Wonder Book 7

17 The Legend of
King Arthur

Before you proceed
Fortune-tellers are the people who tell your future.
Do you believe what the fortune-teller tells you?

The Legend of King Arthur

Many years ago, there lived a great
and noble king Uther Pendragon who
ruled over England wisely and brought
peace to the country. He had an advisor
Merlin who was also a very powerful
magician.
Uther married beautiful Igraine and
very soon, the king’s son was born. The
palace was celebrating the birth of the
prince when Merlin came to the king
with terrible news.
“King Uther,” said Merlin, “I can see into
the future and I have seen a very terrible
thing - very soon, you will become ill
and die. It will be a horrible time as there
will be great wars in Britain. Your son will be in danger because your enemies
will want to kill him. Let me take him away so I can keep him in a secret place
until he becomes a man.”
Uther and Igraine were devastated by the news. They believed Merlin’s magical
powers so they knew there was no other way out.

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What was the devastating news for Uther and Igraine?
“Take our child to a safe place,” said King Uther. “He must be out of danger.”

So, one dark night, Merlin took the baby to the castle of a good knight Sir Hector.
The knight promised to take good care of the baby. Merlin told Sir Hector to
name the baby Arthur.
As predicted, King Uther soon fell ill and died. The next sixteen years were
terrible for the world as well as the people. There were many wars which resulted
in burning of many castles and villages. People lost their lives and many lost
their families. The people needed a strong ruler to bring peace to Britain.
Merlin thought that it was high time he revealed his secret. He went to London
with a message for the Archbishop. Lords and ladies from all over the land came
to hear what Merlin had to say.
“I have great news,” said Merlin. “This land will soon have a new king who will be
wiser and nobler than Uther Pendragon. The new king will bring peace to this
land and end war and hunger in England.”
What will the new king do for England?
Merlin told the Archbishop to gather all the knights in the biggest church. When
the knights arrived, they saw a great stone outside which had a shining sword
buried deep in it. On the stone, they saw the words written in golden letters:
“Whoever pulls this sword out of the stone is the rightful king of Britain.”
All the knights tried to pull the sword out of the stone with all their might but
no one succeeded.
The Archbishop decided to send messengers across the land with the message
that said, “There will be a tournament on New Year’s Day where everyone can
try to pull the sword out of the stone. Whoever can do that will be the rightful
king of Britain.”
On the day of the tournament, knights came from every part of England. Among
them was Sir Hector with his son Kay and Arthur who was now eighteen years
old. When they were in one of the London streets, Kay suddenly cried, “I have
left my sword at home!”
Arthur rode back to bring it but the gates were locked and no one was at home.

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“What can I do?” Arthur thought. “I have an idea! In one of the London
churchyards, I saw a sword in the stone which I will now bring to my brother.”
Then Arthur rode quickly to London and came to the churchyard. He pulled out
the sword from the stone easily. Arthur had no knowledge about the sword and
what he had just done.
Kay looked at the
sword and gave it to Sir
Hector. “Father, here
is the sword out of the
stone,” he said, “I must
be the rightful king of
Britain!”

“Have you done it
yourself, my son?”

“I am sorry, my father,”
he said. “It was not me
but Arthur who gave me this sword.”

“Where did you get it from, Arthur?” asked Sir Hector.
“I pulled it out of the stone in the churchyard,” answered Arthur.

Sir Hector, Kay and Arthur rode back to the churchyard where many people
had gathered, most of them knights. All knights watched in surprise as Arthur
pushed the sword back into the stone. They tried to pull the sword out of the
stone but couldn’t. Then Arthur came to the stone and in a swift movement,
pulled it out as easily as he had put it in.
The sword shone brightly in Arthur’s hand and Britain finally found its new
king!

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Vocabulary

1 The meanings of some of the words in the text are given below.
Write the words next to their meanings.
a. having fine personal qualities that people admire, such as courage,
honesty, etc. ...........................
b. a person who can do magic tricks ...........................
c. a competition.....................
d. that is correct, right or legal ........................
e. an area of land around the church, often used for burying people in
..............................

2 Your answers for exercise 1 are in the word puzzle given below.
Find them and see if they are correct.

Z A S VMNO B L E

EQXGARTUP Z

I P R I GHT F U L

L K OW I D G H A J

CHU R CHY A R D

HNDY I QRVGY

BM L R AWX T H Z

TOU RNAME N T

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Comprehension activities

1 Choose the correct answer.

a. Who was Arthur’s father?
i. Merlin
ii. Sir Hector
iii. Uther Pendragon

b. Who could make magic?
i. beautiful Igraine
ii. the noble king Uther
iii. the advisor Merlin

c. Who did Arthur live with before he became a man?
i. Sir Hector
ii. Merlin
iii. Queen Igraine

d. Where was the stone with the sword?
i. in the churchyard
ii. in the church
iii. in the castle

e. What sword did Arthur bring to Kay?
i. his own sword
ii. his father’s sword
iii. the sword from the stone

2 Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements and correct the false
ones.

a. Merlin could see into the future.
b. King Uther did not die as Merlin had predicted.
c. Kay pulled the sword out of the stone.
d. Only the rightful king of Britain could pull the sword out.
e. Arthur was the rightful king of Britain.

3 Answer the following questions.
a. What news did Merlin bring to King Uther?

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b. What happened after King Uther died?
c. What was so special about the sword in the stone?
d. What did Arthur do when he went to bring Kay’s sword?
e. Why couldn’t anyone pull out the sword from the stone except

Arthur?
f. What happened at the churchyard when Arthur went there the

second time?

4 Complete the story map.
Merlin brought terrible news to the king.

Merlin ..................................................................................................................

King Uther ...........................................................................................................

Arthur ..................................................................................................................

Kay .......................................................................................................................

Arthur ..................................................................................................................

Other Knights ......................................................................................................

Only Arthur .........................................................................................................

Arthur ..................................................................................................................

Writing

1. Write a description of ‘King Uther Pendragon’.

2. What terrible things happened after King Uther died ?

Literary terms

Legend The Legend of King Arthur is an example of legend. A legend is a
traditional story that is considered to have been related with a real person or a
place. Legends are set in the past and are passed on from generation to generation.
Like in a story, a legend also has setting, characters and plot.

Setting Setting is the time place and situation in which a story takes place. The
time in the story can be the past, present, or the future. It can be a season or a
time of the day. Similarly, the place can be a room, a country, or any imagined

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place. Often, the setting affects the story’s problem and how it is solved.
Discuss the setting of The Legend of King Arthur.
Characters Characters are the people, animals, or creatures who take part in a
story’s action. The important characters in a story are called major characters.
There are also some characters whose roles are not so much important. Such
characters are called minor characters.
In The Legend of King Arthur, can you note down the names of three major
characters and three minor characters?
Plot Plot is a sequence of events in a story. The plot is constructed with a series
of interrelated events or actions. The events in a plot of a story are specially
arranged. They follow a particular format.
Now read the events or actions from The Legend of King Arthur and put them
in order.

 King Uther died.
 Merlin took the prince with him.
 A tournament was announced.
 Merlin kept a sword in the stone.
 Arthur became king.
 Arthur pulled the sword out of stone.

Fun activites

Do you know any other story of heroism and bravery? Share it with your class.

Project work

Write a couple of paragraphs describing a courageous deed performed by Prithvi
Narayan Shah for the country.

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Reading

First read. Then perform the dialogue.
Saman: Hey Ishan! I heard you were selected for U-19 national cricket team.
Ishan: Yes, I did.
Saman: Wow, man! That’s awesome!
Ishan: It is, isn’t it? But I was practising real hard for that.
Saman: So when are you leaving?
Ishan: I guess within a few days. We are starting our training camp next

week.
Saman: Wow! That’s great!
After two days
Krisha: Hey Ishan! I heard you are joining the training camp next week.
Ishan: Actually, I’m going tomorrow.
Krisha: Are you kidding me? So soon?
Ishan: Yeah. I have a lot to deal with when I get there. I need to get along

with new colleagues and set my room.
Cell phone rings
Ishan: Hello!
Prbhat: Hey Ishan! Where have you been? I have been calling you all day

long.
Ishan; I’m sorry. I was out. I forgot my phone at home.
Prabhat: You are unbelievable. We had plans for today.
Ishan: I know. I’m sorry. I forgot to tell you that I would be busy today as I

need to leave tomorrow early morning. In the evening too, I am a bit
busy.
Prabhat: What’s so important?
Ishan: I need to do some hair dressing.
Prabhat: What? Your hair dressing is more important than our plans?

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Ishan: Oh, Prabhat! I need some time for myself too.
Prabhat: Hey Ishan! Did you hear it?
Ishan; What happened?
Prabhat: Saman is leaving for Egypt on coming Sunday!
Ishan: Really? I don’t believe it! He was with me two days ago. He mentioned

nothing.
Prabhat: Yeah! He’s moving on Sunday with his parents. He showed me the

tickets as well.
Ishan: That’s fantastic! Will he visit the pyramids?
Prabhat: He said yea!
Ishan: Wow, man! That’s amazing!
Prabhat: Looks like a fairy tale! Wow! I am so happy for you people.

Comprehension activities

1 State whether the given statements are True or False.
a. Ishan is a football player.
b. Ishan is going to Egypt.
c. Saman informed Ishan about his plan.
d. Saman has plan to visit the pyramids.
e. Krisha is sad for not being able to go to Egypt.

2 Answer the following questions.
a. What is Ishan selected for?
b. Why is Ishan not able to meet Prabhat in the evening?
c. What does Saman intend to do in Egypt?
d. What is the proof that Saman is going on a holiday with his parents?
e. Pick all the words or phrases used in the Sit in pairs and practice.

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Listening

1 Listen and complete the dialogue.
A: _______________ got a _______________ recently.
B: Wow! A _______________. Good for her!
A: Apparently, she is the new head of department for English.
B: Is she? How _______________!
A: Yes. He’ll be paid _______________ now.
B: _______________? That's interesting.
A: Unfortunately, he’s _______________ have increased. And she’ll

have to be there on _______________ as well.

B: Does he? That’s so sad!

Answer the following questions.
a. What was the good part about the promotion?
b. What is the sad part about the promotion?

Speaking

1 Here are some expressions of surprises, disappointment, and
dismay. Learn to say the following expressions correctly.

Why can’t you stay quiet! How surprising it is!
Fascinating! How terrible it is!
Oh, really, I did not know! Oh, no! I had never expected it to happen.
That’s great! What a wonderful idea it is!
It’s awful! How upsetting!
Oh my god! How amazing! You did it!
Are you for real? Wow! Are you serious!
No way! Oh my god! That’s amazing!
Are you joking! Gosh! What great art you made!
Unbelievable! Ohh, no! My goodness

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3 Use the given situations and hold the conversation using expressions
for surprise and dismay.

a. Your friend talks of a time he/ she met a celebrity.
b. Your friend talks about their vacation abroad.
c. Your friend talks of when he/ she lost a pet.
d. Your friend got published in a newspaper.
e. Your friend won a lottery.
f. Your friend failed the exam

Grammar

1 Read the story and find the past tense verbs. Also note the moral of
the story.

Giant Oak stood near a brook
in which grew some slender
Reeds. When the wind blew,
the great Oak stood proudly
upright with its hundred
arms uplifted to the sky. But
the Reeds bowed low in the
wind and sang a sad and
mournful song.

"You have reason to complain," said the Oak. "The slightest breeze that
ruffles the surface of the water makes you bow your heads, while I,
the mighty Oak, stand upright and firm before the howling tempest."

"Do not worry about us," replied the Reeds. "The winds do not harm
us. We bow before them and so we do not break. You, in all your pride
and strength, have so far resisted their blows. But the end is coming."

As the Reeds spoke a great hurricane rushed out of the north. The
Oak stood proudly and fought against the storm, while the yielding
Reeds bowed low. The wind redoubled in fury, and all at once the
great tree fell, torn up by the roots, and lay among the pitying Reeds.

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2 Write the verbs in the correct forms.
a. The town was empty. Everyone __________________. (go)
b. The car wasn’t there. A thief _____________________ it. (take)
c. The biscuit tin was empty. Tim ________________ them all. (eat)
d. I didn’t recognize old Mr Jarvis. He _____________ a lot. (change)
e. We decided to buy a sofa which we _______________ the weekend

before. (see)
f. We went back to the shop to get the sofa, but somebody else

________________________ it. (buy)
g. I wanted to speak to Mr Jones, so I phoned his office. Unfortunately,

he _______________ five minutes before. (leave)
h. Bob was late for football practice and they _______________

without him. (start)
i. It was a strange house. Nobody __________ there for years. (live)
j. Avi _________ his key, so he ______ a window to get in. (lose)

(break)
k. The horses ________________________ before we

____________ the gate. (get away) (close)
l. Once we __________________ the river, we ____________ to

move faster. (cross) (be able)

3 Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct the mistakes.
a. When they divorced, they were married for seven years.
b. If you would have listened to me, this would not have happened.
c. I am waiting for their reply to my letter for three weeks now.
d. He decided to see a doctor because he did not feel well for months.
e. Sales have been rising since three months then it dropped.
f. When I arrived at the station the train was already left.

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Writing

1 Compose a dialogue about a program you attended recently.
Include both good and bad situations. Also, use the expression of

surprises and dismay!

2 Punctuate this short unpunctuated conversation
Customer: excuse me.
Shopkeeper: Yes madam.how can I help you

Customer: OK I bought this tick tock watch on 25 06 2020 from
here and the strap was already broken.

Shopkeeper: Oh I am sorry to hear this. Have you got your receipt

Customer: Yes I have here it is.

Shopkeeper: Good I will get another one for you.

Customer: Thank you do you have earphones remote control and
plugs?

Shopkeeper: Yes do you wish to get them

Customer: Thats great. Please pack the items earphones remote
control and a plug.

Shopkeeper: Sure. Anything else

Customer: Thats all thank you.

Listening Script

A: Lalita got a promotion recently.
B: Wow! A promotion. Good for her!
A: Apparently, she is the new head of department for English.
B: Is she? How amazing!
A: Yes. He’ll be paid double now.
B: Double? That's interesting.
A: Unfortunately, she’s duty hours have increased. And she’ll have to be

there on weekends as well.
B: Does he? That’s so sad!

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18 A Visit to

the Market

Before you proceed
a. What is the name of the market near your home?
b. When did you last go to the market and why?

I am sure everyone has had an experience being in a marketplace at least once
in their lives. A marketplace is a place spread out in a specific area, where a
variety of goods of daily requirements are available for purchase by customers.
As I love going to the marketplace, I, recently accompanied my mother to the
central market to buy some groceries that she needed for the coming New Year.
The marketplace is always crowded. The shops are mostly small in size.
When we arrived at the
market we could not find a
place to park the car. So we
waited patiently for about
ten minutes before someone
vacated a parking space and
we moved in. This happens
mostly when the vendors
do not allow the customers
to choose the vegetables
displayed and insist on buying
which they carelessly put and weigh.
Coming to the market just before a festive season was not a pleasant experience.
The whole town seemed to be there. Everyone had things to buy. So the prices
of things shot up. Worst of all, we had to struggle to get these things. All the
shopkeepers had decorated their shops beautifully to welcome the customers.
Some shops sell fruits and dairy products, some sell groceries, some sell fish,
some sell utensils, some sell gift items and stationery.

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So we made our way carefully through the various sections buying vegetables,
meat, fish, noodles, spices, and other foodstuffs. We had wanted to buy some
prawns too but they were all sold out, despite their sky-high price. We made our
way carefully through various sections buying lights, diyas, decorative items,
rangoli, flowers, etc. The small traders of the village carried on their thriving
business there. It was really a nice place to visit.
The bags got heavier and heavier. The crowd got thicker and thicker. The noise
and heat were overwhelming. As we had nearly done all the shopping, I told
my mother that I would wait for her in the car. I could not stand being among
hundreds of aggressive shoppers anymore. This part of the market was not even
visible from the main road but, it appeared to be an important business center
having brisk sales. I lugged the bags wearily to the car and breathed a sigh of
relief when I reached it. The air smelled sweet and cool. I was glad to be outside.
These markets have made our lives very easy as all day-to-day items are available
at a comfortable distance. The shopkeepers are honest and sell quality products
at reasonable prices.

Vocabulary

Find the antonyms of the words given below from the text.
a. nonessentials d. formerly
b. open e. anxiously
c. give up f. friendly

Comprehension activities

1 Complete the sentences using the correct words from the text.
a. A marketplace is filled with a variety of goods of daily ________.
b. The whole town was there in the marketplace because it was a

___________.
c. Despite the __________ prices of the prawns, they had been sold

out.

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d. The narrator has described the shoppers as___________.
e. According to the narrator, the shopkeepers, sell _________ products

at ________ prices.

2 Answer the following questions.
a. What is a marketplace?
b. Why did the narrator have to wait after reaching the market?
c. Why, according to the narrator, had the prices shot up?
d. Mention some items that were sold in the shops.
e. Which part of the market did the narrator enjoy visiting?
f. How have these markets made our lives easier?

Grammar

Read the conversation and identify the tag questions.
Amar: The weather is beautiful today, isn’t it?
Subin: Yeah, it sure is. I love sunny, warm weather.
Amar: Me, too. We’re going for a swim this afternoon, aren’t we?
Subin: Yes, we are. We should reach the pool at 1 pm, shouldn’t we?
Amar: Yes, we should. And then we’ll swim till 3 pm. I’m so excited.
Subin: So am I. Can we swim for two hours? It’ll be too long, won’t it?
Amar: No, it won’t be. When we get tired, we’ll take a rest.
Subin: Okay. You have already bought a swimsuit, haven’t you?
Amar: Yes, I have. You also have a swimsuit, don’t you?
Subin: Yes, I have one. Then let’s meet at the pool sharp at 1 pm, shall
we?
Amar: Yeah. Catch you later.

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A tag question is a short question added to the end of an assertive or imperative
sentence.
An assertive or imperative sentence is turned into a question when a tag question
is added to it.
What is the structure of the tag question?
The tag question is made up of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun.
It’s almost time to go, isn’t it?
A negative sentence has a positive tag and a positive sentence has a negative tag.
You have seen that film, haven’t you?

You haven’t seen that film, have you?

Add tag questions to the following.
a. Add tag questions to the following, will you?
b. It was very hot yesterday, __________?
c. He could have bought a new car, ________?
d. We can go tomorrow, _________?
e. I’m early, ________?
f. Samir played basketball yesterday, _______?
g. These fields belong to the villagers, _______?
h. He looked so happy, _________?
i. The bank lent him the money, _________?
j. Bina’s father works for a travel agency, _______?
k. She doesn’t cook very well, _________?
l. They never get up early in the morning, _______?
m. One can only hope, __________?
n. There are two houses, __________?

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Speaking

1 The answer to the question tags are just like that of yes/ no questions.
A: You are coming to the conference, aren’t you?

B: Yes, I am.

A: You’ve read the biography of Christiano Ronaldo, haven’t you?

B: No, I haven’t. I wish I had.

2 Complete each sentence with a question tag. Then ask and find
someone in your class who says yes to your questions.

a. Your brother helped you in the kitchen, _________?
b. You played soccer with your friends last Saturday, __________?
c. You can play the guitar, ___________?
d. Prithvi Narayan Shah was a great king, ________?
e. People should keep their surrounding clean, __________?
f. You haven’t visited your village for more than two years, ________?
g. You don’t like cheese, _________?
h. You completed all your assignments yesterday, __________?

Listening

Listen and fill.

a. Diwakar has a ..........................

b. He actually wanted to have a .......................... fish.

c. Diwakar’s mum likes his pet because they have a .....................

d. Rabin is .......................... years old.

e. Rabin has a .......................... and a ...........................

f. The names of Rabin’s pets are .......................... and ....................

g. One of Rabin’s pets hates ...........................

h. The quietest pet in the world is ...........................

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Reading

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Comprehension activities

1 Match the words and meanings.

a. ginger ___ related to food and drinks usually eaten

b. ingredients ___ spicy root of a tropical plant

c. dietary ___ sweet food eaten at the end of a meal

d. smoothies ___ foods used to prepare other food or dish

f. desserts ___ think cold drinks made from fruits and curd

2 Read the menu and answer the following questions.
a. What are the categories of beverages in the menu?
b. What would you order for yourself at Happy Coffee House?
c. What do you think about the prices labelled for the items in the

Coffee House?
d. Do any two or more items have the same price tag?
e. What items have been included in the dessert?

Speaking

Have you seen the hotel menu? Is this menu similar to the one
given here? If possible, bring one and discuss in the class.

Creative writing

1 Imagine you are going to open a hotel. Now, see the sample menu
again and prepare a hotel menu.

2 Think of your recent visit to a restaurant with your friends.
Now, write a letter to your parents who are living away from you

describing your experience at the restaurant. In your letter, also

include the items in the menu, the reason behind the choices of

the food and the prices. You can either recommend them to visit

the place once or suggest they should not go there, with reasons.

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Reading Conference
Start Date
Read the given conference Itinerary. December 19,
2021
Conference Itinerary Time
7:00 AM
Conference Name/Title
December
Improve and Enhanced your Learning Skills 19, 2021

Venue Facilitator
ABC Conference Hall Kiran
Milan
Day 1 Asha
Kalyani
Time Activity Description Madhu
Aman
07:00 AM Breakfast Kritika
Kanchan
08:00 AM Registration Kabindra

09:00 AM Welcome Ceremony and Introduction Speech Samjhana

09:30 PM Improve and Enhanced your Learning Skills Hem

12:00 PM Lunch Break

01:00 PM Improve and Enhanced your Learning Skills

03:00 AM Questions and Answer

04:00 AM Awarding Ceremony

05:00 AM Closing or End of Formal Topic

05:15 PM Free Time

06:00 PM Conference Dinner

08:00 PM Entertainment

09:00 PM Hotel Accommodation

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Day 2 December
20, 2021
Time Activity Description
Facilitator
07:00 AM Breakfast Kiran
Kalyani
08:00 AM Influence others Madhu
Aman
10:00 AM Coffee Break Madhu
Asha
10:30 PM Question Answer

12:00 PM Lunch Break

01:00 PM Closing Ceremony

Vocabulary

Write down the meaning for each of the words given below.

a. itinerary : ......................................................................................
b. conference : ......................................................................................
c. facilitator : ......................................................................................
d. influence : ......................................................................................

Comprehension activities

Discuss the following questions.
a. What is the itinerary for?
b. When and where has the conference been scheduled to take place?
c. Why, in your opinion, are itineraries prepared?
d. Who do you need to contact for your food during the conference?
e. How many session does Kalyani have during the conference?
f. Who has got the most session as a facilitator in the conference?
g. Suppose, you are in charge of making preparations for a cultural program

at your school. Now prepare a sketch of an itinerary for the same purpose.

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19 Clothes

Before you proceed
a. Do you think it’s important to wear clothes that are in fashion?
b. Why are clothes important to people?
c. How do you decide what kind of clothing to buy for yourself?

New words

index - guide; key
acquire - to get something; obtain
ambiguous - having or expressing more than one possible meaning; unclear
integral - important part of something
analogous - similar
convene - to arrange a meeting
bonnet - a type of hat that covers the ears and is tied under the chin
allegiance - support

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People wear clothes to protect their
bodies from the cold or the burning
sun, from insect bites and injuries and
from the unwelcome eyes of strangers.
However, what people wear can also
convey a message about who they are
and what their roles are in the society.
What message may your clothes convey?
For example, visit nearly any country

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in the world and you will notice that young people everywhere are wearing
fashionable blue jeans, not for work, but for social occasions such as parties and
concerts. The jeans are somewhat of an index of how these young people view
themselves: I’m modern and stylish. I’m relaxed and confident. I’m different
from the traditional older generation. Jeans make such an important statement
that, in some groups, a person might be judged by the brand of jeans he or she is
wearing. As a result, some young people feel pressured into spending thousands
of rupees to acquire a single pair of designer jeans just to be in fashion.
What are jeans for the young people?
An even more direct means whereby people make statements about themselves
is via messages printed on T-shirts. One says Oxford University. Another reads
Brazil 2014 World Cup. There are the kinds of T-shirt messages. They can convey
allegiance to schools and sport teams, advertise places or products, make political
statements, serve as wearable travel souvenirs, and commemorate important
occasions. These wearable messages are seldom ambiguous. They clearly tell
others, “This is what I want you to know about me.”
Just as blue jeans and T-shirts say a great deal about the people who are wearing
them, so does the Western business suit. It says that the person wants to impress
others with his or her professional status. A fitted jacket and matching trousers
constitute a man’s suit, while a fitted jacket and matching skirt constitute a
woman’s suit. A collared shirt and a necktie are integral parts of the man’s outfit,
while stockings and high–heeled shoes complete the woman’s. Often this attire
is not what the person chooses to wear but it is what a company requires its top-
level employees to wear.
A uniform identifies the occupation of many people. Military personnel
are easy to identify by their uniforms. The same is true for civil emergency
personnel like police officers and fire fighters. Medical workers, airline pilots
and members of religious orders are other examples of people whose work can
be identified by their clothing. In certain contexts, special clothing is worn
to differentiate not only the occupation of people, but also their authority. For
example, when a court of law convenes, the judge’s robe is a clear indicator of
his or her role and authority. Similarly, the chef’s tall white hat indicates his

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job and that he’s in charge in the restaurant’s kitchen.
Clothing might also show which group a person belongs to. For example, a
man wearing a Dhaka topi indicates that he is a Nepali. City street gangs
wear coloured head scarves to show their gang membership. Similarly, school
uniforms identify children as students at a certain school.
Societies choose different ways to show marital status. In Western societies,
women – and often men – wear wedding rings on their left hands. Other cultures
use different symbols. Hindu women, for example, put crimson powder to be
visible in the midst of their hair after they marry. Unmarried Amish women
wear black bonnets on their heads, while married women wear white ones.
Clothing serves many functions beyond just protecting our bodies. Clothing
can tell a lot about the people who wear it.

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Vocabulary

Write the meaning of each of the words given below.

a. convey : ..............................................................................

b. allegiance : ..........................................................................

c. commemorate : ..........................................................................

d. attire : ..........................................................................

e. authority : ..........................................................................

Comprehension activities

1 Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. Correct the false
ones.

a. People send messages about themselves via what they wear.
b. For many people, wearing jeans is a way of expressing their identity.
c. A young person might spend a few rupees to acquire a pair of designer

jeans.
d. T-shirt messages that show allegiance to a school or sports team are

often ambiguous.
e. A suit and necktie are integral parts of men’s and women’s business

attire.
f. A jacket and matching trousers constitute the uniforms of military

personnel.

2 Answer the following questions.

a. W hy do people wear clothes?
b. What type of dress do young people wear while going to parties and

concerts?
c. Why do people wear T-shirts with messages printed on them?
d. W hat does Western business suit tell about the people who wear them?
e. What constitute a man’s suit and a woman’s suit?

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1. One way that writers make their ideas clear is by giving examples. Sometimes
an entire text is made up of examples, with each paragraph giving an
example, to support the main idea. There can also be several examples
within one paragraph to help explain the idea in that paragraph.

In each paragraph, what example of clothing conveys a message?

Paragraph 2 blue jeans

Paragraph 3 ........................................................

Paragraph 4 ........................................................

Paragraph 5 ........................................................

Paragraph 6 ........................................................

Paragraph 7 ........................................................

2. From paragraph 5, list the examples of occupations that can be identified
by clothing.

Grammar

In reported speech, we use a reporting verb such as say, tell, shout and

whisper.

This reporting verb can stay in the present when we report something as we hear
it, e.g., on the phone.

He says/He’s saying (that) he’s in Upper Mustang now.

But we usually put the reporting verb in the past, and then other verbs also go
‘back’ a tense, e.g., present simple > past simple. Note also the change from I to
he.

After say, we need not mention the listener. After tell we must.

I’ll call you. He told us (that) he would call us.

Remember these other common changes.

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here - there this/these -that/those now - then

today - that day yesterday - the previous day/the day before

this Saturday - that Saturday

Note: We often do not use time shift to report things that always happen or
always stay the same.

Our Science teacher taught us that water boils at 100º.

1 Report what the teacher said.
a. Clothes can be made from petroleum.
b. Clothes come in various colours.
c. The first clothes were the barks
or leaves of trees.
d. If you take care of your clothes,
your personality looks better.
e. Clothes can be recycled.

2 Report the telephone conversation.
Furba is in Dhangadi and Karma is in Phakding.
Furba: It’s hot here, and I’m sitting outdoors with Tashi by our new pool.
Karma: It’s really wet and cold here, so we’re staying indoors and sitting by fire.
They’re telling their friends about the conversation.
Furba to Tashi: Karma says it’s really wet and cold
there, so they’re __________________________
____________________________________
Karma to Nuwang: Furba says________________
____________________________________

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3 Change into indirect speech.

a. There are 5 species of rhinos.
Anju told me that _____________________________________
b. The white rhinos are the largest rhino species.
Anjana says _________________________________________
_________________________________________________
b. The names of black and white rhinos are misleading – as both are

actually grey.
Pritam told me that____________________________________
__________________________________________________
c. Male rhinos are called 'bulls' and females are called 'cows'.
Sanjana said _________________________________________
_________________________________________________
d. Rhino horn is made up of keratin - the same protein which forms the

basis of our hair and nails.
Medina shared that____________________________________
__________________________________________________

Speaking

1 Bring any 10 interesting facts about anything and share them with
your friend. Then, your friend will report to the class what you
said.

a. Every year, more than 80 billion articles of clothing are produced and
sold around the world.

b. It takes 700 gallons of water to make a cotton shirt.

c. Clothes can take up to 40 years to decompose.

d. Shoes can take up to 1,000 years to break down. Though clothes took a
long time to decompose, Shoes took even longer!

e. 95% of textiles can be recycled.

f. Textiles can be repurposed into a number of things, including sports
fields, pillow stuffing, and paper money.

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Listening

1 Listen and write if the statements are true or false.
a. Natalie is a married woman.
b. She pays a visit to him every month.
c. Natalie still remembers the time she sent the message.
d. Natalie's father sent the voice mail from here to another person and

deleted it.
e. Natalie laughed when she saw her father's message.

2 Listen and fill in the blanks.

a. Natalie is ______________ years old.

b. Charlie's wife is ________________ years old.

c. Charlie is ________________ years old.

d. Natalie had sent her father a voice message some
________________ years ago.

e. The father used to hear the message at least
________________ times a week.

f. Charlie was making a ____________when he deleted
the message.

3 Listen again and write the message the father sent to Natalie.

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

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Writing

1 Read the given messages and note who sent the message to whom.
Also note what the message is about.

Durga,
We've run out of milk. I won't have time to go to the

shops, so could you pick a pound up from the corner
shop on your way home from your school this evening?
Thanks! Mummy

Brother Binaya,
Please look after the house while we're away. Put the clothes in the living

room into the big cupboard. Remember to lock up the back gate at night.
And don't forget to feed the dog! Dog food is in the basement shelf.
Love, Binu!

Sunil,
Really sorry, I could not make it to the game after all because I

haven't managed to finish all my homework. I'm staying in this
afternoon. Hope you enjoy the game. Please apologise to Kabish
dai for me. Look forward to seeing you both tomorrow.
Pratik

Bibhu,
We're having a little party on Saturday - just a few close

friends-and we were hoping you could join us. It starts about
5:30 and there'll be food. Hope you can make it, even on this
short notice!
Bandana

2 You have seen the messages above. Now compose short messages
for the following occasions.

a. The football match for tomorrow has been postponed for next
Sunday.

b. Wishing is a special happy birthday to your friend.

c. Remind your friend to bring a novel you gave him a week ago.

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Reading

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Comprehension activities

1 Fill in the blank spaces with the correct words from the text.
a. The instruction manual is for ____________ vehicle.

b. The Telescopic Rod Antenna in some models is _______________.

c. The Recharging Jack works only when ___________ Nickel
Cadmium batteries are used.

d. The vehicles require 16 to 18 hours to _________.

e. The vehicle should be kept away from sand, _______, thick rugs and
water.

f. The best power source for the vehicle is _________ batteries.

2 Answer the following questions.
a. How many batteries are required for the vehicle to function?
b. What does the vehicle operate in accordance to?
c. What to do when the vehicle does not travel forward in a straight

line?
d. Why should one not charge the vehicle excessively?
e. When should one replace the 9V battery?
f. How can maximum battery life be ensured?
g. Mention what the manufacturer has noted at the end of the manual.

Grammar

Real conditions or zero conditionals talk about real situations, such as facts
and regularly occurring events. They refer to general truths. The time is now or
always and the condition is real and possible.
If + present simple, …present simple.
If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
Plants die if they don’t get enough water.
The ‘if ’ in this conditional can usually be replaced by ‘when’ without changing

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the meaning
If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can’t be a different
result sometimes.)
If I drink cold drinks, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone,
but it’s still true that I’m sick every time I eat peanuts.)

Complete the given first conditional sentences.
a. Students understand less if _____________.
b. If people eat too much, ______________.
c. _______________ if they don’t get water.
d. _______________ if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.
e. ____________________ if they are scared.
f. _______________ if they are hungry.
g. If I am lost, ________________.
h. When I’m sad, _______________.

Writing

Look at the example and prepare a set of simple instructions for
preparing your favourite dish.

How to make momo?

With this simple recipe, you can satiate your love for momo from the comfort of
your home.

Ingredients:

all purpose flour refined oil onion ginger

boiled chicken water chilli garlic paste

green chilli salt soy sauce black pepper

red bell pepper

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Instruction (Procedure):

1. Chop the vegetables and
wash the chicken.

2. Boil the chicken and shred
well.

3. Prepare the dough and filling
for chicken momo.

4. Flatten the dough balls and fill it with chicken stuffing, and steam for
20 minutes.

5. Serve fresh and hot with your choice of sauce.

Project work

Collect some instructional manual of household utensils and present it in the
class. It may be a pressure cooker's manual or refrigerator's or any other machine
you keep at your home.

Listening Script
This is a true story. In the hustle-bustle of life after marriage, it is difficult to find
the time to reach out to our parents, let alone tell them that we love and care for
them.
41-year-old Natalie was such a busy woman till one day she received a text
message from her 70-year-old father, Charlie, that immediately made her burst
into tears.
Charlie lived with his wife of 50 years and he missed his daughter Natalie, who
he only got to see two or three times a year.
Speaking with Best Life, a magazine, Natalie confessed that it was hard living far
from her parents and she did not think much of it when she once called her dad
to say hello years ago. Since he did not answer the call that day, she left him a
voicemail sweet and simple voicemail telling him she loved him.
She had no idea but her sweet father saved the voicemail and listened to it at least

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once a day every day. But one day he accidentally deleted the message and so he
sent a heartbreaking message to Natalie saying:
"Natalie, I had kept a voicemail from you for over two years. All you did was
call me to tell me you loved me. I usually listen to it about 20 times a week. This
morning, while listening to it, I received a phone call and accidentally deleted
your voicemail. I am heartbroken and want it back on my phone. Please call me
and leave me another "I just wanted to say I love you'.
Later Natalie said, "I cried at the message. Once I stopped crying, I called him and
said, 'Don't pick up now, I'm going to call you and leave you another voicemail,"
she recalled. "Then he cried too."
This post was shared on the Love What Matters Facebook page and has been
going viral ever since.

Extra bits: Some strange facts.
a. It’s impossible to hum while holding your nose.
b. Like octopuses squids have three hearts.
c. Thirteenth-century philosopher John Duns Scotus believed that a
pointed cap would help spread knowledge from the tip to the brain.
d. Adolf Hitler was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize 1939.
e. Nepal ranks 49th in terms of world population by country. It has 0.37%
of world population.
f. Nepal is the 93rd largest country in the world. 7% of its land surface is
covered by water bodies.
g. A kiss stimulates 29 muscles and chemicals.
h. Ancient Egyptians slept on stone pillows.
i. A game of golf on the moon was recorded in 1971. Alan Shepard hit a
golf ball on the surface of the moon. This is the only game played on the
surface of the moon till date.
j. Every three seconds, there is a birth taking place somewhere in the
world.

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