALSE

(SPE/2015/Q42e)

2. Figure below shows a conversation between Adam and Karen. What can you deduce from their
conversation? (SPE/2009/Q35)

A. They are discussing secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Page142
B. They do not like hairs growing on their bodies.
C. Adam does not like his voice change.
D. Karen is having problems with her menstrual cycle.

3. Boys and girls experience physical changes during puberty. Which of the following statements are
correct physical changes during their puberty? (SPE/2014/Q38)

Boys Girls

A. Breast grow bigger Voice breaks and becomes deeper

B. Breast grow bigger Menstruation starts which comes with painful
cramp

C. Shoulders widen and height increases Body becomes more muscular

D. Voice breaks and becomes deeper Menstruation starts which comes with painful
cramp

4. The menstrual cycle is shown in figure below. Name process X and process Y.

(SPE/2010/Q38)

Process X Process Y

A. Menstruation Ovulation
B. Ovulation Menstruation
C. Fertilisation
D. Puberty Period
Menstruation

5. In each month, a woman will experienced her menstrual cycle. On the 14th day of a woman’s menstrual
cycle, an egg is released from the oviduct. What is the name given to this process? (SPE/2013/Q39)

A. Fertilisation.
B. Implantation.
C. Menstruation.
D. Ovulation.

6. A woman ovulates on the 2nd of October. In which week will her next menstrual period begin?
(SPE/2016/Q39)
October

Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Page143
Week 1 2 3 4
A. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
B. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
C. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
D. 26 27 28 29 30 31

7. In the process of human reproduction, the male sex cell fuses with the female sex cell to form a fertilized
egg. What is the term used to describe this process?
(SPE/2014/Q39)
A. Fertilisation.
B. Menstruation.
C. Ovulation.
D. Pollination.

8. Figure below shows the female reproductive system. Where does fertilization occur?
(SPE/2013/Q37)

9. At which point will the sperm fuses with the egg to form a fertilized cell?
(SPE/2015/Q38)

10. Figure below shows the first stages of sexual reproduction in a human. Name the processes X and Y and
the product formed, W. (SPE/2011/Q40)

Process X Process Y Product formed, W
A. Ovulation Fertilisation Zygote
B. Fertilisation Menstruation Ovum
C. Menstruation Ovulation Zygote
D. Ovulation Menstruation Foetus

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11. In the female reproductive system, the (1) _______________________ breaks down and the (2)
_______________________ discharges the blood and dead tissues when an egg is not fertilized.
(SPE/2009/Q38)

(1) (2)
A. uterus lining uterus
B. oviduct lining uterus
C. uterus lining ovary
D. uterus ovary

12. Figure below shows the growth curve for a male human.
(SPE/2011/Q48)

a) Name the process that takes place at C between the ages of 13 and 18. Page145

_________________________________________________________________________________
b) State THREE physical changes to this person’s body at C.

1. _______________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________
c) On the graph in figure above, draw a line to extend the growth curve from ages 13 to 18.
d) What are the three main dietary requirements of this person during stage A and C?
1. _______________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________

13. Study the diagram of the menstrual cycle of a woman in figure below. Page146
(SPE/2012/Q46)

Answer the following questions.
a) i) Which day in the menstrual cycle does the uterus lining begin to break down?

_______________________________________________________________________________
i) When does ovulation take place during the menstrual cycle?

_______________________________________________________________________________
b) X is released during the process of ovulation. What is X?

_______________________________________________________________________________
c) Figure below shows a simple flowchart on the process of human reproduction.

i) The first stage of the flowchart shows the male sex cell fusing with the female sex cell to form Y.
What is the term used to describe this process?
_______________________________________________________________________________
ii) What is Y?

________________________________________________________________________________
iii) Y then develops to form Z. What is Z?

________________________________________________________________________________

v) How long does the process shown below take place?

________________________________________________________________________________
TOPIC 16.3: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)

1. Syphilis is a disease caused by a virus. TRUE/FALSE
(SPE/2014/Q42a)

2. Mosquito bites can spread AIDS. TRUE/FALSE
(SPE/2010/Q42e)

3. What are the causes of the following diseases?
(SPE/2012/Q40)

AIDS Syphilis Gonorrhea
A. Bacterium Virus Virus
B. Bacterium Virus
C. Virus Bacterium
D. Virus Bacterium Bacterium
Bacterium
Virus

4. Which of the following Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are spread by bacteria? Page147
(SPE/2015/Q39)

A. AIDS, Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea.
B. AIDS, Chlamydia and Syphilis.
C. AIDS, Gonorrhoea and Syphilis.
D. Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea and Syphilis.

5. Which of the following Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) cannot be cured by using antibiotics?
(SPE/2010/Q40)

A. AIDS and syphilis.
B. Gonorrhoea.
C. AIDS.
D. Syphilis.

6. Which one of the following infections is indicated by sores around the reproductive organs? Page148
(SPE/2011/Q36)
A. AIDS.
B. Gonorrhoea.
C. Hepatitis.
D. Syphilis.

7. Why does a person infected with HIV catch other diseases easily? (SPE/2013/Q40)

A. The circulatory system is damaged.
B. The immune system is damaged.
C. The nervous system is damaged.
D. The reproductive system is damaged.

8. Which of the following shows the symptoms of a man infected with HIV? (SPE/2016/Q40)

A. Abdominal pain and pain in the testes.
B. Abdominal pain and cancer of the blood vessels.
C. Brain infection and cancer of the blood vessels.
D. Brain infection and pain in the testes.

9. Which of the following behaviour will transmit gonorrhea and syphilis? (SPE/2015/Q40)

A. Sexual intercourse with an infected person.
B. Sharing a bathroom with an infected person.
C. Sharing injection needles with infected person.
D. Sneezing and running nose from an infected person.

10. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STDs) like AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhea can be prevented by:
(SPE/2009/Q37)

A. Sharing injection needles and ear-piercing equipment.
B. Reusing shaving blades at the barbers.
C. Not having any sexual relationships outside marriage.
D. Getting involved in drug addiction.

11. Which of the following will help prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)? (SPE/2014/Q40)

A. Having sexual relationship other than with own spouse.
B. Using disposable needles for injections at hospitals.
C. Receiving infected blood through blood transfusion.
D. Sharing instrument for ear piercing and acupuncture.

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