E-Book 1
417-102 Pen and Post Group 4 Group members 1.6620410066 Yangyang Ye No.6 2.6620410069 Jasmin Wongcharoen No.9 3.6620410071 Sareehan Samae No.10 4.6620410085 Manatsanan Tamsalamit No.23 5.6620410169 Russada Yanghad No.34 Submitted to Asst Prof.Dr.Suraiya Sulaiman 2
Our world is home to countless living creatures, especially animals, which come in various shapes, sizes, behaviors, and habitats. Some animals live on land, others in water, and some can even soar through the sky. They play vital roles in ecosystems and contribute to the balance of nature in different ways. This E-book will take readers on a journey to discover fascinating animals from around the world”whether it’s massive creatures ruling the oceans, resilient animals surviving in extreme cold, or legendary beasts passed down through generations. I hope readers will find knowledge, excitement, and enjoyment as they explore the animal kingdom. Perface 3
Table of contents Details Number of pages Wolf the skin hunter. -summarize -vocabulary Emperor penguin. -summarize -vocabulary Endearing Giant Pandas. -summarize -vocabulary Unicorn of the sea: NARWHAL FACTS. -summarize -vocabulary Lion the king of the jungle. -summarize -vocabulary 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 14 17 18 20 23 24 26 29 30
The wolf ( 狼 , láng) is a powerful and intelligent predator known for its strong social bonds and teamwork. Wolves are highly adaptable and can survive in various environments. They are famous for their howling, which helps them communicate with their pack over long distances. As skilled hunters, wolves work together to catch prey, making them one of the most efficient carnivores in the wild Wolves live in a wide range of habitats, including: • Forests – dense woodlands provide shelter and food. • Grasslands – open plains where they hunt large herbivores. • Tundra and mountains – cold regions where they adapt to harsh climates. Wolves are found in North America, Europe, and Asia and usually live in packs led by an alpha pair. The Skilled Hunter WOLF Diet Wolves are carnivores and primarily eat: • Deer and elk – large prey hunted in packs. • Rabbits and rodents – smaller animals when larger prey is scarce. • Fish and carrion – sometimes eaten for survival. A wolf can eat up to 9 kg (20 lbs) of meat in one meal, as they don’t always find food daily. 5
SUMMARIZE Wolves are strong, intelligent, and social animals that play an important role in the ecosystem. They live in forests, grasslands, and tundra, hunting in packs to survive. Their diet consists mainly of deer, rabbits, and other animals, and they communicate through howling. Despite their reputation as fierce predators, wolves are highly social and loyal to their pack members. However, due to habitat loss and hunting, their numbers have decreased in some regions. Protecting wolves is essential to maintaining the balance of nature. หมาป่าป่เป็นป็สัตสัว์ที่ว์ ที่ แข็งข็แกร่งร่ฉลาด และอยู่รยู่วมกันเป็นป็สังสัคม ซึ่งซึ่มีบมีทบาทสำ คัญในระบบ นิเนิวศ พวกมันมัอาศัยอยู่ใยู่นป่าป่ทุ่งทุ่หญ้า และทุนทุดรา โดยล่าเป็นป็ ฝูงเพื่อพื่ความอยู่รยู่อด อาหาร หลักของพวกมันมั ประกอบด้วด้ยกวาง กระต่าย และสัตสัว์อื่ว์อื่น ๆ นอกจากนี้ หมาป่าป่ยังยัสื่อสื่สาร กันผ่าผ่นการหอน แม้ว่ม้าว่จะมีชื่มีชื่อชื่เสียสีงในฐานะนักนัล่าที่ดุร้ดุาร้ย แต่หมาป่าป่กลับเป็นป็สัตสัว์ที่ว์ ที่ มี สังสัคมแน่นน่แฟ้นฟ้และภักดีต่ดี ต่อสมาชิกชิ ในฝูง อย่าย่งไรก็ตาม เนื่อนื่งจากการสูญสูเสียสีถิ่นที่อยู่ อาศัยและการถูกถูล่า จำ นวนของพวกมันมัจึงจึลดลงในบางพื้นพื้ที่ การปกป้อป้งหมาป่าป่จึงจึเป็นป็ สิ่งสิ่สำ คัญในการรักรัษาสมดุลดุของธรรมชาติ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf 6
VOCABULARY 1. Wolf (หมาป่าป่ )n. • A wild carnivorous animal that lives in packs • The wolf is known for its teamwork and hunting skills. 2. Pack (ฝูงหมาป่าป่ )n. • A group of wolves living and hunting together • Wolves live in a pack led by an alpha pair. 3. Howl (หอน)v. • A long, loud sound wolves make to communicate • The wolves howl to call their pack members. 4. Predator (นักนัล่า)n. • An animal that hunts and eats other animals • The wolf is a top predator in its ecosystem. 5. Carnivore (สัตสัว์กิว์ กินเนื้อนื้ )n. • An animal that eats only meat • Wolves are carnivores that hunt for food in the wild. 6. Tundra (ทุนทุดรา)n. • A cold, treeless region where some wolves live • Wolves in the tundra have thick fur to stay warm. 7. Alpha (จ่าจ่ ฝูง)n. • The leader of a wolf pack • The alpha wolf leads the pack and protects its members. • 8. Prey (เหยื่อยื่ )n. • An animal hunted and eaten by predators • Wolves work together to catch their prey. 9.Fur (ขนสัตสัว์)ว์n. • The thick hair covering a wolf’s body • The wolf’s fur helps it stay warm in winter. 10.Territory (อาณาเขต)n. • An area that a wolf pack controls and defends • Wolves mark their territory to warn other animals. 7
Physical characteristics 8
Outstanding behavior 9
Outstanding behavior Status and conservation https://www.britannica.com/animal/emperor-penguin 10
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Endearing Giant Pandas The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), also known as the panda bear or simply panda, is a species of bear recognizable by its distinctive black-and-white fur. Despite the different names, they all refer to the same beloved and iconic animal. Habitat and Physical Description : Wild pandas live only in remote, mountainous regions in central China, where high bamboo forests provide the cool and damp conditions they prefer. In the summer, they may climb as high as 13,000 feet to feed on higher slopes. The giant panda has lived in bamboo forests for millions of years, evolving unique adaptations to thrive in this environment. Its thick, woolly coat keeps it warm in the cool, wet forests. Giant pandas have large molar teeth and strong jaw muscles to crush tough bamboo. Although they may appear cute and lumbering, giant pandas can be as dangerous as any other bear. 14
They eat low-energy food, pandas avoid stress and enjoy being alone. They use sounds and smells, like urine, to mark their territory. Giant Pandas Life Giant pandas spend most of their time eating bamboo and walking in the forest. They are good at climbing trees and swimming. They don’t build homes or sleep through the winter. Instead, they live on gentle slopes and like to be alone. When it gets too cold in the mountains, they move to warmer places. Low-Stress Lifestyle : Diet and Eating Habits : Giant pandas eat for up to 14 hours a day. They mostly eat bamboo shoots, soft stems, and leaves. They also eat grass, insects, and wild fruit. Sleep Habits : Giant pandas nap for 2-4 hours between meals. They sleep in various positions, such as on their side, back, or belly, either stretched out or curled up. Interestingly, they continue to defecate while resting. The amount of droppings found can indicate how long they have stayed. A short nap (less than 2 hours) usually leaves 5-10 droppings, while longer naps (over 2 hours) may leave 11-25. In summer, they may sleep for more than 6 hours. 15
Climbing Trees : Giant Panda climb trees to stay safe or avoid other animals. Living Alone : Giant Pandas live alone, except during the mating season. Female pandas take care of their babies by themselves. Gentle Nature : Giant Pandas are calm and usually don’t attack people or other animals. However, they are very protective of their babies. How Pandas Communicate : Giant Pandas use smells and sounds to communicate and mark their territory. The giant panda is called a "living fossil" because it is believed to have existed since the Pleistocene era, approximately 3 million years ago. Giant pandas once inhabited vast areas across Asia. Reference : https://www.careanimal.com/blog/giant-pandas https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/giant-panda 16
Endearing Giant pandas The giant panda is a black-and-white bear that has lived for approximately 3 million years. It spends most of its time eating bamboo, climbing trees, and walking in the forest. Pandas prefer solitude, communicate through sounds and scents, and sleep for 2-4 hours between meals. They are gentle animals but fiercely protective of their young. The giant panda is also a unique species and a symbol of wildlife conservation. With its peaceful and solitary lifestyle, it has existed since ancient times. Although pandas have adapted to survive in the wild, they now face threats from habitat loss and declining populations. However, conservation efforts have led to an increase in their numbers, giving hope for the continued survival of this species in nature. แพนด้าด้ยักยัษ์เป็นป็หมีขมีาวดำ ที่มี ที่ ชีมีวิชีตวิอยู่มยู่ าประมาณ 3 ล้าล้นปี มันมั ใช้เช้วลาส่วส่นใหญ่ไญ่ ปกับกั การกินกิ ไผ่ ปีนปีต้นต้ ไม้ และเดินดิ ในป่าป่แพนด้าด้ชอบอยู่ตยู่ ามลำ พังพัสื่อ สื่ สารผ่านเสียสีงและกลิ่นลิ่ และนอนวันวัละ 2-4 ชั่วชั่ โมงระหว่าว่งมื้อ มื้ อาหาร พวกมันมัเป็นป็สัตสัว์ที่ว์ส ที่ งบ แต่จต่ะปกป้อป้งลูกลู ของตนอย่าย่งแข็งข็ขันขั. แพนด้าด้ยักยัษ์ยังยัเป็นป็สัตสัว์ที่ว์มี ที่ เมีอกลักลัษณ์และเป็นป็สัญสัลักลัษณ์ของการอนุรักรัษ์ธรรมชาติ ด้วด้ยวิถีวิชีถีวิชีตวิที่ส ที่ งบและโดดเดี่ย ดี่ ว พวกมันมัดำ รงอยู่มยู่ าตั้งตั้แต่ยุต่คยุดึกดึดำ บรรพ์ และแม้จม้ะมี การปรับรัตัวตั ให้อยู่รยู่ อดในป่าป่ธรรมชาติ แต่ปัต่จปัจุบัจุนบัพวกมันมักำ ลังลัเผชิญชิกับกัภัยภัคุกคุคามจาก การสูญสูเสียสีถิ่นถิ่อาศัยศัและการลดลงของประชากร อย่าย่งไรก็ตก็าม ความพยายามในการ อนุรักรัษ์ทำ ให้จำ นวนแพนด้าด้เพิ่มพิ่ขึ้น ขึ้ และยังยัคงเป็นป็ความหวังวั ในการรักรัษาสายพันพัธุ์นี้ธุ์ นี้ให้ คงอยู่ต่ยู่ อต่ ไปในธรรมชาติ.ติ (Summarize) 17
1. Territory (n.) – อาณาเขต, เขตแดน Definition: An area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state. Example:Pandas use scent and sounds to mark their territory. 2. Distinctive (adj.) – มีลัมีกลัษณะเฉพาะ Definition: Having a special quality, style, or appearance that makes something different from others. Example: The panda has its distinctive black-and-white fur. 3. Unique (adj.) – เป็นป็เอกลักลัษณ์ Definition: Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else. Example: This handmade necklace is unique; no two pieces are exactly alike. 4. Species (n.) – สายพันพัธุ์ Definition: A group of living organisms that share common characteristics and can breed with each other. Example: There are over 10 species oof pandas in the world. 5. Conditions (n.) – สภาพแวดล้อล้ม, เงื่อ งื่ นไข Definition: The circumstances or factors affecting the way in which people live or work. Example:This plant grows best in humid conditions. Vocabulary 18
Vocabulary 6. Thrive (v.) – เจริญริเติบติ โต Definition: To grow, develop, or be successful. Example: Pandas thrive in bamboo forests where food is abundant. 7. Appear (v.) – ปรากฏ, ดูเดูหมือมืนว่าว่ Definition: To become visible or come into sight; to seem to be something. Example: A rainbow appeared in the sky after the heavy rain. 8. Lumbering (adj.) – เคลื่อ ลื่ นไหวอย่าย่งเชื่อ ชื่ งช้าช้ Definition: Moving in a slow, heavy, or awkward way. Example: The elephant moved with a lumbering gait through the forest. 9. Slopes (n.) – เนินเขา, ทางลาด Definition: A surface that is higher on one side than the other. Example: The skiers enjoyed racing down the snowy slopes. 10. Inhabited (adj.) – ถูกถูอาศัยศัอยู่ Definition: Having people or animals living in a place. Example: This remote island is inhabited by only a few fishermen. 19
Often dubbed the unicorns of the sea, narwhals are strange and beautiful creatures with long tusks protruding from their heads. Members of the population of more than 80,000 can weigh up to 4,200 pounds and grow as long as 17 feet in length. Read on to learn more about these fascinating animals. UNICORN OF THE SEA: NARWHAL FACTS What is a narwhal tusk? The narwhal tusk—most commonly found on males—is actually an enlarged tooth with sensory capability and up to 10 million nerve endings inside. Some narwhals have up to two tusks, while others have none. The spiraled tusk juts from the head and can grow as long at 10 feet. 20
Oil and gas development and climate change pose threats to narwhals. Increased development means more shipping vessels, creating more opportunities for collisions and more underwater noise that can interfere with communication among the whales. WWF helps raise awareness of and address the threat of noise pollution on narwhals and other whales. Where do narwhals live? Unlike some whale species that migrate, narwhals spend their lives in the Arctic waters of Canada, Greenland, Norway and Russia. Most narwhals winter for up to five months under sea ice in the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait area. What threats do narwhals face? 21
What do narwhals eat? Narwhals feed on Greenland halibut, Arctic and polar cod, squid and shrimp. They do their chomping at the ice floe edge and in the ice-free summer waters. How deep do narwhals dive? Narwhals can dive about a mile deep in the ocean. Cracks in the sea ice above allow them to pop up for air when they need it. What color are narwhals? Narwhals change color as they age. Newborns are a bluegray, juveniles are blue-black and adults are a mottled gray. Old narwhals are nearly all white. Reference: https://search.app/Ep7jP92RDXmF4Ls6A 22
นาร์วร์าลถูกถูขนานนามว่าว่เป็นป็ยูนิยูนิคอร์นร์แห่งท้อท้งทะเล เป็นป็สิ่งสิ่มีชีมีวิชีตวิที่ แปลกประหลาดและสวยงาม งาของนาร์วร์าลมักมัพบในตัวตัผู้ นาร์วร์าล บางตัวตัมีงมีามากถึงถึสองงาในขณะที่บ ที่ างตัวตั ไม่มีม่เมีลย นาร์วร์าลอาศัยศัอยู่ ในน่านน้ำ อาร์กร์ติกติของแคนาดา กรีนรีแลนด์ นอร์เร์วย์ และรัสรัเซียซีพวก มันมัสามารถดำ น้ำ ได้ลึด้กลึ ประมาณหนึ่งไมล์ใล์นมหาสมุทมุร ส่วส่นอาหารที่ พวกมันมัชอบกินกิคือคื ปลาฮาลิบัลิตบั ในกรีนรีแลนด์ Summarize The narwhal is often called the “unicorn of the sea.” It is a unique and beautiful creature. Its tusk is typically found in males, though some narwhals have two tusks, while others have none. Narwhals inhabit the Arctic waters of Canada, Greenland, Norway, and Russia. They can dive up to about a mile deep into the ocean. Their preferred food includes Greenland halibut. 23
Vocabulary 1.dubbed (v) : ขนานนาม Definition : Give an unofficial name or nickname to (someone or something). Example : The media dubbed anorexia “the slimming disease. 2. strange (adj) : ประหลาด Definition : not previously visited, seen, or encountered; unfamiliar or alien. Example : Narwhals are strange and beautiful creatures. 3. commonly (adj) : โดยทั่วทั่ ไป Definition : very often; frequently. Example : A commonly used industrial chemical. 4. capability (n) : ความสามารถ Definition : The power or ability to do something. Example : He had an intuitive capability of bringing the best out in people. 5. collision (n) : การชนกัน Definition : An instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another. Example : A midair collision between two aircraft. 24
Vocabulary 6. noise (n) : เสียงรบกวน Definition : A sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance. Example : Making a noise like a pig in a trough. 7. pollution (n) : มลพิษ Definition : the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. Example : The level of pollution in the air is rising. 8. chomping (v) : กัดแทะ Definition : Munch or chew vigorously and noisily. Example : He chomped on his sandwich. 9. crack (n) : รอยแตกร้าว Definition : A narrow space between two surfaces, especially ones that have broken or been moved apart. Example : He climbed into a crack between two rocks. 10. deep (adj) : ลึก Definition : Extending far down from the top or surface. Example : A deep gorge. 25
THE KING OF THE JUNGLE Lion Physical Description Lions have strong, compact bodies and powerful forelegs, teeth and jaws for pulling down and killing prey. Their coats are yellow-gold, and adult males have shaggy manes that range in color from blond to reddish-brown to black. The length and color of a lion's mane is likely determined by age, genetics and hormones. Young lions have light spotting on their coats that disappears as they grow. Without their coats, lion and tiger bodies are so similar that only experts can tell them apart. Size Lions stand between 3.5 and 4 feet (1 and 1.2 meters) tall at the shoulder. Males grow to lengths of 10 feet (3 meters) and have a 2 to 3 foot (60 to 91 centimeter) tail. They weigh from 330 to 550 pounds (150 to 250 kilograms). Slightly smaller, females grow to lengths of 9 feet (2.7 meters) and weigh between 265 and 395 pounds. Native Habitat Lions inhabit a wide range of habitats, from open plains to thick brush and dry thorn forest. Except for a small population of the Indian lion subspecies that remains in the Gir Forest of northwest India, lions now live only in Africa, from the Sahara's southern fringe to northern South Africa. They are absent from equatorial areas dominated by moist tropical forest. Lifespan Lions in zoos may live into their late teens or early 20s. In the wild, a lioness may live up to 16 years, but males rarely live past the age of 12. 26
THE KING OF THE JUNGLE Lion Food/Eating Habits Lions primarily eat large animals that weigh from 100 to 1,000 pounds (45 to 453 kilograms), such as zebra and wildebeest. In times of shortage, they also catch and eat a variety of smaller animals, from rodents to reptiles. Lions also steal kills from hyenas, leopards and other predators. At times, they may lose their own catches to hyena groups. Lions may also feed on domestic livestock, especially in areas near villages. The Smithsonian's National Zoo's lions eat ground beef, which is commercially produced to meet the nutritional needs of carnivores. Twice a week, they receive knucklebones or beef femurs, and once a week they receive rabbits, which exercise the cats' teeth and jaws. Social Structure Lions are the world's most social felines. They live in groups of related females, called prides, which may comprise several to as many as 40 individuals, including adults, sub-adults (between the ages of 2 and 4) and cubs, plus one or more resident males. Abundance of prey availability plays a significant role in the size of a lion pride. Pride mates associate in sub-groups within the pride. Females usually stay in their mothers' prides for life, unless food scarcity forces them out. Young males are driven from their prides when they grow large enough to compete with the dominant males (usually between the ages of 2 and 4). They create coalitions, usually with brothers and cousins, and search for a pride to take over. Males entering a new pride will kill all cubs that cannot run from them. Adult males that are fortunate enough to achieve residency within a pride hold tenure for an average of two years, often leaving due to eviction by another coalition of males. In India, female and male lions live apart, joining only to mate. Males take on most of the defensive duties. However, both males and females mark their territories by roaring — which can be heard up to five miles away — and scent marking with urine. Females raise the cubs and are the primary hunters, although males will sometimes join females during a hunt. Depending on the prey item, several lions may stalk prey from different angles to within 100 feet (30 meters) before attacking the targeted animal. Nomadic males must hunt alone or scavenge from other animals. 27
THE KING OF THE JUNGLE Lion Reproduction And Development Reproduction And Development Females are receptive to mates for a few days several times a year, unless they are pregnant or nursing, and mating spurs ovulation. They typically give birth to a litter every two years. Females usually give birth to one to four cubs after a gestation of about 3 1/2 months. Cubs typically nurse for six months but start eating meat at three months. Due to dangers, including starvation during times of food shortage and attacks by male lions taking over prides, up to 80 percent of lion cubs die within their first 2 years of life. https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/lion 28
สิงโตเป็นสัตว์ที่ว์ ที่แข็งแรงและมีกล้ามเนื้อแน่น พร้อมด้วยกรามที่ทรงพลังและขนสีเหลืองทอง ตัวผู้มีแผงคอที่มีสีแตกต่างกัน ขึ้นอยู่กับพันธุกรรม อายุ และฮอร์โมน พวกมันสามารถเติบโตได้ยาวถึง 10 ฟุตฟุและมีน้ำ หนักระหว่าว่ง 330 ถึง 550 ปอนด์ ในขณะที่ตัวเมียจะมีขนาดเล็กกว่าว่นั้นเล็กน้อย สิงโตส่วนใหญ่อาศัยอยู่ในทวีปวีแอฟริกริา ยกเว้นว้ ประชากรกลุ่มเล็ก ๆ ที่อยู่ในป่ากีร์ของประเทศอินเดีย พวกมันชอบที่ราบเปิด พุ่มไม้หนาทึบ และป่าแห้ง ในธรรมชาติ สิงโตตัวเมียสามารถมีอายุ ได้ถึง 16 ปี ส่วนตัวผู้มักมีอายุไม่เกิน 12 ปี อาหารของพวกมันส่วนใหญ่ประกอบด้วยสัตว์ขว์นาดใหญ่ เช่น ม้าลายและวิลวิเด อบีสต์ แม้ว่าว่บางครั้งพวกมันจะล่าเหยื่อขนาดเล็กกว่าว่หรือรืขโมยอาหารจากนักล่าอื่น ๆ สิงโตที่อาศัยอยู่ในสวนสัตว์ไว์ด้รับ อาหารพิเศษ เช่น เนื้อวัววัและกระดูก สิงโตเป็นสัตว์ตว์ระกูลแมวที่อยู่รวมกันเป็นสังคมมากที่สุด พวกมันอาศัยอยู่เป็นกลุ่มที่ เรียรีกว่าว่ “ฝูงฝู” ซึ่งประกอบด้วยสิงโตตัวเมียที่มีความสัมพันธ์กัน ลูกสิงโต และตัวผู้จำ นวนเล็กน้อย สิงโตตัวผู้ที่ยังเด็กจะถูก ขับออกจากฝูงฝูและรวมกลุ่มกันเป็นพันธมิตรเพื่อเข้ายึดฝูงฝูอื่น ตัวผู้มีหน้าที่ปกป้องฝูงฝูในขณะที่ตัวเมียรับหน้าที่ล่าเหยื่อและ ดูแลลูกสิงโต สิงโตตัวเมียออกลูกทุก ๆ สองปี โดยปกติจะให้กำ เนิดลูกสิงโตหนึ่งถึงสี่ตัว ลูกสิงโตเริ่มริ่กินเนื้อเมื่ออายุได้สาม เดือน แต่ต้องเผชิญกับอัตราการตายที่สูง โดยมากถึง 80% ของลูกสิงโตตายภายในสองปีแรก เนื่องจากขาดแคลนอาหาร และถูกสิงโตตัวผู้โจมตี LION THE KING OF THE JUNGLE SUMMARIES Lions are strong, muscular animals with powerful jaws and a yellow-gold coat. Males have manes that vary in color due to genetics, age, and hormones. They can grow up to 10 feet in length and weigh between 330 to 550 pounds, while females are slightly smaller. Lions mainly inhabit Africa, except for a small population in India’s Gir Forest. They prefer open plains, thick brush, and dry forests. In the wild, females live up to 16 years, while males rarely exceed 12. Their diet consists mostly of large animals like zebras and wildebeests, though they sometimes hunt smaller prey or steal food from other predators. Lions in zoos are fed specialized diets, including beef and bones. Lions are the most social big cats, living in groups called prides, consisting of related females, cubs, and a few males. Young males are forced out and form coalitions to take over other prides. Males defend the pride, while females handle hunting and cub-raising. Females give birth every two years, usually to one to four cubs. Cubs start eating meat at three months but face high mortality rates, with up to 80% dying within two years due to food scarcity and male attacks. 29
LION THE KING OF THE JUNGLE vocabulary 1. Mane (noun) – แผงคอ • Definition: A growth of long, thick hair around the neck of a male lion or certain other animals. • Example: The lion’s mane looked majestic as it moved through the grasslands. 2. Predator (noun) – นักล่า, สัตว์นัว์ นักล่า • Definition: An animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals for food. • Example: Lions are apex predators that rely on their strength to catch prey. 3. Habitat (noun) – ถิ่นที่อยู่, ที่อยู่อาศัย • Definition: The natural environment where a particular species lives and thrives. • Example: The African savanna is an ideal habitat for lions. 4. Scavenge (verb) – คุ้ยหาอาหาร, กินซากสัตว์ • Definition: To search for and eat leftover food, often from dead animals or other predators’ kills. • Example: When food is scarce, lions may scavenge from hyenas or leopards. 5. Coalition (noun) – พันธมิตร, กลุ่มร่วมมือกัน • Definition: A temporary alliance formed between individuals or groups for a common goal. • Example: Young male lions form a coalition to take over a pride. 6. Dominant (adjective) – ครอบงำ , มีอำ นาจเหนือกว่าว่ • Definition: Having power, control, or influence over others in a group or environment. • Example: The dominant male lion protects his territory from rivals. 7. Territory (noun) – อาณาเขต, เขตแดน • Definition: An area that an animal claims and defends as its own. • Example: Lions mark their territory with urine and loud roars. 8. Gestation (noun) – ระยะตั้งท้อง, ระยะฟักตัว • Definition: The period during which a baby develops inside its mother’s womb before birth. • Example: A lioness has a gestation period of about 3.5 months before giving birth. 9. Eviction (noun) – การขับไล่, การไล่ออก • Definition: The act of being forced to leave a place, often by someone in power. • Example: Older male lions face eviction when younger, stronger lions take over. 10. Mortality (noun) – อัตราการตาย, การเสียชีวิตวิ • Definition: The state of being subject to death; the rate at which individuals die. • Example: The high mortality rate of lion cubs is due to food shortages and male attacks. 30
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